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opm PROCEEDINGS

OF THE

ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY

OF LONDON.

PART XXVI.
1858.
GA GN,

PRINTED FOR THE SOCIETY ;
SOLD AT THEIR HOUSE IN HANOVER-SQUARE,

AND BY MESSRS. LONGMAN, BROWN, GREEN AND LONGMANS,
PATERNOSTER-ROW.

PRINTED BY TAYLOR AND FRANCIS,
RED LION COURT, FLEET STREET.

LIST

CONTRIBUTORS,

With References to the several Articles contributed by each.

Apams, A. Lertu, M.B., Surgeon 22nd Regiment. page
Notes on the Habits, Haunts, &c. of some of the Birds of
India (communicated by Messrs. T. J. and F. Moore) .... 466

Remarks on the Habits and Haunts of some of the Mam-
malia found in various parts of India and the West Himalayan
Mountains (communicated by Messrs. T. J. and F. Moore).. 512

Barrp, W., M.D., F.L.S., &c.
Description of Two New Species of Entozoa .......... 224

Beatriz, Wm., Hon. Sec. Montrose Nat. Hist. Soc.

Note on the Reproduction of Nemertes borlassii (in a
letter addressed to Dr. Gray) «. 2... 262.0. cece ececesee S07

Bennett, GeorGe, F.Z.S., &c.

Notes on the Habits of the Scythrops nove hollandie
(communicated by John Gould, Esq.).... 6.2.6... 00064. 462

page

CARPENTER, Pui.ir P.
First Steps towards a Monograph of the Cecide, a Family

of the Rostriferous Gasteropoda ............ 0. cece eens 413
Dourn, H. ;

Descriptions of New Species of Land and Freshwater
Shells collected in Ceylon, from the Collection of H. Cuming,

FEBS AG Waa sae Peewee pha ee FLL bec COC 133

Description of New Species of the genus Paludomus, from
Ceylon, in the Collection of H. Cuming, Esq....... esos 535

Eyton, Toomas CampsBeLtL, F.L.S., F.Z.S., &e.
Note on the Skeleton of the Sheath-bill (Chionis alba) .. 99
FLower, WiuuiaM H., F.Z.S., ete.

Exhibition of Ezocetus volitans, to which was attached a
specimen of Penellus blainvillii, Milne-Edwards (Leoneo-
penna, blainvilli. of, Lesnent )) 90.4.5. s:cininistn stu hal does eee 372

Gou.Lp, Joun, F.R.S., V.P.Z.S., &e.

Exhibition of British specimens of the Motacilla flava, Ray,
and note from Mr. Thirtle of Lowestoft, as to its occurrence
in that part of England. . 77

Remarks on three specimens of Steller’s Duck exhibited
by Mriheavenst: yi: nite tec eee a Mites, woe tawone 78

Remarks on a series of Birds collected es Mr. A. R. Wal-
lace in the Aru Islands . : Sirahe a OK Bats oh. nial

On a New Species of Toucan ay ena Dae 149

Exhibition of specimens of the American shige calen-
dulus, and the Night Heron. . EEO ee

Extract from a Letter addressed to him by his son Mr,
Charles Gould ..... Fe ERS IA rieaear ee eee -- 290

On a New Species of Ptarmigan...) 0.00... oe dees 354

Descriptions of Two New Species of the family Hirundi-
WEA SAA es argent Risto ee ickee' Gc ARO ieee eae 355

- Exhibition of a Drawing of Molossus australis of Gray .. 372

Gray, Dr. Joun E., F.R.S., V.P.Z.S., Pres. Ent. Soc., &c.

An Attempt to distribute the species of Olive (Oliva,
Lamarck) into Natural Groups, and to define some of the
Bpedes jee. ees

Notice of a New Genus of Uropeltide, from Ceylon, in the
Collection of the British Museum ...........e0e.0-.->

Notice of the Bosch Vark (Potamocherus africanus) living
athe trardens of the Society «i... oasis owaw icin veieties sad

On a New Genus of Mytilide, and on some distorted
forms which occur among Bivalve Shells................

Observations on the genus Nerita and its Operculum....

Observations on the genus Cuseus, with the Description
Pie PIGW Species os 3). ese wns eee Amin Anemia tis a a6)

List of Species of Mammalia sent from the Aru Islands
by Mr. A. R, Wallace to the British Museum ......

Description of Aphroceras, a New Genus of Calcareous
Spongiadze, brought from Hong-Kong by Dr. Harland ....

On Aphrocallistes, a New Genus of Spongiade from Ma-
PRE NG Glee Piage 2s spine vig as Heo stew e Cae ee ss

Proposal to separate the family of Salamandride, Gray,
into Two Families, according to the form of the Skull ....

On the power of dissolving Shells possessed by the Ber-
ER CE ORUIUS 68s i ancn dphees Oe ys vlan bw wa eee

Description of a New Genus of Boide from Old Calabar,
and a List of West African Reptiles..................

Description of a New Genus of Sponge (Xenospongia)
PONE MIRDMT PUINSUL fo cn ay acs ies hace ck bs autnae eden 82

Additional Observations on the genus Furcella ........

On a New Genus and several New Species of Uropeltide,
in the Collection of the British Museum................

page

On Carpenteria and Dujardinia, two genera of a New

Form of Protozoa with attached Multilocular Shells filled
with Sponge, apparently intermediate between Rhizopoda
ire ee

. 266

page
Note on the Egg of the Mooruk (Casuarius bennetti,
Gould) from New Britain, in the British Museum........ 271
On the Families Aspergillide, Gastrochenide, and Hum-
phreyiadeé ........ BRS Sey Ato gear a a gi NA ip sh eee 307
On Charadella and Lichenella, New Forms of Polyzoa
from Amairate 3 Sui. 5.c. She bc cn eee eee eg eee ee 319
Description of Riama, a New Genus of Lizards, forming a
distinct Family .. eee 88 fold fo a6 te ee
On the Pan SEER of Dr, dohnstonss3. 66 oe 531

Gray, GeorGe Rosert, F.L.S., F.Z.S., &c.

A List of the Birds, with Descriptions of New Species, ob-
tained by Mr. Alfred R. Wallace in the Aru and Ké Islands 169

GinTHER, Dr. ALBERT.
On the Systematic Arrangement of the Tailless Batra-
chians, and the Structure of Rhinophrynus dorsalis ...... 339

On the Geographical Distribution of Reptiles.......... 373

Han ey, Sytvanvus, F.L.S., &c.

Description of a New Cyrena from Ceylon, and of New

IGNORGTAB. BG ees Fateh a Te eae ew eth aa ESO 23
Description of two New Species of Pinna ............ 136
AFEh EGE OUG TE 5a om bn jason vor Wing ew 60 aim a Dw abe x <5 se ee
Desenption of New Pinnze!. . 20) se5 rsa asaeleicn 2 225, 254
Description of a New Onisege 06 sis. he Seine omens, sa wales 255
Description of a New Cyrena and Bulla .............. 543

Hartiaus, Dr. Gustav, of Bremen, Foreign Member Z. 8.

On New Species of Birds from Western Africa, in the Col-
lection of the British Marseunmt 9.6 ..6:0) s:cieie wis’ sei lw ds oh a 291

Synopsis of the Fringilline Genus Erythrura .......... 461

Hewrirtson, W. C.

Descriptions of some Butterflies from the Collection of
DAE: WOOURES 25 ves Cheeks Saks ess u,v 'vacn i lgrare a wee 464

vii
page
Hoxupsworth, E, W. H., F.L.S., F.Z.S., &e.

On Electra verticillata, with a Notice of its different
ari BU eaROMIRET. pai etc: oO a tcc ck ew den eh ade. 306

Kaup, Dr. J., Director of the Museum at Darmstadt.
On Nemophis, a New Genus of Riband-shaped Fishes .. 168

Krerrt, GERARD.

A few Remarks on the Habits and Economy of the Brown-
capped Pomatorhinus (P. ruficeps, Hartlaub)............ 352

Meves, M. W., Conservator at the Zoological Riks-Museum
in Stockholm.

On the Snipe’s ‘‘ Neighing”’ or Humming Noise, and on its
Tail-feathers’ Systematic Value. Translated and communi-
eated by John Wolley, jun., Esq., F.Z.S., &. .........4. 199

MitcHe tt, D. W., B.A., F.L.S., Secretary Z.S.
On the Indian Pheasants bred in the Menagerie........ 544

Moors, FrReEpERIC, Assistant, Museum East India Company.

Monograph of the Asiatic Species of Neptis and Athyma,
two genera of diurnal Lepidoptera belonging to the Family
Nymphalidae ....... PERN A chat word oY vin w Gude VER 9 tere 3

Preirrer, Dr. L.

Descriptions of Eleven New Species of Land Shells, from
the Collection of H. Cuming, Esq. ............--0+--:- 20

Descriptions of Ten New Species of Bulimus, from the
Collection of Hugh Cuming, Esq. ........-.-0-- se eee: 256

Satmon, Joun D., F.L.S., F.Z.S.

Exhibition of a specimen of Baillon’s Crake with Seyen
Ree os n'a ce cee RENE ORAET Ais aid agit’ agit a vhs s,s ¢ POO

viii
page
Scrater, Puiuie Lutzey, M.A., F.L.S., F.Z.S.
Notes on Californian Birds. By Thomas Bridges, Corre-
sponding Member. Communicated with Remarks by Mr.
EIBEE Chs a tat eae eae I SS a le sea. Ga oapereiy cane en

Notes on aCollection of Birds received by M. Verreaux, of
Paris, from the Rio Napo in the Republic of Ecuador .... 59

Notes on some Birds from Southern Mexico .......... 95
On some New or Little-known Species of casita oc in the
Collection of the Norwich Museum .......... .....+-.. 128
Note on the Variation of the Form of the Upper Mandible
Mi O DAPACIOUS DIE (siete dc - 5 \< 9 acco eae ae ee 150
Synopsis of the American Ant-birds (Formicariide).
Part I., containing the Thamnophiline .............445 202
———-. _ Part II., containing the Formicivorine or
AEA LOTS ooo iain Sie ew eee 0s mie tbat Sule. £)5yh kaha tae oe
. Part III., containing the Formicariine or Ant-
PEDPRSICS >. '5 sya ge Se ee RLS ops RS is OR oe EER Ee ote eee 272
Additional Note on the Har Goose ees ma-
gellanica) . oi Teka Seated: . 289
On some New or Little-known Sse of tanger from
the Collection of M. Verreaux of Paris. . al . 293
On a Collection of Birds received Ee M. Sige Sallé
from Oaxaca in Southern Mexico.................2-.+0 294

Description of a New Species of the genus ae from

MGRIGO? 72.5, Ascala nace Sees BA nha te REE Se 356
List of Birds collected by George Cavendish Taylor, ie rs
in the Republic of Honduras ...... ‘ eri cs)

Characters of Five New Species of American Birds...... 446
List of Birds collected by Mr. Louis Fraser at Cuenca,

Gualaquiza, and Zamora, in the Republic of Ecuador...... 449
On Two New Species of Ant-birds in the Collection of the

Derby Museum at Liverpool............ ek 540
Note on the genus Cichlopsis of Cabanis. . ‘aca s es se

On the Birds collected by Mr. Louis Fraser in the vicinity
of Riobamba, in the Republic of Ecuador .............. 549

age
Smiru, J. P. G. eh

On a living Octopus (in a letter addressed to Dr. Gray)., 533

Soruesy, S. Lreien.
‘Note on a Talking Canary (addressed to Dr. Gray) .... 231

Taytor, E. Cavenpisn, M.A., F.Z.S., &c.

Note on the eae of the Bit gor Bird, and Crocodile of
Jamaica....... RO IG ain Beri's pose des a oR, NO

Tuompson, GENERAL Perronet, F.R.S., M.P.
On the Lepidosiren (in a note to Dr. Gray) .......... 535

Tuompson, WILLIAM.

Remarks on the British Actiniade, and Rearrangement of
Co) EES Sig a Se ee a Seats ee A 145

ToMEs, Rongnr F.
A Monograph of the genus Nyetophilus .............. 25

On the Characters of Four Species of Bats inhabiting
Europe and Asia, and the Description of a New Species of

Vespertilio inhabiting Madagascar .............. epee ee
A Monograph of the genus Miniopteris .............. 115 -
A Monograph of the genus Kerivoula . eT ie

On the Vespertilio suillus of Temminck, the st of the
genera Murina (Gray) and Ocypetes (Lesson) . sare cae

Notes of Five Species of Bats in the Collection of L. L.
Dillwyn, Esq., M.P.. colleeted in Labuan by Mr. James

AES Sa en ee em
Notes on a Collection of Mammalia made by Mr. Fraser
PP MUEMIS CG oA gan Pieter yaa Sly oo aa eee «oe CAO

WaLLica, SURGEON G. C., M.D.

Note of a New Preservative Process......00...+ee+e8- 536

Descriptions of some ee Coleoptera syne a8

Woopwarp, S. P., and Tracks Barrett.

On the genus Synapta (communicated by J. S. Gaskoin,

LIST OF PLATES.

1858.
MAMMALIA.
Plate Page
@LIX. Potamocherus africanus, Gray... 16s e sree eee eens 58
LX. Vespertilio formosus? .......0seeeeeeesereeeneee 78
LXIJI. Cuscus orientalis, 3 9, Gray ....eeeeseeeneeeeees 100
LXIL. celebensis, Gray... sees ce cece even taceve 100
LXIII. Dactylopsila trivirgata, Gray .... 6.666 e eee eee 106
LXIV. Myoictis wallacii, Gray «2.0... cee e cere cece eee 106
LXV. Miniopteris schreibersii and M. blepotis.......+..+++ 115
LXVI. Kerivoula @rosa and K. lanosa .. 0.6.60 eee ee eee 322
AVES.

CXXXI. Melanerpes rubrigularis, Scl. ... 6-100 scene renee 1

Euchetes coccineus, Scl. .. 0... cece erence eeeee
OXXXIL { Creurgops verticalis, Scl. 6... essere eee tenes } 5
CXXXIII. Dacelo tyro, G. R. Gray «0.66. eee e eens 169
CXXXIV. Todopsis cyanocephala, G. R. Gray «1.06. ++ +e ees 169
CXXXV. Chalcopsitta rubrifrons, G.R. Gray ......+- +200 es 169
CXXXVI._ Ptilonopus wallacii, G. R. Gray ...... 000s ee ee ees 169
CXXXVII. ————— aurantiifrons, G. R. Gray......++++++++ 169
CXXXVIII. — coronulatus, G. R. Gray 1... sere ees 169
CXXXIX. Thamnophilus amazonicus, $ 2, Sel. «es eeeeee 202
CXL. Dysithamnus leucostictus, Scl. 1.1.0. es cree er eees 223
Myrmotherula surinamensis, 3, Scl. «..-+++++0++ 9%
CXL. { — multostriata, 6 9, Scl. ......e06- } acm
CXLII. Formicivora erythrocerca, Scl. «1.1.0.0 e seen rene 232
CXLII. Myrmelastes plumbeus, 3 9, Sel... sess eeeeeeeees 272
CXLIV. Eggs of the “ Mooruk” ........e0sesceeereeeees 271
CXLV. Phrygilus ocularis, 3 3, Scl..... ce ccceeeneeeeeee 449

ae Elainia griseigularis, Sel. 6... eee ee eee e ences
» cial strictoptera, Scl..... sess se cece ee eeeees } sas
CXLVII. Young of Catreus wallichii and Lophophorus impeyanus 544
CXLVIIL { oe of Gallophasis albocristatus and acta 544

OTSiClA . 0c ccc rece creccrencesesevesecnce

CXLIX. Eggs of Gallophasis horsfieldii, G. melanotus, G. albo-
cristatus, Catreus wallichii, and Lophophorus im-

5d4

POCYANUS cc cvccvecctereenensecconcnsessuseess

‘

REPTILIA.
Plate Page
XIII. 9 Mitylia gerrardi, Gray .. 1.6... 0c sees se asves dee ee
XIV. Calaharia fusca, Gray .. 6. cece cee eee eee eens 155
XV. Argalia olivacea, Riama unicolor, Gray .......++++. 444
MOLLUSCA.
XL. New species of Land Shells in the Collection of H.
Cumming, Hise... heise s sews ns ee ele nny 20
XLI. Stavelta toria, Gray... cece cece cuss recceccus 90
XLII. New species of Bulimus and Oniscia, in the Collec-
tion of H. Cuniing, Esq. 5 2... ace ce ee nes * 255-6
ANNULOSA.
XLIX.
L. ; Asiatie species of Neptis and Athyma............+-. 3
LI.

LII. New species of Entozoa .......0.03000005 kd eee 224
LIII. New species of Longicorn Coleoptera ..........4+ 398
LIV. fe species of Butterflies in the Collection of ee 46 4

a MV GROG. allergies om vas ate Beis eh oes belo

RADIATA.
Aphroceras alcicornis, Gray os oo wicca esis os oh wien 113
X. {oan GOUCHU;< ODMSEON..<) vadane ccaceis Selene eee 557
Sudisea Garleeip Gray, 2005s vs qie «caida onisiads yee sk eae 531
XI, . Aphrocallistes. beatria,, Gray. v.00 0 00.02 sos dae ee 114

XII. Xenospongia patelliformis, Gray ......-. esse eens 229
RES: Blectrawerticvbata, occa \eceisy vpis.s.sa.s cients Ga pees 306
XIV. Synapta digitata, S. inherens, S. bidentata, Chiri-

dota levis, and Myriotrochus rinkit.........+. . 360

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PROCEEDINGS

OF THE

ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF LONDON.

January 12, 1858.

Dr. Gray, F.R.S., V.P., in the Chair.

The following papers were read :—

1. Nores on CauirorniaAN Birps. By Tuomas BripGes,
CorRESPONDING MEMBER. COMMUNICATED, wiTH Re-
MARKS, BY PatLtip LuTLEY SCLATER.

(Aves, Pl. CXXXI.)

Mr. Bridges has lately forwarded to Mr. Cuming specimens of
the following eleven species of birds, with the accompanying notes.
I have affixed to them what I believe to be their proper names, and
have given a new appellation to a Woodpecker, which appears to
have been hitherto unnoticed. Mr. Bridges’s second collection was
unfortunately lost in the ‘‘ Central America.” Of the first I gave
some account in these ‘ Proceedings’ for last year (P. Z. 8S. 1857,
p- 125).

1. Astur aTricapriLuus (Wilson), juv.
Shot in Trinity Valley, Northern California.

2. TeTRAo opscurvs, Say? ?.

This species is found ranging along the Sierra Nevada, at an ele-
vation of 4000 to 6000 feet, in the Pine Forests. The specimen
now forwarded was taken on Trinity Mountains, N. California. I
have also seen the same bird in the Tosemite Valley, near the head
waters of the Mercedes River, Mariposa County. Compare this with

No. CCCXLVII.—Procrepincs or tur ZooLocicat Sociery.

Tetrao obscurus ; 1 am almost inclined to believe it differs from that
species.

(I must see males of this species before I can consider it different
from 7’. obscurus.—P. L. 8.)

3. CaLuipepLa picta (Douglas).
Found in flocks in the Sierra Nevada near Shasta.

4. Dryocopus pILeatus (Linn.).

I have only seen this fine species of Woodpecker in the Pine
Forests of the Sierra Nevada, at an elevation of 4000 feet, and there
it is somewhat rare, and difficult to capture. The present specimens
were taken on Scott’s Mountains, Trinity County, in October.

5. Metanerpes torquatus (Wils.), ? juv.

This bird I first saw in Scott’s Valley, on the Pinus Benthamiana.
Like the Melanerpes formicivorus they live in small communities, as
I saw three pairs together in the above locality. In winter they mi-
grate towards the oak-groves at the base of the Sierra Nevada, seek-
ing a milder climate than the snow-covered pine regions.

6. MELANERPES RUBRIGULARIS, Sclater, sp. nov. (Pl. CXXXI.)

Supra nitenti-niger : linea circumnuchali ab oculis incipiente,
altera utrinque suboculari a rictu latiore, tectricibus alarum
superioribus, dorso postico et caude tectricibus superioribus,
necnon maculis secundariarum trium extimarum apicalibus et
in pogonio externo primariarum tertie, quarte et quinte albis:
subtus nitenti-niger, gula media ruberrima, abdomine medio
flavicante, lateribus et crisso albo nigroque variegatis ; tectri-
cibus alarum inferioribus et remigum pogonio interiore cineras-
centi-nigris, maculis quadratis numerosis albis: caude rectri-
cibus omnino nigris : rostro et pedibus nigris.

Long. tota 8°5, alee 5:4, caudze 3°5, rostri a fronte 1-0, tarsi 0°8.

(This Woodpecker, which is represented by Mr. Bridges as very
rare, appears to have escaped the researches of the American natu-
ralists; at least I am acquainted with no record of its existence,
though it may have been described quite lately. It appears to be
well placed in the genus Melanerpes, of which no less than six species
are already known to inhabit California, namely M. erythrocephalus,
M. torquatus, M. thyroideus (Cassin, B. Cal. pl. 32: Picus natalie,
Malherbe, Cab. Journ. f. Orn., 1854, p. 271), M. formicivorus
(Cassin, B. Cal. pl. 2), M. albolarvatus, and M. ruber. From all
these it is quite different in colouring, and may be recognized at
once by its black breast and bright scarlet throat-mark, whence I
have named it M. rubrigularis.—P. L. 8.)

A very rare bird, the only one of the species I have ever seen.
Shot in Trinity Valley, on the pines. Probably this may occur more
frequently in Oregon or the British possessions. Had it been com-
mon, I should have seen it in the southern part of the State of
California.

i el

G HFord

7. MELANERPES ALBOLARVATUS. — Leuconerpes albolarvatus,
Cassin, Pr. Ac. Se. Phil. 1850, p. 106; Journ. Ac. Phil. n. s. iii.
p- 257. pl. 22, g et 2.

This is not uncommon in the Trinity Valley, seeking its food on
the tall pines. The male is easily distinguished from the female by
the red band of feathers at the base of the cranium.
if Sasi placed in the genus Melanerpes than with Leuconerpes.—

8. Picus marrist (Aud.).
Shot near Shasta, base of the Sierra Nevada.

9. Picus nuTratui, Gambel.
Taken on the mountains near Shasta in September.

10. Turpus nxvius (Gm.), Bp. Consp. p. 271.

This pretty species of Thrush is very rare in California, as I have
only seen two specimens. These I observed in the coast range of
mountains west of Santa Clara. It inhabits the evergreen oak-groves,
Quercus densifolia. Taken in October (female).

11. CINcLUS AMERICANUS, Sw.

I have only seen this remarkable bird in the head waters of
Trinity and Scott’s Rivers at California. It is constantly seeking its
food amongst the boulder rocks in the rivers, or on the shallows
amongst pebbles; sometimes wading, diving or swimming, and at
other times flying from rock to rock. I have often watched them,
and always felt a sort of amusement at their restless and singular
movements.

San Francisco, Nov. 18th, 1857.

2. Monocrarn or THE Astatic Species or Nepris anpD
ATHYMA, TWO GENERA OF DiuRNAL LEPIDOPTERA BELONG-
ING TO THE Famity Nympnauip&. By Frepertc Moore,
Assistant, Museum East Inp1ia Company.

(Annulosa, Pl. XLIX.-LI.)

The following monograph contains descriptions of all the species
of the genera Neptis and Athyma that I have been enabled to bring
together from the various collections in this country.

Genus Neptis, Fabricius.

Neptis, Fabricius, Syst. Gloss. (Illiger’s Mag. vi. p. 282, 1808) ;
Horsfield ; Westwood.

Acca, p., Hiibner, Verz. bek. Schmett (1816).

Limenitis, p., Boisduval, Ind. Meth. Eur. Lep. p. 16 (1840); E.
Doubleday.

1. Neptis Horponia.

Papilio Hordonia, Stoll, Suppl. Cramer, Pap. Exot. i. t. 33. f. 4,
4. D. (1791).

Nymphalis Hordonia, Godart, Enc. Méth. ix. p. 429.

Limenitis Hordonia, E. Doubleday, List Lep. Brit. Mus. pt. 1.

. 93. :
: Neptis Hordonia, Westwood in Doubleday & Hewitson’s Diurnal
Lep. p. 271. n. 3; Moore, Catal. Lep. Mus. E. I. C. i. p. 164.

Hab. Silhet; Darjeeling; N. India; Ceylon; Java. In most
collections.

Remark.—Neptis Hordonia may be known by the mottled mark-
ings of the under-side.

2. Neptis Para, Moore. (Pl. XLIX. f. 1.)

Neptis Pata, n. sp.—Upper-side brown-black ; markings ferru-
ginous, these being disposed as in Neptis Hordonia. May be distin-
guished from that species by the under-side being black, and with-
out any mottled markings.

Hab. Manilla. In the collection of W. W. Saunders, Esq.

3. Neptis Tiga, Moore.

Papilio Heliodore, Fabricius, Ent. Syst. iii. pt. 1. p. 130 (1793) ;
Jones, Icon. iv. t. 76. f. 2 (nec Cramer, 1782).
Nymphalis Heliodore, Godart, Enc. Méth. ix. p. 429.
Limenitis Heliodore, EK. Doubleday, List Lep. Brit. Mus. pt. 1.
. 93.
f Neptis Heliodore, Westwood in Doubleday & Hewitson’s Diurnal
Lep. p. 271. n. 4; Moore, Catal. Lep. Mus. E.1.C. p. 164.
Hab. Java; Borneo. In Museum East India Company ; British
Museum, W. W. Saunders, Esq.
Remark.—Neptis Tiga may be distinguished from the two pre-
ceding by the well-defined markings of the under-side.

4. Neptis AnTarA, Moore. (Pl. XLIX. f. 2.)

Neptis Antara, n.sp. Male.—Upper-side dusky-brown; fore-
wing with discoidal streaks, curved interrupted band from costal
margin near the apex to middle of posterior margin, and narrow sub-
marginal wavy line, deep ferruginous ; indistinct marginal and narrow
border to submarginal line, blackish ; hind-wing with straight inner
and curved narrower outer band deep ferruginous; indistinct mar-
ginal and submarginal line, and inward borders to the two bands
blackish. Under-side very pale, markings as above, but all having
black borders. Expanse nearly 2 inches.

Hab. Celebes. In British Museum Collection.

5. Neptis Miran, Moore.

Neptis Miah, Moore, Catal. Lep. Mus. E. I. C. i. p. 164. pl. a.
f. 1 (1857).

:
|
q

Neptis Miah.—Upper-side brown-black ; fore-wing with a longi-
tudinal streak from base of wing, an oblique transverse short apical
fascia, which nearly meets a reversely oblique fascia on posterior
margin, rufous; hind-wing with a nearly straight broad inner band
and a narrow submarginal band rufous. Under-side dark ferrugi-
nous ; fore-wing with the longitudinal and oblique marks pinky-
white ; two narrow submarginal lines purple; hind-wing with inner
band pinky-white ; two submarginal and a less distinct middle line
purple; costal margin at the base whitish. Expanse 22 inches.

Hab. Darjeeling; N. India. In Museum East India Company,
and W. W. Saunders, Esq.

Remark,—Allied to the two preceding species, but may be distin-
guished by the colour and markings of the under-side.

6. Nepris Manasa, Moore.

Neptis Manasa, Moore, Catal. Lep. Mus. E. I. C. i. p. 165, pl. 4a.
f. 2 (1857).

Neptis Manasa. Male. —Upper-side dull dusky-brown ; markings
white, tinged with very pale ferruginous ; fore-wing with the dis-
coidal streak long, and continued in a curve to near the posterior
angle; an apical oblique streak ; two small spots on costal margin,
and one below the margin; a spot on middle of posterior margin ; a
marginal row of small indistinct spots ; hind-wing with broad inner
and narrower outer band, both extending across the abdominal mar-
gin; an indistinct marginal line and line between the two bands;
narrow cilia white. Under-side pale ochreous, with indistinctly-
defined white markings ; the discoidal streak is continued uninter-
rupted to the middle of the posterior margin, the space within being
blackish ; on the hind margin are some small white markings between
the inner band and costal vein. Expanse 2} inches.

Hab. N. India. In Museum East India Company.

Remark. —Neptis Manasa may be distinguished above by the dis-
coidal streak being nearly confluent with the spot on the middle of
the posterior margin, it being quite confluent on the under-side,

7. Nepris ANANTA, Moore.

Neptis Ananta, Moore, Catal. Lep. Mus. E. I. C. i. p. 166. pl. 4a.
f. 3 (1857).

Neptis Ananta. Male.—Upper-side brownish-black ; markings
ferruginous ; fore-wing with discoidal streak straight; a curved
twice-interrupted band from anterior margin near apex to middle of
posterior margin ; a pale marginal line ; hind-wing with rather broad
inner and narrow outer band, both extending across the abdominal
margin; also a pale marginal line and line between the bands,
Under-side very deep ferruginous ; fore-wing with discoidal streak,
spots near apex and from posterior margin, ferruginous-white ; pos-
terior margin broadly patched with black ; a marginal and submar-
ginal bluish-ashy line; hind-wing with inner band white, outer band

grey and indistinct; a marginal line and zigzag line between the two
bands bluish-ashy. Expanse 23 inches.
Hab. Simla; N.W. India. In Museum East India Company, and
W. C. Hewitson, Esq. :
Remark.—This species may be known from N. Manasa by its
ferruginous markings and straight discoidal streak.

8. Nepris Narayana, Moore. (PI. XLIX. f. 3.)

Neptis Narayana, n. sp. Male.—Upper-side black; markings
white ; fore-wing with the discoidal streak narrow ; along costal mar-
gin towards the apex some narrow spots, with two large spots de-
scending obliquely across the apex; a quadrate spot in middle of
dise, and another on posterior margin ; two submarginal narrow spots
parallel with the quadrate discal spot ; hind-wing with straight inner
and narrower nearly straight outer band. Under-side glossy ferru-
ginous, darkest about the middle of the wings, very pale at the
base of costal margin, and blackish along posterior margin of the
fore-wing ; fore-wing with markings as above; hind-wing with sub-
marginal line, zigzag line between the two bands, greyish-white. Ex-
panse 22 inches.

fab. N. India. In British Museum Collection.

Remark.—Allied to Neptis Zaida, but may be known from that
and other allied species by the markings on the upper-side being
pure white.

9. Neptis Rapua, Moore.

Neptis Radha, Moore, Catal. Lep. Mus. E. I. C.i. p. 166. pl. 4 a.
f. 4 (1857).

Neptis Radha. Male.—Upper-side brownish-black ; markings
ferruginous ; fore-wing with a long discoidal streak, narrow at base,
and extending to a short distance between the third and second me-
dian veinlets ; two small spots on costal margin, and two larger ob-
lique spots near the apex; a large spot on disc, and an elongate spot
to middle of posterior margin ; marginal line pale ; hind-wing with
rather broad mner and narrower outer band, both extending across
the abdominal margin; a marginal line and line between the two
bands pale brown. Under-side ferruginous-brown; markings as
above, but indistinct, owing to the surface being mottled over with
ashy-blue. Expanse 27 inches.

Hab. Darjeeling ; Bootan; N. India. In Museum East India
Company.

10. Neptis Zarpa.

3 Limenitis Zaida, BK. Doubleday, MS.

Neptis Zaida, Westwood in Doubleday and Hewitson’s Diurnal -
Lep. p. 272. n. 9. t. 35. f. 3 (1850).

Hab. Simla; N.W. India. In Collection British Museum, and
W. ©. Hewitson, Esq.

ss ce
—
y 4

Remark.—Neptis Zaida (the male only of which I am acquainted
with) has the wings more rounded than in the other allied species,
and on the hind-wing the inner band is very broad, the outer band
narrow and much curved.

ll. Nerris Ampa, Moore. (Pl. XLIX. f. 4.)

Neptis Amba, n. sp. _Male.—Upper-side smoky-brown ;_ mark-
ings white ; fore-wing with long discoidal streak indented at the ex-
tremity of the cell; two oblique spots near the apex, and four re-
versely oblique spots to middle of posterior margin; an indistinct
marginal and submarginal black line; hind-wing with rather broad
imer band and narrow brownish-white outer band ; marginal and
snbmarginal line darker. Under-side dark ferruginous; markings
as above; but the marginal and submarginal lines, base of costal
margin, and streak near base of hind-wing also white.

Hab. Nepal (General Hardwicke). In Collection British Mu-
seum,

12. Nepris Vixast, Horsfield.

Neptis Vikasi, Horsfield, Catalogue of Lep. Mus. E. I. C. (1829)
t. 5. f. 2, 2a; Moore, Catal. Lep. Mus. E. 1. C. i. p. 165.

Limenitis Vikasi, E. Doubleday, List Lep. Brit. Mus. pt. 1. p. 94.

Athyma Vikasi, Westwood in Doubleday and Hewitson’s Diurnal
Lep. p. 274. n. 10.

Hab. Java; Darjeeling; N. India. In most collections.

13. Nertis Cotumetia. (Pl. XLIX. f. 5.)

Papilio Columella, Cramer, Pap. Exot. iv. t. 296. f. A, B (1782).
Limenitis Columella, E. Doubleday, List Lep. Brit. Mus. pt. 1.
. 95.
; Neptis Columella, Westwood in Doubleday and Hewitson’s Diurnal
Lep. p. 272. n. 7; Moore, Catal. Lep. Mus. E, I. C.i. p. 166.

Acca Columena, Hibner, Verz. bek. Schmett. p. 44.

Hab. Darjeeling, N. India; China; Ceylon; and specimens from
the Island of Lombok, which I have examined, are also identical.
In Collection British Museum, East India Company, W.W. Saunders,
Esq., and W. C. Hewitson, Esq.

14. Neptis Jumsa, Moore.

Neptis Jumba, Moore, Catal. Lep. Mus. E. I. C. i. p. 167. pl. 4a.
f. 5 (1857).

Neptis Jumba. Upper-side smoky-black ; fore-wing with a nar-
row longitudinal streak, and a parallel triangular spot, white; a
transverse curved row of interrupted white spots, from apical third
of costal margin to near middle of posterior margin, composed of two
very narrow longitudinal spots on the costal margin, beneath which
are two large spots, then a very small streak, then two large spots,
and lastly two narrower spots terminating on posterior margin; be-
tween this band of spots and exterior margin are two rows of more

or less defined lunular-shaped white spots, these being bounded exte-
riorly by a row of deep black ; hind-wing with a broad white band
from costal to abdominal margin, being intersected by the veins;
near outer margin a row of ill-defined white lunulated marks, bounded
exteriorly by deep black, then a submarginal row of black lines ;
between the white band and row of lunated white marks is a broad
band of black. Under-side ferruginous; fore-wing with markings
as above, but the four rows of markings along exterior margin white,
and suffused at the apex and near the middle with ferruginous ;
hind-wing with the broad white band; abdominal margin, base of
costal margin, and broadly across parallel with the band, suffused
with white; a marginal and two submarginal rows of whitish marks,
between which and the broad band is a series of fine dark ferruginous
spots from abdominal margin, and terminating in white marks on
costal margin. Body above black, beneath white. Sexes alike.
Expanse 22 to 25 inches.

Hab. Darjeelng, N. India; Ceylon. In Museum East India
Company, British Museum, and W. C. Hewitson, Esq.

15. Neptis Heriopora.

Papilio Heliodora, Cramer, Pap. Exot. iii. t. 212. f. E, F (1782)
(nec Fabr. 1793).

Acca Heliodora, Hiibner, Verz. bek. Schmett. f. 44.

Nymphalis Helicopis, Godart, Enc. Méth. ix. pf. 431 (1819).

Athyma Helicopis, Westwood in Doubleday and Hewitson’s
Diurnal Lep. p. 274. n. 3.

Hab. Moluceas ; Amboyna (Cramer).

Remark.—I have not as yet seen any example of this species. It
is allied to the following.

16. Nepris SHerHerpt. (Pl. L. f. 1.)

Limenitis Shepherdi, Newman, MS.—Upper-side brownish-black ;
fore-wing, with discoidal streak in two portions, the first being indi-
stinct, the second a triangular spot ; oblique spots from costal margin
near apex, two larger spots on middle of the disc, and an elongated
spot and a small dot above it on posterior margin, a submarginal row
of spots and second outer very indistinct row, white ; hind-wing with
broad white transverse band from near middle of anterior to middle
of abdominal margin; marginal lines pale brown. Under-side fer-
ruginous-brown, suffused in parts with paler brown ; fore-wing with
base of costal margin yellow; markings as above, but the first por-
tion of discoidal streak more distinct, the discal spots somewhat
smaller, and between marginal row of spots and outer margin are two
rows of narrow white linear marks; hind-wing with transverse white
band ; three and an indistinct fourth row of narrow marginal lines ;
base of anterior margin and below costal vein whitish. Expanse
23 inches.

Hab. New South Wales, Australia. In Collection British Museum,
W. W. Saunders, Esq., and W. C. Hewitson, Esq.

17. Nertris Soma, Moore. (Pl. XLIX. f. 6.)

Neptis Soma, n. sp.—Allied to, but differs from, Neptis Nandina,
on the upper-side, in baving the discoidal streak narrower, and the
curved row of seven spots are much smaller, being only half their
size, and are wider apart; the submarginal row of spots is also
smaller ; the bands on hind-wing are also narrower; on the under-
side the colour is of a deep maroon, the markings as in upper-side,
but those on the hind-wing less straight. Sexes alike. Expanse
from 23 to 22 inches.

Hab. Silhet, N. India. In Collection British Museum, and W. C.
Hewitson, Esq.

18. Nepris Nanprina, Moore.

Neptis Nandina, Moore, Catal. Lep. Mus. E. I. C. i. p. 168.
pl. 4 a. f. 7 (1857).

Neptis Nandina.—Upper-side black ; markings white ; fore-wing
with discoidal streak in two entire portions; the curved row of seven
spots broadly interrupted ; and a submarginal row of small less-
defined spots ; hind-wing with inner band, and narrow outer row of
less-defined square spots; indistinct marginal line and line between
the bands brown. Under-side deep chocolate-brown, with markings
as above, but more defined and of a brighter colour; those of the
hind-wing rather straight, except the marginal and submarginal lines,
which are gently curved. Sexes alike. Expanse 2} to 22 inches.

Hab. Darjeeling, Assam, N. India; Java. In Museum East
India Company, British Museum, and W. C. Hewitson, Esq.

Remark.—This species may be known from Neptis Aceris by the
deep chocolate colour of the under-side, by the anterior margin of
hind-wing being evenly arched to beyond the middle, and by all the
markings on this wing being nicely and evenly curved, more evenly
than is shown in the figure.

19. Nepris ACERIS.

Papilio Aceris, Esper, Ausl. Schmett, t. 81. cont. 31. f. 3, 4;
t. 82. f. 1 (1785) ; Fabricius, Mant. Ins. ii. p. 52; id. Ent. Syst.
iil. pt. 1. p. 245.

Nymphalis Aceris, Godart, Enc. Méth. ix. p. 430.

Acca Aceris, Hiibner, Verz. bek. Schmett. p. 44.

Limenitis Aceris, Boisduval, Icon. Hist. t. 18. f. 2; id. Ind. Méth.
p. 16; E. Doubleday, List Lep. Brit. Mus. pt. 1. p. 95; Kollar in
Hiigel’s Kaschmir, iv. pt. 11. p. 428.

Neptis Aceris, Fabricius, Syst. Gloss. (Iliger’s Mag. vi. p. 282) ;
Horsfield, Catal. Lep. Mus. E. I. C. t. 7. f.9; Westwood in Double-
day and Hewitson’s Diurnal Lep. p. 271. n. 5; Moore, Catal. Lep.
Mus. E. I. C. i. p. 168.

Papilio Plautilla, Wibner, Europ. Schmett. Pap. f. 99, 100

1805).
c es Matuta, Hiibner, Verz. bek. Schmett. p. 44 (1816).

Neptis Matuta, Westwood in Doubleday and Hewitson’s Diurnal
Lep. p. 272. n. 6.

Papilio Leucothoé, Cramer, Pap. Exot. iv. t. 296. f. E, F (nec
Linn.) ; Donovan, Ins. of China, Ist edit. t. 35. f. 3 (nee Linn.).

Limenitis Eurynome, Westwood in 2nd edit. Donovan’s Ins. of
China, p. 66. t. 35. f. 3.

Athyma Eurynome, Westwood in Doubleday and Hewitson’s Diur-
nal Lep. p. 274. n. 2.

Hab. Germany ; Hungary ; South Russia; North-western, North-
eastern, Central, and Southern India; Ceylon; China; Madjico
Sima; Pinang, Malacca, Java, Borneo, Manilla. In most collections.

Remark.—After carefully examining a number of specimens of
this species from all the localities above enumerated, I am enabled
to say that I can detect no difference between the alleged species
Aceris, Matuta, and Eurynome. Specimens measuring in expanse
from 14 to 23 inches are obtained from the same locality, and the
Chinese specimens are generally larger, some being 23 inches in
expanse ; those from the latter locality have been named Hurynome
by Mr. Westwood, the ¢ype-specimen of which I have examined.

20. Neptis Ipa, Moore. (Pl. XLIX. f. 7.)

Neptis Ida, n. sp.—Upper-side dusky brown; fore-wing with
discoidal streak, and curved series of white spots as in Neptis Aceris ;
marginal, submarginal and third inner row of small white spots ;
hind-wing with broad inner band, and narrower outer row of widel
separated spots, white; a marginal line of narrow whitish marks ;
line between the two bands pale brown. Under-side pale ferru-
ginous, markings as above, all white and broader. Expanse
22 inches.

Hab. Celebes or Mindanao. In the Collection of W. W. Saun-
ders, Esq., and W.C. Hewitson, Esq.

This beautiful species was recently brought home by Madame
Ida Pfeiffer.

21. Nepris Duryopana, Moore. (PI. XLIX. f. 8.)

Neptis Duryodana, un. sp.—Differs from Bornean specimens of
Nep. Aceris, in being of a much blacker colour on the upper-side,
the markings also being much whiter; and in the under-side being
brown, where the inner band of the hind-wing does not extend to
the inner margin as in that species, and the marginal and submar-
ginal lines are more curved. Expanse 21 inches.

Hab. Borneo. In collection of British Museum, and W. C.
Hewitson, Esq.

22. Neptis Nata, Moore.

Neptis Nata, Moore, Catal. Lep. Mus. E.1.C.i. p. 168. pl. 4 a,
f. 6 (1857).

Neptis Nata.—Upper-side deep black, markings very white ; fore-
wing with discoidal streak long, in two portions ; curved series of
spots small; hind-wing with the bands narrow. Under-side dusky
brown; inner band of hind-wing not extended to anterior margin ;

a marginal line only between outer band and exterior margin, the
submarginal line being obsolete. Sexes alike. Expanse 2% inches.

Hab. Singapore and Borneo. In Collection East India Company,
British Museum, W. W. Saunders, Esq., and W.C. Hewitson, Esq.

Genus Atayma, Westwood.

Athyma, Westwood in Doubleday and Hewitson’s Diurnal Lep.
p- 272 (1850).

Acca, pt., Hiibner, Verz. bek. Schmett.

Biblis, pt., Fabricius, Syst. Gloss. ; Horsfield, Catal. Lep. Mus.
E. I. C. (1829).

Limenitis, pt., E. Doubleday, List Lep. Brit. Mus.

1. Arpyma LEvCcOoTHO:E.

Papilio Leucothoé, Linneeus, Mus. Lud. Ulr. 292; id. Syst. Nat.
ed. 12. ii. p. 780; Fabricius, Ent. Syst. iii. pt. 1. p. 129; Sulzer,
Hist. Ins. t. 18. f. 2, 3.

Nymphalis Leucothoé, Godart, Enc. Meth. ix. p. 430.

Acca Leucothoé, Hiibner, Verz. bek. Schmett. p. 44.

Biblis Leucothoé, Horsfield, Catal. Lep. Mus. E. I. C. t. 8. f. 3.

Limenitis Leucothoé, Westwood in Donovan’s Ins. of China, 2nd
edit. t. 35. f. 4; Kollar in Hiigel’s Kaschmir, iv. pt. 11. p. 428;
E. Doubleday, List Lep. Brit. Mus. pt. 1. p. 94.

Athyma Leucothoé, Westwood in Doubleday and Hewitson’s Di-
urnal Lep. p. 273; Moore, Catal. Lep. Mus. E. I. C. i. p. 170.

Papilio Eriosine, Cramer, Pap. Exot. iii. t. 203. f. E. F.

Najas hilaris Erosine, Hibner, Samml. Exot. Schmett. Band.

Papilio Polyzena, Donovan, Ins. of China, Ist edit. t. 35. f. 4
(1798).

Hab. N. India; China; Java; Sumatra. In most collections.

Remark.—The specimens of Athyma Leucothoé from Java are
generally smaller than those from India, and have the central band
broader and the portions closer together. Sexes alike.

2. ATHYMA OPALINA,

Lymenitis opalina, Kollar in Hiigel’s Kaschmir, iv. pt. 2. p. 427
1844).
Athyma opalina, Westwood in Doubleday and Hewitson’s Diurnal
Lep. p. 274. n. 5; Moore, Catal. Lep. Mus. E. 1. C.i. p. 171.
pl. 5a. f. 2.

Hab. Darjeeling; Masuri (Kollar and Hearsey). In Collection
East India Company, British Museum, W. W. Saunders, Esq., and
W. C. Hewitson, Esq.

Remark.—This species may be distinguished by the discoidal
streak being divided into four portions, as in Athyma Leucothoé,
and by the deep ferruginous colour of the under-side being suffused

in parts with grey and greyish brown. Expanse 22 to 22 inches.
Sexes alike.

3. Atoyma Banuta, Moore. (PI. L. f. 2.)

Athyma Bahula, nu. sp.’—Allied on the upper-side to Athyma
opalina, and, like that species, on the fore-wing has the discoidal
streak divided into four portions, but which differs in being narrow
and the terminal portion being much elongated, whereas in A. opa-
lina this portion is short; it has also a distinct submarginal row of
linear spots ; the bands are also narrower throughout ; on the under-
side this species differs in the fore-wing in haying the portions of
the discoidal streak divided by a blackish line, and a distinct mar-
ginal and submarginal row of spots; space between the markings
blackish ; on the hind-wing between the curved precostal streak and
inner band are some short blackish lines: in Ath. opalina, on the
inner band from the middle of its lower margin, there is a descending
greyish portion to abdominal margin, whereas in Ath. Bahula this
is wanting ; space between the two bands with blackish patches ; a
distinct marginal row of linear spots. Expanse 23 to 24 inches.
Sexes alike.

Hab. Sylhet. In British Museum Collection, and W. C. Hewit-
son, Esq.

4, Aruyma LARYMNA.

Limenitis Larymna, EK. Doubleday, MS.

Athyma Larymna, Westwood in Doubleday and Hewitson’s Diur-
nal Lep. p. 274. n. 7. t. 35. f. 1 (1850) ; Moore, Catal. Lep. Mus.
BekOsi, p2 172.

Hab. Borneo. In Collection East India Company, British Mu-
seum, and W. W. Saunders, Esq.

Remark.—In this fine species, recently sent home by Mr. Wal-
lace, the sexes are alike.

5. Aruyma Reta, Moore. (PI. L.f. 3.)

Athyma Reta, un. sp.—Allied to, but differs from Ath. Kresna in
having the discoidal streak somewhat narrower, the three oblique
spots near the apex and the three to the posterior margin much
larger, there also being a small spot between these two series ; mar-
ginal lines very indistinct ; bands on the hind-wing rather broad ;
markings of the under-side as in above. Expanse 23 inches.

Hab. Sumatra (Raffles). In the collections of Dr. Horsfield and
W. C. Hewitson, Esq. ;

6. Aruyma Kresna, Moore. (PI. L. f. 4.)

Athyma Kresna,n.sp. Male.—Upper-side blackish-brown ; fore-
wing with discoidal streak in three portions, the third portion largest
and triangular; an oblique transverse row of three spots near the
apex; a large spot in middle of disc, and two smaller spots on
middle of posterior margin, bluish-white; a submarginal row of

small ill-defined whitish spots ; hind-wing with inner band and nar-
rower outer row of spots, bluish-white ; a narrow marginal line to
both wings, light brown. Under-side brown, with markings as
above, but all less defined, except the marginal line, which is whitish.
Expanse 2,5;. Body with collar and band across abdomen white.

Hab. Borneo; Sumatra. In Collection British Museum.

Allied to Ath. Larymna, Dbl., but distinguished by its smaller
size and white markings, the discoidal streak in that species being
in four portions.

7. AtaymA Nerre. (PI.L. f. 5.)

? Papilio Nefte, Cramer, Pap. Exot. iii. t. 256.f. E. F. (1782).

Pantoporia Nefte, Hibner, Verz. bek. Schmett. p. 44.

Nymphalis Nefte, Godart, Enc. Meth. ix. p. 429.

Limenitis Nefte, Boisduval, Spec. Gen. Lep. t. 8 (4 B.). f. 6; E.
Doubleday, List Lep. Brit. Mus. pt. 1. p. 93.

Athyma Nefte, Westwood in Doubleday and Hewitson’s Diurnal
Lep. p. 274.n. 11; Moore, Catal. Lep. Mus. E.I.C. i. p. 173.

Hab. Java; Borneo. In Museum East India Company, British
Museum, W. W. Saunders, Esq., and W. C. Hewitson, Esq.

Remark.—The male of Athyma Nefte has all the markings of
the upper-side white, these in the female being orange-coloured.

8. Aruyma Asira, Moore.

Anthyma Asita, n.sp. Male.—Differs from Ath. Inara on the
upper-side of the fore-wing in having the basal portion of the dis-
coidal streak white ; the submarginal row of spots being ferruginous
at the apex of the wing only, the rest being white ; and on the hind-
wing in having both bands white. Under-side with markings coloured
as in upper-side. Expanse 22 inches.

Hab. Unknown, probably N. India. In Collection of W. W.
Saunders, Esq.

Remark.—This species is intermediate between Athyma Nefte
and Ath. Inara. Female unknown.

9. ArnyMA Inara. (PI. L. f. 6.)

g Limenitis Inara, E. Doubleday, MS.
$ Athyma Inara, Westwood in Doubleday and Hewitson’s Diurnal
Lep. p. 274. t. 34. f. 3 (1850) ; Moore, Catal. Lep. Mus. E.I.C. i.
. 173.
' Hab. Darjeeling, N. India. In Collection East India Company,
British Museum, W. W. Saunders, Esq., and W. C. Hewitson, Esq.
Remark.—The female of Athyma Inara has all the markings on
the upper-side orange colour, as in that sex of Ath. Nefte.

10. Arayma Susrata, Moore. (PI. LI. f. 1.)

Athyma Subrata, n. sp. Female.—Upper-side deep brown, with
the markings disposed as in the female of Athyma Nefte; but they
are all narrower, and instead of being of a deep orange colour, are

suffused with very pale brown. The under-side is also much darker,
being of a light smoky-brown, with all the markings white. Ex-
panse 2} inches.

Hab. Malacca, Sumatra. In Collection British Museum, and W.
W. Saunders, Esq.

11. Arayma Cama, Moore.

Athyma Cama, Moore, Catal. Lep. Mus. E.1.C.i. p. 174. pl. 5 a.
f.53 Q (1857).

Athyma Cama. Male.—Upper-side velvety-black ; fore-wing with
a brown marginal and submarginal line ; discoidal streak indistinet,
ferruginous, and dusted over with black; near the apex a ferrugi-
nous spot; two oblique spots from subcostal vein on one-third of
the wing from the apex, and a band of three spots from middle of
wing to posterior margin, joining a band across the hind-wing, white,
bordered with blue ; on the hind-wing also a marginal and submar-
ginal brown line. Body black, with a broad white band across base
of abdomen, also a pale ferruginous line across the thorax. Under-
side pale ferruginous, markings purplish-white; the curved band as
above; fore-wing with a long broad irregular discoidal streak, a sub-
marginal and indistinct marginal line; a black patch near the base
of wing, and another near posterior angle ; hind-wing with a curved
line near base of wing, and a rather broad outer band, a marginal
row of marks ; some patches of brown between outer and inner band.
Body and abdominal margin broadly grey.

Female.—Upper-side black; markings ferruginous; fore-wing with
a long discoidal streak ; an oblique band from anterior to near middle
of exterior margin, and nearly joining a band running to middle of
posterior margin ; a marginal and submarginal brown line, the latter
ferruginous anteriorly and posteriorly ; hind-wing with a broad
inner and narrower outer band ; also a marginal brown line. Body
black, with a white band across the base of abdomen, and tinged
below the band with ferruginous ; also a pale white collar. Under-
side ferruginous ; markings as in the male, but pinky-white, except
marginal and submarginal lines, which are purplish-white. Expanse
of wings in male 24 to 27 inches, female 3 inches.

Hab. Darjeeling, N. India. In. Museum East India Company,
and W. C. Hewitson, Esq.

Remark.—The male of Athyma Cama may at once be known from
that sex of Ath. Selenophora in having on the upper-side a ferrugi-
nous spot close to the apex, and the band on the fore-wing being
composed of three spots.

12, AraymMaA SELENOPHORA.

3 Limenitis Selenophora, Kollar in Hiigel’s Kaschmir, iv. pt. 14:
p- 426. t. 7. f. 1, 2 (1844); Westwood in Doubleday and Hewit-
son’s Diurnal Lep. p. 276. n. 8.

Athyma Selenophora, Moore, Catal. Lep. Mus. E. 1. C. i. p. 175.

Hab. Masuri (Kollar); Darjeeling. In Collection East India

—————

Company, British Museum, W. W. Saunders, Esq., and W. C.
Hewitson, Esq.

Remark.—The male of this species may be distinguished from
Ath. Cama on the upper-side by having the oblique subapical spots
narrower, and the band on the fore-wing being composed of four
spots; in the under-side being of a darker ferruginous colour, and
the streak along discoidal cell being divided into “four portions, and
in having darker black blotches ; also in having on the hind-wing
four short black lines disposed between the inner band and discoidal
vein. Expanse of male 2 inches. Female unknown, but would
have the markings above ferruginous.

13. ArayMA RanGa, Moore.

Athyma Ranga, Moore, Catal. Lep. Mus. E. I. C.i. p. 175. pl. 5 a
f. 6 (1857).

Athyma Ranga.—Upper-side smoky-black ; fore-wing with a
curved interrupted white band from anterior margin, one-third from
the apex, to middle of posterior margin, being composed of eight
spots, the first on anterior margin very narrow, second, third and
fourth elongate conical, the fourth being the shortest ; fifth triangular
and broadly divided from the fourth ; sixth broad, largest, and nearly
square ; seventh narrower and broadly divided from the sixth ; and
eighth long and narrow; a marginal and submarginal row of rather
indistinct whitish spots ; base of wing covered with indistinct white
spots ; hind-wing with broad inner band, intersected by the veins ;
an outer or submarginal row of broad conic-shaped indistinct white
spots ; a marginal row of very indistinct spots, also indistinct spots
at the base of wing; abdominal margin whitish. Body dark brown:
abdomen with two rows of small white spots. Under-side with the
markings the same and very distinct; body and abdominal margin
greenish-white. Expanse 23 inches. Sexes alike.

Hab. Darjeeling. In Museum East India Company, British
Museum, W. W. Saunders, Esq., and W. C. Hewitson, Esq.

14. Aroyma Mauesa, Moore.

Athyma Mahesa, Moore, Catal. Lep. Mus. E. I. C. i. p. 176.
pl. 5a. f. 7 (1857).

Athyma Mahesa. Male.—Upper-side smoky-black ; fore-wings
with a green gloss in some lights ; fore-wing with three white ovate
spots obliquely from subcostal vein one-third from the apex; two
white spots in middle of the wing, the upper one very small, and two
white spots on middle of posterior margin, the upper oval, the lower
narrow ; two indistinct white spots in discoidal cell, and some indi-
stinct greenish spots at the base of the wing; a marginal and sub-
marginal row of light brown spots; hind- -wing with an inner white
band, divided by the veins, ca an outer or submarginal row of in-
distinct brownish-white conic-shaped spots; also a very indistinct
marginal row of small light brown spots. Body brown; abdomen

with two rows of white spots. Under side paler, tinged with ferru-
ginous about the disc ; markings the same, but all very distinct, and
more or less white; the spots within discoidal cell and base of fore-
wing divided by black marks ; base of costal margin yellowish-white ;
hind-wing with space between precostal and costal vein yellowish-
white; a curved oval black mark, whitish within, between the costal
vein and inner band; a row of black patches between inner and outer
band. Body and broadly on abdominal margin yellowish-grey.
Expanse 2¢ inches.

Hab. Darjeeling. In Museum East India Company, and Hopeian
Collection at Oxford. ¢

Remark.—This species may be known from Athyma Ranga by its
larger size and much narrower band.

15. Arayma Asrasa, Moore. (PI. L. f. 7.)

Athyma Abiasa, n. sp. Male.—Upper-side black; markings
bluish-white ; fore-wing with an indistinct narrow streak from base,
and a large spot near extremity of the discoidal cell; an indistinct
narrow transverse disco-cellular line; three spots obliquely from
subcostal vein one-third from the apex, the third spot being minute ;
two spots in middle of the disc, the upper one small, the lower very
large, also a large spot on middle of posterior margin ; also a sub-
marginal row of very small whitish spots; hind-wing with rather
broad inner band, and outer row of recurved small triangular spots ;
an indistinct brown marginal line. A band of white across base of
abdomen. Under-side dusky-brown, marked as above, with the mar-
ginal lines plainer. Expanse 2 inches.

Hab. Java. In British Museum Collection.

16. Aruyma Iprta, Moore. (PI. LI. f. 3.)

Athyma Idita, n. sp. Male.—Upper-side blackish-brown ; mark-
ings bluish-white ; fore-wing with the discoidal streak in two portions,
the first narrow, the second somewhat round; from subcostal vein
curving to middle of posterior margin a series of seven spots, the
upper two oval, rather long, the third the smallest, fourth larger,
the third and fourth widely separated from second and fifth, fifth
largest, nearly round, outwardly oblique, sixth and seventh irregu-
larly shaped; a submarginal row of narrow indistinct marks, that at
the posterior angle being largest ; hind-wing with inner band, and
narrow row of six rather square spots curving upward and outward
from near abdominal angle, the last spot near anterior angle centred
with a dark brown dot. Front of thorax beautifully variegated with
ferruginous, green, brown and blue; base of abdomen with broad
bluish-white band. Under-side very deep ferruginous ; fore-wing
having the discoidal streak with black transverse margins and an ill-
defined third portion: curved row of spots as above; a submarginal
row of large white, black-centred spots; a submarginal and mar-
ginal line of white marks ; some dusky patches along posterior mar-
gin ; the large portion of the discoidal streak and submarginal row

of spots with purple reflexions ; hind-wing with curved streak near
the base, inner band, outer row of recurved spots, submarginal line
of lunular marks, and marginal row of spots, white ; abdominal mar-
gin greyish. Expanse 24 inches.

Hab. Java? In the Collection of the British Museum, Dr. Hors-
field, and J. O. Westwood, Esq.

17. AtpyMa Kanwa, Moore. (PI. LI. f. 2.)

Athyma Kanwa, n. sp. Female.—Upper-side brown-black ; fore-
wing with discoidal streak in two portions, the first long, slightly
clavate, the second large and triangular; two small oval oblique
spots near the apex, the two outer the smallest; a round spot in
middle of the dise, and a spot and a dot on middle of posterior mar-
gin; an ill-defined submarginal row of narrow marks, white ; hind-
wing with inner and outer narrow band, white, divided by the vein-
lets ; also an indistinct pale brown submarginal line. Under-side
paler, with darker patches between the veins; markiugs as above.
Body with two transverse bluish-white bands. Expanse 22 to 24
inches.

Hab. Borneo. In Collection British Museum, and East India
Company.

18. Arayma Asura, Moore.

Athyma Asura, Moore, Catal. Mus. E.1.€. i. p. 171. pl. 5a. f. 1
(1857).

Athyma Asura.—Upper-side smoky-brown; markings creamy-
white ; fore-wing with a narrow discoidal streak, which is terminated
at a short distance by an angular mark ; a band of spots curving out-
wards from anterior to middle of posterior margin, the first spot
commencing as a very narrow line, second and third long and oval,
fourth the smallest, fifth somewhat larger and rounded, sixth larger
still and oval, seventh the largest, square, indented at the side,
eighth narrow and on posterior margin ; a submarginal row of well-
defined lunular marks, terminated on the apex of the wing by an
inner row of three small spots; hind-wing with a broad imer band,
also a less broad band from abdominal to anterior angle, this being
intersected by the veinlets, and having a single black spot in the
middle between each veinlet; marginal line in both wings pale
brown. Body with a narrow bluish-white collar and band across
the base of the abdomen. Under-side bright ferruginous ; markings
as above, but the fore-wing has the submarginal row of marks broad,
and having a black spot in the middle of each ; also a marginal row
of small spots ; some black lines bordering the discoidal marks, also
a small black circle near base of wing, and a patch of black on pos-
terior margin near the angle; hind-wing with the inner and spotted
outer band the same as above; a bluish-green curved line across the
base of wing, and a marginal row of lunular spots. Body and upper
part of abdominal margin bluish-green, Sexes alike. Expanse
3 inches.

No. CCCXLVITI.— Proceepincs or tuk ZooLoGIcAL Sociery.

Hab. N. India. In Collection India House, British Museum,
W. W. Saunders, Esq., W. C. Hewitson, Esq., and Hopeian Museum
at Oxford.

Remark.—This species may be distinguished from all others by
the outer band on the hind-wings having a central spot between each
vein.

19. ATHYMA SULPITIA.

Papilio Sulpitia, Cramer, Pap. Fxot. iii. t. 214. f. E. F (1782),
nec Fabr.

Acca Sulpitia, Hibner, Verz. bek. Schmett. p. 44.

Nymphalis Strophia, Godart, Enc. Méth. ix. f. 431 (1819).

Athyma Strophia, Westwood in Doubleday and Hewitson’s Diur-
nal Lep. p. 274. n. 4.

Hab. China. In Collection W. W. Saunders, Esq., and W. C.
Hewitson, Esq.

20. ATHYMA SANKARA.

Limenitis Sankara, Kollar in Hiigel’s Kaschmir, iv. pt. 11. p. 428
(1844).

Hab. Masuri, N. W. India (Kollar).

Remark.—We have been unable to identify this species from the
description by Kollar. .

21. Arayma Jina, Moore.

Athyma Jina, Moore, Catal. Lep. Mus. E. I. C. i. p. 172. pl. 5a.
f 3 (1857).

Athyma Jina. Male. — Upper-side smcky-brown; markings
creamy-white ; fore-wing with the discoidal streak entire, long,
broad and thickening to the extremity ; a series of seven spots from
subcostal vein, curving outward to middle of posterior margin, the
first being small, second larger, broader, third narrow, fourth small,
fifth larger, oval, sixth the largest, somewhat square and indented
at the side, seventh narrow, elongated, triangular; a submarginal
row of rather indistinct spots, those on the apex broadest ; hind-
wing with inner band somewhat narrow; outer band composed of
broad lunulated spots. Band at the base of the abdomen whitish.
Under-side brilliant ferruginous, posterior margin of the fore-wing
blackish ; markings the same as above, but the fore-wing with an
additional spot on costal margin to the curved row ; extreme exterior
margin blackish, bounded inwardly by a submarginal row of white
lines; hind-wing with the inner band extending across abdominal
margin ; space between base of wing and costal vein white ; extreme
exterior margin blackish, bounded inwardly by a marginal row of
narrow lunular marks. Body white. Expanse 3 inches.

Hab. Darjeeling, N. India. In Museum East India Company.

Remark.—This species may at once be distinguished by the dis-
coidal streak being entire.

yy ne

22. ArnyMA Pravara, Moore.

Athyma Pravara, Moore, Catal. Lep. Mus. E. I. C. i. p. 173.
pl. 5 a. f. 4 (1857).

Athyma Pravara.—Upper-side smoky-brown , markings creamy-
white ; fore-wing with an enfire club-shaped streak ; a transverse
row of spots curving outward from costal vein towards the apex, to
middle of posterior margin, the first and second spot being rather
large and square, the third much smaller, the fourth a mere dot, the
fifth the largest and oval, the sixth large and indented at the sides,
the last narrow ; a row of submarginal linear-shaped spots, more or
less distinct ; hind-wing with a broad inner band, and a narrow
band of spots curving outwardly from anal angle to anterior angle ;
a submarginal line and abdominal margin light brown. Body with
a narrow bluish-white band across the thorax, and another across
the base of the abdomen. Under-side paler brown, with markings
as above, but with dark-brown patches between the markings. Body
and abdominal margin greyish. Sexes alike. Expanse 2+ inches.

Hab. Java; Borneo. In Museum East India Company, and
W. C. Hewitson, Esq.

23. ArHyMA [LuicreRA. (PI. LI. f. 4.)
Limenitis Illigera, Escholtz in Kotzebue’s Voy. t. 8. f. 17.

Neptis Illigera.—Upper-side brown-black; fore-wing with ill-
defined brownish-white entire discoidal streak ; a large spot crossed
by a vein in middle of the disc, and a small spot on middle of pos-
terior margin, white; also several transverse series of small white
spots at the apex; hind-wing with a broad white inner band; an
indistinct narrower outer band, marginal line and line between the
bands, pale brown. Under-side as above, with all the markings
white. Sexes alike. Expanse 21 inches.

Hab. Manilla. In collection British Museum, W. W. Saunders,
Esq., and W. C. Hewitson, Esq.

24. AruymMA Dama, Moore. (PI. LI. f. 5.)

Athyma Dama, n.sp. Female.—Upper-side brown-black ; fore-
wing with narrow straight line within discoidal cell, and a parallel
large longitudinally oval spot white, the narrow line tinged at the
base with yellow ; two small subapical spots, a larger spot on lower

art of disc, and two narrow spots on posterior margin, white; an
ill-defined brownish-white marginal and submarginal spotted line ;
hind-wing with broad white inner band, and a narrow outer band,
marginal line, and line between the bands, pale brown. Under-side
as above, but tinged with ferruginous; all the markings white. Ex-
panse 1,5, inch.

Hab. Manilla. In collection of W. W. Saunders, Esq., and W.
C. Hewitson, Esq.

25. Arnyma Kasa, Moore. (PI. LI. f. 6.)
Athyma Kasa, n. sp. Female.—Upper-side smoky brown ; fore-

wing with ill-defined whitish discoidal streak, in three portions ;
from costal margin near the apex three narrow spots, oblique; im
middle of disc two large spots, and two on middle of posterior mar-
gin, broad, white ; an indistinct marginal and submarginal pale
brown line, the latter anteriorly spotted with white ; hind-wing with
broad white inner band, and very narrow line of whitish lunulate
marks, bounded above with a lunular black spot ; an indistinct black
line between the band and the latter; an indistinct pale brown mar-
ginal line. Under-side ochreous-red, with darker margins, markings

as above, the interstices with patches of black; spots at base of ~

wings, and row of spots within the outer band and another row be-

tween the two bands of the hind-wing, black ; marginal lines white.

Abdominal margin and body greenish-grey. Expanse 3 inches.
Hab. Philippine Islands. In British Museum Collection.

26. Arayma Gutama, Moore. (Pl. LI. f. 7.)

Athyma Gutama, nu. sp. Female.—Upper-side smoky-black ;
fore-wing with ill-defined brownish-white discoidal streak, straight,
entire ; three oblique spots from costal margin near the apex, and
three to the middle of posterior margin, white, the first of the latter
being large and oval, the second square, the third narrow; an ill-
defined margin and submarginal brownish-white lines, the submar-
ginal anteriorly being spotted with white; hind-wing with broad
white inner band, and narrow brownish-white outer band; marginal
line and line between the band brownish. Under-side rather paler,
with markings as in upper-side, but more defined and all white, ex-
cept the line between the bands of the hind-wing and an irregular
line outside the oblique spots of the fore-wing, which are ochreous.
Expanse 23 inches.

Hab. Manilla; Philippine Isles. In collections of the British
Museum, and W. W. Saunders, Esq.

27. ATHYMA VENILIA.

Papilio Venilia, Linneeus, Syst. Nat. ed. 10. n. 120 (1767);
Clerck, Icon. t. 32. f. 4; Fabricius, Ent. Syst. iii. 1, p. 134; Cramer,
Pap. Exot. ni. t. 219. f. B. @.

Nymphalis Venilia, Godart, Enc. Meth. ix. p. 433.

Hab. Java; Ceram or Amboyna (Madame Pfeiffer). In collec-
tion British Museum, W. W. Saunders, Ksq., and W. C. Hewitson,
Esq.

3. Descriptions, or ELeven New Species or Lanp-SHEtts,
FROM THE CoLLECTION oF H. Cumine, Esa. By Dr. L.
PFEIFFER.

(Mollusca, Pl. XL.)

1. Hevix Wauvacet, Pfr. T. subperforata, subconoideo-depressa,
solidula, leviter striata, pallide isabellina, fusco-unizonata et

froc.£. 3. Mollusca AL

| Cylindrella eximia, 2 Bulimus Marie

, } : i, uP oy 5 tl W.ll.-
Helix ickn 4 H furchasn: Jt Wallace:

6 i! tesiud / li conérna & Achatime la vemnia;

9A.cinnamomea; 10.A2mnuscula; ILA sulcata Par
W West Imy

punctis pellucidis nigricantibus conspersa; spira convexa, vertice
subtili, prominulo ; sutura albo-marginata ; anfr. 5 vix convexius-
culi, regulariter accrescentes, ultimus antice deflexus, basi palli-
dior, obsolete spiraliter sulcatus ; apertura obliqua, late lunari-
ovalis, intus saturate caslanea ; perist. rectum, marginibus re-
motis, columellari ad perforationem in laminam triangularem re-

flevo.

Diam. maj. 31, min. 264, alt. 17 mill.

8. Minor, punctis pellucidis pallidis, apertura intus alba, castaneo-
unifasciata.
Hab. Macassar (Mr. Wallace).

2. Hexix restupo, Pfr. 7. imperforata, trochiformis, solidula,
striatula et rugis obliquis decussata, pallide isabellina, maculis et
flammis fuscis picta ; spira conoidea, acutiuscula ; sutura cari-
nato-marginata ; anfr. 5 convexiusculi, regulariter accrescentes,
ultimus acute carinatus, superne tumidus, antice vix deflexus, basi
subplanulatus ; apertura perobliqua, rhombeo-lunaris ; perist. al-
bidum, margine supero expanso, basali reflexo, columellari lato,
planato, adnato.

Diam. maj. 35, min. 28, alt. 17 mill.

Hab. Madagascar.

3. Hetrx conerua, Pfr. T. imperforata, trochiformis, solidula,
striatula, carnea, fasciis fuscis varie picta; spira subconcavo-
conica, apice obtusiuscula ; anfr. 6 conveviusculi, ultimus irregu-
lariter inflatus, vir descendens, distinctius costulato-striatus, basi
planiusculus, nitidior ; apertura diagonalis, subtetragono-ovalis ;
perist. nigro-castaneum, expansum, extus striga lateritia cinctum,
marginibus callo nigricante junctis, dextro dilatato, columellari
lato, complanato.

Diam. maj. 29, min. 25, alt. 24 mill.

Hab. Admiralty Islands (Dr. Purchas).

4. Hextrx Purcuast, Pfr. T. imperforata, globoso-depressa,
tenuissima, confertissime plicatula et sub lente subdecussata, eneo-
micans, pellucida, pallide cornea ; spira breviter conoidea, obtusa;
sutura marginata; anfr. vir 34 planiusculi, rapide accrescentes,
ultimus non descendens, medio carina compressa, acuta, alba mu-
nitus, subtus inflatus, basi gibbosus ; apertura ampla, obliqua, late
angulato-lunaris ; perist. tenue, breviter reflecum, margine colu-
mellari arcuato, compresso, subcalloso, juxta foveam centralem
non dilatato.

Diam. maj. 23, min. 17}, alt. 13} mill.

Hab. Admiralty Islands (Dr. Purchas).

5. Heurx Frickt, Pfr. 1. late umbilicata, lentiformis, tenuiuscula,
striata, corneo-lutescens, strigis et maculis rufis orpata; spira
breviter conoidea ; sutura marginata, subexcavata; anfr. 7 plani
vel concaviusculi, ullimus subdeflexus, acute carinatus, circa um-

bilicum (4 diametri superantem) tumidulus ; apertura obliqua,
securiformis, ringens ; lamellis 2 in pariete aperturali, nulla in
margine columellari, 4 minoribus in basali, 1 in supero ; perist.
rectum, acutum.

Diam. maj. 8, min. 73, alt. 3 mill.

Hab. Sandwich Islands (Dr. Frick).

Differt ab H. lamellosa, Fér., sculptura, umbilico lato et deficiente
plica columellari.

6. AcHATINELLA (NEWCoMBIA) CINNAMOMEA, Pfr. T’. imper-
forata, sinistrorsa, fusiformi-turrita, solidula, opaca, longitudina-
liter plicatula, spiraliter sublirata et brevissime granulata, cinna-
momea ; spira elongata, subrectilinearis, apice acutiuscula ; sutura
subsimplex ; anfr. 6 vix convexiusculi, superi fusco et albido mar-
morati, ultimus 2. longitudinis subequans, infra medium attenuatus,
castaneus ; columella simplex, recedens ; apertura parum obliqua,
semiovalis, basi subangulata ; perist. simplex, rectum, acutum.

Long. 19, diam. 5 mill.; ap. 72 mill. longa, 3 lata.

Hab. Sandwich Islands (Dr. Frick).

7. ACHATINELLA (Newcomsia) GEMMA, Pfr. 1. subimperfo-
rata, sinistrorsa, oblongo-turrita, solidiuscula, striatula et spira-
liter lirata (liris planiusculis, conferte sulcatis), alba ; spira tur-
rita, apice acutiuscula ; sutura submarginata ; anfr. 7, superi
plani, obsolete fusco-variegati, sequentes convexiusculi, ultimus 2
longitudinis subequans, medio lira acutiore subcarinatus ; colu-
mella leviter plicata ; apertura parum obliqua, obauriformis ;
perist. subsimplex, margine columellari subreflexo, externo expan-
siusculo.

Log. 17, diam. 64 mill.; ap. 7 mill. longa, 3 lata.

B. Fulvo-lutescens, anfractibus superis saturate corneo-strigatis.
Hab. Sandwich Islands (Dr. Frick).

8. ACHATINELLA (NEwcomBtia) suLcata, Pfr. T. subperforata
sinistrorsa, oblongo-turrita, solidula, striatula et liris confertis,
in anfr. superioribus compressis, tum rotundatis cincta, castanea,
nitidula ; spira regulariter attenuata, apice acutiuscula ; sutura
subsimplex ; anfr. fere 6 planiusculi, supremi albo-flammulati,
ultimus 2 longitudinis subequans, basi saccatus, saturatius casta-
neus ; columella levissime plicata; apertura obliqua, acuminato-
ovalis ; perist. tenue, margine columellari superne dilatato, re-
flexo, externo expansiusculo.

Long. 123, diam. 52 mill. ; ap. 52 mill. longa, 3+ lata.

Hab. Sandwich Islands (Dr. Frick).

9, ACHATINELLA (NEWcomBIA) MINUSCULA, Pfr. 1’. subimper-
Sorata, sinistrorsa, ovato-turrita, tenuiuscula, sub lente minute de-
cussata, vie nitidula, fuscescenti-albida ; spira turrito-conica,
apice obtusiuscula ; sutura simplex ; anfr. 5 vix conveaiusculi,
mediani fusco-variegati, ultimus spira paulo brevior, fascia fusca

circumdatus et basi rotundata fusco-areolatus ; columella viz pli-
cata ; apertura parum obliqua, semiovalis ; perist. simplex, acu-
tum, margine columellari superne dilatato, refiexo.

Long. 10, diam. 5 mill. ; ap. 44 mill. longa, 22 lata.

Hab. Sandwich Islands (Dr. Frick).

10. CyninpRELLA ExiMIA, Pfr. TJ. vir rimata, cylindraceo-
turrita, solidula, confertissime subgranulato-striata, opaca, pallide
violaceo-fulvida ; spira sensim attenuata, late truncata ; anfr.
superst. 8 viv convexiusculi, supra suluram interstitiis nudis sub-
crenati, ultimus vix solutus, basi acute carinatus ; apertura sub-
circularis, basi angulata ; perist. tenue, undique expansiusculum,

Long. 27, diam. medio 7} mill. ; ap. diam. 5 mill.

Hab. ——?

11. Butrmus Maria, Albers. T. anguste umbilicata, oblongo-
conica, solida, sublevigata, alba, punctis et strigis obsoletis corneis
plerumque notata; spira conica, acuta; anfr. 61 conveviusculi,
ultimus spiram subequans, basi vix attenuatus ; columella plica
parvula, dentiformi munita; apertura vix obliqua, acuminato-
oblonga, intus fusca; perist. rectum, margine dexctro leviter ar-
cuato, columellari sursum dilatato, patente.

Long. 33, diam. 14-15 mill. ; ap. 16-17 mill. longa, 7} lata.

{. Anfractibus superis corneis, lacteo punctato-strigatis, ultimo
strigis lacteis denticulatis et violaceo-corneis alternantibus picto.

Hab. Texas.

4. DESCRIPTION OF A NEW CYRENA FROM CEYLON, AND OF NEW
SrpHonari2. By Syivanus Han ey, F.L.S., ere.

Cyrena TENNENTI. Testa ovato-subtrigona, solida, ventricosa,
inequilaterali, sublevigata, epidermide tenui impolita fusco-
lutescente vestita: umbonibus tumidis, decorticatis, valde pro-
minentibus, vie obliquis; latere antico anguste rotundato ;
latere postico longiore subattenuato, ad extremitatem obtuse
rotundato ; margine ventrali arcuato ; margine dorsali antice
declivi, convexo, postice subdeclivi, convexiusculo ; lunula nulla;
superficie interna albido-violascente ; dentibus lateralibus bre-
vibus, validis, obtusis ; antico approximato, postico remoto:
sinu palliari brevissimo, acutissimo.

Long. 13 lin., lat. 18 lin.

Hab, In fluvio Ariho Taprobanensi.

This remarkable-looking species, which reminds one slightly of
Gnathodon cuneatus, forms part of the interesting collection of Sir
Emerson Tennent, who took it from the pools of the Ariho River
(which flows into the Gulf of Mancar), below the great stone dam,
by which it was intended to divert the water, in order to supply the
Giant’s Tank.

I observe no species in Deshayes’s most useful, though crude,
monograph, which at all resembles it in aspect. Its dentition fixes
it in Cyrena proper: the hinge-margin is strong, and the cardinal
teeth of the right valve peculiarly large. The inner disk, beneath
the umbones, has a redder tint; there is neither a lunule, nor any
indication of an umbonal ridge.

SIPHONARIA BRUNNEA. S. testa solida, obovali, pyramidato-
subdepressa, vel omnino brunnea, vel (in junioribus) costarum
brunnearum interstitiis subalbidis ; costis permultis parvis
(haud autem filiformibus) saturatioribus subrotundatis radiata;
vertice alhido, subcentrali, subacuto, aliquantulum adunco ;
lateribus equalibus; angulo siphonali satis conspicuo ; super-
ficie interna albida, vie ad marginem crenatum brunneo colore
articulata.

Long. 102 lin., lat. 9 lin.

Hab. In insula Bermuda. Mus. Cuming.

The ouly four examples known to me are somewhat (though
slightly) rubbed, so that it is difficult to say whether the moderately
raised ribs are smooth or nodosely crenated. From the prevalence
of interstitial costellee, especially posteriorly, the number of decided
ribs (none of which are peculiarly conspicuous) seems variable with
age: the range is apparently from thirty to forty.

S. carso. S. testa solida, subsymmetrica, rotunduto-ovali, pyra-
midato-subdepressa, extus intusque ubique picea; costis per-
multis, haud autem confertis, subnodosis, et satis elevatis ra-
diata: vertice centrali, recto, simplici: laterihus equalibus :
margine crenato: impressione siphonali intus (vix etiam extus)
conspicua.

Long. 11 lin., lat. 94 lin.

Hab. ? Mus. Cuming.

The only individual known to me might pass externally for S.
brunnea, and internally for a dwarf characteristica. From the
former it is readily distinguished by the uniform and intense dark-
ness of its somewhat bronzed interior, from the latter by its very
numerous and close-set ribs, which are apparently equal in breadth,
and more or less blunt.

S. parMA. S. testa obovata, pyramidato-depressa, solida, sub-
symmetrica, albida, costis permultis confertis subequalibus
rotundatis muticis (vix autem levigatis) radiata ; interstitiis
linearibus castaneis: lateribus cequalibus: vertice centrali,
sumplici, subacuto : costa siphonifera duplici satis conspicua :
pagina interna superne ferruginea, ad marginem crenatum
albida.

Long. 8} lin., lat. 8 lin.

Hab. In Africa Occidentali. Mus. Cuming.

The only individual I have seen is disposed to be much dilated

posteriorly, and is livid around the prominent umbo: these charac-

|
}
.

ters may prove to be accidental, and not specific. Its ribs, which
are very slightly worn, have here and there a subnodulous aspect :
upon the whole it approaches the typical sipho (which I regard as
perfectly distinct from exigua), but is more conic, with the ribs much
more elevated, and with very distinct interstitial colouring.

S.exutum. S. testa parva, solida, ovali-rotundata, pyrami-
dato-subdepressa, subsymmetrica, nigro-cerulescente, costis
multis cinereis parvis obtusis plerumque alternatis haud confer-
tim radiata: vertice centrali, levi, nigro-fuscescente, simplici,
obtusiusculo : latere siphonifero aliquantulum majore : margine
subintegro: pagina interna picea, ad apicem pallidiore, vel
subalbida, ad marginem albido brevissime radiata.

Long. 7 lin., lat. 6 lin.

Hab. Norfolk Island, Mus. Hanley.

Very distinct from any species known to me. In the example
described there are about forty unarmed ribs, of which a dozen
upon the hinder two-thirds of the shell are peculiarly prominent, and
spring immediately from the erect vertex. There are indications of
an epidermis, and of faint and crowded concentric striolz.

S. REDIMICULUM, var. S. testa parva, tenui, ovato-oblonga,
arcuato-subconica, fusco albidoque zonata ; costis elevatis, mu-
ticis, subequalibus, rotundatis, subdistanter radiata ; lateribus
valde inequalibus : vertice valde excentrico, postico, in juniori-
bus adunco: costa siphonifera inconspicua: pagina tota interna
Susco-purpurascente.

Long. 6} lin., lat. 43 lin.

Hab. ? Mus. Hanley.

The comparative smoothness and almost uniform external colour-

ing of the previously described form of this remarkable-looking shell
have rendered it desirable to redescribe the species. No interstitial

Sculpture is present ; the ribs scarcely exceed twenty in number.

5. A MonoGrapu or THE Genus NYCTOPHILUS.
By Roserrt F. Tomes.

The characters of the present genus were first briefly given by
Dr. Leach in a communication to the Linnean Society in March
1820, which was not, however, published until 1822.

The paper is intituled, ““The characters of seven genera of Bats
with foliaceous appendages to the nose;”’ the seven genera being
Artibeus, Monophyllus, Mormoops, Nyctophilus, Megaderma, Vam-
pyrus, and Madateus.

From the manner in which Nyctophilus is here associated with
the other genera, it seems not unfair to assume that Dr. Leach re-
garded it as more or less closely affined to them; and they, with the
exception perhaps of Mormoops, all appertain to the Phyllostomide.

M. Temminck, in his monograph of the genus, gives it as his
opinion that it may properly be placed between Rhinolophus and

Nycteris; and Dr. Gray, although arranging it amongst the Vesper-
tilionide, or Simple-nosed Bats, nevertheless places it immediately
after Nycteris, which he considers as belonging to the Vespertilio-
nide also. But Nycteris is thought by some zoologists to have
some affinity with the Rhinolophide, and my own repeated exami-
nations have convinced me that it is simply a modification of Rhino-
lophus.

From this it would seem that the genus Nyctophilus has always
been considered by those who have studied the subject as either be-
longing to the Istiophori or Leaf-nosed Bats proper, or as having
some affinity with them.

It will be the purpose of the present paper to show that the genus
Nyctophilus is not more remote from the genus Vespertilio, than are
the genera Barbastellus and Plecotus, and further to show that it is
as intimately allied to the last of these as to any other genus.

In the course of a very careful study which I have made of the
crania of a number of examples, I have detected one or two errors in
the account given of the dentition, both by Dr. Leach and M. Tem-
minck. These will be pointed out in their proper place.

Fam. VESPERTILIONID.
Genus NycroruHiuus.

The top of the head is but slightly elevated, not more so than in
Plecotus auritus, and the muzzle is relatively of about the same
length and substance as in that species. The forehead, between the
eyes, is a little depressed, producing a slight hollow somewhat as in
the genus Taphozous, but in a much less degree. The nose-leafs
are simple ; the first is placed immediately above the nostrils ; it is
transverse, and there is a kind of thickened line or ridge passing
from the lower margin of the nostrils on each side, and uniting with
its outer boundaries. The upper margin of this leaf is straight and
even. The second nose-leaf is placed at a greater distance from the
first, than the first is frorh the nostrils. It also is transverse, but is
higher in the middle than at the sides, is much thicker in substance,
and is thickly clothed with short bristly hairs. The nostrils are
small and not prominent, nearly round when seen in front, but with
a backward narrow extension nearly reaching to the outer margin of
the first nose-leaf, when examined laterally. The ears are large,—
about one-fourth longer than the head,—regularly ovoid, and one-
fourth longer than wide. They are united at their bases by a piece
of transverse membrane across the top of the head, as in Plecotus.
This membrane is not attached to the inner edge of the ears, but to
their hinder surface, so as to leave the margins free. It extends for
nearly one-third of the length of the ear. The tragus is short and
broad, but rather thin and membranous. Quite at its root it is nar-
row; but it suddenly attains its full breadth, and taking at once a
vertical direction, tapers somewhat unevenly to a narrow but rounded
point. The outer margin, near to the base, is the most prominent

part ; it is rounded, and in some individuals with one or two pro-
Jecting points. Above this prominence, about the middle of the
outer margin, it is slightly hollowed or scooped out, and the inner
margin has a corresponding prominent outline immediately opposite
to this hollow. The tip is much narrower than any other part of
the tragus, but it is nevertheless quite rounded. Although the
general form of the tragus is pretty similar in all the examples I
have seen, yet it appears liable to greater variations than is usual in
most species of Vespertilionide. For instance, in some examples
the margins, although possessing a somewhat undulating outline, are
nevertheless smooth ; whilst in others the whole of the outer one is
finely crenulated ; again, the tip is sometimes curved a little inwards,
but in others it is quite straight.

The organs of flight so exactly resemble those of the genus Ves-
pertilio, that it is needless to make further remarks on them, except-
ing to mention that the wing-membranes spring from the base of the
toes.

All the hinder extremities may be similarly dismissed.

The cranium in its general appearance resembles that of several
species of Vespertilionide, and so nearly, that it would be easy at
first sight to confound them. The Serotine Bat of Europe, the
Scotophilus Carolinensis and Vespertilio velatus of America, but more
especially a species inhabiting the same country as the Nyctophilus,
viz. Vesp. Tasmaniensis, may be cited as species, the crania of which
are most like that of Nyctophilus.

The cerebral portion is but little elevated above the facial portion,
and it rounds off but very little from the vertex to the occiput, above
the foramen of which is a moderately developed occipital crest, vary-
ing considerably in different species. There is the same deep notch
in the anterior part of the skull which is observable in Vespertilio
and Scotophilus, caused by the imperfect development of the inter-
maxillary bones. Immediately above this notch is a rather broad
but shallow depression, occupying the position of the nasal bones.
It is as deep from side to side as from before to behind; but there
is one point where it runs a little deeper than elsewhere, just at the
hinder ends of the nasal bones. Precisely the same kind of depres-
sion occurs in the cranium of the Barbastelle Bat. But in Nycto-
philus the depression is rendered more conspicuous by the somewhat
more,elevated position of the malar processes.

The zygomatic arches are not very much arched outwards, less so
than in many species of Vespertilio, such as V. Nattereri, but quite
as much so as in Plecotus. The orbits extend rather markedly for-
ward, in one species almost to the root of the canine tooth, whilst
the palatal portion of the maxillary bones reaches as far back as
usual, so as to give a somewhat greater extent of floor to the orbit
than usual. The bony palate extends backwards almost to the con-
dyloid fossa; but its hinder margin is so inuch scooped out that its
middle does not much exceed the middle of the zygomatic arch, in
a backward direction. In this respect it resembles the same part in
Plecotus ; in Barbastellus, Vespertilio, and Scotophilus it is doubly
emarginate.

The teeth of the upper jaw, when seen from below, present two
straight lines, somewhat diverging towards their hinder ends, just as
in Vesp. velutus, Scot. serotinus, Scot. Carolinensis, and Barba-
stellus. The two incisors are the only teeth which deviate from these
lines, being placed more inward than the canines, which terminate
them. Seen laterally, the upper teeth have a curved outline, bend-
ing slightly upward from the root of the zygoma to the most anterior

art of the intermaxillary bone. The exact form of the lower margin
of the maxillary and intermaxillary bones is tolerably well indicated
by the range of the teeth, as just stated ; and it may be here re-
marked, that this is a point worthy of attention in the classification
of the Vespertilionide.

The lower jaw so closely resembles that of the generality of the
Vespertilionide, that I consider it only necessary to state that it
appears to resemble the same part in Scot. Noctula as closely as in
any other species, differing only in having the coronoid process a little
more elevated.

Commencing the description of the teeth themselves with the
upper incisors, I find them to be two in number, short and conical,
and furnished with a distinct cingulum, which passes into a point on
the hinder side of the tooth, well defined in some species, but scarcely
observable in others. In those in which it does occur, it constitutes
a peculiarity quite distinct from the bifid incisors of some species,
such as the Barbastelle, where the cingulum is left entire, and the
apex of the tooth appears as if cleft.

The canines are somewhat shorter and relatively a little stouter
than in Vespertilio and Plecotus, and also shorter but not stouter
than in Scotophilus. The next tooth, the only premolar in the
upper jaw, and the following three true molars, have the form and
proportions so usual in the Vespertilionide, that they require no
special notice, excepting to state that the posterior one is a little
smaller than is generally observable.

In describing the teeth of the lower jaw, two errors which have been
made respecting their number require correction. Dr. Leach states
that the lower incisors are six in number, and M. Temminck, de-
scribing afterwards from the same specimen, could find but four.
After diligently examining a considerable number of skulls, I have
satisfied myself that the account given by Dr. Leach is correct, for
in no instance can I discover less than six lower incisors ; but m two
examples the outer one on each side is wholly hidden by the one
next to it, so that unless the skull be carefully cleared of the invest-
ing membranes, it would be extremely difficult to see more than four
of these teeth ; hence has probably arisen the error.

They are cylindrical at the base, and for a considerable part of
their length ; but expand into flattened fan-shaped summits, having
three lobes or points. The canines are of the usual form, and are
not, as has been stated, furnished with a posterior lobe or spur.
What has been mistaken for a part of the canine, is in fact a small
and pointed premolar, placed so close behind it as to seem continu-
ous with it. On instituting an examination of the canines, and com-
paring them with those of other species, I find that the cingulum is

not so much developed posteriorly as in many others. In the com-
mon Noctule, for instance, although the canine presents only a mere
trace of thickening of the base anteriorly, it nevertheless passes into
a small but distinct spur or point behind. The small anomalous
premolar alluded to is situated in the same line with the teeth, be-
tween which it is placed in such a manner as to be equally visible
from within or without. Its form is conical. The next tooth is
also regularly conical, and furnished with a broad basal collar or
cingulum; after this come the three true molars, presenting the
form common to all the Vespertilionide.

The dentition of the genus may be given as follows; and as that
of all the species is numerically similar, it will render repetition un-
necessary.

Dentition.—In. ; C. —3 PE: M. =; M. =~.

1. Nycroruiius Greorrroyt, Leach.

Nyct. Geoffroyi, Leach, Linn. Trans. xiii. p. 73, 1820-22; Less.
Man. p. 86, 1827; Fisch. Synop. Mamm. p. 135, 1829; Temm.
Mon. ii. p. 47, 1835-41 ; Wagn. Supp. Schreib. i. p. 442, 1840 ;
Less. Nouy. Tab. Régn. Anim. p. 33, 1842; Schinz. Synop. Mam. i.
p- 217, 1844.

Of the three species treated of in the present monograph, the first,
from its size, is unquestionably the one on which Dr. Leach esta-
blished the genus.

The original description in the Linnean Transactions is much too
vague to discriminate the exact species with certainty ; but M. Tem-
minck having become possessed of the original specimen, and given
a more detailed description of it, 1am enabled to determine with
certainty which of the species here given is the true N. Geoffroyi.

I intend, therefore, first to give a description of this species, and
then to point out briefly what I consider sufficient differences to
constitute three other species. One of these has indeed been re-
peatedly described as a Vespertilio—Vesp. Timoriensis ; but it is
strictly a Nyctophilus, as I have ascertained by the examination of
the original specimen in the Paris Museum.

The face is moderately hairy, the hairs being pretty regularly
scattered, but a little thicker on the upper lips and on the second
nose-leaf than elsewhere. Immediately over the eye is a small tuft
of bristle-like black hairs, and a similar one near the hinder corner
of the eye. At the angle of the mouth a few similar hairs may be
observed. The fur of the back extends to a very trifling extent on
to the interfemoral membrane, but all the other membranes are
perfectly naked, and of a dark brown colour, as are also all the other
naked parts, with the exception of the tragus and the contiguous
parts of the inside of the ear, which are brownish-yellow.

The fur of the body is rather long, thick, and very soft.

On all the upper parts it is conspicuously bicoloured, black for
nearly two-thirds of its length, the remainder being olive-brown, of
which the extreme tips are rather the darker portion. On the mem-
brane uniting the ears the fur is uniform yellowish-brown.

The fur of the throat and flanks is uniform brownish-white, that of
the latter being sometimes more strongly tinted with brown. All the
remaining under-parts have the fur markedly bicoloured, black at
the base, with the terminal third brownish-white, varying consider-
ably in purity of colour in different individuals.

In the following table of dimensions, the first column refers to a
specimen in Mr. Gould’s collection, very kindly lent by him for my
use, and from which the foregoing description has been taken : it is
labelled ‘‘ Albany, King George’s Sound, May 19th, 1843.” The
dimensions in the two other columns have been taken from specimens
in my own collection, and are also from Western Australia, but the
exact locality unknown.

The comparative description and measurements of the crania of
this and the other species will be given in a collected form appended
to the description of the species the last on the list, so as to render
their differences more readily apparent :—

ily aha ptt
Length of the head and body (about).. 1
=O GC MAN etewrecw's skin) Sada leiws\ ss
GEE MAGA 25 Sin) «esas eelindoh 3p)
Se ae ee oe eee
Ok THe TRACTS. iss bn cee A
Breadth of the ears.... ..
OL TERE Bog Vaal: Ne ee eer
Length of the fore-arm ............
— of the longest finger .. :
——— of the fourth finger..........
—— of the thumb ..............
WOE GNC PAI oo icon este eae ton
——— of the foot and claws ...
PiGNES OBICAIEIS iain. o s,. aiein «0
Expanse of wings, about............

bt
th
oo

ble

tol

el
Fl tole
tole

— .
NOWNWOARKAWWAUMS 5

—
WDAWNWOARHNUWLOBDNOE

Ico
bole

to| bo]

ale

weocoooocornrocoocore
SCUWAWNNORHRK ONWONK®
wocococornroococo+whwh F
wooococornrcoooor}

2. NycroruiLus TIMORIENSIS.

Vesp. Timoriensis, Geoff. Ann. du Mus. viii. p. 200. t. 47, 1806 ;
Desm. Mamm. p. 146, 1820; Fisch. Synop. Mamm. p. 118, 1829 ;
Temm. Mon. ii. p. 253, 1835-41 ; Wagn. Supp. Schreib. i. p. 520,
1840 ; Schinz. Synop. Mamm. i. p. 175, 1844.

Vesp. Timoriensis’?, Temm. Mus. Leyd.

Plecotus Timoriensis, Less. Mann. p. 97, 1827 ; Is. Geoff. Guérin,
Mag. de Zool. 1832; Less. Nouv. Tab. Régn. Animal, p. 23, 1842.

The forms of this species are so similar to those of the last, that it
is needless to enter at greater length into details of description than
is necessary to point out the differences between the two.

In all the specimens I have been able to examine, viz. the original
one in the Paris Museum, and three others collected in Australia by
Mr. Gould, the ears are strongly sulcated, even more so than is obser-
vable in the Plecotus auritus, whilst in the last species they are very

faintly, if at all, so marked ; and instead of the small tufts of bristle-
like hairs about the eyes, the present species has a tolerably regular
series of similar ones fringing the eyelids. Again, the cranium has
so strongly marked a sagittal crest as to be easily detected in the
mounted specimens, whereas in NV. Geoffroy: it is so feebly developed
that no trace can be discovered, unless the skull be extracted and
carefully cleaned.

But the great difference in the size of the two animals is alone
sufficient to distinguish them, the one being only 9 inches in expanse
of wings, whilst the other attains fully 13 inches; nearly as great a
difference as exists between the Pipistrelle and the Noctule Bats.

The fur of the upper parts is bicoloured, nearly black at the base,
with the terminal half dark sepia-brown ; that on the top of the head
and on the membrane uniting the ears, unicoloured, and paler.

Beneath, the fur has the basal half nearly black, the remainder
being light brown, palest on the throat, on the middle of the belly,
and on the pubes. On the shoulder of one example from “ Perth,
Western Australia,’ is a patch of brownish rust colour, but it does
not occur in the other examples.

Although the original specimen of this species is reported to have
been received from Timor, I am inclined to believe that there may have
been some mistake respecting its locality. Among a great number of
Bats from that island contained in our museums and that of Leyden,
representatives of this genus do not appear ; but specimens absolutely
identical with the original in the Paris collection have been obtained
by Mr. Gould in Western Australia; and I have noted one in the
Leyden Museum, also from Australia, but without any precise in-
dication of locality.

The following dimensions have been taken from specimens col-
lected by Mr. Gould, the first being the one from Perth, Western
Australia :—

Ls 2.
in. lin. in. lin.
Length of the head and body, about 3 0 2 4
PEN Ne cibly eactincinthe a le LOE aie RO
AE SO eee Ser ae 0 10 0 10
RP RUCN CNS ite xc a’ wine a w Droid win) AAP 0 10
OLGHS CAGUS oss bie ws e's 0 3} O 33
of the fore-arm : 7 ./0.....5.... 1 9 bi 9
of the longest finger.......... 3 4 3 2
of the fourth finger .......... 2 4 2 5
GP the that U épcecive ceeess Got © 4
7 a eee ee 0 9 0 9
of the foot and claws ........ 0 5 0 5
SEE CE IS oi ign s-0:0 nlerniein's 0 7 0 8
Expanse of wings, following the phalanges 13 6 12 9

3. Nycropui.tus GouLpI, n. s.

The present species is intermediate in size between the two last,
and at first sight might be taken either for a small individual of N.

Timoriensis, or a large one of N. Geoffroyi; or these two might be
regarded as the large and small varieties of the same species, and
the present one as the intermediate or connecting link. This opinion
I was at first disposed to entertain ; but after the examination of a
greater number of examples, and more especially after extracting ~
a good number of their crania, I became convinced that they were
all specifically distinct.

The shape of the head, face and ears, does not differ materially
from that of the same parts in the two preceding species; the only
perceptible difference beyond that of size being in the somewhat
greater elevation of the top of the head. As in N. Timoriensis, the
ears are strongly sulcated, and it bears general resemblance to that
species in the quality and colouring of the fur.

The fur of the whole of the upper parts is very distinctly bico-
loured : it might almost be called tricoloured ; the basal half greyish-
black, and the terminal half grey-brown, with the tips browner. On
the rump the brown colour is rather more conspicuous than on the
fore part of the back. The basal part of the upper surface of the
interfemoral membrane is a little hairy in some specimens, but in
others this is not observable.

On the whole of the under-surface the fur is strongly bicoloured,
nearly black at the base, with the terminal third buffy grey. On
the pubes the dark colour at the base of the fur is reduced to a small
quantity, and it is almost wholly of the buffy white colour.

Young examples not having the wing-jomts completely ossified,
differ only in being somewhat smaller, and in having the fur less
bright ; but it is nevertheless distinctly bicoloured, and when ob-
viously immature they are still of greater size than adult examples
of N. Geoffroyz.

In the table of dimensions, column No. | refers to a female spe-
cimen from Mr. Gould’s collection from Moreton Bay ; No. 2 to
a male from the same locality; and No. 3 to a specimen also col-
lected by Mr. Gould at Bathurst.

a:
in. lin.

=o
i=}

ene ee “Gun, Oe
tol .

5
faal®
=r
i=}
~

Length of the head and body, about ... 1 11
Br thee: sores pe ee na

GL the Mes.) oe. wee es 0
“TYE YEN Ny Hate A eAAD nab craig oe ean |
— Of the (AGUS 2.5 fess we oa 0
Breadth of ears fe 0
Of the STHBUS 42S cs ee ee
Length of the fore-arm ............ l
of the longest finger ........ 4
2
0
0
0
0
]

—

tol

of the fourth finger
=== Of ne EIA 42 care crores

ofthe stibias ets peice aoe cen ee
of the foot and claws ........
of the os ealeis, (5/5... 4 Ess
Expanse of wings. 67.620) Pee l

—
AARCHKHRONNDANWNOS

tol

bo] bol tol bol

SSocooONNHKYSCSOSOSCOYNE
HK=ocoonne

Lhapohowon

—
—

4. NYCTOPHILUS UNICOLOR, n. s.

All the specimens of this genus I have yet seen from Van Die-
men’s Land differ remarkably from those of the mainland of Au-
stralia in having the fur everywhere short and cottony, perfectly de-

void of lustre, and unicoloured.

That of the upper parts is of a dark olive-brown, without any
variation of tint, excepting that it is perhaps a little darker along
the middle of the back than elsewhere.

Beneath, the fur is similar, but paler in colour, with the tips of
the hairs a little tinged with ash-colour. This is the colour of the
whole of the under parts, with the exception of a patch on the throat,
which is whitish-brown, dirty white, and occasionally pure white.

Immature examples often have the fur above and beneath of a very
dark olive-brown, almost black. One specimen of this dark colour
which I have examined, has the spot on the throat almost pure
white.

So far as I have been able to ascertain, this species is subject to
very trifling variations either in colour or size in the adult state, and
the size agrees so closely with that of the species which I have called
N. Gouldi, that Lat first thought the great difference in the texture
and colour of the fur was due to the difference of locality.

In the crania, however, I find such differences as are ample for
the distinction of the species *.

The following dimensions are taken from three specimens collected
by Mr. Gould in Van Diemen’s Land ; the first a male, and the
second a female, both adult ; and the third obviously immature.

1 2 3.

in. lin. in. lin. in. lin,
Length of the head and body (about).. 2 0 2 2 1 10
TU ae eR ergs ae | a ay
SPGOCREEE Te cod. us is ate maien 0 8 oO 9 0 84
RAE METER oa si vie ines) Kn KhLg 0 10 0 10 0 9}
ERIN BNOIRINS (ied ok a Sins ante clint. OY, G.. 1 Oy 2
Breadth of the ears...... iin ea stan 0 7% #O 8 0 74
== OF THE tFAGTS 6u ese cers oe 0 2 04 Oh
Length of the fore-arm ............ Sy Sane ie: 1 6}
of the longest finger ........ 2 10 z2 8 2 1
of the fourth finger.......... 2 2 2 8 2 Of
See CHYIOD rae’. + asaw nr ier Oy 044 04
RRA si ciae nine em set oo Ohi OM as Ox Ame Od
of the foot and claws........ 04 04 0 3%
RUG GH CHICIS 6 ois wie vee hos 1 aay 0 64 O 7
BROOME OF WINGS) ovine ences to any oe NO ae AL ee ae

The crania of the four species here described, differ so consider-
ably, that I deem it advisable to make mention’ of them apart

* To the description of this species should have been added, that the ears are
destitute of sulci, and more membranaceous than in the other species, and that
the wing-membranes are darker in colour and much more opaque and leathery.

No. CCCXLIX.—ProcrepinGs or THE ZOOLOGICAL Soctery.

from the foregoing description. By adopting this plan, I am en-
abled to bring them into more immediate comparison, which is
highly desirable when we bear in mind the small size of the objects,
and the consequent difficulty of rendering apparent their differences
without the aid of figures. They will be described in the following
order, the crania of the two species most removed from each other
being found to be most dissimilar.

N. Timoriensis.—General form of the skull rather broad and flat,
and rather thick in substance; sagittal and occipital crests mode-
rately developed; depression of the nasal bones of nearly equal
depth from side to side, broad, with the sides parallel for three-
fourths of its length in a backward direction, and then narrowing
rapidly to a point at the commencement of the sagittal ridge. Fa-
cial portion short ; zygomatic arches considerably expanded. Palate
nearly as wide anteriorly as posteriorly. Lower jaw strong, its lower
margin considerably curved. All the teeth of moderate size and
proportions.

N. Gouldi.—General form of the skull much less broad than in
the last species, more elevated in the crown, and narrower anteriorly ;
sagittal crest considerably developed, the occipital one very small ;
facial depression almost obsolete, narrow, rounded-off on each, and
only amounting to a concavity just at the posterior termination of
the nasal bones. Facial portion relatively more produced than in
the last species ; zygomatic arches but little expanded. Palate much
narrower in front than behind. Lower jaw as in the last species.
All the front teeth, especially the upper canines, very short and
stout.

N. unicolor.—General form of the skull very short, as broad re-
latively as in the first species, but not so flat, and much lighter and
thinner in substance than in either of the preceding ; sagittal ridge
merely rudimentary, occipital one considerably elevated, especially
its central portion ; facial depression broad, of medium depth, well-
defined, and narrower before and behind than in the middle, and
with the outline of the nasal bones rather distinctly marked. Facial
portion of medium length ; orbits much produced in a forward di-
rection, leaving but a small space between them and the roots of the
canines ; zygomatic arches a good deal expanded. Palate short,
nearly as broad in front as behind. Lower jaw short and light, with
a moderate degree of curvature. All the front teeth short and small.

N. Geoffroyi.—General form of the skull differing from that of
all the others. It is rather long, narrow, and depressed, with a total
absence of ridges or crests, and the occipital region rounds-off poste-
riorly without any angularity. It is thin and somewhat diaphanous ;
facial depression narrow, deep in the centre, not clearly defined an-
teriorly, and passing further back than in the other species, its
posterior portion being indicated by two thread-like lines which con-
verge to an acute point on the fore part of the central region. Facial
portion of medium length, and narrowed anteriorly ; zygomatic
arches but very little expanded. Palate much narrower in front
than behind. Lower jaw slender, with the lower outline nearly
straight. Front teeth proportionally long and rather strong.

The crania of these species present the following dimensions :—

N. unicolor:
in. lines.

|N. Timoriensis.|N. Gouldi.

¥ ' in. lines. in. lines.
Length from the condyloid fossa to
the anterior margin of the max-

N. Geoffroyi.

in. lines.

Pilar Gate wyiehascded fact st ohanscuns ar 6: - fG. BS) 0. ah} Gaee
Length from the hinder margin of |

the parietal bones to the anterior, ) /

margin of the maxillary bone ... oT 7 0 63 j=" 6 0 53
Breadth across zygomatic arches.... 0 6 ee bh Os ee
Greatest breadth of. the cerebral

PRO piv idbaceene seosbaiduvetsivs scout ceG ae 0 33) 0 4 0 3%
Greatest breadth of the facial de-

RIRERMIOML iiss peeve hs} ad nx coamuacd <acnee's |} O 2) Of; 0 2 0 14
Length of the bony palate .........) ......005 Os dledee 5c Oa, a
Length of the series of teeth of the

upper jaw, exclusive of the in- |

Cog 8, Tet on eer ge Be eee Oa) Se 0. 8 Oe 52a Ort 25
Space between the points of the |

TPPEF CANINES. -....,..seescesneresans On Pe Oc 2 a 0 13
Space between the posterior molars 0 2% |0 2%! 0 24) 0 2
Greatest length of the lower jaw... 0 64 | 0 5%) 0 5 0 5
Breadth of the lower jaw, taken in

a vertical direction from the co-

FOMOIG PFOCeSS .......0...e-.seerees LO, Oh) O)123) 0 2 | Oo
Length of the series of teeth in the

lower jaw, exclusive of the in-

MIRUER aie ccacedrevaunstesveccvvarssees Oe Sas On ogy Das 0 3
Space between the points of the

TAWEX COMINCS i502. c00dsscoussenecnes by Eb 0) oi 8? Ag 4 OB

I am especially indebted to Mr. Gould for having placed at my
disposal materials which have been of great service in making out
the species treated of in the present memoir. The use of specimens
collected by him, with the knowledge of their exact localities, has
been a great assistance in more respects than one. Besides afford-
ing evidences leading to the determination of several species, in a
genus formerly supposed to be represented by only one, it has also
afforded materials which have tended in some measure to the deci-
sion of what constitutes a species and what is only a variety.

It is a well-known fact, that many mammals and birds inhabiting
India are found to vary remarkably in size and colour in different
parts. Thus if we take some of the Bats as an instance suitable for
the present occasion (and we might equally adduce many other
mammals and birds) *, we shall find those inhabiting South India
and Ceylon smaller and darker in colour than those occurring more
northward ; and on further examining the matter, we shall further
discover that they are referable to the same species, and that interme-
diate examples may be found at intermediate localities. Not only
in external conformation are they similar in their proportions, but
also in the details of their osseous system. The skulls of these va-

* Among the Bats may be particularly noticed Cynopteris marginatus, Seoto-
philus Coromandelicus, and Vespertilio papillosus. See Dr. Kelaart’s ‘ Fauna
Zeylanica,’ and the appended notes by Mr. Blyth, as also various notices of Mam-
malia by the latter gentleman in the Journal of the Asiatic Society.

36 7

rieties, in which we should expect to find the most constant, and
therefore most valuable differences, should any exist, present no
variety amongst themselves, excepting that of size ; and in this latter
respect they bear an exact relation to the varieties to which they
belong.

With a series of specimens before me illustrating this, I have ex-
ercised the same geographical and anatomical tests to the so-called
varieties of the present genus. The results of this attempt were by
no means similar to those observed of the Indian species ; for instead
of meeting with anything like the gradation which occurs there, I
have found that the largest and the smallest examples were alike in-
habitants of Western Australia; whilst a third, which in poimt of
size would have served to unite the two, was separated from them
by awide interval, occurring on the coast of New South Wales. This
led to a re-examination of the specimens, and more especially to a
comparison of their crania. They were found to be very dissimilar.

Here, then, are two instances, one in which the variation is clearly
traceable to an external cause, and accompanied by a uniformity of
internal structure, thereby corroborating the unity of the species ;
and another, in which the variation is not due to any apparent
cause, and not only unsupported by anatomical similarity, but the
unity of the species absolutely disproved by the existence of very
diverse osteological characters.

Without dwelling longer on this subject, I may observe, that
these remarks have arisen, in the first place, from the consideration
of some exceedingly judicious observations on the variation of species,
delivered at the Meeting of the British Association at Cheltenham in
1856, by the Rev. Leonard Jenyns. I must refer the reader to the
communication printed entire in the Report of the Proceedings of the
Association for that year, and content myself with observing that
that gentleman urged the necessity of duly considering the influ-
ence of climatal and other causes in producing varieties of species ;
and also pointed out, that, in the absence of any such causes, any
considerable amount of difference from a known species might be
regarded as strong distinctive evidence.

Since the preceding account was written, I have obtained another
specimen of Nyctophilus Timoriensis, collected in some part of Au-
stralia, but I do not know the exact locality.

As it is preserved in spirit, and in good condition, I am enabled
to give a better account of the form of the face and nose-leafs than
that already given, and thus add at the same time to the specific and
generic characters.

The first nose-leaf is slightly emarginate and rises from imme-
diately above the nostrils, in such a manner as to give the end of the
nose somewhat the appearance of a disc, in which the nostrils are
pierced. Between them and the nose-leaf, however, is a deepish
transverse depression, with two pits, one over each nostril, which in
some measure destroys the regular disc-like appearance of the end
of the snout. ‘Ihe nostrils themselves are pear-shaped, with the

narrow ends curving outwards and upwards until they come in im-
mediate contact with the base of the nose-leaf, on each side. Late-
rally, and below, they are encompassed by the thickened prominent
part of the lip, so that they are seen to occupy the bottom of a
shallow depression, and open perfectly in front. Between them is a
narrow thread-like ridge. Between the first and second nose-leaf is
a small but deep hollow or pit, and the second nose-leaf rises behind
this in the form of a thick fleshy or cartilaginous projection, not de-
serving the name of “ leaf,” transverse in direction, but much nar-
rower and less prominent than the true nose-leaf, and thickly co-
vered with short hairs. Above this appears the facial depression
before described. The lower lip is without hairs in front, but the
naked part is not clearly defined, as it is in many Vespertilionide.

The ears are conspicuously sulcated, and their outer margins ex-
tend along the side of the face in a line with the cleft of the mouth,
and end at a little more than a line from its angle. The tragus pre-
sents some points of difference from that of dried specimens. Near
the base of the outer edge are two distinct points, and above them
some fine crenulations, which are succeeded by a portion of the mar-
gin, which is singularly indented. It appears as if this portion were
thickened, and a little produced backward and forward ; so that when
viewing the front surface of the tragus, this part is seen edgeways ;
and when the edge of the tragus is seen, this part presents a flat
surface*. Above this space the edge again becomes thin, and is
finely crenulated to the tip.

The carpus of the closed wing reaches to the front corner of the
eye. The wing-membranes extend precisely to the base of the toes,
and the os caleis occupies about one-third of the space between the
foot and tip of the tail. The latter is composed of eight or nine
vertebrae, the small terminal one being disengaged from the mem-
brane. All the claws—of wings and feet—are singularly short and
weak.

in. lin.

Length of the head and body .... 2 11
—— of the tail.............. 2 0
——— ofthe head ............ 0 11
Ge UIE CHEN so. wae rete OLE
——— of the tragus............ 0 3
of the fore-arm.......... Py
——— of the longest finger.... 3 4
——— of the fourth finger .. 2 6
— of the thumb............ 0 4

— of the foot and claws 0 5
Expanse of wings .............. 13 0

* If a thin sheet of any material of a pasty consistence were taken, and pres-
sure applied to a small portion of its edge, so as to thicken it, and raise a kind of
rim or bur, visible on each side of the sheet, it would represent pretty exactly
this peculiarity of the tragus in Nyctophilus. I may add, that having my attention
directed to it, I have been able to detect the same peculiarity in the dried speci-
mens, but much less distinctly visible.

6. AN ATTEMPT TO DISTRIBUTE THE SPECIES OF OLIVE (OLIva,
LaMARCK) INTO NATURAL GROUPS, AND TO DEFINE SOME OF
THe Species. By Dr. J. E. Gray, F.R.S., V.P.Z. & Enr.
Soc., ETC.

Linneeus divided the shell, usually called Olives by the dealers,
into three species, viz. Voluta porphyria, V. oliva, and V. ispidula.

Gmelin added a few, and Lamarck, who published a monograph
of the genus in the ‘Annales du Museum,’ extended the number to
sixty-two. Dillwyn reduced them back to eighteen.

Duclos, who published the plates of a monograph of this genus in
1835, figures eighty-four recent species, and he considers twenty-two
of the species which Lamarck described as distinct, as only varie-
ties of other species.

In 1850 Mr. L. Reeve, in the ‘ Conchologia Iconica,’ published
the figures of 100 species, but without any attention to their affinity
to each other, and with scarcely sufficient care to the more important
part of the shell on which the separation of the species depends.
‘They are there inferior to those of M. Duclos.

I believe that it is the uncertainty with regard to the number of
the species which has rendered these shells, which are certainly one
of the most beautiful in form, colour, and marking that we possess,
so little attended to by the general collector. This is the more re-
markable, as the shells are very extensively distributed over the
globe, and are easily collected, and therefore are easily procured by
the conchologist at a moderate rate; though it is very difficult to
define the limits of many of the species on account of the great varia-
tion in the colour, and the extraordinary manner in which the mark-
ing gradually changes in their character; while other species are
easily distinguished.

All the species are easily separated into very distinct groups, de-
fined by variations in the form and structure of the shell, which are
evidently produced by important modifications in the structure of
the animal ; and to point out these groups is the object of this paper,
for I believe that by dividing the species or varieties, which have
been considered as species, into such groups, I shall do much to dis-
entangle the subject, and at least confine the confusion to definite
limits ; for if the groups are properly defined, it is only the specimens
belonging to one of these groups that can be varieties of each other.

M. Duclos, in the monograph, divides the species into four
groups:—1. Anceilloides (twenty-nine species) ; 2. Cylindroides (fifty
species) ; 3. Glandiformes (seventeen species); 4. Volutelles (seven-
teen species).

M. D’Orbigny, in his ‘ Voyage to South America,’ formed M.
Duclos’s four sections into three genera, giving to the first section
the name of Olivina, to the second and third section that of Oliva,
and to the fourth Olivancillaria, apparently founded on the form
of the animal ; but it is only necessary to compare his figures of the
animal of the two species of the latter genus to show how little he
attended to his own characters.

In the ‘ Zoology to Capt. Beechey’s Voyage’ I divided the genus
into two, according to the structure of the animal, viz. Oliva and
Agaronia, and observed that some Olive were furnished with an
operculum not present in other species. More lately in the text to
Mrs. Gray’s ‘ Figures of Molluscous Animals,’ and in the ‘Guide to
the Collection of Mollusca’ in the Museum, I have extended the
number of genera to four; separating the operculated Olive under
the name of Olivella, and giving to an animal figured by D’Orbigny
as Oliva auricularia the name of Scaphura.

These shells sometimes have an elevated shelly cross band. La-
marck had a specimen of Oliva porphyria (Hist. viii. 418) so marked.
It is not uncommon in O. guttata, where it has been regarded as a
species ; but it is often found in other species.

A further study of the figures of the animals given by authors has
induced me to revise this arrangement and propose the following

Synopsis OF THE GENERA.

I. Head exposed ; tentacles elongate, subulate ; eyes distinct, sub-
basal. The foot elongate, dilated, front lobe semicircular ;
opercula none. Shell with the front belt narrow.

* Spire simple, with sutural groove open to the top.
1. STREPHONA.
Pillar lip simple, not covering the front belt; inner lip cross-
grooved.
2. IsprpULA.

Pillar lip simple, not covering the front belt ; inner lip thickened,
the whole length with two or three slight grooves in front.

3. RAMOLA.

Pillar lip simple, not covering the front belt ; inner lip with a
series of transverse parallel grooves in front extending over the
pillar.

4. CARMIONE.

Pillar lip expanded so far back as to cover the front belt, and with
an oblique raised ridge in front ; inner lip grooved.

** Spire callous, obliterating the sutural grooves, except on the last
whorl.

5. CLANEOPHILA.

Shell ovate or obconic; aperture wide. Pillar lip expanded.
Pillar twisted and grooved in front. Front belt broad.

6. GALEOLA.

Shell subcylindrical; spire small; aperture linear. Pillar lip
simple, defined ; inner lip grooved. Front belt narrow.

II. Head scarcely exposed ; tentacle short ; eyes none; foot elon-
gate, dilated in front (one-coloured). Shell, sutural groove

open.

7. ANAZOLA.

Shell subcylindrical or subovate ; aperture oblong, thickened ;
front belt broad, double.

8. AGARONIA.
Shell subovate; aperture ovate ; pillar slightly thickened ; front
belt single, moderate.

Ill. Head hidden; tentacles none; eyes none; foot short, very
broad, rounded on the sides, one-coloured ; opercula distinct.

9. OLIVINA.

Spire conical ; sutural groove open to the apex ; aperture of shell
moderate ; operculum distinct ; foot very short, front lobes linear.

10. ScarPHuLa.

Spire conical ; sutural groove open to the apex; aperture of shell
wide ; pillar lip thick, smooth, with two grooves in front ; opercu-
lum none? ; foot large, front lobes very large, rounded.

11. Mrcana.
Spire callous ; sutural groove only open on the last whorls ; aper-
ture moderate ; operculum distinct.

1. STREPHONA.

Shell subcylindrical ; spire conical or flattish, small; aperture
linear ; pillar lip simple, only expanded in front, and not covering
the callus ; front belt narrow; inner lip cross-grooved. Foot elon-
gate, longer than the shell, broad, rounded behind, dilated on the
sides, which are bent up and cover the shell, the front lobes nearly
semicircular, rather produced and acute at the hinder outer angles.
Head exposed; tentacles elongate; eyes one-third from the base ;
operculum none.

Adanson, in his ‘ Hist. Nat. du Sénégal,’ regards all the speci-
mens of this genus as belonging to one species, observing :—‘‘ La
couleur de cette coquille est peu constante. J’en ai de blanches, de
jaunes, de jaunes livids, de jaunes verd, &c., méme de verdatres sans
aucun mélange. J’en ai aussi qui, sur ces différens fonds, sont taches,
tigrées, marbrées ou couvertes de zigzags, qui s’étendent tantot sur
leur longueur, tantét sur leur largeur. Ces taches, ces points, ces
bandes, et ces lignes sont cendres, noir ou bleudtre dans les unes,
brun, rougedtres ou pourpres dans les autres: enfin leur mélange
est si varié, que ce seroit perdre son tems que de faire l’énumération
de toutes celles qui ont été décrites ou figurées par leurs auteurs. Je

me suis contente de citer une vingtaine des principales variét¢és aux-
quelles on peut rapporter tous les autres, dont plus de deux cens sont
parvenues 4 ma connoissance. Leur intérieur est aussi blanc, jaune,
violet, ou pourpre foneé.’’—p. 65.

It would appear either that the animals vary as much in colour as
the shells, or, if permanent, they present good character for the sepa-
ration of the species, according to the specimens of the animal
figured by Messrs. Quoy and Gaimard in the ‘ Voyage of the Astro-
labe,’ t. 46, which are copied and improved (?) by M, Duclos. The
animal of the black variety of O. maura is black, minutely brown-
dotted, and with a regular pale edge to the foot. 8. erythrostoma
and S. Textilina is pale brown, with large brown spots. SS. elegans
and 8. sanguinolenta are yellow, minutely black-dotted ; it is interest-
ing to observe that the shells, which are allied in colour and form, also
have animals similarly allied.

1. StREPHONA PorPuyRIA.

Reddish-brown, spotted with angular reddish lines; spire and
front of pillar violet, spire conical.

Voluta Porphyria, Linn. 8. N. ii. 87.

Oliva Porphyria, Lamk. no.1; E. M. t. 351. f.4; Duclos, Oliv.
oreaed. bo: Reeve, C. I. t. 1. f. 2.

Hab. Panama.

2. Sr. ANGULATA.

Throat and pillar reddish.

Voluta incrassata, Soland. MSS. ; Dillw. R. 8. 516.

Oliva angulata, Lamk. no. 6; E. M. t. 363. f. 16; Duclos, Oliv.
Gaz. t. 9,10; Reeve, C. I. t/ 1. f. 1.

Oliva azemula, Duclos, fide Reeve.

Hab. Gulf of Nicolya.

3. ST. CRUENTA.
Throat orange.

Oliva guttata, Lamk. n. 14; Dillw. 32.

Oliva maculata, Duclos, Oliv. t. 15. f. 1-6; Reeve, C. I. t. 14.
f. 30:

Voluta cruenta, Solander, MSS.; Dillw. R. S. 514.

Voluta ispidula, Martini, ii. f. 491, 492.

Oliva Mantichora, Duclos, Oliv. t. 15. f. 7,8.

Var. subangular, with a raised rib behind.

Voluta annulata, Gmelin, 8. N. 3441; Dillw. R. 8. 515.
Voluta balleata, Soland. MSS.

Oliva leucophea, Lamk. n. 14; E. M. t. 363. f. 2.

Haé. Isle of France.

4, Sv. MAURA.
Black, yellow or grey ; throat and pillar lip white.

Oliva maura, Lamk. n. 7; E. M. t. 366. f. 1, 2; 365, f. 1, 3;
Duclos, Oliv. t. 23. f. 1-12; Reeve, t. 7. f. 10.

Oliva sepulturalis, Lamk. n. 7; E. M. t. 365. f. 1.

Voluta Oliva, F, H, L, K, O, P, Q, 8; Dillw. R. 8S. 512.

Cylindrus Nigellus, Menschen.

Oliva fulminans, Lamk. n. 9; E. M. t. 364. f. 4.

Oliva funebralis, Lamk. n. 26 ; Martini, f. 480, 481.

Animal dark brown, minutely black-dotted, with a pale edge to
the foot. See Voy. Astrol. t. 46. f. 20; Duclos, t. 30.

5. ST. TRICOLOR.

White, black, and yellow; front (and sometimes all the inner
lip) yellow brown.

Oliva tricolor, Lamk. no. 22; E.M. t. 365. f. 4; Duclos, Oliv.
t. 20. f. 9-13; Reeve, C. I. t. 12. f. 22.

O. sanguinolenta, Lamk. no. 23; Duclos, Oliv. t. 20. f. 14-16;
Reeve; Ci 1. tia, f 25:

Voluta Olive, C. & F. Dillw. R. 8. 512.

Oliva zebra, Kuster, C. C. t. 5. f. 5, 6.

Oliva Philantha, Duclos, Oliv. t. 20. f. 5, 6.

Oliva evania, Duclos, Oliv. t. 20. f. 3. 4.

Oliva elegans, Lamk. no. 11; E. M. t. 367. f. 3, t. 362. f. 3; Du-
clos, Oliv. t. 21. f. 1-6; Reeve, C.I. t. 12. f. 20.

Oliva glandiformis, Lamk. no. 27.

Oliva tigrina, Lamk. no. 44 ; Duclos, Oliv. t. 21. f. 7-12, t. 32.
fells 2 scReeve, C:b. t.22 1221.

Oliva Macleaya, Duchos, Oliv. t. 21. f. 13-16.

Hab. Fegee Islands, Madagascar.

Animal yellow, minutely black.dotted (Voy. Astrol. t. 46. f. 2-6 ;
Duclos, t. 31).

6. ST. EPISCOPALIS.
Throat purple.

Oliva episcopalis, Lamk. no. 12 ; Lest. t. 719. f.3; Duclos, t. 10.
f41,.42; Reeve, C.-1.-t.43,. £24:
Foluta oliva, D. Dillw. R. 8. 512.

7. ST. ERYTHROSTOMA.

Throat saffron colour.

Oliva erythrostoma, Lamk. no. 3; E.M. t. 361. f. 3; Duclos,
Oliv. t. 13. f. 1-7; Reeve, C. 1. t. 5. f. 7.

Cylindrus erythrostoma, Menschen.

Voluta erythrostoma, Dillw. R.S8. 511.

Oliva ponderosa, Duclos, Oliv. t. 13. f. 8, 9; Reeve, C. 1. t. 2. f. 4.

s :
|

Oliva tremulina, Lamk. no. 5; Duclos, Oliv. t. 11. f. 1-9; Reeve,
or b.t. 4.1. 63

Oliva Olympiadina, Duclos, Oliv. t. 12. f.10, 11,12; Reeve, C. 1.
os f 0.

Oliva azemula, Duclos, Oliv. t. 14. f. 1, 2,3.

Hab. Mauritius and Philippines.

Animal reddish, with large brown spots (Voy. Astrol. t. 46. f. | ;
Duclos, t. 31).

8. St. TEXTILINA.
Mouth white.

Oliva obtusaria, Lamk. no. 53.

Oliva textilina, Lamk. no. 2; E. M. t. 362. f. 5; Duclos, Oliy.
t. 14. f. 2-9; Reeve, t. 6. f. 9.

Oliva Pica, Lamk. no. 4.

Oliva zeilanica, Lamk. no. 54.

Oliva hepatica, Lamk. no. 35.

V. oliva, var. A., Dillw. R. 8S. 511.

Voluta erythrostoma, var., Dillw. R. 8.511.

Oliva granitella, Lamk. no. 18.

Oliva nobilis, Reeve, C. 1. t. 2. f. 3, mouth pale reddish.

Oliva irisans, part, Reeve, C. 1. t. 6. f. 8, b,c, d. (not e).

Hab. Mauritius.

Animal reddish, with large brown spots (Voy. Astrol. t. 46, f. 7).

9. Sr. scrIpra.

Oliva scripta, Lamk. n. 21; E. M. t. 362. f. 4; Duclos, Oliv. t.10.
f. 13, 14; t. 30. f. 5, 6, animal; Reeve, C. I. t. 14. f. 27.

‘Oliva mustelina, Lamk. n. 24; Duclos, Oliv. t. 20. f. 1, 2;
Reeve, C. I. t. 13. f. 23.

10. Sr. yirreraTa.

Oliva litterata, Lamk. n. 20; E. M. t. 362. f. J ; Duelos, Oliv.
10. 1. 15, 16; Reeve, C. I. t. 11. f. 18.

Hab. West Indies.

Animal grey.

11. Sr. PervuviaAna.

Oliva senegalensis, Lamk. n. 29; E. M. t. 364. f. 3.

Oliva Peruviana, Lamk. n. 28; E. M. t. 367. f. 4; Duclos,
Oliv. t. 15. f. 9-16; Reeve, C. I. t. 9. f. 14.

Var. Back of whorl more or less angular.

Hab. Peru; Central America.

12. Sr. RETICULARIS.
Mouth white; suture with groups of radiating lines.

Oliva fusiformis, Lamk. no. 20; E. M. t. 367. f. 1; Duclos, Oliy.
t. 16. f. 12-16; Reeve, C. I. t. 8. f. 11.

O. vermiculata, Lamk.

O. araneosa, Lamk. no. 19; E.M. t. 363. f. 1.

O. reticularis, Lamk. no. 16; E. M. t. 361. f. 1; Duclos, Oliv.
t. §. f. 3-12: Reeve, CG 10.4016:

O. hepatica, Lamk. no. 35, 36.

O. Timoria, Duclos, Oliv. t. 17. f. 11-13.

O. alba, Lamk. no. 42; E. M. t. 368. f. 4.

O. harpularia, Lamk. no. 34; Chemn. x. f. 1376.77; Reeve, C.
J. t. 14. f. 28 (worn).

O. ustulata, Lamk. no. 36.

O. venulata, Lamk. no. 13; E. M. t. 361. f.5; Duclos, t. 16.
f, 5, 6.

O. obesina, Duclos, t. 16. f. 9, 10.

O. pindarina, Duclos, t. 16. f. 7, 8.

O. Julieta, Duclos, t. 16. f. 3, 4; Reeve, C. I. t. 9. f. 15.

The following twenty-three species (?) are more or less allied to
the last.

13. St. POLPASTA.

Oliva polpasta, Duclos, Oliv. t. 16. f. 1, 2; Reeve, C, I. t. 14.
£.29:

14. Sr. SrainForTHII.

Oliva Stainforthii, Reeve, C, I. t. 19. f. 40.

15. St. PINTAMELLA.
Oliva Pintamella, Duclos, Oliv. t. 33. f. 7, 8.

16. Sr. ATALINA.
Oliva atalina, Duclos, Oliv. t. 9. f. 9, 10.

17. Sr. QUERSOLINA.
Oliva Quersolina, Duclos, Oliv. t. 9. f. 7, 8.

18. Sr. NITIDULA.
Oliva nitidula, Duclos, Oliv. t. 9. f. 3, 4.

19. Sr. ORIOLA.

Oliva oriola, Lamk. no. 41; E. M. t. 366. f.3; t. 367. f. 2;
Duclos, t. 10. f. 1, 2.
Voluta oliva, V. Dillwyn, R. S. 513.

20. ST. PAXILLUS.
Oliva pawillus, Reeve, C. I. t. 21. f. 56.

21. St. SPLENDIDULA.

Oliva splendidula, Sow. Tank. Cat. App. 32; Duclos, t. 9. f. 1, 2;
Reeve, Ci 1.4. 14, £275
Hab. Panama.

—

22. Sr. TiGRIDELLA.
Oliva Tigridella, Duclos, Oliv. t. 8. f. 13-16.

23. Sr. STELLATA.
Oliva stellata, Duclos, Oliv. t. 8. f. 11, 12.

24. Sv. LENTIGINOSA.
Oliva lentiginosa, Reeve, C. I. t. 19. f. 45.

25. Sr. JASPIDEA.

Oliva Jaspidea, Duclos, Oliv. t. 8. f. 9, 10.
O. Duclosii, Reeve, C. I. t. 19. f. 44.
Hab. Philippines.

26. St. KALEONTINA.

Oliva kaleontina, Duclos, Oliv. t. 8. f. 7, 8; Reeve, C. I. t. 20.
f. 49.
Hab. Gallapagos.

27. Sr. TRINGA.
Oliva Tringa, Duclos, Oliv. t. 8. f. 5, 6.

28. St. AUSTRALIS.

Oliva australis, Duclos, Oliv. t. 8. f. 3,4; Reeve, C. I. t. 19. f. 42.
Hab, Swan River (Cub. Gray).

29. St. ANOMINA.
Oliva anomina, Duclos, Oliv. t. 8. f. 1, 2.

30. Sr. CumMINGII.

Oliva Cumingii, Reeve, ©. I. t. 11. f. 19.
fTab. California.

31. Sv. FLAMMULATA.

Oliva fammulata, Lamk. no. 17 ; E. M.t. 367. f. 5; Duclos, t. 8.
f. 17-20; t. 30. f. 3, 4, animal (not Reeve, C. I. t. 19. f. 41).

Fol. ispidula, var., Borm.

V. oliva, T. Dillw. R. S. 513.

Hab. ?

32. Sr. OLORINELLA.

White.
Oliva olorinella, Duclos, Oliv. t. 6. f. 15, 16.

33. ST. FLAVEOLA.
Oliva flaveola, Duclos, Oliv. t. 6. f. 17-20.

34. St. LIGNEOLA.

Oliva ligneola, Reeve, C. I. t. 21. f. 57-
Hab. 2

35. Sr. SCHUMACHERIANA.
Front of pillar lip brown.

Oliva Schumacheriana, Beck.
Hab. California.

36. Str. RUFULA.

Spire very short.

Oliva rufula, Duclos, Oliv. t. 19. f. 9, 10; Reeve, C. I. t. 20..-
£700;

37. St. NEOSLINA.
Oliva Neoslina, Duclos, Oliv. t. 19. f. 11-16.

38. Sr. SIDELIA.
Oliva sidelia, Duclos, Oliv. t. 19. f. 1, 2.

39. Str. CAROLINIANA.

Oliva caroliniana, Duclos, Oliv. t. 19. f. 3-8.
O. bubiformis, var., Reeve.

40. St. HEMILTONA.
Oliva Hemiltona, Duclos, Oliv. t. 19. f. 3, 4.

41. Sv. MULTIPLICATA.
Oliva multiplicata, Reeve, C. I. t. 20. f. 52.

42. ST. LUGUBRIS.
Oliva lugubris, Lamk. no. 25 ; Duclos, Oliv. t.10. f. 5, 6.

2. IsPIDULA.

Shell cylindrical ; spire conical, sutural groove open to the top ;
aperture linear ; pillar lip simple, only dilated in front, not covering
the front belt ; inner lip thickened the whole length, with two or
three oblique grooves in front.

Foot elongate, longer than the shell, acute behind, not dilated on
the sides in front, not or only slightly covering the shell, front
lobes moderate, broad, produced and acute at the sides; tentacles
elongated, exposed ; eyes one-third from the base; operculum none.
== Duclos; t.. 7.1. 2:

1. ISPIDULA VARIABILIS.

Throat brown ; inner lip thickened with two or three deep grooves
in front.

Oliva ispidula, Lamk. no. 40; E. M. t. 366. f. 6; Reeve, t. 17.
f. 34; Duclos, Oliv. t. 7. f. 1-14, animal.

O. candida, Lamk. no. 42; E. M. t. 360. f. 4.

Voluta oliva, R. 8. Dillw. R. S.

3. RAMOLA.

Shell subcylindrical ; spire small, conical, sutural groove open to
the tip; aperture narrow; anterior belt narrow, single. Pillar lip
expanded in front, not covering the front belt, with numerous equal
transverse grooves in front. Operculum none. ‘ Foot large, covering
the shell.”-—Adams.

1. RAMOLA VOLUTELLA.

Oliva volutella, Lamk. no. 43; Duclos, Oliv. t. 6. f. 7-14; Reeve,
eh t,. 20. £. 54;

Oliva cerulea, Gray in Wood, Supp. t. 6. f. 36.

Olivella volutella, Gray, Guide Moll. B.M. 24 ; Fig. Moll. t. 83 a.
. 2.

Oliva Razamola, Duclos, Oliv. t. 6. f. 5, 6.

Hab. West Coast of America.

4, CARMIONE.

Shell ovate, subcylindrical ; spire small, sutural groove open to
the tip; aperture linear, narrow. Pillar lip expanded, sufficiently
far back as to cover the front callous belt, and furnished with a more
or less distinct raised cross ridge ; inner lip grooved.

1. CARMIONE VENTRICOSA.

Voluta ventricosa, Soland. MSS. ; Dillw. R. 8. 514.

Oliva inflata, Lamk. no. 32; E. M. t. 364. f. 5; Duclos, Oliv.
t. 22. f. 1-16; Reeve, C. I. t. 15. f. 31.

O. fabigina, Lamk. n. 52; E. M. t. 363. io.

O. bicincta, Lamk. no. 33; E. M. t. 364. f. 1.

O. undata, Lamk. no. 31; E. M. t. 364. f. 7.

Oliva bicingulata, Lamk. Ann, E. M. t. 364. f. 1.

O. tigrina, Lamk.

O. bulbiformis, Duclos, t. 27. f. 10-12; Reeve, CLL. Glos: Tes

Hab. Moluccas.

5. CLANEOPHILA.

Shell ventricose or obconic; spire callous, the sutural gere
closed on all, except the last whorl; aperture ample. Pillar lip ex-
panded, swollen and callous behind, twisted and obliquely grooved

48 A

in front. Foot elongate, about as long as the shell, broad, rather
tapering behind, dilated in front, and covering the greater part of the
shell, front lobes rather large, crescent-shaped, outer hinder angles
acute. Tentacles elongate; eyes one-third from the base. qper-
culum none.—Duelos, t. 33. f. 6.

* Shell obconic ; front belt rather narrow. Spire broad, de-
pressed.

1. CLANEOPHILA BRASILIANA.

Oliva Brasiliana, Lamk. Ann.; Duclos, Oliv. t. 29. f. 1,3; t. 33.
f. 5, 6, animal; Reeve, C. I. t. 8. f. 13.

Voluta pinguis, Soland. MSS.; Dillw. R. 8. 516.

Oliva Brasiliensis, Chemn. x. f. 1367, 68; Lamk. Hist. no. 45.

Hab. Brazils.
** Shell ovate ; front belt broad. Spire small, very callous.

2. CLANEOPHILA AURICULARIA.
Shell ovate. Pillar lip slightly expanded, moderate.

Oliva auricularia, Lamk. ; Duclos, t. 29. f. 47.

O. aquatilis, Reeve, C. I. t. 18. fene/ic

Olivancillaria auricularia, D’Orb. Voy. Amér. Mér. 421. t. 59.
f. 20, 22, shell cop. ; Duclos, Oliv. t. 32. f. 1, 2.

Oliva patula, Sow. Tank. Cat. 33.

Hab. 8. America.

3. CLANEOPHILA GIBBOSA.
Shell ventricose, subangular. Mouth very wide. Pillar with a
large tubercular callus in front.

Oliva claneophila, Duclos, Oliv. t. 29. f. 89.
O. auricularia, Reeve, C. I. t. 18. f. 39.
Hab. West Africa. Not Brazil, as said by Mr. Reeve.

6. GALEOLA.

Shell subcylindrical; spire small, acute, callous, sutural groove
of upper whorl is obliterated; aperture linear. Pillar lip defined,
expanded in front, not covering the front belt ; inner lip thickened,
cross-grooved ; front belt narrow. Operculum ? Animal

Lamarck observed the form of the spire in O. tessellata (Hist. vii.
430, 433).

* Spire conical, acute.

1. GALEOLA IRISANS.

Spire conical, acute. Brown or yellow or greyish, uniform, or with
angular marks and two interrupted bands; throat and pillar white.

ar tn a

Oliva irisans, Lamk. no. 10; Duclos, Oliv. t. 28. f. 7, 8, 9, 10,
Bi, 12.
Voluta oliva, B, Dillw. R. 8. 512.

2. GALEOLA CARNEOLA.

Orange ; tip of spire white.

Voluta carneolus, Gmelin.

V.. carneola, Dillw. R. 8. 520.

FP. aurora, Soland. MSS.

Oliva carneola, Lamk. no. 39; E. M.t. 365. f. 5; Duclos, Oliv.
t. 26. f. 3-16; Reeve, C. I. t. 22. f. 60.

O. Athenia, Duclos, Oliv. t. 26. f. 17-20.

O. todosina, Duclos, Oliv. t. 25. f. 9, 10.

Oliva Calosoma, Duclos, Oliv. t. 26. f. 1, 2.

Var. 1. Brown, with pale angular spots, or pale brown, with
darker angular lines.

Var. 2. Subcentral angular belt.

3. GALEOLA TIGRINA.

Yellow, dark-spotted ; throat and tip of spire purple.

Cylindrus tigrinus, Menschen.

Voluta tigrina, Dillw. R. S. 520; Duclos, Oliv. t. 27. f. 1-4;
Reeve, C. I. t. 20. f. 53.

Oliva tessellata, Lamk. no. 38; E. M. t. 368. f. I.

Voluta maculata, Soland. MSS.

V. Ispidula, var., Gmelin.

PV. oliva, var., Born.

Hab. Philippines.

4, GALEOLA DACTYOLA.

Oliva dactyliola, Duclos, Oliv. t. 27. f. 3-9.

O. bulbiformis, Duclos, Oliv. t. 27. f. 10-13; Reeve, C.I. t. 13.
7... 26.

O. leucostoma, Duclos, Oliv. t. 27. f. 14-16.

** Spire depressed.
5. GALEOLA AVELLANA.
Spire short, blunt ; throat white.

Oliva avellana, Lamk. no. 37; Duclos, Oliv. t. 28. f. 1, 3.
O. Galeola, Duclos, Oliv. t. 28. f. 4-6.
O. irisans, Reeve, C. I. t. 6. f. 8 a (only, not 4, ¢, d).

6. GALEOLA LEPIDA.
Oliva lepida, Duclos, Oliv. t. 25, f. 15-20.
No. CCCL.—PrRoceEepINGs or THE ZOOLOGICAL Society.

7. GALEOLA VOLVARIOIDES.

Oliva volvarioides, Duclos, Oliv. t. 25. f. 11-14; Reeve, C. I.
t. 22. f. 59,

8. GALEOLA? PYGM@A.
Oliva pygmea, Reeve, C. I. t. 26. f. 75.

9, GALEOLA? PICTA.

Oliva picta, Reeve, C. I. t. 26. f. 79.
Hab. Philippines.

7. ANAZOLA.

Shell ovate or subcylindrical ; spire conical, sutural groove open
to the tip. Aperture oblong, rather wide ; pillar lip expanded ; inner
lip thickened, the whole length twisted and grooved in front. Belt
broad, with an anterior groove in the usual place of the narrow belt.

Foot (4. subulata) elongate, longer than the shell, acute behind ;
the front half dilated, reflected over and covering the front and sides
of the shell, front lobes semicircular, hinder angle acute. Ten-
tacles short, broad. Eyes none? Operculum none.—Duelos, t. 31.
oe ee

1. ANAZOLA GIBBOSA.

Pillar with a single groove in front, and several smaller behind it.

Voluta gibbosa, Born, Mus. 215; Dillw. R. 8. 517.

Voluta utriculus, Gmel. 8. N. 3441.

Oliva utriculus, Lamk. no. 46; E. M. t. 365. f. 6; Duclos, Oliv.
Cryst. 18% Reeve, 0. Tote toe:

O. cingulata, Chemn. x. f. 1369, 1370.

O. nebulosa, Lamk. no. 55 ; Martini, f. 539, 540.

O. gibbosa, Reeve, C. I. t. 8. f. 12.

2. ANAZOLA ACUMINATA.
Suture pencilled.

Voluta ispidula, Linn. 8. N. 1188; Dillw. R. 8. 517.

Vol. utriculus, var., Gmelin.

Oliva acuminata, Lamk. no. 48; E. M. t. 368. f. 3; Duclos, Oliv.
t, M28. 1-4 s Reeve: Co bt. 1b. fads aac:

3. ANAZOLA SUBULATA.

Oliva subulata, Lamk. no. 49; E. M. t. 368. f. 6; Duclos, Oliv.
t. 12. f.5-9; Reeve, C..1. t., 1674 38-a,

Voluta ispidula, B, Dillw. R. 8.

Oliva luteola, Lamk. no. 50; Martini, f. 554.

O. triticea, Duclos, Oliv. t. 1. f..5, 6; Reeve, C. I. t. 27. f. 82.

4. ANAZOLA LEUCOZONALIS.

Oliva leucozonalis, Gray, Beechey, Voy. 130. t. 36. f. 24; Reeve,
De t24 eo 7

Hab. Senegal.

; a

5. ANAZOLA UNDATELLA.

Oliva undatella, Lamk. no. 58 ; Gray, Beechey, Voy. 131. t. 36.
f. 23-27; Duclos, Oliv. t. 5. f. 5-10; Reeve, C. I. t. 25. f. 73.

Voluta tenebrosa, Goodall, Wood, Ind. Supp. t. 4. f. 38,

Oliva zonalis, Menke.

Olivella undatella, Gray.

? Oliva hieroglyphica, Reeve, C. I. t. 24. f. 68.

O. nodulina, Duclos, Oliv. t. 5. f. 13, 14.

O. ozodina, Duclos, Oliv. t. 5. f. 19, 20.

6. ANAZOLA PULCHELLA.
Oliva pulchella, Duclos, Oliv. t. 5. f. 11, 12.

7. ANAZOLA PANICULATA.
Oliva paniculata, Duclos, Oliv. t. 5. f. 15-18.

8. AGARONIA.

Shell ovate, subcylindrical ; spire acute, sutural groove open to
the top; aperture rather wide, ovate; inner lip defined, thin ;
pillar obliquely twisted in front, with several oblique grooves; belt
moderate, single. Foot (4. hiatula) elongate, longer than the shell,
acute behind, wider in front, covering part of the front of the shell ;
front lobes semicircular, wider in front, acute at the outer hinder
angles. Head hidden. Tentacles very small. Eyesnone. Opercu-
lum ——? (Duclos, t. 4 dis.)

* Anterior belt moderate.
1. AGARONIA TESTACEA.
Spire conical; suture linear, distinct to top; pillar white; belt
brown or white, single, smooth.

Oliva testacea, Lamk. no. 51; Reeve, C. I. t. 18. f. 36.
Agaronia testacea, Adam.

Agaronia hiatula, Gray, Beechey, Voy. 152.

Oliva hiatula, Duclos, Oliv. t. 3. f. 13, 14.

Oliva Steeria, Reeve, C. I. t. 18. f. 37.

Hab. Pacific ; Mexico (Lamk.).

2. AGARONIA INDUSICA.

Pillar white.

Oliva indusica, Reeve, C. 1. t. 19. f. 43.
Hab. Kurrachee.

3. AGARONIA CINCTA,

Pillar white ; shell with two brown bands.

Oliva cincta, Reeve, C. 1. t. 20. f. 47.
Hab. ?

4. AGARONIA CONTORTUPLICATA.
Pillar white ; shell grey ; throat dark red-brown.

Oliva contortuplicata, Reeve, C. 1. t. 20. f. 51.
Hab. Senegal.

** Anterior belt broader.

5. AGARONIA HIATULA.
Pillar purple-brown in front ; belt brown or white.

Voluta hiatula, Gmelin, 8. N. 3442 ; Dillw. R. S. 518.

V. ringens, Soland. MSS.

Oliva hiatula, Lamk. no. 52; E. M. t. 368. f. 5; Reeve, C. I.
t. 18. f. 35.

Oliva hiatula, var., Duclos, Oliv. t. 3. f. 14, 15, t. 4 dds, f. 17-21.

Ancilla maculata, Schum.

Hiatula Lamarekii, Swains.

Hab. Mouth of Niger (Adanson); East coast of Africa (Capt.
Owen).

6. AGARONIA NITELINA.
Pale brown; front belt rather wide ; inner lip pale brown.

Oliva nitelina, Duclos, Oliv. t. 3. f. 1, 2.
Oliva ancillarioides, Reeve, C. I.t. 21. f. 55.
Hab. Kurrachee.

9. OLIVINA.

Shell subcylindrical ; spire conical; sutural groove open to the
tip ; aperture linear or subovate ; inner lip defined ; pillar obliquely
twisted in front and obliquely grooved; belt single, rather narrow.
Foot (Ol. puelehana) short, much shorter than the shell, very broad,
rounded at the sides, enveloping the front of the shell; front lobes
very small, narrow, acute at the sides. Head almost hidden. Ten-
tacles none. Operculum distinct (D’Orb. Voy.).

* Shell white, aperture narrow.

1. OLIVINA GRACILIS.
Throat purplish.

Oliva gracilis, Sow., Gray, Beechey, Voy. 130. t. 36. f. 1; Duclos,
Oliv. t. 1.f. 17, 18; Reeve, C. I. t. 20. f. 46.

2. OtivinA RAZAMOLA.
Oliva razamola, Duclos, Oliv. t. 6. f. 3-6.

3. Oxivina CALDANIA.
Oliva caldania, Duclos, Oliv. t. 6. f. 3, 4.

4. OLIVINA TUNQUINA.
Oliva tunquina, Duclos, Oliv. t. 6. f. 1, 2.

5. OLIVINA PANICULATA.
Oliva paniculata, Duclos, Oliv. t. 5. f. 13-18.

. OLIVINA PULCHELLA.
“gam pulehella, Duclos, Oliv. t. 5. f. 11, 12; Reeve, C. I. t. 30.

‘Oliva oryza, Lamk.; Reeve, C. I.t. 27. f. 81.
Oliva menilifera, Reeve, C. I. t. 27. f. 84.
Oliva pellucida, Reeve, C.1.t. 27. f. 85.

7. Otivina ANAZORA.

Oliva anazora, Duclos, Oliv. t. 5. f. 3,4; Reeve, C. I.t. 25. f. 74.
Hab. Columbia.

8. OLIVINA LANCEOLATA.

Oliva lanceolata, Reeve, C. I. t. 30. f. 95.
Hab. Luzon.

9. Outvina MIRIADINA.
Oliva Miriadina, Duclos, Oliv. t. 5. f.1,2 ; Beeve, C.1. t. 30. f. 94.

10. OLIvVINA BULLATA.

Oliva bullata, Reeve, C. I. t. 30. f. 96.
Hab. West Indies.

11. Oxvrvina ALECTONA.
Oliva alectona, Duclos, Oliv. t. 4 dis, f. 15, 16.

12. OxrvinA PUELCHANA.

Oliva puelchana, D’ Orb. Amér. Mérid, 418. t. 49. f.13-19 ; Desh.
Lamk. no. 64; Duclos, t. 4 dis, f. 1-6.
Hab. Patagonia, St. Blas.

13. Oxrvina TEHUELCHANA.

Oliva tehuelchana, D’ Orb. Amér. Mérid. 418. t. 49.f. 7-12; Desh.
Lamk. no. 63; Duclos, Oliv. t. 4 dis, f. 7-14.
Hab. Patagonia, St. Blas.

14. Oxtvina EstHer.
Oliva Esther, Duclos, Oliv. t. 3. f. 7,8; Reeve, ©. 1. t. 23. f. 65.

15. OLivinA COLUMBA.
Oliva columba, Duclos, Oliv. t. 3. f. 3, 4.

16. OLIVINA STRIGATA.

Oliva strigata, Reeve, C. I. t. 25. f. 72.
Hab. West Indies.

17. OLIVINA DEALBATA.
Oliva dealbata, Reeve, C. 1. t. 25. f. 71. “

18. OLIVINA CHRULEA.
Oliva cerulea, Reeve, C.1. t. 24. f. 70.

19. OLIviNA ZENOPIRA.

Oliva zenopira, Duclos, Oliv. t. 3. f. 11, 12; Reeve,C.I. t. 24. f.69.
Hab. Madagascar.

20. OLIVINA SELASIA.
Oliva selasia, Duclos, Oliv. t. 2. f. 19, 20.

21. OLIVINA TERGINA.

Oliva tergina, Duclos, Oliv. t. 2. f. 13-16; Reeve, C. I.t. 26. f. 80.
Hab. Central America.

22. OLIVINA FULGIDA.

Oliva fulgida, Reeve, C. 1. t. 26. f. 78.
Hab. West Indies.

23. OLIVINA MUTICA.

Oliva mutica, Duclos, Oliv. t. 2. f. 5-8 ; Reeve, C. I. t. 28. f. 86,
eo, £93.

24. OLIVINA ZIGZAG.
Oliva zigzag, Duclos, Oliv. t. 2. f. 1-4, oper. a.

25. OLIVINA MANDARINA.
Oliva mandarina, Duclos, Oliv. t. 1. f. 19, 20.

26. OLIVINA JASPIDEA.

Voluta jaspidea, Gmelin, S. N. 3442; Dillw. R.S. 519.

Oliva eburnea, Lamk. no. 59; Dillw. 40; Duclos, t. 1. f. 13-16.
Oliva conoidalis, Lamk. no. 59; Lister, t. 725. f. 13 ; Duclos,
Ole. t) 229217, 28:

Voluta nivea, Gmelin.

Oliva nivea, Desh., Reeve, C. I. t. 23. f. 64.

Oliva jaspidea, Desh., Reeve, C.I. t. 22. f. 58.

Hab. Barbadoes (Laster).

27. OLIVINA MICA.
Oliva mica, Duclos, Oliv. t. 11, 12.

28. Oxivina GUILDINGII.

Oliva Guildingii, Reeve, C. 1. t. 28. f. 89.
Hab. West Indies.

29. OLIVINA FURA.

Oliva fura, Reeve, C. 1. t. 30. f. 97.
Hab. ?

30. OLIVINA LEPTA.
Oliva lepta, Duclos, Oliv. t. 1. f. 7, 8.

31. OLIVINA FIMBRIATA.

Oliva fimbriata, Reeve, C. I. t. 29. f. 92.
Hab. West Indies.

32. OLIVINA LINEOLATA.

Oliva lineolata, Gray in B.M. 1827, Beechey, Voy. 131.

Oliva Dama, Goodall * in Wood, Cat. Supp. t. 6. f. 37 ; Duclos,
Oliv. t. 3. f. 5, 6; Reeve, C. I. t. 23. f. 63.

Oliva purpurata, Swains. Z. Ill. t. 2. f. 1.

Oliva gracilis, Duclos, Oliv. t. 1. f. 17, 18.

Olivella lineolata, Adans., Gray.

Hab. California.

a Shell grey, black-banded ; aperture subovate.

33. OLIVINA COLUMELLARIS.
Shell smooth.

Oliva columellaris, Sow. Tank. Cat. 34; Wood, Supp. t. 4. f. 34;
Duclos, Oliv. t. 2. f. 11,12; Reeve, C. I. t. 23. f. 62.
Hab. Peru.

34. OLIVINA ZONALIS.

Shell smooth, small.

Oliva zonalis, Lamk. no. 61 ; Gray, Beechey, Voy. 131. t. 36. f. 25;
Duclos, Oliv. t. 1. f. 3,4; Reeve, C.I.t. 29. f. 90.

Oliva attenuata, Reeve, C.1. t. 29. f. 90.
Hab. Mexico.

35. OLIVINA SEMISULCATA.
Shell, hinder half of the last whorl longitudinally grooved.
Oliva semisulcata, Gray, Beechey, Voy. 130. t. 36. f. 10; Reeve,

. 1. t. $3: f. GI,
Hab. West Columbia.

* Many of the names of the shells in Wood’s Suppl. were arbitrarily altered by
the late Dr. Goodall as the work passed through the press, overlooking the fact
that some of them had been established by prior publication.

36. OLIVINA ZANOETA.
Blackish, with a subcentral white band.
Oliva zanoéta, Duclos, Oliv. t. 2. f. 9,10; Reeve, C. I. t. 26. f. 76.

10. ScAPHULA.

Shell ovate, spire conical, sutural groove open to the apex ; aper-
ture ovate ; inner lip rather expanded, thickened, defined, smooth,
with two small plaits in front; anterior belt very narrow. Foot
(Oliva biplicata or auriculata?) rather short, about the length of
the shell, broad,*much dilated on the sides and covering the whole
of the shell; the front lobes very large, broad, oblong, rounded on
the sides.. Head hidden. Tentacles none. Eyes none. Operculum
none. Animal pale grey-brown, not spotted.

1. SCAPHULA BIPLICATA.
Grey-brown ; inner lip white ; spire conical ; suture dark brown.

Oliva biplicata, Sow. Tank. Cat. 33; Duclos, Oliv. t. 3. f.9, 10;
Reeve, C. I. t. 20. f. 48.

Oliva nux, Goodall, Wood, Cat. Supp. t. 4. f. 33.

Olivancilla auricularia, D’Orb. Voy. Amér. Mérid. 421. t. 59.
f. 20-22 shell (animal ?).

Though M. D’Orbigny in his text correctly described Oliva aurt-
cularia of Lamarck, yet in his figure of the animal he represents
the shell of Oliva biplicata, which does not even answer to the cha-
racter of the genus to which he refers it; M. Deshayes has re-
ferred both animal and shell to that species (see Lamk. Hist. ed. 2.
x. 634).

M. Duclos to obviate the inconsistency—on what authority I do
not know—in his enlarged copy of M. D’Orbigny’s figure of the
animal, places on it a figure of the shell of the true Oliva auricu-
laria of Lamarck!

It must be left to succeeding naturalists to discover if the animal
figured by M. D’Orbigny is that of O. biplicata or O. auricularia.
My genus Scaphula was established on D’Orbigny’s account of the
animal.

2. SCAPHULA ROSALINA.

White, with distant zigzag yellow lines; front of pillar rose-co-
loured.

Oliva rosalina, Duclos, Oliv. t. 1. f. 1, 2; Reeve, C. I. t. 30. f. 99.

11. Micana.

Shell ovate or obconic; spire conical, callous; upper sutural
groove obliterated ; aperture ovate; inner lip thickened, expanded ;
pillar with two small grooves in front ; anterior belt narrow, single.
Animal ? Operculum half-ovate, horny.

Sey 389MM ae Rese ee +

ge ~~. *

ay 33
3593

“79037 | eiemaiead .

1. MICANA NANA.

Voluta nitidula, Soland. MSS.; Dillw. R. 8. 521.

V.. utriculus, var., Gmelin, E. M. t. 363. f. 4.

Oliva nana, Lamk. no. 60; Vuclos, Oliv. t. 25. f. 5-8, oper. A.B;
Reeve, C. I. t. 23. f. 66.

V. Ispidula, var., Born.

Oliva micans, Desh.

Voluta micans, Soland. MSS. ; Dillw. R.S. 521; E. M. t. 363. f. 3.

Oliva millepunctata, Duclos, Oliv. t. 25. f. 1-4; Reeve, C. I.
e298. f. 87.

Oliva oryza, Lamk. no. 62; Duclos, Oliv. t. 1. f. 9, 10.

Voluta oryza, Dillw. R. 8. 522.

Oliva rufifasciata, Reeve, C.1. t. 28. f. 88.

Hab. West Indies.

January 26, 1858.

P. L. Sclater, Esq., F.L.S., in the Chair.

The following papers were read :—

1. Norice or 4 New Genus or UrRope.tip& rrom Cryton, 1x
THE COLLECTION OF THE British Museum. By Dr. J. E.
Gray, F.R.S., V.P.Z. anp Ent. Soc. etc.

‘(Reptilia, Pl. XIII.)

In examining the reptiles recently acquired in the British Museum,
Mr. Edward Gerrard observed a Saurian from Ceylon, which he be-
lieved to be new. I have great pleasure in sending a description of
it to the Society, and in naming it after Mr. Gerrard, the preparer
of the osteological specimens and of the animals in spirits in the
British Museum, who has a most extraordinary empirical knowledge
of the osteology of the different vertebrated animals and of the
species of reptiles and fish.

Miry i, n. g.

Head tapering in front, acute ; rostral scale produced, compressed,
acute, bluntly keeled above and below. Tail very short, subconical,
rounded, covered with very close-set rough scales, each marked with
two slight ridges of small asperities, with a central terminal a
oblong plate furnished with a perpendicular blunt keel ; subcaudal
shields in five rows, central series rather wider, six-sided; vent with
two shields in front, and one in front of them between their base.

Mityi1a Gerrarpi. (Pl. XIII.)

Black ; sides with a series of short white perpendicular bands ;
underside white, with a black spot in the middle of each scale, a
white oblong four-sided spot over the base of the caudal rugosity ;
subeaudal scales few, with a small black spot in the centre of each.

Hab. Ceylon.

The form of the head agrees with the genus Rhinophis of Wagler ;
but it differs from that genus in the shortness, and especially in the
structure, of the caudal shield, which, in that genus, is formed of a
single horny conical plate.

2. Notice or THe Boscu Vark (PoTAMOCHGRUS AFRICANUS),
LIVING IN THE GARDENS OF THE Society. By Dr. J. E.
Gray, F.R.S., V.P.Z.S., erc.

(Mammalia, Pl. LIX.)

It was with great pleasure I was able to examine a living specimen
of the Bosch Vark from the Cape of Good Hope, as some zoologists
who had lived at the Cape had expressed to me a doubt as to the
distinctness of the Painted Pig of the Camaroons from the Bosch
Vark of the Cape, which they informed me is apt to vary in co-
louring, being sometimes fulvous.

Any one who examines the two living animals as they are now
placed, in two paddocks side by side in the Gardens, must at once
be satisfied of the distinctness of the species of the two animals,
quite independent of any variation that may occur in the ground
colour of the individuals, and at the same time be convinced of their
distinctness from the other pig and of their alliance to each other.
Their differences may be thus stated in parallel columns :—

P. AFRICANUS, 8. Africa.
The hair very long, blackish.

‘The nuchal crest very large,
bushy, and extending over the
shoulder.

Tail slender, placed rather high
up.

Phe ears moderate, rather
broad, with a small pencil at the

tip.

P. PENICILLATUS, W. Africa.

The hair short, adpressed,
deep red.

The nuchal crest small, low,
white, forming a narrow line.

Tail very thick, placed very
high up in the haunches.

The ears large, elongate, nar-
row, with a large terminal pencil.

These descriptions were taken at the same time of the year.
The two sexes of the two species are similarly coloured and agree
in the above characters. There are also several other distinctive

characters not so easily described.

we 4
a ee ee

> a Os

. . - 4 Fit
aes , %.. 2 ee a8

‘or. eee

i al ads aes
Te ;* ; P

3. Notes on a COLLECTION or Birps RECEIVED BY M. Ver-
REAUX OF PARIS FROM THE Rio Napoin THE REPUBLIC OF
Ecvapor. By Puariiie Lurvey Scviarer, M.A., F.L.S. erc.

(Aves, Pl. CX XXII.)

Some time since I had the honour of directing the attention of
this Society to a collection of birds belonging to Mr. Gould, which
had been formed on the upper Rio Napo, in the province of Quixos,
in the eastern part of the republic of Ecuador*. Several other small
collections have lately come into the possession of Sir William Jardine
and Mr. Gould from the same country, to all appearances prepared
by the same hand; but there has been nothing very striking in the
way of novelties amongst them, with the exception perhaps of a new
Motmot (Momotus equatorialis, Gould, P. Z. 8. 1857, p. 223) and
one or two scarce species of ‘Toucan,

Judging from the labels on some of these specimens, I am led to
believe that they were collected by a physician and naturalist named
Villavicencio, lately resident at Puerto del Napo, where he is spoken
of by the great Italian traveller Osculati in his ‘ Esplorazione delle
Regioni Equatoriali+,’ and to whom M. Bourcier has dedicated
the beautiful Humming-bird called Heliomaster villavicencii. 1 am
glad of this opportunity of stating that I have been informed that
this gentleman is now on his way to Europe, with the object of pub-
lishing maps of the republic of Ecuador, and giving to the world an
account of his discoveries in that little-known country.

M. Verreaux’s fine series of birds—embracing upwards of 170
species, a part of which I now have the pleasure of exhibiting to this
Society—has evidently been formed in nearly the same locality as
those which I have just mentioned, and contains specimens of most
of the species which I have previously noticed as coming from this
quarter. There are, however, many additional species, and upwards
of twenty which I consider unnamed, and have accordingly described
as new, and among these are several very peculiar forms. M. Ver-
reaux, knowing the interest which I take in tracing the range of
species, has kindly transmitted to me a perfect series, and I have
thought it desirable to give a complete list of them, in order to show
the general character of the Avi-fauna of this country.

M. Jules Verreaux carefully examined the whole of these birds
before they left his brother’s hands, labelling nearly every species,
and thus greatly lightening the severe labour of finding correct names
for so large a collection. In the case of the new species I have
always adopted his MS. names, and in this, as in other instances, have
seldom found it necessary to disagree from the results at which he
has arrived.

The most noticeable things in the collection are two Tanagers,
which seem to be not only specifically but generically different from

* See P. Z. S. 1854, p. 109 ef seg.
+ Esplorazione delle Regione Equatoriali lungo il Napo ed il fiame delle Amaz-
zoni, da Gaetano Osculati. Ed. 2. Milano, 1854, 1 vol. Svo.

anything hitherto known ; the fine series of Formicartide, embracing
upwards of thirty species, of which several appear to be undescribed ;
and a new bird of the peculiar South American family Pteropto-
chide, forming a link between Merulavis and Scytalopus.

1. RosrrHamus sociaBiLis (Vieill.), Bp. Consp. i. p. 20;
Strickl. Orn. Syn. p. 136, juv.

2. Scors ?

This bird seems certainly different from any of the S. American
members of the genus with which J am acquainted, and M. Jules
Verreaux has attached a new name to it, considering it to be unde-
scribed. Although several naturalists have paid much attention to
the Strigide of late years, there is still much confusion in several of
the groups as to the distinctness of the different species, and in none
perhaps more than in the difficult genus to which this bird belongs.
I am therefore unwilling to describe the present example as new
until I can give a general review of all the American species of the
genus.

3. ACANTHYLIS ALBICOLLIS (Vieill.), Sclater, P. Z. S. 1854,
p- 110.

4. Trocon viripis, Linn.; Bp. Consp. p. 148. — 7. melano-
pterus, Gould, Mon. pl. 10, 11.

5. Trocon ramontanus, Dev. & DesMurs, Rev. et Mag. de
Zool. 1849, p. 331; Voy. Castelnau, Zool. Ois. p. 33. pl. 11. fig. 2.

6. PHaromacrus ANTISIENSIS (D’Orb. & Lafr.).—Calurus pul-
chellus, Gould.

7. PHAROMACRUS AURICEPS (Gould), Bp. Consp. p. 152.

8. Bucco HYPERRHYNCHUS, Sclater, P. Z. S. 1855, p. 193.
pl. ev.

9. Bucco macropactyus (Spix), Sclater, Syn. of Buce. p. 14.

10. MaLacoprita uniToRQuES, DuBus.

I am still doubtful about the real specific distinctness of this species
and M. nigrifusca from M. fusca of Cayenne. See my remarks in
P. Z. 8. 1855, p. 195.

11. NonnvuLA FRONTALIS, Sclater, Mon. Buce. p. 20.

A specimen apparently referable to this Bogota species, but with-
out any appearance of the rufous front of the adult.

12. MonaSsA PERUANA, Sclater, P. Z. S. 1855, p. 194.

13. MoNASA NIGRIFRONS, Spix.

14. GaLBuLA LevcoGasteR, Vieill.—G. chalcothorax, Sclater,
P. Z. S. 1854, p. 110.

I believe I was in error in separating the bird from Quixos from
G. leucogastra. A more mature specimen in the present collection
seems to be not different from the latter species.

15. Momortvus semirurvus, Sclater, P. Z. S. 1857, p. 254.
16. Momorus 2quaroriatis, Gould, P. Z. S. 1857, p. 223.
17. Dacnis cayana (L.) 9, P. Z. 8. 1854, p. 252.

18. CHLOROPHANES ATRICAPILLA, Vieill.

19. ANABATES LINEATICEPS, Sclater, Ann. Nat. Hist. June
1856.

20. ANABATES INFUSCATUS, Sclater, Ann. Nat. Hist. June
1856.—A. amazonus, Lafr. MS.

These two birds agree well with the types of my descriptions in
my own collection, which were procured on the Upper Amazon.
The former bird is also among the species collected by Hauxwell on
the Ucayali, one of whose specimens is now in the British Museum.

21. Anasates ruFicAupATUS, Lafr. et D’Orb. Syn. Av. in Mag.
de Zool. 1838, p. 15.

22. ANABATES ERYTHROPTERUS, Sclater, P. Z. S. 1856, p. 27.
Both these two birds agree with Bogota skins.

23. ANABATES MELANORHYNCHUS, Tsch. Faun. Per. p. 35.
pl. 21. fig. 1 (teste Lafresnayo).

24. ANABATES MELANOPEZUS, Sp. nov.
ie

Supra saturate umbrino-brunneus, uropyyio rufescente, cauda
pure rufa: subtus pallide cinerascenti-brunneus, medialiter
dilutior ; gula albicantiore sed rufo lavata; crisso rufescente ;
tectricibus subalaribus cum remigum intus nigricantium parte
vicina lete rufis: rostro nigro, gonyde pallescente ; pedibus
nigricanti-plumbeis.

Long. tota 7°0, alee 3°2, caudee 3-0.

This species is very closely allied to Tschudi’s 4. ochrolemus,
with which it has been identified by M. de Lafresnaye. But as I
have in my collection one of Tschudi’s original specimens (of A.
ochrolemus), I am enabled to affirm that the two birds, though much
resembling one another, cannot be considered as of the same species.
Their upper surfaces are much alike; but beneath, the present bird is
of a very pale ashy-brown, while 4. ochrolemus is nearly as dark
below as above. In A. melanopezus the bill is shorter, stouter, and
nearly all black, and the feet are blackish lead-colour ; in 4. ochro-

lemus the bill is thinner and more elongated, yellowish, with the
culmen horn-colour, and the feet are pale brown.

25. ANABATES PYRRHODES, Cab. in Schomb. Guian. ii. p. 689.
—A. ochraceus, Lafr. MS.

A specimen referable, as I believe, to this species, of which I have
seen examples in the Paris Museum and in the collection of the Aca-
demy at Philadelphia, is marked “4. ochraceus, Lafr.”’

26. ANABATES GuTTURATUS, Lafr. et D’Orb. Syn. Av. in Mag.
de Zool. 1838, p. 14 (teste Lafresnayo).

27. ANABATES PULVERICOLOR, sp. nov.—Synallaxis pulvericolor,
Lafr. MS.

Terricolori-brunneus, interscapulio saturatiore, subtus dilutior,
alis extus et cauda omnino rufis: rostro brevi, paulum ineurvo,
albo ; pedibus robustis, plumbeis.

Long. tota 6°2, alee 2°6, caudze 2°8 ; tarsi 0°8, rostri a fronte 0°5.

A single bad specimen of this species belonging to M. de Lafres-
naye, and kindly lent to me by him along with other specimens
selected from this collection, bears the MS. name Synallawis pulveri-
color. It appears, however, to me to be better placed with Ana-
bates, and more nearly resembles the figure given in Buffon’s PI.
Enl. of Anabates guianensis, which is the type of the genus, than
anything I have yet seen. Had it been from Guiana instead of the
Rio Napo, I should have thought it was probably referable to that
long-lost species.

It certainly is not a typical Anabates, speaking of the set of birds
commonly so called, the bill being shorter, straighter, and smaller
than in these birds generally, though not very different from that of
Anabates erythrophthalmus, but it is more nearly allied to Anabates
than to any species of Synallaxis with which I am acquainted.

f 28. ScLERURUS BRUNNEUS, Sclater, P. Z. S. 1857, p. 17.

Agrees with my specimen from Bogota, and confirms my impres-
sion as to the validity of this species.

Long. tota 6°2, alze 3°0, caudz 2°3, rostri a fronte ‘8, a rictu 1°1,
tarsi *9.

29. SYNALLAXIS BRUNNEICAUDALIS, sp. nov.—Synallazis brun-
neicauda, Lafr. MS.

Supra olivaceo-brunnea, alis extus et pileo castaneis, subtus
obscure cinerascens, lateribus olivaceo indutis: caude rectri-
cibus decem, colore saturate purpurascenti-brunneis, plumarum
scapis nigris: tectricibus subalaribus ochraceo-flavis: rostro
nigro, gonydis basi albicante: pedibus brunneis.

Long. tota 6°5, alee 2°4, caudee 2°7, rostri a fronte °6, tarsi *95.

A fine large Synallaxis, for which I have employed M. de Lafres-

naye’s MS. name. The only adult specimen is in bad condition.
Both the examples belong to M. de Lafresnaye’s collection.

30. SYNALLAXIS ALBIGULARIS, sp. nov.—Synallavis albigula,
Lafr. MS.

Supra murino-brunnea ; cauda concolore ; pileo postico et tectri-
cibus alarum extus rufis: lateribus capitis et corpore subtus
cinereis : loris albidis : gula et ventre medio pure albis, lateri-
bus et crisso brunnescenti-cinereis : rostri nigricantis gonyde
albicante : pedibus clare brunneis.

Long. tota 5°5, alee 2°3.

A short-tailed species of Synallavis, as I should judge from the
only specimen under observation, in which, however, the medial rec-
trices are absent. It is very nearly allied to Temminck’s S. albescens,
but differs sufficiently in its white throat and belly, as far as I can
judge from the unique specimen.

31. XENOPS GENIBARBIS, Temm. ?
An imperfect specimen.

32. DENDRORNIS PALLIDIROSTRIS, Lafr.
* Affinis D. chuncotambo, Tsch.’’—Lafr.

33. DENDRORNIS BREVIROSTRIS, Lafr.
34, PICOLAPTES ALBO-LINEATUS, Lafr. Rev. Zool. 1848, p. 208.

4 35. XIPHORHYNCHUS GRENADENSIS, Lafr.

‘© 36. DenpRocoLarTes AaTrirostris, Lafr. et D’Orb.; Lafr.

Rey. et Mag. de Zool. 1851, p. 466.

37. GLYPHORHYNCHUS CUNEATUS, Bp. Consp. p. 209 ?

I am not certain whether characters of species 32, 33 and 35 have
yet been published or not ; but as M. de Lafresnaye has worked so
energetically at this group of birds, I am unwilling to anticipate him
by publishing descriptions of birds which bear his names.

TROGLODYTIN&.

38. CypHorinus MODULATOR (D’Orb.).

Thryothorus modulator, D’Orb. Voy. p. 230.—Sarochalinus rufi-
gularis, DesMurs in Casteln. Voy. Ois. p. 49. pl. 17. fig. 2.

39. CypHorinus Levucostictus, Cab. Orn. Not. i. p. 206?

This species is very nearly resembling, but not perhaps quite iden-
tical with, my Seytalopus prostheleucus from Mexico, P. Z. 8. 1856,
p-. 290. I was quite wrong in referring this latter bird to the genus
Scytalopus, that form with its closed nostrils belonging to the Pfe-
roptochide (a name which I propose to substitute for Lafresnaye’s
term Rhinomydee) ; while the Cyphorini, presenting a somewhat

similar outward appearance, but readily distinguishable upon close
examination, are true Wrens in structure. The same observation
may be made of Lafresnaye’s Scytalopus griseicollis from Bogota.
Cabanis gives Guiana and Mexico as localities for his C. leucostictus ;
if the birds from these two localities are not identical (as I think is
likely to be the case), the S. American bird may retain Cabanis’s
name, and the Mexican species be called Cyphorinus prostheleucus. +
The specimens in the present collection differ from the Mexican bird
in their rather larger size, longer bill, and the deeper chestnut of the
back and upper wing-coverts, which latter are not nearly so much
spotted with white.

40. THryoTHoRUS CoRAyA (Gm.).
Rather darker head, but hardly distinct from the Cayenne bird.

41. MyropiocTes CANADENSIS (Linn.).
42. RHIMAMPHUS BLACKBURNIA, Juv.

43. RHIMAMPHUS CHZRULEUS (Linn.), Juv.
44, Turpvus minimus, Lafr.

45. Turpus pHmopycGos, Cab. in Schomb. Guian. iil. p. 666.
Back slightly darker, but not apparently otherwise different.

46. MALACOCICHLA MACULATA, Sp. nov.
Catharus maculatus, J. Verreaux, MS.

Supra nigricanti-schistacea, pileo toto cum capitis lateribus niger-
rimis : subtus ochracescenti-albida, lateraliter schistacea: gula
et pectore summo triangulariter nigro maculatis, maculis quoque
in ventris lateribus rotundis, obsolete schistaceis: tectricibus
subalaribus nigro-schistaceis: rostro et pedibus flavis.

Long. tota 7-0, alee 3°6, caude 2°8, rostri a fronte °6, a rictu °85,

tarsi 1:4.

This interesting bird is a close ally of Gould’s Malacocichla dryas
from Guatemala, and I have therefore placed it in the same genus.
It may be distinguished from that species by the dark slaty colour
‘ of the back, which in M. dryas is greenish olive. Whether these
birds will be ultimately separable from the genus Catharus is, I
think, questionable; and M. Jules Verreaux is therefore quite as
likely to be correct in his appellation of this species as I am in mine.
Besides M. dryas from Guatemala (P. Z. 8. 1854, p. 285, pl. 75),
Prince Bonaparte has described a Mexican species—M. mexicana
(Compt. Rend. Aug. 2, 1856). The Prince also informed me (after
a visit to M. de Lafresnaye’s collection, which he made shortly before
his decease) that Myioturdus fuscater, Lafr. R. Z. 1845, p. 341,
belongs to this same genus—so that this is probably the fourth
species known.

47. CymBILanius LINEATUS (Leach), ¢ et 9.

ty THAMNOPHILUS MELANURUS, Gould, P. Z. S. 1855, p. 69.
pl. 83.

49. THAMNOPHILUS corviNuUs, Gould, P. ZS. 1855, p. 69.

50. THAMNOPHILUS MELANOCEPs, Spix, Av. Bras. ii. p. 28.
pl. 39. fig. 1; Sclater, P. Z.S. 1857, p. 133.

51. THAMNOPHILUS MACULIPENNIS, Sclater, Edinb. Phil. Journ.
i. p. 247.

52. THAMNOPHILUS &THIOPS, sp. nov.

3. Ater unicolor ; campterio et tectricibus subalaribus albo
variegatis: rostro et pedibus nigerrimis.

2. Castaneo-brunnea unicolor, alis intus obscurioribus, maculis
quibusdam tectricum superiorum majorum apicalibus cum camp-
terii margine et tectricibus subalaribus flavicanti-rufis : cauda
nigra: rostro et pedibus nigris.

Long. tota 6-0, alee 2°8, caudee 2°5, rostri a rictu *85, tarsi *9.

This species is in colour like 7. immaculatus, of a uniform black ;

but, whilst that has only a very insignificant white patch on the
bend of the wing, the 7. e/hiops has the under wing-coverts as well
as the upper coverts close to the bend varied with white. Besides,
the bill is much shorter and stouter, and the whole bird is smaller
in its dimensions. Of 7. immaculatus I make the corresponding
measurements :—Long. tota 7°0, alee 3°3, caude 3-0, rostri a rictu
1°0, tarsi 1°3.

53. THAMNOPHILUS CAPITALIS, sp. nov.

3. Cinereus, alis intus obscurioribus: pileo nigro; subtus dilu-
tior, tectricibus subalaribus et marginibus remigum interioribus
ochracescenti-albidis : cauda nigricante : rostro et pedibus
plumbeo-nigris.

Q. Umbrino-brunnea ; pileo rufo; subtus dilutior, gula albican-
tiore: rostro pedibusque plumbeis, illius mandibula inferiore
pallidiore.

Long. tota 5*7, ale 2°5, caudze 2:0, tarsi *75.

This Thamnophilus belongs to the typical division of the group
which contains 7’. nevivs and its allies. It is easily distinguishable
by its uniform cinereous plumage and black head, with the absence
of all markings on the wings and tail. M. Verreaux’s collection
contains a male not quite adult and two females of this species.

54. THAMNOPHILUS STRIGILATUS, Spix, Av. Bras. ii, pl. 36.
fig. 1?

Apparently a female of some species of this genus. A large light-
chestnut blotch occupies the base of the back feathers, which are
inordinately thickened.

No. CCCLI.—ProcrepineGs or THK ZOOLOGICAL Sociery.

55. DysirHAMNUS scHisTAcEus(D’Orb.).—Thamnophilus schis-
taceus, D’Orb. Voy. p. 170. pl. 5. fig. 1.

3. Obscure cinereus, subtus vir dilutior, macula parva sub dorsi
medii pennis et rectricum margine apicali angusta albis : rostro
et pedibus nigris.

2. Obscure brunnea, subtus flavicanti-rufescens, gula albicante ;
alis caudaque nigricanti-fuscis, rectricum margine apicali ru-
Sescenti-alba.

Long. tota 5°5, alee 2°8, caudee 1°9, tarsi *75.

Obs.—Affinis D. plumbeo ex Brasilia, sed alis concoloribus neque

albo marginatis.

I refer this bird with some doubt to D’Orbigny’s species.

56. DysITHAMNUS LEUCOSTICTUS, sp. Nov.

Supra umbrino-brunneus, pileo rufescentiore, pennis omnibus in-
terne cinereis: subtus cinereus, capitis lateribus cum gula et
pectore guttis elongatis albis, pennas medias occupantibus, ma-
culatis: ventri lateribus et crisso olivaceo tinctis: cauda ob-
secure nigra, extus brunneo marginata: rostro et pedibus ngris.

Long. tota 5°2, alee 2°75, caudee 2°0, tarsi 1°85.

This species is noticeable on account of the clear white elongated
shaft-spots on the throat and breast, which distinguish it from other
birds of the group. In two younger specimens in MM. Verreaux’s
collection these spots are hardly yet apparent, and the rich brown
edging of the upper plumage is only partly assumed, leaving these
parts of a brownish cinereous.

57. DysITHAMNUS SEMICINEREUS, Sclater, P. Z.S. 1855, p. 90.
pl 97,..2

58. PyRIGLENA SERVA, Sp. nov.

3. Nigra, subtus magis ardesiaca : macula magna interscapula-
rium interna et tectricum alarium superiorum marginibus apica-
libus cum campterio albis ; rostro et pedibus nigris.

Q. Olivascenti-cinerea, macula interscapularium interna alba:
subtus saturate ferruginea ; alis caudaque fuscis, tectricum
alarium superiorum marginibus et tectricibus subalaribus rufes-
centibus ; rostro superiore nigro, inferiore flavido: pedibus
Suscis.

Long. tota 5°3, alee 2°5, caudee 2°3, rostri a rictu 0°8, tarsi 0°9.

Distinguished from Pyriglena domicella and P. atra by its smaller

size. Sir William Jardine recently lent me some specimens of For-
micartide from Quixos, among which were examples of both sexes of
this same species. I do not know Lanws funebris, Licht. (Doubl.
p- 47), from Cayenne, but as far as I can judge from his short cha-
racters, it can hardly be identical with the present bird.

59. PyriGLena QuixeEnsis (Cornalia).—Thamnophilus quizensis,

Corn. Vert. Syn. p. 12.—Pyriglena quizensis, Sclater, P. Z. 8. 1854,
p- 112.

60. PyRiGLENA RUFIVENTRIS (Corn.).—Thamnophilus rufiven-
tris, Corn. Vert. Syn. p. 12.—Pyriglena rufiventris, Sclater, P. Z. 8.
1854, p. 112.

Probably the female of the preceding.

61. THAMNOMANES GLAUCUS, Cab. Orn. Not. i. p. 230; Bp.
Consp. i. p. 2017
62. Formicivora CINERASCENS, Sclater, P. Z.S. 1857, p. 131.

This specimen agrees perfectly with others from the same locality,
except in the absence of all edgings to the wing-coverts.

63. ForMIcIvOoRA HAUXWELLI, Sclater, P. Z. 8. 1857, p. 131,
pl. exxvi. fig. 2, d et 2.

64. ForMICIVORA MENETRIESI.
Myrmothera menetriesi, D’Orb. Voy. Am. Mér. Ois. p. 184.

65. Formictvora pyGM#A (Gm.), Buff. Pl. Enl. 831. fig. 2,
dg et 2.

66. Formicivora caupara, Sclater, P, Z.S.1854, p. 254, pl. 74,
juy.

67. HypocNeMIS MYIOTHERINA (Spix) ; Sclater, P. Z. S. 1855,
p- 146.

68. Hypocnemis MELANosTIcTA, Sclater, P. Z. S. 1854, p. 234.
pl. Ixxiii.
69. Hypocnemis THERES# (DesMurs).

Conopophaga theresa, DesMurs, Voy. Casteln. Ois. p. 51. pl. 16.
fig. 2.

70. HyrocneMis ORNATA.—Formicivora ornata, Sclater, Rev.
et.Mag. de Zool. 1853, p. 480, 3 et ?.

71. Hypocnemis cantator (Bodd.), Pl. Enl. 700, 2.

72. Hypocnemis paciLtonota, Cab. Orn. Not. i. p. 213. pl. 4.
fig. 2, 2.

73. Piruys atBirrons (Gm.), Pl. Enl. 707. fig. |.

74. HeTeEROCNEMIS ALBIGULARIS, Sp. nov.

Brunnescenti-olivaceus, plumis omnibus nigro obsolete marginatis,
alis caudaque nigricantibus ; fascia alarum duplici alba: sub-
tus pallide cinerascens, gutture albo, ventre nigricante trans-
versim lineato : rostro nigro, mandibule inferioris basi albido :
pedibus fuscis.

Long. tota 4°2, ale 2°35, cande 0:9, rostri a rictu 0°9, tarsi 1-0.

Obs.—Affinis H. bamble ex Cayenna, sed crassitie paulo majore,
' rostro longiore et gula alba dignoscenda.

75. CONOPOPHAGA TORRIDA, Sp. Nov.

Clare brunnescenti-olivacea, dorsi plumis nigro partim variegatis ;
capite supra, alis et cauda ferruginescenti-brunneis : tectricibus
alarum et secundariis extus macula apicali fulvo-flavida orna-
tis: plumarum fasciculo postoculart albo: subtus clare ferru-
ginea, gula et ventre medio albicantibus, hypochondriis et ventre
imo magis fulvis : mandibula superiore nigra, inferiore cornea :
pedibus pallidis.

Long. tota 4°6, alee 2°8, caude 1-2, tarsi 1°0.

M. Verreaux’s collection contained a single specimen of this ap-
parently new Conopophaga, not in very good plumage. A more
perfect example in the British Museum, which is from Chamicurros
in Eastern Peru, has furnished my specific characters.

This is a typical species of the genus somewhat allied to C. lineata
of South-eastern Brazil.

76. ConoporpHaGA PERUVIANA, DesMurs, Voy. Casteln. Ois.
p. 52. pl. 16. fig. 1.

4 77. ForMIcaRIus NiGRIFRONS, Gould, P. Z. S. 1855, p. 68.

78. Formicartus ANALIS (Lafr. et D’Orb.), D’Orb. Voy. pl.6 2s,
fig. 1.

79. FoRMICARIUS NIGRO-MACULATUS (Lafr. et D’Orb.), D’Orb.
Voy. Ois. pl. 6*.

80. Cuamaza NoBILis, Gould, P. Z. S. 1855, p. 68.

81. GRALLARIA FLAVIROSTRIS, sp. nov.

Brunnescenti-olivacea, loris et capitis lateribus rufescentibus :
subtus alba, pectoris medii et lateralis plumis pallide rujis,
utrinque nigro late limbatis, quasi squamatis; gule laterum
plumis rufo tinctis, fascia nigricante intus marginatis; tec-
tricibus subalaribus pallide rufis; rostro flavo ; pedibus clare
brunneis.

Long. tota 4°2, alee 2°7, caudee 1°1, tarsi 0-9, rostri a rictu 0°7.

This diminutive Grallaria is very like the Venezuelan bird which

I described in the Proceedings for last year (P. Z.S. 1857, p. 129)
under the name G. loricata. Like that, it has a pectoral band
formed by the black margins of the pale rufous feathers ; but in the
present species the band is much narrower, and the head is not
chestnut.

82. GRALLARIA FULVIVENTRIS, Sp. nov.

Olivaceo-brunnea, pileo obscuriore, alis extus magis rufescentibus,
loris albidis: subtus gula et abdomine medio albis, pectore,
ventri lateribus et crisso cum tectricibus alarum inferioribus —

saturate fulvis, pectore lineis quibusdam niyris variegato :
rostro superiore nigro, inferiore, nisi apice, flavo: pedibus
pallide brunneis.
Long. tota 5:5, alee 3°2, caudee 174, tarsi 1°5, rostri a rictu 0°95.
This Grallaria seems to belong to a species distinct from anything
yet deseribed. The bird most resembling it of those I have met
with, is G. macularia, of which there are specimens in the Leyden
Museum ; but that is rather a peculiar species, remarkable for its
denuded orbits and short, strong hind-nail, while this bird has the
hind-nail slender and rather long, and is in every respect a typical
member of the genus.

Genus novum AGATHOPUS.

Rostrum modice longitudinis, brevius quam caput, subulatum,
culmine recto, ad apicem paulum incurvo, gonyde ascendente,
mandibula superiore ad apicem dentata, naribus, prout in om-
nibus hujus familie generibus, coopertis: ale brevissime, ro-
tundate, remige septima sextam et quintam paulo excedente et
longissima, tertia secundarias equante: pedes validi, tarsis
longis, antice scutellis novem regularibus, postice scutellis mi-
nutis, tecti; unguibus curvatis, acutis ; cauda modice longi-
tudinis, multum rotundata, rectricibus duodecim, extimis di-
midio brevioribus, ceteris gradatim longioribus ; tectricibus
supra-caudalibus densissimis.

83. AGATHOPUS MICROPTERUS, Sp. Noy.

Obscure nigricanti-schistaceus, dorso postico cum ventre imo, late-
ribus et crisso saturate brunneis, radiis transversis nigris, in
tergo viv apparentibus, subobsolete variegatis : rostro nigro,
pedibus clare brunneis.

Juvenis.—Radiis transversis nigris omnino obtectus, gula magis
cinerascente, et colore toto magis brunneo.

Long. tota 3°3, alee 2°3, caudee 1°9, rostri a rictu *7, tarsi 1-0.

This curious bird, of which the collection contains two examples,

seems intermediate in form, as in size, between Merulazis atra and the
Scytalopodes. From the former it differs in the shape of the bill,
which is shorter, has the gonys curved upwards, and wants the ele-
vated feather-tufts on the front ; from Seytalopus it is distinguished
by its thicker, stronger and larger bill, longer tail, and longer tarsi.
These genera, along with Pterop/ochus and its allies, appear to me to
constitute a well-distinguished group, for which, as I have said above,
I propose to use the term Pteroptochide, deduced from the oldest
and best-known genus (instead of Lafresnaye’s name Rhinomydee)
according to the orthodox rule for forming the names of families.
The distinctions of these birds as a group are well pointed out in
the Ornithology of D’Orbigny’s Voyage (p. 192), and their most
essential character, as is there stated, consists in the covered nostril,
only a narrow longitudinal aperture being left, which occurs in every
species. They must certainly be arranged next to the Formicarida,
within the limits of which they have been placed by Cabanis and

other writers; and I am not myself certain that it may not be pos-
sible to consider them only as a subfamily belonging to that series.

84. ToprRosTRUM CAPITALE, Sclater, P. Z. S. 1857, p. 83.
pl. 125. f. 2.

85. TopIROSTRUM SQUAMICRISTATUM, Lafr. R.Z. 1846, p. 363.

86. TopIROSTRUM SPICIFERUM, Lafr. R, Z. 1846, p. 363; P.
i, 8, 1855,"p. By, pl. a2. 8. 2. .

In my communication on some new species of this genus in last
year’s Proceedings (p. 84), I have united this bird with T. galea-
tum, figured in Pl. Enl. 391. f. 1, from Cayenne. Mr. G. R. Gray
has however pointed out to me specimens of both these species
in the British Museum, whereby it clearly appears that I was in
error in so doing. The two are certainly very nearly allied species,
but 7. galeatum (which appears to be the same as the bird deno-
minated Colopterus cristatus by Cabanis) may be distinguished by
having no edgings to the wing-coverts, and by the very peculiar ab-
breviation of the three first primaries.

87. ToDIROSTRUM PICATUM, Sp. nov.

Supra nigrum, loris et secundariarum trium ultimarum pogonis
externis cum macula rectricis une utrinque extime apicali
albis, his flavicante tinctis ; subtus album, tectricibus sub-
alaribus et margine camptervi flavicanti-albis : rostro superiore
nigro, inferiore albo ; pedibus pallide fuscis.

Long. tota 3°5, ale 2°1, caudze 1°3, rostri a fronte 6:0, tarsi 6-5.

This peculiar Todirostrum is quite unlike any other known mem-

ber of the genus in colouring. In structure it is generally typical,
but with the bill not quite so broad towards the apex as in some
others.

88. Myrosprus pHaNicuRus. — Tyrannula phenicura, Sclater,
P. ZS. 1854, p. TES. pl.166. 1 3:

89. Myiosius 2
Affinis M. barbato, sed crassitie majore.

90. Myrosrus ERYTHRURUS, Cab. Orn. Not. p. 249. pl. 5. f. 1.
91. TyRANNUS MELANCHOLICUS, Vieill.

92, CYCLORHYNCHUS ZQUINOCTIALIS, sp. nov.

Clare olivaceus, remigibus alarum nigricantibus flavicanti-viridi
late limbatis ; cauda fusca, rectricum marginibus dorso con-
coloribus: subtus flavicans, yula grisescente ; pectore et late-
ribus cum crisso olivaceo perfusis ; tectricibus subalaribus sul-
phureis ; rostro superiore nigro, inferiore albo; pedibus carnets.

Long. tota 6°0, alee 2°6, caudee 2°3, rostri a rictu 0°8, tarsi 0°7.

This bird is a close ally of the Brazilian Cyclorhynchus olivaceus,

but may be distinguished by its shorter wings and tail, and by the
pure yellow of the middle of the abdomen.

93. PLaryrayNCcuus coronatus, Verreaux, MS.

Brunnescenti-olivaceus, alis caudaque fuscis, pilei cristati parte
mediali flavissima laterali utrinque castanea ; linea superciliart
et altera a rictu descendente nigris ; loris et corpore subtus
cum tectricibus subalaribus sordide flavicantibus ; rostro supe-
riore nigro, inferiore albicante ; pedibus pallide fuscis.

Long. tota 3°8, alee 2°4, caudee 1°2, rostri a rictu *55, tarsi 55.

This is a typical species of the genus Platyrhynchus with the

bill nearly of the same breadth and shape as in P. cancroma, and
of the general size and form of that species; but it is easily re-
cognizable by its bright yellow crest being broadly margined with
deep chestnut, and by the shorter and more slender tarsi. These
two birds and Platyrhynchus rostratus are the only members of the
group with which I am acquainted.

94, Event avsicers (Lafr. & D’Orb.).

95. EL&NIA LUTEIVENTRIS, Sp. nov.

Supra fusca unicolor, alis caudaque paulo saturatioribus ; gut-
ture griseo, abdomine medio et crisso cum tectricibus alarum
inferioribus sulphureo-flavis, pectore et lateribus oleagineis ;
rostro et pedibus nigris.

Long. tota 5:3, ale 2°8, caudee 2°3, tarsi 0°6.

A typical Zlenia of the same form as FE. pagana, the type of the

genus, but of smaller size, and differing in colouring from all mem-
bers of the group with which I am acquainted.

96. LepropoGon suPERCILIARIS, Cab. in Tsch. Faun. Per. pl.10.
f. 2. p. 161?

97. MronecTEs OLEAGINEUS (Licht.) ; Bp. Consp. p. 187.

98. Copurus LEuconoTus, Lafr.
See P. Z. S. 1855, p. 148. The same as the Bogota bird.

99. PACHYRHAMPHUS MARGINATUS (Max.); P.Z.S. 1857, p. 77.

100. PacuyRHAMPHUS vERSICOLOR (Hartl.); P. Z.S. 1857,
p- 76.

101. Lirpaveus rusco-c1neREvS (Lafr.).

102. CorrnGa MAYNANA (Linn.) 2?

103. CepHALOPTERUS ORNATUS, Geoffr.

104. Rurrcova pervuviana (Lath.)?.

105. CrrRHIPIPRA FILICAUDA (Spix) °.

106. Prera coracina, Sclater, P. Z. 8. 1856, p. 29.

107. Prpra cornuta, Spix ? ?

108. Piera srrio~ata, Bp. Consp. p. 174 ¢.

109. Piprires CHLORION, Bp. Consp. p. 174?

I do not unfortunately possess, nor have I access to specimens of
Piprites chlorion of Cayenne ; so I may be in error in referring this
bird to that species. It is however certainly different from Piprites
chloris of Brazil, and therefore probably new, if not identical with
P. chlorion.

110. Cyanocorax r1ncas (Bodd.) ; Pl. Enl. 625.
111. Cyanocorax vioLaceus, DuBus ; Bp. Consp. p. 379.

112. Cacicus yuracarium, D’Orb. & Lafr.; D’Orb. Voy. Ois.
pl. 51. f. 1. p. 365.

113. Cacicus cristatus (Gm.); Bp. Consp. p. 427.

114. DoticHonyx oryztvorus (Linn.) juv. ?

I have seen several S. American specimens of this bird, not appa-
rently much differing from northern examples, theugh I think it
very likely that they may eventually be found to belong to a different
species. Dr. Hartlaub has hinted at its occurrence in Paraguay
(Index to Azara, p. 9): my own specimens are from Bolivia and
S. Martha, New Grenada, and it appears to have been procured by
Darwin in the Galapagos islands.

115. Spermopuita Luctuosa, Lafr. R. Z. 1843, p. 291, jun. ?
116. SauraTor MaGNus (Gm.).

117. SALTATOR AZAR&, D’Orb.

Nearly agreeing with Bolivian specimens in the British Museum,
which I refer to D’Orbigny’s species ; but a shade darker on the back.

118. BUARREMON BRUNNEINUCHUS (Lafr.).

119. ARREMON SPECTABILIS, Sclater.

120. CHLOROSPINGUS
An immature bird, and bad skin.

121. Evcometis ALBicouuis (Lafr. & D’Orb.) ; Sclater, P.Z.S.
1856, p. 117 (2).

It will be necessary to compare this specimen with the type in
the Paris Museum before it can be referred without doubt to D’Or-
bigny’s species.

122. Lanio atricaPiLuus (Gm.) ??

123. CREURGOPS VERTICALIS, sp. et gen. novum. (Pl, CXXXII.
fig. 2.)

CreurGops*, genus novum, Lanioni et Trichothraupidi affine, sed
rostro diverso. Rostrum breve, crassum, culmine versus apicem
ineurvo, gonyde vie ascendente, commissura modice arcuata,
mandibula superiore dente mediali distincto et altero finali
instructo ; vibrissis rictalibus nonnullis: ale modice, cauda
tertiam partem attingentes, remigibus secunda, quarta et quinta
equalibus et longissimis, prima his paulo breviore : cauda
longa, apice quadrata.

CREURGOPS VERTICALIS, J. Verreaux, MS.

Supra fuscescenti-schistacea, pileo semicristato saturate ferru-
gineo, hujus lateribus cum fronte nigricantibus : alis caudaque
Susco-nigris ; subtus ferruginescenti-ochracea : rostro nigri-
cante, gonydis basi albida, pedibus fuscis.

Long. tota 6°2, alee 3-2, caude: 2°5, rostri a rictu 0°7, tarsi 0°85.

This peculiar Tanager seems to belong to the neighbourhood of

Lanio, Tachyphonus and their allies, and, like the former, has a very
sharply defined notch about two-thirds of the distance along the edge
of the upper mandible. But the bill is otherwise very different from
that of Lanio, being much shorter, broader, thicker, and more swollen,
with the culmen much arched towards the tip. The single specimen
contained in the collection is not in very good condition, but its
perfect distinctness from every known species of Tanager is obvious
at first sight.

124. PyranGa ruBRA (L.) ?.
125. PyranGa astiva (L.) ? et ¢ juv.?
126. RampuHoce us pimipratus (Lafr.) ?.

127. Evcuares coccingvs, J. Verreaux, MS., sp. et gen. noy.
(Pl. CXXXII. fig. 1.)

Coccineus, loris, facie et mento cum gutture et collo antico, alis

caudaque nigerrimis: rostro et pedibus nigris.

Long. tota 6°5, alee 3°5, caudee 2-4, rostri a fronte 0°55, a rictu
0°7, tarsi 0°9.

The single specimen of this bird in the present collection is the
most interesting novelty which I have met with since I commenced
studying the group to which it belongs. Its plumage is precisely that
of a Ramphocelus, but the structure is quite different, and renders it
impossible to place it in that group. The form of the bill is rather
that of the true Tanagre, and agrees more nearly with that of Ta-
nagra olivi-cyanea and Buthraupis eximia, but it is shorter, thicker,
aud more swollen than in the former, though not so much so as in
the latter of these birds. The tail is comparatively much shorter
than in either of these forms ; and altogether it is, 1 think, imprac-
ticable to arrange it in any other way than as a separate generic
division, for which the following characters may suftice :-—

* cpcoupyos lanius, et wp facies.

Rostrum forte, breve, carinatum, compressum, culmine arcuato,
gonyde ascendente, dente finali distincta, commissura paululum
sinuata ; vibrissis nullis: ale longa, remige prima quartam
aequante et a secunda et tertia longissimis paulo superatis:
cauda brevis, apice modice rotundata: pedes fortes, sicut in
genere Buthraupide : ptilosis coccinea, nigro varia.

128. TANAGRA MELANOPTERA, Hartl.

129. CaLuiste puLcHRa (Tsch.).

130. CALLISTE sCHRANKI (Spix).

131. CALLISTE GYROLOIDES (Lafr.).

132. CALLISTE VENUSTA, Sclater.

133. CHLOROCHRYSA CALLIPAR&A (T'sch.), juv.

134. EUPHONIA XANTHOGASTRA, Sund.

135. EUPHONIA RUFIVENTRIS (Vieill.) ?.

136. Procnias OCCIDENTALIS, Sclater, P. Z. 8. 1854, p. 249.

137. CHLORONERPES SELYSI, Malh.
138. CeLEus JUMANA (Spix), Av. Bras. i. p. 57. pl. 47.

139. CeLeus Gramnicus, Malh. Mém. Soc. Roy. Liege, 1845,
p- 69.
I have a specimen of this bird from the Peruvian Amazon.

140. CELEUS VERREAUXI.
Celeopicus verreauxi, Malh. MS.*

* M. Malherbe, who examined and named the Picide@ in this collection before
they came under my inspection, has kindly transmitted to me the following
notes on this new species, of which there was but one specimen :—

Celeopicus verreauxi, Malherbe.

“ & adultus—Rostro albido-corneo, basi livido ; pileo toto, capite ad latera et
occipitis crista obscure castaneis, in medio nigris ; corpore supra flavido-
cinnamomeo, abdomine remigibusque secundariis cinnamomeo-rufis, omnibus
immaculatis ; alarum tectricibus minoribus pectareque medio cinnamomeo-
rujis, fasciolis nonnullis cordiformibus, interruptis, nigris variegatis: gule
et colli plumis castaneis in medio nigris ; remigibus primariis nigricantibus,
intus basin versus flavido-rufescentibus, extus plus minusve rufis: hypo-
chondriis alarumque tectricibus inferioribus rufescenti-flavis ; plus minusve
ad basin rufo marginatis : pedibus griseo-virescentibus.

“Long. tota 220-230, ale 133, caude 73-80, tarsi 19 mill. Gall.

“Ce grimpeur ressemble beaucoup au Celeopicus grammicus, mais on le dis-
tingue de prime abord parceque le C. grammicus a tout le dos, les scapulaires,
toutes les tectrices alaires et les rémiges secondaires ainsi que les parties infé-
rieures, a l’exception du bas-ventre, rayés transversalement de bandes noires: le
croupion, qu’est d’un jaune mélé du roussatre, et les tectrices caudales, qui sont

141. Dryocorus namarocaster, Tsch. Faun. Per. pl. 25.
142. Dryocorus aLurrosrris (Spix), Av. Bras, i. pl. 45.
iP:

144. Capiro peRvUVIANUus, Cuv.

143. Prcumnus

145, Evusucco sARTLAUvBI, juy. ?

146. PrayA MEHLERI, Bp. Consp. p. 110?

Agrees with specimens of the New Grenadian representative of
P. cayana, which I suppose to be the bird intended by Prince Bona-
parte for P. mehleri. °

147, Rampuastos cutminatus, Gould, Mon, ed. 2. pl. 11.
148. PreroGLossus pLuRicinctus, Gould, Mon. ed. 2. pl. 17.

149. PreroGuossus rLAvirostris, Fraser ; Gould, Mon. ed. 2.
pl. 29.

150. ANDIGENA NIGRIROSTRIS* (Waterh.) ; Gould, Mon. ed. 2.
pl. 44.

The specimens from the Rio Napo have an obsolete orange band
at the base of the upper mandible, which extends rather more for-
ward in front of the nostrils. Bogota specimens have the bill black.

151. SELENIDERA REINWARDTI (Wagl.); Gould, Mon. ed. 2.
pl. 35. g et 9.

152. AULACORHAMPHUS ALBIVITTATUS (Boiss.) ; Gould, Mon.
ed. 2. pl. 49.

153. Curysotis AMAZONICA (Gm.), Buff. Pl. Enl. 547.—Psit¢.
amazonicus, Wagl. Mon. Psitt. p. 588. sp. 7.

154. Curysotis rarrnosa (Bodd.), Buff. Pl. Enl. 861.—Psit¢.
pulverulentus, auct., et Wagl. Mon. Psitt. p. 582. sp. 4.

155. CarysoTis MERCENARIA (Tsch.).—Ps. mercenarius, Tsch.
Faun. Per. p. 270.

I refer this bird to Tschudi’s species, because it agrees with his
description. It does not agree with the figure given in the ‘ Fauna
Peruana,’ as that represents a red patch in the wing. But the
plates of this work are so untrustworthy, that I think it is unad-

rousses, ne portent aucune bande noire, tandis que le C. verreauri a toutes ces
parties d’un roux marron clair uniforme et n’a que quelques taches noires sur
les petites tectrices alaires.

“On ne confondra pas non plus cette espeéce nouvelle avec le C. castaneus
(Licht. nee Swainson) décrit par Wagler, Isis, 1829, p. 515, ou Ladioides, Less.
(Cent. Zool. pl. 14. p. 56. 1830-31, et Trait. d’Orn. p. 226, 1831), dont elle a
aussi la taille et les caractéres.”

* Since separated specifically by Mr. Gould under the title Andigena spilorhyn-
chus, P.Z.S. March 23rd.

visable to pay too much attention to them, particularly as I have
already been led into error by following them as a guide instead of
the letter-press. This bird may be recognized among its congeners
by the yellow bend of the wing, by the want of the red: wing-mark,
and by the blue patch on the outer web of the exterior pair of
tail-feathers, the inner web, and both webs of the second, third,
fourth and fifth pair having a large red spot, and the middle pair
being wholly green. The same bird is in the British Museum from
New Grenada (Bogota).

156. Carica BARRABANDI (Kuhl), Le Vaill. Perr. pl. 134.
157. CAIcCA MELANOCEPHALA (Gm.), Pl. Enl. 527.

158. Ara miuirarts (Linn.).—Sittace militaris, Wagl. Mon.
Psitt. p. 668. sp.%85; Edwards’ Birds, pl. 313.

159. ConurRuS GUIANENSIs (Gm.) ?

160. Conurus WEDDELLI, Deville, Rev. et Mag. de Zool. 1851,
p- 209.—Maracana weddellii, DesMurs, Voy. de Casteln, Ois. pl. 2.
p- 13.

161. Conurus sucuuaris, Deville, Rev. et Mag. de Zool. 1851,
p- 209; DesMurs, Voy. de Casteln. Ois. pl. 3. fig. 2. p. 15.

162. Conurus ?

A new species, which M. Jules Verreaux has undertaken to de-
scribe.

163. Leproptiza puBusi, Bp. Consp. i. p. 75.

164. CHLora@nas speciosa (Gm.), Pl. Enl. 213; Bp. Consp.
li. p. 54.

165. PeNnELOPE PIPILE (Gm.).

166. PENELOPE ?

167. OrTrALIDA MONTAGNII, Bp. Compt. Rend. xl. p. 875 (May
12th, 1856).

168. OrTaLipA GuTTATA (Spix).—Penelope guttata, Spix, Av.
Bras. il. p. 55. pl. 73.

169. ABURRIA CARUNCULATA (Temm.), Bp. Gall. Consp. Syst.
in Compt. Rend. (May 12th, 1856).

170. Tinamvus suuivus, Bp.

171. Psopnia ——? (affinis P. crepitanti).

An example of this peculiar S. American genus is in the collection,
which M. Jules Verreaux considers referable to a new species. Such
is very probably the case, unless it be the same as one of the two new
Psophia, \ately described by Pelzeln in the ‘ Sitzungsberichte’ of the

Imperial Academy of Sciences of Vienna. But 1 have not access
to specimens for comparison, so as to enable me to satisfy myself on
this point, and I therefore prefer leaving it to M. Jules Verreaux,
who is better acquainted with these birds than I am, to make further
researches on this, the result of which I hope to induce him to com-
municate to this Society.

172. Nycrrcorax GARDEN! (Gm.), Bp. Consp. ii. p. 141.
173. HARpPreRION CAYENNENSIS (Gm.), Bp. Consp. ii. p. 155,

174. Ruyncuors niGRa, Linn.

February 9, 1858.
Dr. Gray, F.R.S., V.P., in the Chair.

Mr. Gould exhibited to the Meeting British specimens of the
Motacilla. flava of Ray, which had been shot by Mr. Thirtle of
Lowestoft, to whom Mr. Gould was indebted for the following note
as to its occurrence in that part of England :—

“In February 1855, at Lowestoft there were to be seen on a large
extent of waste grass land called the Denes, from 70 to 80 Yellow
Wagtails, which is a very uncommon occurrence, for we seldom
have more than two or three pairs during the whole summer, and last
summer (viz. 1857) I did not see one, although I looked for them
several times.

«The birds named as above in 1855 were to be seen from about
the 12th of February until the latter end of March. On the 14th of
February I observed amongst them a Grey-headed Wagtail, and im-
mediately went home for my gun, and I shot it and preserved the
same: the head was only partially grey. The next day I killed a
better specimen ; and within a fortnight from killing the first, I ob-
tained seven specimens in all, they being all male birds. I have no
doubt that there were females with them, but I could not make
them out from the Yellow Wagtails.

«The last killed were in the best plumage.

During the time these birds were on the Denes the wind was
blowing from the north-east, with bright sunny days ; and the wind
had been blowing from the same quarter from about Sept. 20th,
1854, and continued to do so until April 13th, 1855, not having any
other direction for twenty-four hours during the whole time.

«IT know only of two instances of the Grey-headed Wagtail being

killed in this locality—one male in the last week of May 1851, and
a male in May 1852: this was with a female.
* JamES THIRTLE,
‘Bird Preserver, &c., Lowestoft.”

Mr. Gould also called the attention of the Meeting to three
beautiful specimens of Steller’s Duck, which had been brought for
exhibition by Mr. Stevens. Mr. Gould remarked, that although this
species was a native of high northern regions, even to within the
Arctic circle, it had been more than once killed in England. The
bird certainly belongs to the family of the true diving ducks, of which
the King and the Eider may be considered typical examples, and
with these it has usually been associated by ornithologists ; but the
female differs remarkably from the females of those species in pos-
sessing a well-marked speculum on the wing, and the bill on exami-
nation will be found to differ in form, approaching nearly to that of
the Smew (genus Mergellus), or perhaps still more nearly to that
of Merganetta ; but it is not precisely like that organ in either of
those genera, and Mr. Gould therefore considered that Mr. G. R.
Gray had very properly made it the type of a new genus, Eniconetta.

The following papers were read :—

1. On THE CHARACTERS OF FOUR SPECIES OF BATS INHABITING
Eurore anp ASIA, AND THE DESCRIPTION OF A New
SPECIES OF VESPERTILIO INHABITING he AEE By
Rosert F. Tomes.

(Mammalia, Pl. LX.)

One of the most beautiful of the Bat kind is the Vespertilio
pictus of Pallas. Like many of its congeners, it has been abundantly
supplied with titles. One of these is V esp. Kerivoula, given to it by
Boddaert.

Dr. Gray having perceived that it possessed some peculiarities
which entitled it to further consideration, and to still further di-
stinction, proposed to elevate it to the rank of a distinct genus, and
employed the rejected name given to it by Boddaert by which to de-
signate the new genus.

In the ‘Annals and Magazine of Natural History,’ vol. x., Dr.
Gray made it the type of his genus Kerivoula, and associated with it
several other species which he considered as representatives also of
the new genus. Without going at length into the details of the
examination which have led me to make use of the generic name
above noticed, I may mention, that throughout the present commu-
nication, whenever I have occasion to speak of the species, it will be
under the name of Kerivoula picta. But whilst I adopt this name
for the species, I reject most of the associates provided for it.

The great beauty of the Kerivoula picta consists in its bright rust-
coloured fur, and in its pied orange-and-black membranes. But

——

tke PAS me
= gt

ed i, SEs
Poe
abe whe
.

there is another species which in respect of colour greatly resembles
it, indeed far surpasses it. It is a native of China, and the speci-
men from which the illustration accompanying the present paper
was taken, was presented to the British Museum by Mr. Fortune,
its precise locality being Shanghai.

At the time the illustration was executed, I supposed, from the
extraordinary richness of its colour, that it could not be a known or
described species, and I had proposed to give it the name of Vesp.
rufo-niger. A careful examination, however, of specimens of Vesp.
Jormosa in the British and East India Company’s Museums has
shown me that it differs from that species chiefly in the intensity of
the colour of the fur and membranes.

The examination of these examples led further to the inspection
of the Vesp. rufo-pictus of Waterhouse, and again to some other
species possessed of similar forms, but not gifted with the beauty of
colour observed in those mentioned above.

It will be the purpose of this communication to point out these
species, and to endeavour to show that none are referable to the
genus Kerivoula (supposing it to be typified by the Kerivoula picta),
in which some of them have been placed by Dr. Gray.

In general form the examples of this group—scareely of sub-
generic importance—bear some resemblance to the common Vesp.
murinus of Europe. They all have a somewhat thick though not
broad muzzle, and a crown but slightly raised above the level of the
face ; nostrils which are removed from each other by only a moderate
interval, and that interval not emarginate in the specimens preserved
in spirit, although very slightly so in those which are dried. The
ears are in all the species more or less ovoid, and deeply and evenly
hollowed or scooped out about the middle of the outer margin, as
in the Vesp. emarginatus of Europe. The tragus is rather long,
nearly straight, and diminishes evenly to an acute point. The mem-
branes of the wings extend to the base of the toes, and the latter
are much longer than the remaining part of the foot ; and as if for
the sake of uniformity, the terminal phalange of the thumb is much
longer than the basal one*.

The fur is everywhere thick and cottony, and is either bicoloured
or tricoloured, with a tendency to spread on to the upper surface of
the interfemoral membrane.

At present I have not had the opportunity of examining the cra-

* The great length of the toes in relation to the length of the foot depends
very much on the elongation of the phalange next to the one bearing the claw ;
and it is the corresponding phalange of the thumb that is so much the longest.
It would appear worthy of inquiry whether the corresponding phalanges of the
fingers are relatively longer. This I do not find to be absolutely the case, although
in Miniopteris reversed proportions of the comparative length of the toes with
the remaining part of the foot take place, accompanied by corresponding reversed
proportions in the length of the phalanges of the fingers. Thus the toes are
short, and the phalanges of the fingers which answer to them, equally short; in
the present group the toes are long, and the joint of the thumb which corresponds,
elongated in accordance with them; but the wing-joints exhibit no such relative
proportions.

nium of either of the species, but am able to observe in the speci-
mens in spirit and in those in skin, that the front teeth are of con-
siderable substance in relation to their length, and that the upper
incisors are placed in pairs, the pairs being separated from the canines
by a considerable interval on each side, and from each other by a
central interspace.

From the Kerivoula picta, and a few more allied species, this
group differs remarkably in not having the top of the head elevated,
in having the muzzle much thicker relatively, in the greatly inferior
development of the ear-couch, and in several other minor details.
However, it agrees with Kerivoula in the form of the tragus, and in
some measure in the texture of the fur.

1. VESPERTILIO EMARGINATUS, Geoff.

V. emarginatus, Geoff. Ann. du Mus. t. viii. p. 198. pl. 46 & 48,
1806; Desm. Mam. p. 140, 1820; Millet, Faun. de Maine et Loire,
t. i. p. 10, 1828; Fisch. Synop. Mam. p. 105, 1829; Bonap.
Fauna Italica, 1. 1832-42 ; Temm. Mon. ii. p. 190. pl. 51, 1835-41 ;
Hollandre, Faune de la Moselle, p. 6, 1836 ; De Selys-Longch. Etud.
Micromamm. p. 139, 1839; Faune Belge, pp. 1, 20 & 300. pl. 2.

f. 4, 1842; Schinz, Europ. Fauna, 1. p- 15, 1840; Synop. Mamm.

i. p. 154, 1844.

Although the present well-marked species is cancelled from the
European list by MM. Keyserling and Blasius, it is certainly a per-
fectly distinct and easily recognizable species, and not uncommon in
several localities on the continent of Europe; but does not I believe
occur in the British Islands. I have seen and examined specimens
in the Museums of Leyden and Paris ; in the latter, the type spe-
cimens from Charlemont and Abbeville, together with others col-
lected by M. de Selys-Longchamps in Belgium; but I sought in
vain for the specimen which M. Brongniart obtained near Dover.
I believe that it was merely an old female of V. mystacinus, and per-
haps from its cranium the illustration was taken which accompanies
the description given by M. Geoffroy. At any rate that figure re-
presents with tolerable accuracy the cranium of V. mystacinus, and
is obviously too small for the V’. emarginatus, as well as being too
much inflated. I arrived at this conclusion, having before me the
plate and the type specimens.

I cannot learn that this species has been met with, excepting on
the continent of Europe. Whilst many other European species
occur not only over the whole of Europe, but also in Madeira, the
Mediterranean shores of Africa, and even as far in Africa as Lake
Ngami, the present one appears to be confined to France, Belgium,
Holland, and the environs of Rome.

The following description has been taken from the specimens in the
Paris Museum :-—

Muzzle rather long, thick in a vertical direction, but not broad ;
top of the head very slightly elevated ; nostrils small, near together ;
ears of medium size, ovoid, with a distinct and regular notch near

_— ‘Rit +
¥.

the middle of their outer margins; tragus narrow and tapering to
an acute point, which is directed outwards ; its outer margin has a
notch near the base.

Wing-membranes extending to the base of the toes; the latter
longer than the remaining part of the foot ; thumb with the free
portion much longer than that which is engaged in the membrane.

The fur of the forehead, which is very thick, extends uninter-
ruptedly to halfway between the end of the nose and the eyes; all
the side of the face from the root of the ear to the snout is naked,
with the exception of a tuft of stiff hairs in front of the eye and a
moustache on the upper lip. The ears are a little hairy at the base
of their hinder surface, and the fur of the back encroaches a little on
the interfemoral membrane.

Everywhere the fur is very thick, soft, and cottony, with very
little gloss. That of the upper parts is tricoloured, and that of the
under surface bicoloured.

On the top of the head and the whole of the back it is blackish
brown at the base for a fourth of its length, sueceeded by yellowish
buff, and tipped with light rust-colour, the latter prevailing most on
the shoulders and on the interfemoral membrane. All the under
parts have the fur dusky at the base for half its length, the re-
mainder being pale buff, and it is so thick and close as to appear
wholly of the latter colour unless it be moved.

Individuals vary considerably in the hue of the rust-coloured and
buff portions of the fur, so that their general appearance may be
either light reddish buff-colour, or a medium brown ; but in either
case the bicoloured and tricoloured character of the fur is main-
tained.

The specimen of V’. emarginatus, which formed part of the Italian
collection of the late Prince C. L. Bonaparte, having been presented
by him to me during a stay in Paris in the spring of 1857, I am
enabled to correct an error into which T had fallen, with some other
zoologists, in regarding it as referable to V. Nattereri. It is un-
questionably the V. emarginatus of Geoffroy. This specimen, pre-
served as a skeleton, but a good deal injured, supplies the following
details respecting the dentition * :—

In. >; Can. =; P.M. =; M. ===.

* It may not be amiss to record here the exact condition of the specimens of
Chiroptera presented by Prince Bonaparte, because they are the types of his de-
scriptions in the ‘ Fauna Italica.’’ The species which I received were as follow :—
Vesp. emarginatus, V. Aristippe, V. vispistrellus, V. Cappacinti, V. miniopteris,
V. Ursinii, Noctula leucippe, Pipistrelius Savii?, P. noctula, P. aleythoe, Plecotus
auritus, and Rhinolophus ferrum-equinum, the names here given being those
attached to the specimens. It appears that they had been prepared as skeletons,
with the membranes and ears left attached, and had then been expanded on
pieces of card-board and varnished, the skin and fur having been also attached
to the card. In this state they had been placed in a portfolio prepared for their
reception, which previously to passing into my hands had been subjected to suffi-
cient pressure to crush and very much injure the specimens, the crushed parts
being in some of them lost.

No. CCCLII.— Procerepines or tur Zooioaicat Sociery.

The dental series of the upper jaw when seen from below presents
two straight and nearly parallel lines, the space between them being
closed across the front opening by the transverse position of the in-
cisors. They are so placed as to occupy nearly all the opening.
Seen laterally they are nearly vertical; but when viewed in front,
they slope so much inwards that the points of the inner ones nearly
touch each other, and thus fill up nearly the whole of the interval
between the two canines. The space between them and the canines
is very small. The inner ones are rather large and deeply forked ;
the outer ones smaller and conical. The canines are short and stout,
angular, and somewhat pointed. All the remaining teeth in the
upper jaw are of the form common to nearly all the species of Ves-
pertilionde.

The lower incisors are small, close together, and trilobed; the
canines short and rather stout ; and the three following teeth conical
and increasing in size, the one next to the true molars being con-
siderably larger than the two others, which are nearly equal. The
molars present nothing remarkable in their form.

The following dimensions have been taken from three specimens
in the Paris collection,—one from Charlemont, one from Abbeville,
where it was collected by M. Baillon, and the third from a specimen
obtained by M. Hollandre at Metz.

—_
=

=
~
~
x
<
_
a
=
s

Length of the head and body.. 2
Of the Yearly ris At a 1
of the head....... 0
of the ears .... 0
— of the tragus .. UNO
of the fore-arm ...... 1
of the longest finger .. 2
2

APWOAMWALCHA S
tolm bolt

bole

Aobw

bolt

to] bol bo| no] H bol

of the fourth finger... .
of the thumb ........
of the foot and claws ..
Expanse of wings............

tole
ho|—
tol

COONNKOCOFK NS

SCSoOONNKOOCOK NS
—

SCERWONTWATwWL
ohWK Ooh

—

2. VESPERTILIO FoRMOsUS, Hodgs. a

V. formosus, Hodgs. Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, iv. p. 700, 1835.

Kerivoula formosa, Gray, Cat. Mam. Brit. Mus. p. 27, 1843 ;
Cat. Mam. and Birds of Nepaul, presented by B. H. Hodgson, in
Brit. Mus. p. 4, 1846.

Vesp. (Kerivoula) formosa, Horsf. Cat. Mam. Mus. E. Ind. Comp.
p- 40, 1851.

V. rufo-niger?, Tomes, MSS.

Mr. Hodgson thus describes this species :—‘ Entirely of a bright,
soft, ruddy yellow, with the digital membranes triangularly indented,
blackish. Head conical ; face sharp; muzzle and lips confluently
nudish ; the former anteally grooved, not above; the outer and

inner ears acutely pointed, moderate, less than the head ; teeth —,
=, =F snout to rump 24 inches; tail 2; expanse 12}.

“Nasal bones slightly convexed in their length, and unite easily
with a low forehead.”

The following is the description of the specimen deposited in the
British Museum by Mr. Hodgson. The specimen is preserved in
spirit ; but the skull having been removed, renders the description
less perfect than might have been wished :—

Nostrils rather small and approximate. Feet rather large, the
toes taking up fully two-thirds of their entire length. Wing-mem-
branes extending barely to the base of the toes. Thumb with the
basal phalange short, the one between it and the small one bearing
the claw, taking up the greater part of its length. Tail-tip wholly
enclosed in the interfemoral membrane.

Membranes (when wet with spirit) translucent, and marked with
reddish brown and dark brown, the latter occupying the triangular
spaces between the digits, and the former appearing as narrow stripes
on each side of all the bones of the wings—just as in Kerivoula
picta.

Fur very thick, that of the under parts yellowish buff, that of the
| similar at the root and tipped with rust-colour.:

he specimen included in Dr. Horsfield’s ‘ Catalogue of the Mam-
malia contained in the Museum of the East India Company ’ affords
the following particulars :—Muzzle rather produced, thick, but not
broad ; top of the head scarcely elevated above the line of the face ;
nostrils small, near together, opening sublaterally, and slightly tu-
bular. Ears ovoid, emarginate at their outer margin ; tragus long,
slender, and tapering evenly to a moderately acute point, which is
curved a little outwards. Wing-membranes extending to the base
of the toes, barely ; the feet large, the toes occupying fully two-
thirds of their entire length. The basal joint of the thumb very
short in relation to the length of the second.

Fur very thick and close, and cottony in texture ; that of the
upper parts yellow-buff, with the tips of the hairs conspicuously
tipped with rust-colour ; below, uniform yellow-buff.

The interfemoral membrane, the portions of membrane contiguous
to the flanks, and all the parts in the immediate vicinity of the bones
of the wings and legs, chestnut-coloured, all the remaining parts of
the membrane being black-brown. v

The following description has been taken from the specimen from
which the illustration (Pl. LX.) accompanying the present paper has
been drawn, and, as already stated, from Shanghai; and I may ob-
serve that a.specimen in my own collection, also from China (Kiang),
is similar, but with the colours even brighter than those of the plate.
As these examples differ from those already described in a few par-
ticulars only, save in colour, it will be necessary to mention merely
these points of difference, and the remarkable colouring of the fur
of this variety—if it is not a distinct species :—

Ears ovoid, nearly the length of the head, and more deeply and
evenly notched near the middle of the outer margin than in the

ordinary examples of V. formosus ; tragus very narrow and tapering
to a very acute point, curved a little outwards. The extreme tip of
the tail free.

On all parts of the body the fur is thick and cottony, with very
little gloss. That of the upper parts tricoloured, excepting on the
head, where it is bicoloured. On the latter part it is buff at the
base, tipped with very bright rufous ; on the whole of the back it is
blackish grey at the base, succeeded by buffy yellow, and finally
tipped with bright rufous. The rufous colour is brightest on the
head and shoulders, from which parts it becomes darker and less
pure on approaching the rump. The hair which extends on to the
base of the interfemoral membrane is unicoloured, and dark red-
brown. On the whole of the under parts, the fur is bicoloured ; that
of the throat resembles that on the top of the head, being ‘buffy
yellow, tipped for about a fourth of its length with bright red.
Along each side of the body, from the insertion of the humerus to
the pubal region, it is similar to the throat; but the rufous colour
occupies more than half the length of the fur. Along the middle
of the belly it is dusky at the base, similarly tipped with a deep and
brilliant rufous colour.

The membranes are very conspicuously marked with two colours,
brown-red and black. The latter colour may be called the real co-
lour of the wings ; but a narrow space on each side of all the bones
is of the former; of this brown-red colour also is the whole of the
interfemoral membrane and the membrane between the index finger
and the longest. Beneath the fore-arm, and from thence by the
side of the body to the hinder limb, the red colour is of consider-
able breadth, attainmg to as much as three-quarters of an inch.
From this space it runs in dotted lines into the black colour of the
wing, and produces great richness of appearance. The ears are red-
brown, tipped and margined exteriorly with black. The feet also
are black ; but the legs and all the bones of the wing are of the same
red colour as the contiguous membrane.

In the annexed table of dimensions, column No. | represents Mr.
Hodgson’s specimen in the British Museum, No. 2 the specimen in
the East India Company’s Museum, No. 3 the Shanghai ree

and No. 4 the one from Kiang. Vv

No. 1. {| No. 2. | No. 3 No 4

Length of the head and body..| ... “1210/2 4/2 9
of the tal hadnt cnost: 2. nOFhWes6 ale oS se Rie

ofthe head: e3eatune 0 9;0 73,0 8}
Of the ears VS (kis Laake 0 6,00 7a es

of the tragus ... VOC BE, I ae

—of the forearm ......| 1 10 | 1 10/1 94) 1 10
of the longest finger ..; 3 2},3 0;);3 0/3 2
——— of the fourth ie 2 116) 20.8) e200 62) aa ae
— of the thumb . 0 440 5/0 5;0 5
of the tibia. . He 1a. oe ee

— of the foot and claws.. 0 53}0 6/0 5)0 52
Expanse of wings .......... 12 7 112 0 13 6112 6

Although I have treated the Chinese specimens as varieties of the
Indian species, I hold it by no means proved that my first impres-
sion was not the correct one. The dekestes may be thus sum-
marily stated:—1. The ears of the Chinese examples are more deeply
hollowed out exteriorly. 2. The tragus is more acute. 3. The
tip of the tail is free. In the Indian specimens the ears are less
strongly emarginate, the tragus is sub-acute at the tip, and the tail
wholly enclosed in the membrane ; at least it is so in the specimen
in spirit. The great difference in colour may perhaps be due to the
influence of climate.

Without a greater number of examples for examination, and espe-
cially without an investigation of their crania and dentition, it is
difficult to decide with certainty whether this is merely a remarkable
variety, or a distinct species. Should it however prove to be distinct,
I propose for it the name I at first made use of to designate it, viz.
Vesp. rufo-niger.

3. VESPERTILIO RUFO-PICTUS, Waterh.

Vesp. rufo-pictus, Waterh. P. Z. 8. pt. 13. p. 8, 1845.
Kerivoula rufo-picta, Gray, Zool. Voy. Samar. no. 5, 1849.

The original specimen from which Mr. Waterhouse took his de-
scription haying passed into my hands at the dispersion of the Mu-
seum of the Zoological Society, I have been enabled to examine it
attentively, and to compare it with Mr. Hodgson’s specimen of /.
formosus in the British Museum, from which it at first sight appears
to differ only in being a little larger. On more careful examination
it proves to be quite an immature individual, so that if full-grown it
would probably differ considerably in size from that species. Again,
the number of the teeth appears to be different—different at least from
the account given by Mr. Hodgson of the dentition of V’. formosus.
He says, “Teeth =", a — I can only detect =* molars in
the specimen of V.rufo-pictus, of which two on each side, above
and below, are false molars.

The face is rather long and somewhat obtuse, but not much broader
laterally than it is thick in a vertical direction ; the top of the head
very little elevated ; the nostrils small and near together, with the
a between them slightly depressed rather than emarginate. The
glands of the upper lip do not approach very closely to the edge of
the latter, but pass backwards over the eyes almost to the front mar-
gins of the ears, and leave a central longitudinal depression along the
ace, up the middle of which is a narrow raised ridge, producing, to
use the words of Mr. Waterhouse, ‘two longitudinal grooves.”
The ears are very similarly shaped to those of /. formosus, but I
think a little less emarginate. The tragus has a distinct tooth or
lobe at its outer margin, close to the base, above which is a consider-
able indentation, succeeded by an obtuse angle, from which it passes
in a straight line to the tip, which is tolerably acute. The inner
margin is nearly straight. Both the ears and tragus, when ex-
amined by transmitted light, appear to be glandular in structure.

The feet are large; the toes occupying fully two-thirds of their
entire length. The os calcis takes up two-thirds of the distance be-
tween the foot and the end of the tail; the latter wholly enclosed in
the interfemoral membrane. The middle phalange of the thumb (as
in all others of the group) long, the basal one short.

The fur on the top of the head is thick, but does not extend so
near to the end of the nose as in V. formosus. On the space around
the eyes are some irregular tufts of longish hairs, and the upper lips
are furnished with moustaches of bristle-like hairs ; and all the upper
surface of the snout, from above the nostrils to the fur of the fore-
head, is similarly studded with short bristly hairs.

The fur on the back extends on to the base of the interfemoral
membrane for a fourth of its length, and along the tibiz to the
upper surface of the feet, the outer toe * being furnished with short
bristly hairs on the whole of its upper surface, and the others hairy
only on their terminal and subterminal phalanges. The interfemoral
membrane has a series of similar short hairs on the whole of its
hinder margin.

On all the upper parts the fur is close, firm in texture, and bi-
coloured ; light dusky grey at the base, with the tips yellowish buff.
Below, it appears to be unicoloured, buffy ash, with a strong tinge of
yellow about the axilla.

It is probable that the fur would be more markedly bicoloured in
older examples, as we see in other species that the colours of young
specimens are much less distinct than in older ones.

The membranes are marked precisely as in V. formosus, and te-
quire no further notice.

2 —

iti roam 2—2 3—
Dentition.— In. —, Can. = Premol. =, Mol. ot 8

aS er
Dimensions :—
Length of the head and body ............ 2 6
oF the -tatl <0. 20k Wee ne alok eee 2 |
of the heal). As oe See ce a eee 0 10
OF the GATS, sc sfa.s's sasele Sets ot aisha koe 0 6
Brendth. Gt £088 23. es caves cee Gee ee 0 6
Length or the tracts. <a. 4 55's sce Sete -- 0 32 a
OF the {Or6-AFM.. ess ots eR aes 1 Lae
of the longest finger ...... 2.05.2. 3 2
of the fourth finper .. oss 6es> 2.
OF the thu, ..-\. «:-2 oSicctss aac E 07S ¢
Of-the tibia. 2... 0. a ees conan |
of the foot and claws ........ ... 0 6 @{9h
— Ot THE OS RICE ose oo ks icy ae 0 114
DxpRUee. OF WMS co. 2. Ae ce te nee 13 2

* The so-called outer toe of a bat, with the members extended, corresponds
with the inner toe of other mammalia.

4. Vespertitio Pearsonu, Horsf.

Lasiurus Pearsonii, Horsf. Cat. Mam. Mus. E. Ind. Comp. p. 36,
1851; Blyth, Journ. As, Soc. Bengal, no. 6. 1851, p. 524.

This is much the largest species of the group, and probably if
sufficiently examined would prove to be also the most characteristic.
But at present I have only had the opportunity of examining three
specimens, all in the state of skin ; viz. the type of Dr. Horsfield’s
description, another in the same collection from Nepal, presented by
Mr. Hodgson, and the third in the British Museum, from Amboyna.
From these examples the following description has been taken, as bs
will be followed by remarks on their individual differences.

The top of the head is rather flat, scarcely so much elevated as in
V. murinus; the muzzle is also rather broad and obtuse, as in that
species, and the nostrils have nearly the same form and proportions.
The ears are as broad as they are high, very much rounded at the
end, and with a distinct and evenly-defined notch, scooped in their
external margin. They resemble the same parts in V. emarginatus,
but are much broader in relation to their length, and less deeply
hollowed out externally. As in that species they are thickly dotted
with fine glandular spots. The tragus is narrow, and tapers to an
acute point, with a slight outward curvature, and it is furnished
with a projecting angular point at its outer edge near the base. It
is rather more than half the length of the ear.

The wing-membranes extend to the base of the toes, and the latter
are fully two-thirds of the entire length of the foot. ‘The claws are
strong and hooked. The thumb is very long, and its claw also large
and hooked, more so relatively than in any of its congeners. The
tip of the tail is free from the membrane.

The upper canines are very short, stout, and conical, with a blunt
inner lobe; the lower ones are also stout and short, as are also the
incisors, above and below.

The upper surface of the interfemoral membrane is more or less
covered with hair, varying somewhat in different individuals, and
the portions of the wing-membranes contiguous to the sides of the
back are also hairy. Beneath, the membranes are hairy only in
close proximity to the vent and lower part of the body.

In texture the fur is soft, thick, and cotéony, and rather long, that
ou the middle of the back being as much as 5 lines in length.

On the upper parts the fur is tricoloured, as in the other mem-
bers of the group. That of the back has the base dusky, succeeded
by yellowish grey for the greater part of its length, and the remainder
rufous brown, with the exception of the extreme tips of the hairs,
which in the type specimens are paler and shining ; the general
colour of the fur of the upper parts, when undisturbed, being a dull
rufous brown, excepting that on the interfemoral membrane, which
is of a somewhat brighter rufous tint, and uniform in colour for its
whole length.

The general tint of the under parts is palish brown, each hair
being reddish brown for the greater part of its length, with shining

tips of the same colour, but paler. The shining tips are most ob-
servable on the breast, and least so on the pubes.

Mr. Hodgson’s specimen differs only from the type specimen in
the absence of the shining tips to the fur. In both of these the
membranes are reddish brown, with the portions contiguous to the
bones of the wings somewhat diaphanous, and corresponding pretty
accurately with the red parts in V. formosus.

The specimen from Amboyna differs so considerably in colour,
that it will be well to give a description of it separately.

The interfemoral membrane has about twenty-four strongly marked
transverse dotted lines ; and about ten or twelve similar ones may be
seen on the base of the wings, parallel to the body.

On the whole of its upper surface the interfemoral membrane is
clothed with hairs, but not very thickly, excepting on the os calcvs,
which is thickly fringed, as are also the feet ; also the membrane
contiguous to the back is similarly furnished with hair. The under
surface of the membranes contiguous to the body, 7. e. from the
axilla, by the flanks and around the pubes, is also clothed with hairs,
which thin off gradually, and are lost at the distance of alittle more
than half an inch from the body.

The whole of the fur is of the same peculiar texture observed in
the other examples, fine, and of medium length. On all the under
parts of the body it is purple-brown at the base, for a third of its
length, succeeded by purplish white, and tipped with bright rust-
colour. That which extends on to the upper surface of the mem-
branes is of a uniform rust-colour, and the face is wholly rust-
coloured. Beneath, all the fur is of a brownish-white colour, tinged
with rufous on the shoulders.

The membranes are dark reddish brown, the interfemoral, and
those parts which are red in V’. formosus, being of a lighter and
redder tint, but not so well marked as in that species.

The following are the dimensions of these examples; 1. the type
specimen of Dr. Horsfield, 2. Mr. Hodgson’s specimen, and 3. the
one from Amboyna :—

Up 2. 3.
Length of the head and body.. ant 2 6? 1G
of the ail s27 esas 18 0 7? 1 43
of ‘the head.) 64/3,28. 40 41 0 10? 0 64
Of the Gains Yo)/.2i 0 6 0 54 0 52
Breadth of the ears.......... 0 6 0 55 0 32
Length of the tragus ........ 0 4 0 3h 0'cs
of the fore-arm SMe od TG PSs as
of the longest finger .. 2 8 3.4 2 24
——— of the fourth finger.... 2 8 iy hha 1 10
—— of the tibia .......... 0 11 O° 9 ede:
of the thumb ‘0. / 7.5%: 0.7 0 6
— — of the foot andclaws .. 0 5 0 5 0 41
— of the os caleis ...... Org 048
ExpanseOr wings)... 21°. a ase 13 4 9) a

The Plate represents the Chinese species collected by Mr. Fortune,
already alluded to.

VESPERTILIO MADAGASCARIENSIS, Nl. S-

The species which I have thus named, although not appertaining
to the restricted group which forms the subject of the present paper,
is nevertheless a true Vespertilio. It is properly a member of the
restricted group which is represented by V’. mystacinus, V. poly-
thrix, V. Chiloensis, V. ruber, V. Isidori, V. Hilairii, V. parvulus,
V.. trilatitius (Temm. not Horsf.), and some others. As the first
of these is the best-known species, I shall take it as a standard for
comparison, and at the same time refer to any points of greater re-
semblance which the new species may have to others less known.

It is of about the same size as V. Daubentonii, but differs from
it in other respects considerably. The top of the head is somewhat
elevated, as in /’. mystacinus, and, as in that species, the muzzle is
rather short and pointed. The nostrils are small, near together,
sublateral in their direction, and the space between them emarginate.
The ears are of medium length, rather broadly ovoid, and deeply
emarginate about the middle of the outer margin ; but the notch has
not the appearance of being scooped out, as in the species previously
described in the present paper. It is in fact just asin /. mystacinus,
but deeper. The tragus is about half the length of the ear, narrow
and pointed, and curving slightly outwards. It has a prominent
angle on its outer margin near to the base.

The thumb is small, and the two visible phalanges are of nearly
equal length. The wings are proportioned much as in /. mysta-
cinus. The feet are relatively rather large as compared with those of
that species, but much less so than in VY. Daubentonii, and the wing-
membranes extend nearly to the base of the toes, the latter being of
nearly equal length. The extreme tip of the tail is free.

The face is densely hairy, only the end of the nose and a small
space between the eyes and ears being naked. On the upper lip are
moustaches of long hair, and there are a few similar long hairs pro-
jecting from the chin. The ears are somewhat hairy on their outer
surfaces, at the base only. All the membranes are naked.

The fur is thick and soft, with very little lustre, in texture very
like that of V. Chiloensis. That of the upper parts is nearly uni-
coloured, of a deepish ferruginous hue, a little darker at the root
than at the tip. Below, it is bicoloured, dark brown at the base,
tipped with greyish brown, paler and unicoloured on the pubes.

The dentition has not been examined.

~
~
>
.

Length of the head and body, about .... 2 10

OF CERO GAN Soeraa. civ ve diein ids od brarelel nik OM

of the head 0 73
—— of the ears...... 0 5
—— of the tragus:......c0s-seere. O 8

of the fOre-AFMs oc ces cavces ne Oe :

~
=
=
=

Length of the longest finger.......... . 2 7
of the-fourth finger “Y...+...... 110
of the thumb ...... ae re ee,
of thefts: .s .s ys ta 0 72 — le
of the foot and claws .......... 0 44 A
Expamse: Of Wimestisg. an. cia o's <005s 6 «16 wie 10 2

2. On a New Genus or MytiILip&, AND ON SOME DisToRTED
ForMs WHICH OCCUR AMONG Bivatve SHELLS. By Dr. J.
E. Gray, F.R.S., V.P.Z.S., Presipent oF THE ENTOMO-
LOGICAL SOCIETY.

(Mollusca, Pl. XLI.)

We have for several years had some specimens of large Myti-
lide in the Museum Collection which I have always regarded as the
types of a distinct genus, but have deferred from time to time their
publication, as I was informed that Dr. Dunker and others were en-
gaged on a monograph of the family. Dr. Dunker having published
the species without forming it into a group, I have therefore brought
it before the Society, and at the same time make some observations
on a peculiarity which the species presents.

STAVELIA, 0. g.

Shell inequivalve, inequilateral, subtrigonal ; umbo anterior ; the
front of the ventral edge sinuous, the flatter valve with a broad ex-
panded lobe on the front of the ventral margin, the more convex one
with a deep sinuosity to fit the lobe of the other valve. Anterior
adductor scar distinct, oblong; posterior roundish ; submarginal
sear parallel to the edge of the shell, entire. Hinge toothless. Li-
gament and cartilage linear, marginal, rather short. -

Periostraca laminate, with elongated flat linear or tapering pro-
cesses.

This genus differs from Mytilus in the inequality of the valve and
the sinuosity of the lower edge, in the entire absence of any small
teeth under the umbo, and in the paleaceous periostraca.

1. SraveviA TorTA. (Pl. XLI. fig. 1.)

Mytilus tortus et M. horridus, Dunker, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1856 ;
Reeve, Conch. Icon. t. 3. f. 6 & 9.

Hab. North Australia and Philippines.

I cannot discover any permanent character between the two spe-
cimens described by Dr. Dunker.

The specimens of this genus in the Museum, and others which
have come under my observation, offer a peculiarity which I have
hitherto only observed in a very few other bivalve shells, and in none
to the extent which is presented in this species.

In my paper “On the Formation and Structure of Shells,” in
the ‘ Philosophical Transactions’ for 1833 (reprinted by Dr. John-
ston, ‘ Letter on Conchology,’ p. 413), I observe,—

“In some very rare instances the shells (bivalves) are also reversed ;
but the fact is not easily observed except in the unequal-valved kinds.
There were formerly in the Tankerville collection two specimens of
Lucina Childreni, in one of which the right valve was a dextral
shell, in opposition to the general structure. These specimens are
now in the British Museum Collection.”

The four specimens of this shell which I have under my eye pre-
sent the same anomaly as the two specimens of Lucina Childreni
above referred to, that is to say, two of them have the left valve the
flattest and furnished with the large lobe on the front of the ventral
margin, and in the other two it is the right valve which has this
form and development ; and I cannot observe any other peculiarity
between the specimens than this indifference between the develop-
ment of the sides of the animal. So that, as a Lucina Childreni, it
is impossible to determine which is the normal form of the species.
A somewhat similar indifference fs to the direction of the shell is to
be observed in some land univalve shells, as Bulimus aureus, where
the shell appears to be indifferently dextral and sinistral ; but in the
ee Stavelia it appears more extraordinary on account of the great

ifference of the form of the two valves.

We have just received from China a large species of Mutelade
(Pl. XLI. figs. 2, 3), allied to Unio Grayii of Lea, which I do not
name, as Mr. Cuming informs me that Mr. Isaac Lea is describing
and figuring it in Philadelphia*, which offers a curious peculiarity.

These shells have the hinder extremity twisted up on one side
somewhat like Arca tortuosa, but not so regularly ; and unlike that
species, the flexure is not always in the same direction: some have
the bend towards the right, and the others towards the left of the
animal.

I may observe, that, as far as I have been able to examine, the side
seems a matter of indifference, for as many of the specimens are
bent to the one side as the other.

It is to be observed that in Arca tortuosa and A. semitorta the
hinge-line is always straight, and it is only the basal line which is
bent to one side, the valves being slightly unequal, and in fact the
shell is not distorted ; while in the Hyria under consideration the
upper edge of the shell is bent as well as the lower one, and the
shell is truly altered in form by some external circumstance.

The shells appear as if they had been softened and suddenly
twisted on one side. It has been suggested that this change in the
form may be produced by the position which the shell occupies in
the mud or under the stones near which it lives ; but it is to be
observed that Uniones generally live sunk in the mud, and not lying on
one side, and that, like shells which live in an erect position, they have
equal valves, while those that live lying on their side almost always
have unequal ones ; and if the form depended on this circumstance,

* Triquetra lanceolata seu contorta, Lea.

as the animal must sometimes move and must be sometimes turned
over, we ought to find some specimens with the flexure partly on
one side and partly on the other, but no such specimens have
occurred to me.

I am inclined to believe that it arises from some peculiar predi-
lection of the animal itself, by which it probably more easily obtains
its food in the peculiar situation in which it resides.

These shells were sent to England from China by one of Mr. For-
tune’s collectors. They were accompanied by some specimens of
reptiles and insects, on which the Chinese collectors had been exer-
cising their ingenuity in hopes of adding to their value. Thus there
was a stuffed specimen of a Night Lizard (Geeko Reevesii) which
had a square tuft of hair from some mammal stuck on the back of
its neck.

A Snake, which had the claw of a mammal surrounded with fur
inserted on each side of its neck just behind the head, so as to make
it appear as if it had rudimentary feet armed with large claws.

Several of the Coleopterous insects, especially the larger Ceram-
byces, were painted, so as to give them quite a different appearance
from the usual and natural colour of the species.

I may add that the work was so coarsely executed as to be dis-
covered on the most cursory examination of the specimens, and could
only have been intended to deceive the most ignorant collectors.

3. OBSERVATIONS ON THE GENUS NERITA AND ITS OPERCU-
LuM. By Dr. J. E. Gray, F.R.S., V.P.Z.S., Pres. Ent.
Soc., ETC.

The distinction of the species of this genus is rather difficult ;
therefore whatever assists in dividing the species into smaller groups
is of use, as limiting the number of species between which any doubt
can be entertained.

Considerable confidence has therefore been placed in the form of
the surface of the inner lip, which in some species is smooth, in
others tubercular or ridged, or both ridged and tubercular; but
in examining a large series of specimens from the same locality,
though the character is generally permanent, the tubercles or ridges
vary considerably in number and size, and are sometimes almost
entirely wanting. It is to be observed that in many of the species
which have this part tubercular, the tubercles are more distinct and
crowded in the younger, and especially the youngest, than in the
older, or what is usually called the more perfectly developed state of
the species. In other genera such characters are generally more
developed in the shells formed in the most perfect state of the
animal. Mr. Adams has formed subgenera on the surface of the
inner lip.

My studies on Mollusca have proved to me that few parts offer

more important and better characters for the separation of the
families, genera and species, tlian the operculum. This has been
illustrated in the family Neritide.

The family is well characterized by the form of this part, and the
possession of the internal apophysis or shelly lobe under the nucleus
forming a kind of hinge on the sharp inner lip of the shell.

In my paper in the ‘ Philosophical Transactions’ for 1833,
I stated that the structure of the operculum offered the best
character to separate the Nerite from the Neritine, and I there ob-
served, “The operculum of Nerita agrees in form with that of Ne-
ritina, but differs in having no eartilage on its edge, which is fur-
nished instead with a groove in its outer surface, being covered with
a thick, variously formed shelly deposit as in the genus T'urbo, and
in its inner surface being lined with a thick, callous, polished coat.
Between the outer and inner coat there exists a very distinct concen-
trically striated horny layer, like the operculum of Littorina, and
the left muscular scar is deeply grooved like that of the subannular
operculum.

«This difference in the structure of their opercula forms an ex-
cellent distinctive character between these two genera.”

In the same paper I observed, “ The difference in the outer sur-
face of the opercula of the genus Nerita affords a good character
for the separation of the species.”

I have lately had an opportunity of examining a large number
of freshly collected Nerites, with their opercula dried in the mouth
of the shell, so that there can be no doubt that they are the real
opercula of the species, and that these opercula have not been put
into the mouths of the shells at random, as is too often the case
with shells which have passed through the hands of dealers *.

The species may be divided according to their opercula as fol-
lows :—

1. Operculum polished, with a broad, slightly raised, concentrically
grooved, submarginal band. Nerita.

N. polita, Costal grooves arched (fig. 1).
N. lineolata. Costal grooves straight (fig. 2).

2. Operculum polished, with a broad, slightly raised, granulated,
submarginal band. Ritena.
N. plicata (fig. 3).
The specimens vary slightly in the distinctness, and especially in
the breadth, of the tubercular submarginal band.

3. Operculum with a broad, raised, convex, smooth, submarginal
band. Tenare.

* Operculum smooth.
N. Peloronta (fig. 5).

* In Adams’s Genera of Shells, t. 42. f.1, a, 4, a granular operculum, probably
that of N. signata, is figured as that of Nerifa polita.

** Operculum granular.

N. ornata (fig. 4). The younger shells have the inner lip more
granular, and the adult more ridged.

4. Operculum uniform, granular, without any raised or distinct
submarginal band. Natere.

* Inner lip granulated.
N. exuvia.
N. Malaccensis.
N. albicilla (fig. 6).
N. Senegalensis.

1. Nerita polita. 2. N. lineolata. 3. N. plicata.
4. N. ornata. 5. N. Peloronta. 6. N. albicilla.

** Inner lip ridged.
N. variabilis.
N. Chameleon.
N. versicolor.
N. tessellata.

*** Inner lip smooth.

N. signata. The granules large, in lines.
N. atra.
N. inconspicua.

The Puperita pupa, from the West Indian Seas, has an oper-
culum of a single coat, with a polished surface like Neritina. This
genus, in the ‘Guide to the Mollusca in the British Museum,’
is by mistake put in the same section as Nerita, instead of that of
Neritina (see p. 137).

February 23, 1858.
Dr. Gray, F.R.S., V.P., in the Chair.

Mr. Gould brought before the notice of the Society a highly in-
teresting series of birds collected by Mr. A. R. Wallace in the Aroo
Islands. Among them were two species of Birds of Paradise—Pa-
radisea apoda and P. regia. Hitherto these magnificent birds have
only been sent to this country in a mutilated condition, their skins
having been prepared and dried by the Papuans frequently without
their wings, and almost always without their legs; Mr. Wallace’s
skins, however, are perfect, and in the highest possible condition.
They comprise not only adult males and females, but young birds
in various stages of development. Mr. Gould remarked that the
ornithology of the Aroo Islands, like that of New Guinea, partook
more of the character of the Australian fauna than of any other.
The Picide (Woodpeckers) and Bucerotide (Hornbills), so common
in India and the Indian Islands, are totally wanting, while the Me-
liphagide (Honeyeaters) and the Haleyonide (Kingfishers) are very
numerous ; on the other hand, the collection did not contain a single
Malurus, nor any of the Finches—forms represented by numerous
species even in the northern parts of Australia. Mr. Gould, in re-
marking upon the beautiful plumes which adorn the Paradisee,
stated that he considered they were in their most perfect state just
prior to the breeding season, and that the bird was then adorned
in its greatest beauty,—a beauty assumed apparently not only for
the purpose of attracting the females, but to exhibit to each other
their gorgeous finery, when they assemble and perform many curious
and extraordinary evolutions. In South America the Cock of the
Rock (Rupicola) has many singular habits at the like season, while
in Australia the Bower Birds attract every one by the curious strue-
tures they make for a similar purpose: Mr. Gould instanced also
the Peacock, the Turkey, and the well-known Ruff of the British
Islands, as birds which assemble and make such displays.

The following papers were read :—

1. Notrs on soME Birps rrom SoutrHerN Mexico.
By Puiuip Lutvey Scuater, M.A., F.L.S.

M. Edouard Verreaux of Paris has lately received a very fine series
of birds from the tierra caliente of Southern Mexico—the same
country where the collections made by MM. Sall¢ and Botteri, which
I have already brought before the notice of this Society, were formed.
He has kindly submitted to my inspection specimens of such of the
species as have not been included in my former lists, concerning
which I beg to offer the following remarks, together with a few cor-
rections of statements made in my previous papers on this subject.

1. MicrastTur GILVICOLLIS.—Sparvius gilvicollis, Vieill.; M.
concentricus, Auct.

A fine specimen in M. Verreaux’s Mexican collection agrees per-
fectly with Mr. Cassin’s plate and description of M. guerilla (Journ.
Acad. Philad. ii. p. 295. pl. 40), and I have no doubt is the same bird.
M. Jules Verreaux writes to me that he considered this at first to
be the young of M. concentricus, though he was afterwards inclined
to alter his opinion. Mr. George Gray and Mr. J. H. Gurney,
however, both regard this example as referable to an immature
stage of M. concentricus, and such will probably be found eventually
to be the case. The specimen in question has been selected by Mr.
Gurney for the Norwich Museum.

2. CiccABA HUHULA (Daud.); Bp. Consp. i. p. 43?

An example, which I am unable to refer otherwise than to this
species, has the white feather-margins on the upper surface nearly
evanescent, leaving the back nearly uniform slaty black. M. Jules
Verreaux, who has examined a second example, considers it as a de-
cidedly different species, probably undescribed ; but I should wish
to consult a larger series of specimens before determining as new
a bird of this difficult group.

3. Scops FLAMMEOLA, Kaup.—Strix flammeola, Licht. in Mus.
Berol. ; Ephialtes fammeola, Licht. Nomencl. p. 7.

This diminutive species of Scops is described by Kaup in a Mo-
nograph of Strigidee, which will shortly appear in the Society’s
Transactions. A single specimen obtained by M. Sallé from the
vicinity of Jalapa is in the late Prince Bonaparte’s collection.

4. TRoGON MASSEN#, Gould, Mon. Trog. pl. 16.

M. Verreaux’s collection embraces fine examples (¢ et ?) of this
splendid species.

5. DENDROCOLAPTES SANCTI THOM. — Dendrocops sancti
thome, Latr. Rev. et Mag. de Zool. 1852, p. 466.

In M. Verreaux’s collection is a fine specimen of this bird, for
which I believe M. de Lafresnaye’s name is unfortunately chosen,
as the present example is from Southern Mexico, and I possess an-
other from Honduras. Besides, I recognize the same species among
some drawings by Mr. Bell, of birds obtained on the coast of Mos-
quitia. I therefore doubt whether it really occurs in the island of
St. Thomas, and consider 8. Mexico and Central America as its true
habitat.

6. CyPHORINUS PROSTHELEUCUS. — Scytalopus prostheleucus,
Scl. P. Z.S. 1856, p. 290.

I have already made some remarks on this species, which is by
no means a Scytalopus, but a Cyphorinus, closely allied, if not iden-
tical, with Cassin’s C. leucostictus. See antea, p. 63.

a
> ee, ee

7. GRANATELLUS SALL&I, Sclater, P. Z.S. 1856, p. 292.

The Vicomte B. Du Bus having kindly forwarded me a copy of his
plate of Granatellus venustus, it appears that my bird is certainly a
good second species of the genus. Mr. George Gray has also shown
me an ‘etter ck specimen of G. venustus in the British Museum
(where the type of G. sallai is also to be seen), whence the same
deduction may be drawn.

+ 8. CaTHaRUS MELPOMENE. — Turdus melpomene, Cab. Mus.
Hein. p.5; Catharus aurantiirostris, Sclater, P. Z.S. 1856, p. 294.

Having forwarded a Mexican specimen of this Thrush to Dr.
Hartlaub of Bremen, he informs me that his C. aurantiirostris from
Venezuela is a different species, distinguished by the olive-green of
its upper plumage. We may therefore employ for the Mexican
bird (which will form a second member of the genus) the specific
term melpomene, Cabanis’ Turdus melpomene being doubtless in-
tended for this bird.

9. PacHyRAMPHUS MAJOR (Cab.), Sclater, P. Z.S. 1857, p. 78.

This is the bird which I have inserted in the List of M. Salldé’s
first collection as P. marginatus? (P. Z. 8. 1856, p. 298).

10. MyrapesTeEs unIcotor, Sclater, P. Z. S. 1856, p. 299.

An examination of the specimens of Myiadestes townsendi in the
collection of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, has
shown to me that I was right in considering it different from M. ob-
scurus and the present species.

The following is a short description of Myiadestes townsendi :—

Brunnescenti-cinereus, alis caudaque nigricantibus, secundariarum
marginibus externis albis; fascia alarum duplici extus appa-
rente pallide fulva : rectricibus duabus utrinque extimis albo
terminatis : annulo oculari albo.

Long. tota 80, alee 4°4, caudee 40.

M. townsendi was originally discovered by Mr. Townsend on the
Columbia river. Dr. Gambel met with it in the mountains between
the Rio Colorado and California (Journ. Ac. Philad. i. p. 41), and
Dr. Woodhouse found it exceedingly abundant in the Zuni Moun-
tains and from there westwards (see Sitgreave’s Report, p. 76). The
sexes are coloured alike, as is, I believe, the case in all the species
of this genus.

11. IcreERUS MELANOCEPHALUS (Wagler), Cassin, B. California,
pl. 21. p. 137.

Two different birds appear to have been confounded under the
name of Icterus melanocephalus. Examples of both these have
been forwarded to me by M. Verreaux for examination, and I have
likewise specimens of each in my own collection. In general ap-
pearance they are much alike ; but one (which appears to be Wagler’s

No. CCCLIIIL—ProceepinGs or tue Zoo.ocicat Society.

species) is rather larger and stronger, and has the greater wing-
coverts and secondaries broadly margined exteriorly with white, and
has narrow white edgings to the exterior tail-feathers. The other
is smaller, weaker, and has the wings and tail uniform black without
edgings. This seems to be the bird represented by Mr. Cassin as Ict.
melanocephalus. He says that the sexes are coloured nearly alike.
My specimen of the former bird is from Orizaba, collected by M. Bot-
teri; of the latter from the tierra caliente, I believe. An apparently
female bird of true melanocephalus has the wing- and tail-feathers
brown and the general plumage more greenish, but still shows signs
of the white edgings of coverts and secondaries. I am not confident
as to the real distinctness of these two birds, and for the present for-
bear to separate them by name ; but I cannot avoid acknowledging
that they seem to be different.

12. Cassiprx oryztvora, Cab. Mus. Hein. p. 194.

In M. Verreaux’s collection from Southern Mexico are specimens
referable to this rather variable species. I have examples also
from New Grenada, and it appears to extend over Guiana and
Brazil.

13. HaMoPHILA RUFESCENS, Sw.

The bird described by Prince Bonaparte in the ‘Comptes Rendus’
for May 12th, 1856, as Geospizopsis melanotis (of which I have
lately obtained a specimen) is the young either of this species or of
H. superciliosa, for at present I am unable to distinguish the two
satisfactorily. I have already shown that Geospizopsis typus, the
so-called second bird of the genus, is a female of a species of Phry-
gilus (vide P. Z. S. 1855, p. 160), so that this ugly generic name
may be altogether cancelled as useless.

14. GEOTRYGON ALBIFACIES.

Peristera mexicana, G. R. Gray in Mus. Brit.

Peristera albifacies, G. R. Gray in Mus. Brit.

Geotrygon chiriquensis, Bp. Compt. Rend. Orn. Foss. &e. p. 21
(nee Sclateri).

Rufo-cinnamomeus, interscapulio purpurascente, alis extus casta-
neis ; pileo toto griseo frontem versus canescente ; hoe pure
albo: subtus pallide rufescenti-ochraceus, gula albicante, cer-
vice antica et laterali nigro squamulata: pectore plumbescente
tincto ; remigibus alarum et caude rectricibus nigricantibus,
his supra brunnescentioribus et (nisi in duabus mediis) albo
late terminatis: rostro nigro: pedibus corallino-rubris.

Long. tota 10°5, alee 6°3, caudee 3°5, tarsi 1°6.

There has been a great deal of confusion about this Pigeon, caused
principally by the practice of publishing names without descriptions,
which leaves anybody else who is at work at the same group, the
privilege of guessing at what may be the species intended, unless he
likes to adopt the safer and more reasonable course of ignoring such

names altogether. This bird is identical with an imperfect specimen
in the British Museum, which is named “ Peristera mexicana”? in
the ‘ List of Gallinze,’ &c. published in 1824 (p. 15), and “ Peristera
albifacies”’ in the ‘ List of Pigeons’ published in 1856 (p. 55), but
not described. Prince Bonaparte, making a bad guess at what the
bird in question might be, in his ‘Conspectus,’ part 2, attributed
both these names to another bird belonging to a different section,
Leptoptila (Consp. ii. p. 74. sp. 5), and nearly allied to the Lepto-
ptila jamaicensis and L. rufazilla. In the “ Additions et Corrections
au Coup d’Gil sur l’Ordre des Pigeons,”’ published in the ‘Comptes
Rendus’ for Nov. 1856, the Prince, having discovered his error, pro-
poses to retain the name Leptoptila albifrons for the bird so de-
scribed in his ‘ Conspectus’ (hinting at the same time that it is the
same as Peristera brachyptera of the B.M. List), and states that
the present species of Geotrygon is identical with Cabanis’ Geotrygon
caniceps. In this, however, as far as I can make out from the imper-
fect characters there given, he has fallen into two fresh errors. In
the first place, the true Geotrygon caniceps of Cuba (Journ. f. Orn.
1856, p. 110) appears certainly distinct from the present Geotrygon
albifacies. Secondly, the bird described by Prince Bonaparte as
Geotrygon chiriquensis in the same place (p. 21) is not my Geo-
trygon chiriquensis (P. Z.S. 1856, p. 143), but seems to be the pre-
sent bird, G. albifacies—distinguishable at once from G. chiriquensis
by the white terminations of the tail-feathers. For my knowledge
of this last fact I am indebted to M. Jules Verreaux, who has care-
fully compared specimens of both the species.

The Geotrygon albifacies was obtained by M. Sallé in the environs
of Jalapa, and has been received by M. Verreaux from the same
part of Mexico. I have taken my characters from a fine example
belonging to his collection.

The result of the several papers which I have written on the Or-
nithology of Southern Mexico gives as inhabiting that country—

PAA PRULOR, ow cs oasis De ks ne US
bale) 1 i emi A A i a
CT ad a ni aE ae 30
es OS. ¢ Sccrais ax ve Mie eg, we
SOMA 01 A Se ey 8
Pre ea yoo ct ee
7c SRUIRORER 6: 5s )a2e 7

354 species.

9. Note ON THE SKELETON OF THE SHEATH-BILL (CHIONIS
aLBA). By T. C. Eyton, Esa., F.L.S.

The general appearance of this skeleton is similar to that of the
Plovers ; the fissures on the posterior part of the sternum are, how-
ever, not quite so deep in proportion to its length, nor is the keel so

100

broad, but its form is very similar, and distinct from that of other
grallatorial birds. It differs from Thinochorus (with which I at
first thought it might be allied) in having two fissures in the posterior
margin of the sternum, Thinochorus having but one. On comparing
the skeleton with some portion of the skeleton of Glareola pratin-
cola, the bones are almost identical in form, particularly the sternum,
head and pelvis. I should therefore be inclined to place Chionis
and Glareola in the same family.

Mr. G. R. Gray arranges this form along with the Thinocorine
in his order ‘ Galline ;’ Prince Bonaparte, in his ‘ Conspectus Sy-
stematis Ornithologie ’ (1854), places it next to the Gulls, in the
order ‘ Gavie.’

3. OBSERVATIONS ON THE GENUS CUSCUS, wITH THE DEscRIP-
TION OF A New Species. By Dr. J. E. Gray, F.R.S.,
V.P.Z.S., Pres. Ent. Soc., etc.

(Mammalia, Pl. LXI. LXII.)

Mr. Wallace having sent two specimens of this genus to the British
Museum, to determine them I went over the previous observations on
the genus, and examined the numerous specimens which are in the
Museum collection, received from the French voyages of discovery,
Mr. J. Macgillivray, the Naturalist of H.M. Ship ‘ Rattlesnake,’
and those now sent from the Island of Ula; and I have come to the
belief that they are all to be referred to four species, which are very
variable in the colour of the fur ; one being variable in both the sexes,
and the other, in which the sexes differ greatly from each other,
but appear to be permanent in their colour; one species in which
the furs of the two sexes are alike and uniform in colour; and one,
of which the female sex only is known, which is uniform iron-grey.

The two have the ears small, hairy on both sides, and hidden in
the fur; the other two have larger ears, exposed beyond the fur and
bald within.

Herr Temminck, in the first volume of the ‘ Monographies de
Mammologie,’ published in 1827, divides the short hairy-eared kinds
into three species.

At the time he wrote he only had specimens from the northern
part of Celebes, brought home by Professor Reinhardt, and from
the islands of Banda and Amboyna.

The species evidently depend principally on the colour of the
fur, which appears to be very variable in different individuals. It is
true that he describes and figures skulls of the different individuals ;
but the difference between those of Phalangista chrysorrhos and P.
maculata appears chiefly to depend on the age and development of
the specimen figured. M.Temminck and the writers of his school
always forget that the skull and other parts of the skeleton are
liable to quite as much variation from local circumstances, food,

101

and other accidental causes, as the colour of the fur or the size of
the animal.

1. In Phalangista ursina the fur is thicker and closer, and the
long hairs thicker than in the other species, blackish, with yellow
tips to the longer hairs ; and the forehead of the skull is flat. Of this
he had several specimens of different ages, all brought by Professor
Reinhardt from the northern part of Celebes, the natives of which
have not observed any varieties in colouring.

2. P. chrysorrhos is described from two specimens brought home
by the same Professor, from some of the Moluccas, which have a short
cottony fur, of an ash-grey more or less black, and the rump and
upper part of the base of the tail golden-yellow.

3. Of P. maculata Herr Temminck particularly observes, that the
fur in all ages and in both sexes is covered with irregular white or
brown spots, which are paler and less marked in the young. ‘The
very young are sometimes entirely ashy. They come from Banda
and Amboyna.

The yellow colour of the rump and the base of the tail, as far as
the specimens in the British Museum show, is common to the ashy
specimens, which might be called P. chrysorrhos, and the variegated
specimens, which might be named P. maculata: it is very diffi-
cult to distinguish the pale-rumped ashy ones from those without
that mark ; but it is easy to connect the grey or ashy spotted ones
with either the one or the other; and it is impossible to separate
the ashy-grey spotted ones from the brown or orange spotted speci-
mens. In one specimen the animal is nearly white, with some small
dark spots about an inch over ; aud in another the animal is white,
with red feet, and one large red spot on the middle of the back.

From the examination of the specimens in the British Museum,
and of their skulls, I am inclined to believe that the P. ursina
is distinct, and that P. chrysorrhos and P. maculata are varieties of
the same species.

1. Cuscus MACULATUS.

Ears almost hidden in the fur, clothed internally and externally
with fur ; forehead convex ; forehead of the skull convex and rounded |
in front ; grinders moderate ; fur ashy-grey, or white and grey, or
reddish, varied or spotted. Rump and base of the tail yellowish-
white.

Phalanger, male, Buffon, H. N. xiii. t. 11.

Phalangista maculata, Desm. N. D. H. N. xxv. 472; Temm.
Monog. i. 14. t. 3. f. 1-6; Quoy & Gaim. Voy. Uran. Zool. 59.
t. 7; Waterh. Mamm. i. 274. f. .

Phalangista ursina, part., Waterh. Mamm. 267.

Phalangista chrysorrhos, Temm. Monog. i. 12 ; Waterh. Mamm.
i. 271.

Cuscus maculatus, Lesson & Garnot, Voy. Coq. Zool. 150. t. 4.

Cuseus macrourus, Lesson & Garnot, Voy. Coq. Zool, i. 156, t. 9 ;
Waterhouse, Mamm. i. 277.

Hab. New Guinea.

102

Chrysorrhos would perhaps be the better name for this species,
because all I have seen have a yellow rump and base of the tail, but
some are not spotted.

Of this species we have in the British Museum—

1. Adult female, from the Moluccas, from the Leyden Museum,
sent as C. chrysorrhos. Uniform ashy-grey ; face, throat, chest, and
beneath the rump and base of the tail yellowish.

2. Young female, from the south coast of New Guinea. Pre-
sented by J. B. Jukes, Esq. Dark blackish-ashy ; head, neck and
shoulders paler; rump and base of the tail reddish-yellow ; cheeks,
throat and beneath white ; feet bright red.

The two sides of this specimen are not coloured alike. The fore-
head of the skull is very convex.

3. Half-grown “male from Darnley Island, brought from the
south coast of New Guinea.” Presented by J. Macgillivray, Esq.
Reddish; back and thighs darker blackish-ashy ; cheeks, throat, under
side, large confluent spots on the sides, the rump and tail white;
feet bright red. Like Cuseus maculatus, Quoy and Gaimard, Voy.
Uranie, t. 7.

4. Half-grown “ male from New Guinea.” Presented by J. Mac-
gillivray, Esq. Like the former, but white, with irregular large
symmetrical pale reddish spots on body, limbs and tail.

5. Half-grown “ female from Dufaure Island, south coast of New
Guinea.’ Presented by John Macgillivray, Esq. Like the former,
but white, with one very large reddish spot on the hinder part of
the back; two large spots on the hind legs, and an obscured in-
dication of a large patch on the shoulders; the feet red.

6. Half-grown, from the ‘island of Waygeroo.”” From M. Ver-
reaux. Ashy-grey cheeks; back with some white spots; throat,
chest, belly, rump and tail white ; sides white, with scattered, round,
nearly equal-sized spots ; feet reddish.

7. Adult male. Aru Island. Sent by Mr. Wallace. White; body
and limbs with small, roundish, rarely confluent, black-ashy spots ;
feet white: the skull has a very convex forehead.

Cuscus maculatus, Lesson, Voy. Coq. t. 4, is intermediate in
colour and marking between Nos. 7 and 3.

Cuscus macrourus, Lesson, Voy. Coq. t. 5, from the island of
Waygeroo, bears a great similarity to No. 3; but the reddish spots
are less confluent.

The figure of C. Quoyi, in Quoy and Gaimard, Voy. Uranie, t. 6,
looks like a specimen of this species intermediate between the ashy
and spotted variety, being ashy with darker obscure spots.

2. CUSCUS BREVICAUDATUS.

The ears hid in the fur, woolly internally and externally ; tail
short ; the forehead ——-?; the front lower cutting-teeth broad.

103

Female uniform ashy-grey ; rump and base of tail, throat, chest
and belly yellowish dirty-white.

Phalangista nudicaudata, Gould, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1849, 110.

Hab, Cape York.

This species is only known for “a female two-thirds grown, sent
i Cape York” to the British Museum by John Macgillivray,

sq.

It is very like the ashy variety of C. maculatus, but the front
lower cutting-teeth are much broader, and the tail, which has the
bones still remaining on it, is considerably shorter than any of our
specimens of C. maculatus.

B uae specimen in the British Museum is that described by Mr.
ould.

Mr. Gould refers this animal to the subgenus Pseudocheirus of the
genus Phalangista, and calls it P. nudicaudata, because it “ differs
from all the other Australian members of the genus in having the
apical three-fourths of its tail entirely destitute of hair.’ But Mr.
Gould overlooked the fact that it is not a Pseudocheirus, but a Cus-
cus, all the species of which have the major part of the tail naked ;
and the species under consideration has the naked part of the tail,
and indeed the tail itself, shorter than the rest of the species ; so that
the specific name of nudicaudata is singularly inapplicable.

The light mark on the rump, which Mr. Gould compared to that
of the Koala, is also common to the species of Cuscus, and is pro-
bably produced by the habit of the animal sitting on its rump, rolled
up into a ball, on the fork of the branches of trees.

The skull shows that the animal is much younger than the label
indicates, as it appears only to have the milk teeth, and the broad
lower incisors of the younger specimens of this genus. The skull
differs both from that of C. ursinus and C. maculatus, but it is too
young to predict what may be the normal form of the adult animal.

The front half of the space between the eyes is rather convex, but
not nearly so much so as the young skull of C. maculatus ; and the
front of the forehead just behind the convexity described is rather
concave ; this concavity has no resemblance to the deep concavity
occupying nearly the whole space between the eyes in C. ursinus and
C. maculatus.

3. CuSCUS URSINUS.

Ears almost hidden in the fur, clothed with fur internally and ex-
ternally ; fur blackish-ash, with larger silvery hairs; head, throat,
belly and tail rather pale brown; forehead flat, concave; forehead
of the skull flat, deeply concave ; grinders large, in a strongly-arched
series.

Phalangista (Ceonix) ursina, Temm. Monog. i. 10. t. 1. f. 1-3;
t. 2. f. 1-5, skull; t. 3, skeleton ; Lesson, Cent. Zool. t. 10 ; Water-
house, Mamm. i. 267, part.

Hab. Celebes.

We have in the British Museum only a single specimen of this
species with its skull, which was obtained from the Zoological Society,

104

and is the specimen described by Mr. Waterhouse in Mammalia, i.
p- 268. The other specimen there indicated as being in the British
Museum is a young C. maculatus.

In Lesson’s figure in Cent. Zool. t. 10, it is represented as uniform
blackish-brown, with rather large white-edged ears !

The larger size of the teeth and the flatness of the forehead at

once separate this from C. maculatus.

3. Cuscus ortenTALIs (PI. LXI.).

Ears produced beyond the fur, naked internally ; forehead con-
cave. Male white. Female pale reddish-brown, with a darker
longitudinal streak ; skull with a narrow concave forehead ; grinders
moderate.

2 b Phalangista cavifrons, Temm. Monog. i. 17.

2 & Cuscus orientalis, Gray, List Mam. B.M. 84.

2 S Phalangista (Cuscus) orientalis, Waterh. Mamm. i. 279.

3 Coescoes, Valentyn, Omst. in Amboyna, iii. 272.

Phalanger, Penn. Quad. ii. 27.

3 Didelphis orientalis, Pallas, Misc. Zool. 59 ; Schreb. Saugth.
il. 550. t. 152.
3 Cuscus Amboinensis, Lacép.
3 Phalangista alba, Geoff. Cat. Mus.
3 Cuscus albus, Lesson & Garnot, Voy. Coq. Zool. i. 158. t. 6.
3$ Balantia orientalis, Wliger, Prod. 78.
2 Phalangista rufa, Geoff. Cat. Mus.; Desm. N. D. H. N. xxv.
473.
¢ Phalanger, female, Buffon, H. N. xiii. t. 10.
Cuscus Quoyii, Lesson, Mam. 226.
Phalangista Quoy, Quoy & Gaim. Voy. Uranie, Zool. 58. t. 62?
Phalangista Quoy, Temm. Mon. Mamm. i. 17.
Phalangista Papuensis, Desm. Mam. Supp. ii. 541; Bull. Sci.

Nat. iii. 64.
Phalangista (Cuscus) maculata, part., Waterhouse, Mam. i. 275.

? Cuscus albus, Lesson, Voy. Coq. t. 6, 5?

Of this species we have in the British Museum—

1. Adult male, from New Ireland, procured from M. Verreaux of
Paris ; said to have come from one of the expeditions. Pure white ;
throat yellow ; feet nearly bald.

2. A nearly adult male, from the old collection, said to have come
from Amboyna. White.

3. Young male? Uniform pale brownish-yellow; throat, chest
and belly whiter. From island of Waygeroo ; procured from M. Ver-
reaux of Paris.

4. Adult female: ashy-brown, glistened with silvery ; throat,
chest and belly pure white ; back with a narrow uniform longitudinal
streak. This is sent as Cuscus Quoyii, Lesson, Mam. 220; Ph.
Papuensis of Desmarest, Supp. The figure of M. Gaimard’s animal

105

in the ‘ Voyage of the Uranie,’ t. 6, is more like a variety of C. ursi-
nus ; but the description agrees with our animal.

5. Young female, from the island of Waygeroo; procured from
M. Verreaux.

6. Young female, from Aru Islands; procured from Mr. A. R.
Wallace. These two only differ from the adult specimen in the
silvery hairs of the back being rather more abundant, but they seem
to be deciduous.

Phalangista Papuensis of Desm. was described from a female
specimen collected by M. Gaimard, which was afterwards described
as Ph. Quoyi. In eins and Gaimard, ‘ Zoology to the Voyage of
the Uranie,’ it is described as having a darker dorsal line, which
rather widens over the loins, which at once shows that it must be the
female of P. orientalis.

Mr. Waterhouse has referred both these names without any com-
ment as a synonym of P., maculata, misled probably by Herr:
Temminck, Be fa (Mon. Mamm. i. 18) states it to be a young P. ma-
culata—evidently overlooking the dorsal stripe.

Lesson, in the ‘ Voyage of the Coquille,’ figures a male animal as
Cuscus albus, t. 6, from Port Praslin, New Ireland, which is white,
with a narrow black streak, just as in the female of this species.

Knowing the little authority that is often to be placed on M. Les-
son’s figures, I suspect it is the figure of a pale or perhaps bleached
specimen of a female P. orientalis, in which some fold of the pouch,
probably produced from bad stuffing, has been mistaken by the
artist for the scrotum of a male.

4. Cuscus Cetespensis (Pl. LXII.).

Ears produced beyond the fur, naked internally. Male and female
alike, ashy-grey, grizzled with silvery hairs ; the nape and the upper
part of the middle of the back blacker, but without any distinct
dorsal streak.

Cuscus Celebensis, Brit. Mus.
Hab. Celebes.

We have of the species—

1. Young animal, from the island of Macassar ; procured from
Mr. J. R. Wallace in 1851.

2. Adult male and female, from San Cristoval, Soloman Group
of Islands, Dec. 1855. Presented by John Macgillivray, Esq. and
F. M. Rayner, Esq. in 1856.

106

4. List or Species or MAMMALIA SENT FROM THE ARu ISLANDS
By Mr. A. R. Watiace to THE British Museum. By
Dr. J. E. Gray, F.R.S., V.P.Z.S., Pres. Ent. Soc., etc.

(Mammalia, Pl. LXIII. LXIV.)

Mr. A. R. Wallace has lately sent to Mr. Samuel Stevens a col-
lection of Mammalia and Birds from the Aru Islands, referred to in
his paper on the Natural History of those islands in the ‘ Annals and
Mag. Nat. Hist.’ 1857, which has been transferred to the British
Museum, and forms a most important addition to the collection of
that establishment.

His list does not contain a single Bat.

In the ‘ Zoology of the Voyage of H.M.S. Samarang’ I gave a list
of the Mammalia which had up to that period been found in New
Guinea (p. 31); and in Dr. Miller’s ‘ Verhandlingen’ is a similar
list.

Besides the animals sent home by Mr. Wallace from the Aru
Islands, there are recorded in these lists—

1. DENDROLAGUS URSINUS. B.M.

Dendrolagus ursinus, 8. Miller, Verh. 131, 141. t. 19. f. 22, 23.
Hypsiprymnus ursinus, Temm. Faun. Japan.’

2. DENDROLAGUS INUSTUS. B.M.
Dendrolagus inustus, S. Miller, Verh. 131, 143. t. 20, 22, 23.

3. Dorcopsis ASIATICUS. Z B.M.

Dorcopsis Brunii, Miller, Verhand. 131.

Dorcopsis Asiaticus, Gray, Voy. Sam. 32.

Filander or Kangaroo, Le Brun’s Voyage, i. 347. t. 213, 1714.

Didelphis Asiaticus, Pallas, N. A. Petrop. 1777, 228. t. 9.

D. Brunii, Gmelin.

Halmaturus Brunii, Iliger, Prod.

Hypsiprymnus Brunii, Miller, Verh. 63. t. 21-23.

Island of Aru.

It is curious that this animal, described as specially inhabiting
the island visited by Mr. Wallace, was not ‘sent home by him. It
is to be hoped that he did not neglect it, thinking it a common Kan-
garoo, as it is a desideratum in most museums in Europe.

The specimen of this animal in the Leyden Museum is said to be
from the continent of New Guinea, where the two species of Den-
drolagus and the Antechinus melas were also found.

4. PuHascoGaLte (ANTECHINUS) MELAS.

Phascogale (Antechinus) melas, Miller, Verhand. t. 25. f. 1-3.
From New Guinea.
Differs according to the figure in having the hair of the tail rather

se Lie.

Law |

107

more elongated and spreading than the Australian species of the
genus ; the dentition is more nearly allied to the Antechinus than
to the new genus Myoictis sent home by Mr. Wallace.

5. Hauicore AUSTRALIS. B.M.

Halicore Australis, Owen in Jukes’s Voyage of the Fly, ii. 323.
f. 135, 1847; Gray, Voy. Samarang, 33.
Hab. Timor Straits.

6. Sus PAPUENSIS.

Sus Papuensis, Lesson, Voy. Coquille, t. ; Miiller, Verh. t.
Hab. New Guinea. Called ‘ Bene.’
A species which has not yet reached England.

The following animals sent home by Mr. Wallace do not occur in
the list ; indeed it does not contain a single Bat : viz.—

1. Hipposideros Aruensis.

2. Pteropus argentatus.

3. Dactylopsila trivirgata.

4. Myoictis Wallacii.

VESPERTILIONID.

1. PreROPUS ARGENTATUS. B.M.

Back white, with scattered black hairs ; beneath yellowish ; face
grey, nakedish ; head deeper yellow-grey, with black interspersed
hairs ; collar broad, bright red-chestnut, darker brown at the sides
and under side, where the hair is longer, forming a kind of ruff ;
ears and membranes (when dry) black.

Hab. Aru Island. Female.

«Back of a silky or silvery shining white, very beautiful in the
freshly killed animals.” — Wallace.

HipposipeEros.

As M. Bonaparte has given the name of Phyllorhina to the Euro-
pean Horse-shoe Bats, I am inclined to restrict the genus Hipposi-
deros to those species of the larger genus which have a large cavity
opening with an expanding pore on the forehead behind the trans-
verse hinder part of the nose-leaf; they have distinct pubal teats ;
thus restricting Phyllorhina to those which have a simple forehead
without any pore.

2. HiprosiperRos ARUENSIS. B.M.

Sooty-brown ; the lower half of the hairs of the back paler; the
hairs of the under side more uniform, or with rather paler tips ; the
ears large, broad, rounded at the ends, with two hairy lines on the
inner side of the front edge ; face and chin rather bristly, without
any membranaceous ridges on the sides outside of the nose-leaf.

Hab. Aru Islands. ‘‘ Male.” —Wadllace.

108

Length of head and body 2"; tail 2; expanse of wings 51;
length of upper arm bone 13; length of shin bone 2 inch.

The ears sooty-black ; the front margin of the ears is broad, with
a rounded lobe on the basal part near the forehead ; wings broad,
thin, sooty-black, bald; thumb slender, of two subequal joints; the
interfemoral membrane broad, truncate at the end; the hind legs
slender, rather elongate ; feet slender, enveloped in the membrane
to the base of the slender equal compressed toes; the heel-bones
elongate, longer than the foot; tail elongate, slender, attached and
extending a little beyond the end of the truncated interfemoral mem-
brane.

Cutting teeth >; upper large, chisel-shaped, separated by a
small space from each other and from the canines ; the lower small,
crowded, three-lobed ; canines conical ; grinders 2

The specimen is unfortunately rather injured about the face ; but
it appears quite distinct in form from any of the Horse-shoe Bats I
have hitherto observed. :

This species appears to be quite distinct from Hipposideros
speoris of Timor, which is described as being a little larger than the
larger English Horse-shoe Bat, Phyllorhina bifer ; it has the follow-
ing synonyma :—

Vespertilio speoris, Schneid. in Schreb. Saugth. t. 59 ; B. Shaw,
Zool. i. 147.

Rhinolophus marsupialis, Geoff. Cour. 1805.

Rhinolophus speoris, Geoff. Ann. Mus. xx. 261. t. 5. 266; Desm.
N. D. H. N. x]. 368; Mam. 126; Fischer, Mam. 139.

Rhinolophe cruménifere, Péron & Lesueur, Voy. aux Terres Aust.
Atlas, i. t. 35. :

Hab. Timor (Péron and Lesueur).

It is certainly distinct from Hipposideros insignis, Gray, Mag.
Zool. & Bot. ii. 492, the Rhinolophus insignis, Horsf. Java, Vesp.
cyclope, Deschamps, MSS., from Java, which Fischer confounded
with the former, and which has acute ears on the sides of the face,
numerous lamellz under the front part of the nose-leaf, and is

33 inches in expanse of wings.

Fam. KANGEROID2.

3. CuscUS MACULATUS.

Phalanger, male, Buffon, H. N. xiii. t. 11.

Phalangista maculata, Desm. N. D. H. N. xxv. 473; Quoy &
Gaim. Voy. Astrol. t. 7.

Cuscus maculatus, Lesson & Garnot, Voy. Coq. Zool.

Cuscus macrourus, Lesson & Garnot, Voy. Coq. Zool. 150. t. 4.

Grey or black and white, variegated, without any dorsal streak.

Hab. Aru Island.

Two skulls, male.

The specimen sent is white, with scattered black spots, more
abundant on the middle of the back and sides.

EE es ——e eee

109

4, Cuscus orrentauis. (PI. LXI.)

Cuscus Quoyii, Lesson, Mam. 220.
( 4 ino Quoyii, Quoy & Gaimard, Voy. Uranie, Zool. 38
ok gag &

P. maculata, part., Waterhouse, Mamm. i. 274.

P. Papuensis, Desm. Supp. 341.

Brown, grizzled, with a few white-tipped hairs, with a narrow black
dorsal streak.

Hab, Aru Island. ‘“‘ Female,” young.

5. Betipeus ARIEL.

Belidea Ariel, Gould, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1842, x. 11.
Pelaurus sciureus, Miller, Verhand. tabl.

Hab. Aru Island,

Female adult, with one young in the pouch.

DACTYLOPSILA.

Tail elongate, slender, depressed, densely clothed with fur, with
the exception of the under side near the tip, which is bald and ecal-
lous, the end rather bushy. Ears elongate, rounded, bald, except
at the outer sides of the base. Pupil round? The fore-feet elon-
gate; toes very slender, compressed, very unequal in length, quite
free ; the outer and third or middle toe nearly equal, the second or
ring-finger much the longest, the fourth and fifth short, the fifth
or innermost the shortest. The hind-feet slender, toes compressed,
the two outer toes elongate, nearly equal, the two inner about half
the length and united.

Skull (figs. 1, 2, 3) depressed, very broad, with very large expanded
zygomatic arches ; the face narrow, compressed and nearly erect on
the side, tapering in front ; the palate is narrow, concave. The cutting

teeth —; the upper front elongate, projecting in front, rather taper-
ing and truncated at the tip ; the second and third compressed, chisel-
shaped, close together and to the front ; the second small, the third
larger ; the fourth separated from the others by a small space and
placed on the intermaxillary suture, compressed, curved rather like
a canine; the lower front very long, projecting in front, curved,
rather tapering at the tip; the second, third and fourth small, trun-
cated, separated from each other, the second largest close to the base
of the front tooth ; the third small, separated from the second by a
small space ; the fourth very small, far from the other; and at the
base of the front edge of the first grinder, in the space between the
third and fourth on the right side of the jaw, is a cavity which
appears to have been filled with a tooth like the third one, but
there is no appearance of the tooth or cavity on the other side.

Canines? —, upper small, compressed, conical, tapering like, but
smaller than, what I have called the hinder cutting teeth (fig. 3).
Grinders = small, in two nearly straight lines parallel to each

110

other, and the hinder ones in each jaw rather smaller than the front *
ones; the front upper small, triangular ; the others are four-sided
and square, with four tubercles, the outer front tubercle of the
second tooth being rather larger than the rest, which are nearly
equal among themselves, and the front lower grinder has only one
larger tubercle in the place of the two in the others (figs. 4, 5).

This genus is very distinct from the other genera of Phalangistina,
in the elongated and depressed form of the tail, the formation of the
fore-feet, and especially in the disposition and form of the teeth, as
well as in the broad depressed skull.

Fig. 5.

The following observations may assist in showing the value of
these characters.

In Cuseus the fingers are rather longer than in Hepoone, and the
third or middle finger is the longest, the others becoming gradually
shorter on each side.

111

In Phalangista proper (that is Trichosurus of Mr. Waterhouse) the
fingers are moderatelylong, the second and third are the longest and
equal, the fourth longer than the first, and the fifth or inner one
the shortest.

The hand of the Hepoona is very like that of Phalangista, both in
the proportion and form of the fingers ; but the two inner fingers are
rather separated and opposible to the other three.

The tail though covered with hair is very unlike those of the
genera Hepoona and Phalangista, and is more like that of a squirrel,
but not so bushy; in Hepoona it is tapering and covered with
shortish hair, and has a slender tip; in the more perfect specimen
eae outs it is cylindrical and equally covered with hair on all
sides.

In Hepoona and Phalangista the grinders are placed in arched
series, and they are much larger compared with the size of the skull
than in this genus, and the hinder grinders are larger than the front
ones ; the front grinder in the upper jaw is larger, more elongate,
and compressed.

: 6. DacrytopsiLa TRIviRGATA (Pl. LXIIT.).

White; three broad black stripes on the back, the outer ones
commencing on the side of the nose, enclosing the eyes, and con-
tinued along the side of the back ; the central one commencing on
the crown and continued to the end of the tail, being narrower at
the base of the tail: a large black square spot on each side of the
chin, separated by a narrow central line ; a large spot on the upper
surface of each leg; the sides of the throat are greyish, and the
sides of the body are rather greyish from the dark colour of the
base of the fur on that part of the body ; the tip of the tail is whitish,
and the under part of the upper surface near the tip, with a nar-
row streak ending some way down the middle of the under side
of the tail, black ; the under side of the tip of the tail is bald,
without hair, but scarcely callous; the feet flesh-coloured, with few
scattered short whitish hairs; the ears nakedish, black when dry.

Hab. Aru Island.

A female : lives on fruit. ‘ Teeth = ( Wallace.)

Myoicrtis.

Head tapering ; nose acute; whiskers strong. Tail depressed,
tapering, clothed with rather elongated hairs above and on the sides ;
the under side flat, nakedish. Feet moderate; soles bald to the
heel ; toes 5°5, free, compressed ; claws acute ; first and fifth front
toes equal ; second, third and fourth toes equal, longer ; hinder toes
free, weak, distinct, clawless; thumb of hind-foot larger. Ears
roundish, nakedish. Scrotum pendulous.

Cutting teeth >; the upper with a central space in front between

them, in a close series on each side, and with a small interspace be-
tween them and the canines ; the first tooth very small, hid in the
gums, the others all equal, lancet-shaped, rather crowded; the lower

glia so ARPS oe Sra a4,
“4 Ne

112

forming a continued series, shelving forward, all lancet-shaped, sub-
equal; the front rather the longest and narrowest ; the hinder rather
broader.

Canines =, conical ; the upper not quite developed, only slight! y

produced above the level of the other teeth ; the lower small, conical
scarcely raised above the other teeth (figs. 3, 4).

ie 2—2 : .
Grinders false, c= conical, compressed ; the lower with a very

obscure, the upper with a rather more distinct, conical tubercle on
the front and hinder edge (figs. 3, 4).

The true grinders =; the upper large, triangular, acutely lobed ;
the lower compressed, very acutely lobed; the middle one in each
jaw the largest.

The angle of the lower is produced, elongate and strongly inflexed,
as is usual in Marsupialia.

Skull: length, 1 inch 3 lines ; width, all the zygomatic arch,9 lines;
length of the tooth-line 9 lines. Length of the lower jaw 113, of

symphysis 41, of tooth-line 73 lines (figs. 1, 2, 3, 4).

This genus is peculiar, because, as far as the dentition is concerned,
there is no character by which we should have determined that it
was a Marsupial animal; but the form of the angle of the lower
jaw at once shows its true affinity to that group. It was not until a
most careful examination of the space between the front upper cut-
ting teeth, that I could find any indication of the front pair of cut-
ting teeth found in the allied genus Antechinus.

This genus is evidently allied to the genus Antechinus of Australia ;
but it is known at once by its external form, which is just that of a
small Indian Herpestes or Ichneumon, having like that genus a de-
pressed tail with long spreading hair, broad and depressed at the
base, tapering to an acute tip which bears a pencil of hairs.

7. Myorcris Watxacii (Pl. LXIV.).

Rusty-brown, with interspersed black longer hairs; head redder ;
throat, chest and belly pale reddish ; side of the neck at the base of

Gray.

Paes

—

|
:
|
:

113

the ears bright reddish ; ears, and the greater part of the tail bright
red-brown ; tip of the tail black.
Hab. Aru Island.

Male.
“In houses as destructive as rats to every thing eatable.
“Teeth 34 :—Inc. 3 io; Prem. ==; M. =.”—Wallace.

8. PeraMe.es (Ecarmrpera) Doreyanvs.

Perameles Doreyanus, Quoy & Gaimard, Voy. Astrol. Zool. i. 100.
t. 16. f. 1-5 ; Waterhouse, Mam. i. 386.
Echymipera Kalulu, Lesson, Reg. Anim. 192.

Tail naked, rugose, squamose, wrinkled below. Toes 3:5: the
two inner front large, equal; the outer small; the inner hind toe
short, clawless ; the two index fingers small, united, clawed.

Hab. Aru Island.

Female.

‘The skin is very thin and friable.

“Teeth 46 :—Inc. 2; C. <3; Prem. =; M. —3.’—Wallace.

“1-1? 3—3’

This enumeration agrees with that given by MM. Quoy and Gai-

mard, being two cutting teeth in the upper jaw less than are found in

the other species of the genus; hence Lesson considered it as a
genus.

The outer and inner toes of the forefeet are very small, rudi-

mentary and clawless.

9, PARADOXURUS HERMAPHRODITA.

Hab. Ké Islands.
Is in the collection : it only appears to be a variety of the very vari-
able and extensively distributed Paradoxurus hermaphrodita.

5. DescRIPTION OF APHROCERAS, A New GENus Of CALCAREOUS
SPoNGIADZ BROUGHT FROM Honc-KonG By Dr. HAr.anp.
By Dr. J. E. Gray, F.R.S., V.P.Z.S., Prestpent Ent.
Soc. etc.
(Radiata, Pl. X.)
APHROCERAS.

Sponge tubular, branched, without any large superficial oscules,
formed of two distinct coats, externally covered with simple fusi-
form calcareous spicula, placed side by side in the longitudinal axis
of the stem and branches, forming an even coat; inner surface of
the tube lined with a minute network of interlaced fibre placed in
all directions ; branches simple, tapering, attenuated at the tip, with
a round terminal contracted aperture.

The spicula are entirely dissolved in dilute muriatic acid, leaving the
form of the sponge marked by the internal network and the sheaths

No. CCCLIV.—ProceepinGs or tur ZooLoaicat Sociery.

114

of the spicula on the surface. When treated with caustic potash,
the internal network is destroyed, leaving only the external spicula
placed side by side.

This genus is allied to Grantia, but it is easily distinguished by
the uniform fusiform shape and the disposition of the spicula.

APHROCERAS ALcIcorNis. (Pl. X.)

Hab. Hong-Kong (Dr. Harland).

This species somewhat resembles Grantia botryoides in appear-
ance and habit; but in that species the spicula are all triradiate,
which appears to be the generic character of the genus Grantia as
I propose to restrict it.

6. On ApHROCALLISTES, A New GENUS OF SPONGIADH FROM
Matacca. By Dr. Joun Epwarp Gray, F.R.S., V.P.ZS.,
PRESIDENT ENT. Soc.

(Radiata, Pl. XI.)

In 1842 we received from Captain Sir Edward Belcher a Sponge
which he obtained in Malacca, which evidently forms a new genus
nearly allied to the Huplectella of Professor Owen. I therefore have
great pleasure in bringing a description of it before the Society.

»
APHROCALLISTES.

The sponge cylindrical, tubular, branched; the end of the main
tube closed with an open network formed of spicula; branches
cylindrical, simple, rarely bifid, rounded and closed at the end; the
inner surface of the tube with large unequal-sized concavities placed
in longitudinal series, having a large roundish oscule near its lower
edge.

The sponge hard, calcareous, with uniform, close, equal, regular
hexangular pores on the surface, and larger round ostioles in series
on the sides of the main tube. The outer surface formed of inter-
tangled transparent spines, which inosculate and unite with each
other at the intersection, forming a hard, rather brittle crust. The
inner surface lined with a coat of fusiform transparent spicula, which
are placed in bungles parallel to each other in the spaces between
the roundish internal apertures of the crowded small superficial

ores.
f This genus is very like Huplectella of Professor Owen in its ex-
ternal form, and especially in the upper part of the tube being closed
with network.

It differs from that genus in being more irregularly formed and
branched, and in the structure and calcareous composition of the
sponge itself.

In that genus the basis of the tube is formed of ropes of elongated
spicula placed at right angles longitudinally and transversely to the

GH Pord

Whe:

_
.

—__”

115

axis of the tube, and covered with a more or less thick coat of smaller
spicula. In this genus the mass of the sponge is formed of small
spicula, which inosculate and are united together, forming a rather
hard mass pierced with numerous closed, small, uniform hexangular
pores, lined internally with a thin layer formed of elongate fusiform
spicula placed parallel in bungle in a more or less longitudinal
direction round the inner mouth of the pores.

The main tube is smaller at the base, gradually enlarges upward,
and is then subcylindrical and irregular on the surface.

When examined externally, eight or ten longitudinal ridges are
observed, between which are placed a more or less regular series of
unequal-sized squarish concavities ; at the lower edge of each is to
= observed a large round oscule, commencing with the outer sur-
ace.

APHROCALLISTES BEATRIX. (PI. XI.)

Hab. Malacca.

We have in the British Museum an imperfect specimen of Huplec-
tella, which was brought home by Capt. Sir Edward Belcher at the
same time as the above.

March 9, 1858.

Dr. Gray, F.R.S., V.P., in the Chair,

The following papers were read :-—

1. A MonoGRAPH OF THE GENUS MINIOPTERIS,
By Roserr F. Tomes.

(Mammalia, Pl. LXV.)

Perhaps there is no order of Mammalia in which there is so great
a diversity in the forms of the different species as in the Chetiroptera.
On examining the genus Vespertilio in the extended form in which
it is given by M. Temminck, and more recently by M. Wagner, the
naturalist will find an assemblage of creatures which he will have

eat difficulty in making out to his satisfaction. But in endeavour-
ing to separate them into groups or genera for the purpose of de-
scription, he will be equally puzzled. An examination of the British
species merely, will illustrate the nature of the difficulty to which I
refer. Take, in the first place, the common Noctule Bat, and the
equally common Whiskered Bat, the one exhibiting a heavy mus-
cular body, and strong — capable of vigorous and sustained
flight, and with jaws and teeth of sufficient size and power to masti-

116

cate a Cockchafer whilst on the wing with perfect ease ; and the
other species having a slight and feeble body, with very slender
wing-bones supporting a membrane of equal delicacy, suited only for
flight in sheltered spots, and with a muzzle and teeth of such small
size as to be fitted only for taking minute food in such situations.

The difference between the two is quite sufficient to justify generic
separation, and the work is easy so far as these two species are con-
cerned ; but unfortunately a whole host of species come in between
them, and bring such a series of small modifications as to reduce
the distinction to one of degree only; so that in attempting to separate
them the results are anything but satisfactory. And it is scarcely
necessary to go beyond the European list to meet with an unbroken
series from the one to the other. Under these circumstances, any
character which could be found sufficiently marked to show a differ-
ence apart from that of degree, however small it might be, would
be valuable as a means of classification.

In default of any single character which might be considered suf-
ficient for this purpose, a certain combination of characters, not in
themselves sufficiently distinctive taken separately, might neverthe-
less, if taken collectively, answer the desired end; and further, the
decision would be strengthened if we were to find that these cha-
racters were so precisely uniform in degree, as to afford no specific
differences beyond those of the size of the animal and the quality and
colour of the fur.

Such is literally the case with the group which I have now to
consider. Although inhabiting widely separated localities—Europe,
Asia, Africa and Australia,-—its several members scarcely exhibit any
greater differences than those above noted, viz. colour and size.

The genus Miniopteris was first proposed by Prince C. L. Bona-
parte in his fine work on the Fauna of Italy, for a species which was
there described as Miniopteris Ursinii, being regarded as new. It has
however been subsequently shown by MM. Keyserling and Blasius,
that this species is identical with the one described a long time pre-
viously by Natterer, in Kuhl’s ‘Memoir on the Bats of Germany,’
under the name of Vespertilio Schreibersii. The specific name
given by Natterer is the one now generally admitted, whilst the ge-
neric one given by Prince C. L. Bonaparte is refused or adopted
according to the opinion respecting the generic distinctions.

In the following monograph the generic peculiarities will first be
pointed out ; and this will be followed by a detailed description of
the earliest-described and best-known species—the European one, —
after which the points of dissimilarity in the other species will be
adverted to*,

* T am aware that some zoologists regard the Asiatic and African representa-
tives of the genus as referable to the European one, an opinion in which I par-
tially concur. The African one, Vespertilio dasythrix of Temminck, is I believe
identical with Miniopteris Schreibersii; but the Asiatic ones occurring in the
islands of the Indian Archipelago and in Australia, I believe to be perfectly
distinct species.

:
j

117

Genus Miniopteris, Bonap.—Tvilatitius, Gray (in part).

Top of the head much elevated ; face very short, concave in its
longitudinal direction ; muzzle obtuse, not much depressed, nostrils
near together, with their upper and inner margins slightly project-
ing, the space between these projecting parts being slightly emar-
ginate. This notch between the nostrils does not, however, pass
downward through the upper lip, which is entire and rather pro-
minent. The nostrils themselves are crescent-shaped and open sub-
laterally. From the outer side of each is a vertical notch or groove
passing through the lip, but leaving its central portion entire and
slightly projecting*. Lateral parts of the lip thick and overhang-
ing.
Lower lip with a distinct and clearly defined reflex central portion,
as in Natalus, but of much less extent.

Ears angular-round, very short ; tragus short, of uniform breadth,
round at the end, and curved inwards. Tail as long as the head
and body. Wing-membranes extending to the extremity of the
tibie. Os calcis short. Cutaneous system ample ; middle pha-
lange of the second and third finger very short. Fur very thick
and soft.

Skull with the bony palate extending backwards as far as the
molar series only. Intermaxillary bones nearly meeting in front,
so as to allow space for a considerable interval on each side between
the outer incisors and the canines, and leaving only a small interspace
between the two inner incisors. Incisors placed across the opening
between the canines.

1. Mrniopreris SCHREIBERSII.

Vespertilio Schreibersii, Natt. in Kuhl, Wetter. Ann. iv. 41,1817;
Desm. Mamm. p. 138, 1820; Fisch. Synop. Mamm. p. 104, 1829 ;
Temm. Mon. Mamm. ii. p. 174, 1835-41; De Selys-Longch. Etude
Micro-mamm. p. 138, 1839; Wagn. Supp. Schreib. Saugth. i. 508,
1841.

Miniopteris Schreibersii, Keys. et Blas. Wiegm. Arch. v. 323,
1839; Die Wirbelthiere Europ. p. xiii. et 44, 1840; Less. Nouv.
Tab. Régne Anim. p. 27, 1842.

Miniopteris Ursinii, Bonap. Faun. Ital. fase. 21. fol. 106, 1832-
42; Gray, Mag. Zool. Bot. 1.497, 1838 ; De Selys-Longch. Etude
Micro-mamm. p. 139, 1839; Less. Nouv. Tab. Régne Anim. p. 27,
1842.

Vespertilio Ursinii, Temm. Mon. Mamm. ii. p. 179, 1839-1841.

Vespertilio dasythriz, Temm. Mon. Mamm. ii. p. 268.

* This projecting part of the upper lip is somewhat singular. Separated by
the two vertical grooves above mentioned, it is well and clearly defined, and has
somewhat the appearance of the cartilaginous forepart of the palate of some Ru-
ininants, as that of the Sheep. Its surface is conspicuously granular, and in size
it exactly corresponds with the naked reflex portion of the lower lip, so that
when the mouth is closed the two parts fit closely together.

118

Vespertilio Natalensis, Smith, South African Quart. Journ. new
ser. v. 1, 1832.

Miniopteris dasythriz, Smith, Ill. Zool. 8. Africa, no. 27. pl. 52,
1848 ; Schinz, Synop. Mamm. i. p. 166, 1844.

The crown of the head is very much elevated, and the face so
much depressed as to give the appearance of a deep hollow across
its middle. The muzzle is very short and round, but it is not itself
much depressed, as in the flat-headed species such as the Noctule.
From the great concavity of the middle part of the face, the muzzle
appears to have an upward direction. The nostrils are small, near
together, and in the specimens preserved in spirit are directed nearly
straight forward; but in dried specimens they have a sublateral di-
rection.

The ears are very short, somewhat quadrangular in form, with
the angles rounded, and have their outer margin brought forward
along the face in the form of a very narrow strip of membrane to
near the corners of the mouth. The inner margin rises from the
side of the head ina perpendicular direction for a very short distance,
and then making an angle, which if not rounded off would be a right
angle, proceeds outwards in nearly a straight line, and forms another
similar rounded angle with the outer margin. About the middle of
the outer margin is a slight hollow.

The tragus reaches fully halfway up the ear, and in actual mea-
surement nearly equals it in length, both being viewed as simple
projections and measured along their central lines. Its form is
somewhat similar to that of the tragus of the common Pipistrelle ;
but it is relatively longer and narrower, of absolutely uniform breadth,
and with the tip more regularly rounded. It curves inwards for
the whole of its length, but most strikingly so about one-fourth of
the distance from the end.

The wings are long in relation to the size of the animal, and the
longest finger is fully twice the length of the fore-arm. The middle
phalanges of the two longest fingers in the wing are very short, but
the relative lengths of the same parts in the other fingers are not
remarkable. In the relative proportions of these bones to each other,
they closely resemble the same parts in Furipterus, but in no other
group that I have had the opportunity of examining. Thumb of
medium length and size, with the terminal phalange a little longer
than the basal one ; its claw rather strongly hooked.

The wing-membranes are attached as far as to the extremity of
the tibize.

The hinder limbs are of medium proportion ; but the feet are rather
large, and have the toes of about one-half of their entire length. The
claws, although of moderate size, are strongly hooked.

The tail is long, and is composed of nine vertebrz, and is fully
equal in length to the head and body. It is wholly enclosed by the
interfemoral membrane, which has about thirteen transverse dotted
lines, which are very near together on its basal portion. All the
membranes are somewhat diaphanous, but present no great pecu-
liarities of reticulated or other markings.

ceeatels

119

The fur is soft and thick, of medium length, and rather faintly
bicoloured, both above and below. That of the upper parts is dark
brownish grey at the base, its terminal half paler and strongly
tinged with brown. Beneath it has similarly coloured roots, with
palish grey-brown tips. Such is the colour of the European ex-
amples. Those from Algeria are characterized by a strong ashy
tinge over the whole of the fur, and in some specimens the pubal
region is wholly ash-coloured. Examples from Lake Ngama have all
the upper parts of the body of a deep brownish grey (similar in co-
lour to the roots of the hair in the European specimens), with the
extreme tips of the hairs slightly paler, but not browner. Beneath,
the fur is nearly black at its base, and tipped with ash colour; and
the latter colour prevails around the region of the pubes. The
specimens from this locality represent the Vesp. dasythrix of M.
Temminck, and correspond pretty accurately with his description ;
but specimens from the Cape are described by Dr. A. Smith as having
the upper parts “ intermediate between chestnut-brown and yellowish
brown,” and the under parts “dull pale brownish red, tinged with
wood-brown and yellowish brown, in places strongly tinted with
pale reddish orange.” I have seen no African example of this
colour.

The cerebral region of the skull is very much elevated, almost as
much so as in Furipterus, the evenness of its convexity being interfered
with only by a narrow transverse depression occupying the position
of the suture uniting the occipital with the parietal bones, by a
moderately developed sagittal ridge, most conspicuous on the frontal
region, and by an occipital crest of similar degree of development.

The facial part of the cranium is very much depressed, and it is
also considerably compressed. The intermaxillary bones are, as in
Furipterus, more developed than is usually the case among the
Vespertilionida, affording sufficient space for the incisors to be in-
serted in a nearly perpendicular position, and at the same time to
leave a considerable interval between them and the canines. It is
worthy of remark, that in this, as in the crania of the other species
of the genus, the antorbital foramina are placed more forward than
usual, only just behind the canines. The nasal opening is rather
small, and the corresponding notch in the front of the palate pro-

ortional to it in size. The orbit is small, and the zygomatic arches
hive a very moderate lateral curvature. As in other species having
a dome-shaped cranium, the condyloid fossze are in aline high above
that of the teeth, and the zygoma in consequence starts at an angle
from the line of the dental series and passes upwards and backwards
to the condyle. In those species which, like the common Noctu/e,
have a flat cranium, with both the facial and cerebral surfaces in
one continuous line, the dental series and the zygoma are in nearly
a continuous line also.

The bony palate presents one peculiarity, viz. that it scarcely ex-
tends posteriorly beyond the last molar, whereas in the generality
of the Vespertilionide it reaches as far backwards as halfway be-

120

tween the last molar and the condyles, and in some instances reaches
even so far back as to the latter.

The lower jaw does not present any great peculiarities of structure.
It has a rounded posterior angle, to adapt itself to the elevated po-
sition of the cranial condyles, and a distinct and well-marked poste-
rior process, about halfway between the angle and the condyloid
process. The coronoid process is of ordinary form and on a level
with the condyle.

Viewed in front, the upper incisors are seen to be in two pairs,
which are separated by a moderately wide opening in the centre, and
by another of less extent on each side, between them and the canines;
but the teeth m each of these pairs are placed close together. In
direction, their tips point a little inwards. Seen laterally they are
nearly vertical.

In form they present no remarkable deviation from what is com-
mon in the genera Vespertilio and Scotophilus: they are of nearly
equal length, the two nearest the canines simple in form and some-
what blunt, the inner ones more pointed and with a kind of basal
cusp or point near to the outer ones. The canines are of medium
size, and conical, with but little angularity, and possessed of a mode-
rately developed cingulum. The first pre-molar is small, and has a
central pointed cusp, surrounded by a flattish space, from the centre
of which it projects. Its general appearance is that of a diminutive
canine having an exceedingly broad cingulum. Succeeding to this,
and contiguous to the first true molar, is a tooth which may be re-
garded as taking the place of the sectorial tooth of the Carnivora ;
it is rather long and pointed, with an inner basal ring, which is con-
siderably developed in the direction of the palate.

The true molars have nothing remarkable either in number or
form.

In the lower jaw the incisors exhibit a slight deviation from the
usual type. The four central ones are small and trilobed; but the
two outer ones are conspicuously larger, and instead of having a thin
lobated edge, have a roundish flattened crown with a transverse cleft
through its centre, for the reception of the point of the outer upper
incisor when the jaws are closed.

The lower canines are of the‘ordinary form ; but it is worthy of
remark, that the basal ring or collar is considerably developed,
running off into a flat basal space in the direction of the first pre-
molar, but rising up into a kind of blunt accessory cusp near to
the large incisor already mentioned.

This form of canine cannot, however, be instanced as peculiar to
the genus, since I find that the additional cusp occurs more conspi-
cuously in some other species, as the common Noctule Bat, and the
equally common Long-eared Bat; whilst in some others, as the
Kerivoula picta and the Barbastelle, it appears as a mere ring of
enamel around the base of the tooth.

The three following teeth are of a very simple form, conical and
pointed, surrounded by a cingulum which is rather more developed

te t.

:
)
:

121

on the inside of the teeth than on the outer. They increase in size
evenly and rapidly, so that the one contiguous to the molars is the
highest tooth in the jaw, excepting the canine, and even to that it
is not greatly inferior.

The only peculiarity I am able to note respecting the true molars
is, that the first has its anterior inner cusp so much produced as to
be nearly even with the outer anterior one, usually much the highest.

The numeration of the teeth may be thus stated :—

In. ==; Can. =; Prem. =; Mol. =

The dimensions in column 1 of the following table are those of a
specimen from Bannatt; 2, those of one from Sicily: both pre-
served in spirit. Column 3 contains the dimensions of the mutilated
skeleton, which is all that remains of the type of Prince Bonaparte’s
Miniopteris Ursinii ; whilst column 4 refers to a specimen collected
in Algeria in 1856 by the Rev. H. B. Tristram, and very kindly pre-
sented to me; and columns 5 and 6 refer to specimens from Lake
Ngama, collected by Mr. Anderson. The three last-mentioned spe-
cimens are all preserved in skin, and their dimensions are therefore
less to be depended on than those of the specimens in spirit.

1. | 2, | 3. ame (eer Same eet?
in. lin.jin. lin.jin. lin.in. lin.in. lin.jin. lin,
Length of the head and body... 2 3 | BrP a ive. a9. be 4 | 2
of the tail .....-.sscoaese Peedi tee Wl B10 Body
Of the head...,...ccccssece |. 0... 84) Oy BS)...0505.. 0 83 0 80 8
Of the Cars ......seeeseee FO) a. eines 0 3/0 340 3
of the tragus ............ heel? aC ia RBCS 02 Oh 20 ae
of the fore-arm ......... Bie bok Ot Wea Le Lt oe 11 84
of the longest finger .... 3 6/3 5'>3 3/3 4/3 5'3 3
of the fourth finger ....2 2/2 0/2 0/2 1 2.212 0
of the thumb ............ }0 4/0 3/0 3} 0 330 320 34
of the tibia ..............., 0 9 | 0 83/0 74] 0 830 84/0 8}
of the foot and gta 0 535 0/0 43/0 5,0 43,0 43
Expanse Of WINGS .eseeeseeseseee 14 0/13 0 13 6 |12 9 13 0 |12 6

2. M. BLEPOTIS.

Vesp. blepotis, Temm. Mon. ii. p. 212, 1835-41; Miller, Over,
Zoog. d. Ind. Archiv, p. 23, and table; Schinz, Synop. Mamm. i.
p- 172, 1845.

Miniopteris blepotis, Blasius, Weigm. Arch. Bd. 6. p. 4, 1840.

Pipistrellus blepotis, Less. Nouv. Tab. Régn. Anim. p. 30, 1842.

Trilatitius blepotis, Gray, Ann. & Mag. N. H. v. 10, p. 258, 1842;
Cat. Mam. Brit. Mus. p. 26, 1843; Zool. Voy. Samar. p. 8, 1849.

Scotophilus Morio, Gray, App. Greg’s Narrat. p. 405, 1841 ; Cat.
Mam. Brit. Mus. p. 29, 1843; Weigm. Arch. Bd. 8. p. 339, 1842;
Schinz, Synop. Mamm. i. p. 192, 1844.

Vesp. Escholtzii, Waterh. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1845, p. 4.

Noctulinia ? Escholtzii, Gray, Zool. Voy. Samar. p. 9, 1849.

The following comparison of this species with the last has been
made between a great number of examples of both, most of those of
M. bilepotis being preserved skins, whilst the greater part of those

122

of M. Schreibersii have been preserved in spirit. It is necessary to
make this statement before proceeding further, as the foregoing de-
scription of the latter species was drawn up from the specimen in
spirit, whereas the stuffed specimens of both species have been re-
sorted to in the following comparative description. Unfortunately
I have not yet obtained a sufficient number of M. dlepotis in spirit
to be able to give as many details as I could desire.

Compared with M. Schreibersit, the face of the present species
appears more elongated, although still very short; and it is rather
more pointed, and has the nostrils more prominent. The ears, too,
are relatively somewhat longer.

In quality the fur is pretty similar, from whatever locality the
animal may have been obtained. That of the upper parts is uni-
coloured, sometimes having the tips of the hairs a little paler. In
M. Schreibersii it is bicoloured. The general colour is very dark
brown, varying slightly in its hue according to the locality from
which the examples have been obtained. Beneath it is bicoloured
in both species. In the present one it is dark brown at the base,
tipped with a paler tint of the same colour, which latter occupies the
whole length of the hairs on the pubal region.

Examples from Japan have for the most part a rich umber tinge
in the colour of the fur; in others from Amboyna a black-brown is
the prevailing colour, still however with a reddish tinge, whilst the
majority of those from Australia have the fur of a very deep brown
colour without such tinge. There is, however, a remarkable variety
sometimes met with in the latter country, which may be thus men-
tioned :—The fur of the head and fore part of the back is of the
ordinary sombre colour, but that of the loins and rump is on the
contrary of a bright chestnut-brown, very silky and shining, and the
change from one colour to the other is not effected by a regular gra-
dation, but takes place almost abruptly, a wavy irregular line across
the loins marking the confines of the two. But in one or two spe-
cimens which I have seen, the chestnut colour extends up the middle
of the back in a narrowish line, almost to the shoulders, and pro-
duces a very marked and beautiful variety *. In these specimens
the region of the pubes also is lighter in colour than in the ordi-
narily coloured individuals.

I have not been able to examine examples of this species taken at
different periods of the year, so as to follow out the notes given by
M. Temminck of the seasonal changes in the colour of the fur.

Some differences are observable in the crania of this and the last

* Somewhat the same style of colouring occurs in the Scotophilus Gouldii, also
of Australia, and in some examples there is a slight tendency towards the same
peculiar division of the two colours. Scotophilus tuberculatus also, of New Zea-
land, is very similarly coloured ; but the gradation from the dark fore parts to the
more rufous hinder parts, is very slight and uniform.

Mr. Blyth has remarked of many of the Indian Bats, that they are subject to
what he calls a rufous phase: perhaps this remark may be extended to the Au-
stralian examples of the present species, although why this should not equally
take place with those inhabiting the islands of the Indian Archipelago, is rather
difficult to decide.

OO —

123

species, which deserve mention. From the greater length of the
muzzle, as already noticed, it might be expected that the cranium
also would exhibit some corresponding elongation of its anterior
part, and accordingly that is seen to be the case. On comparing
the two skulls, that of M. Schreibersii, besides being altogether the
smaller one, has the facial portion more compressed immediately in
front of the orbits, and is less depressed. The posterior part of the
palate also is narrower, so that the zygomatic arches spring at once
outwards from the maxillary bones ; whilst in 4/epotis, where this
part of the skull is relatively broader, the zygoma passes off in a
backward direction, scarcely making an angle with the outer surface
of the maxillary bones.

Another very apparent difference consists in the much greater
length and substance of the teeth, especially the canines in M. 4/e-
potis. Inthis species the upper canines are so long as to pass, when
the jaws are closed, almost to the lower margins of the lower jaw,
whilst in M. Schreibersii their points reach only to about the middle
of the ramus. It is also deserving of notice, that the singularly
formed outer incisors of the lower jaw exhibit the peculiarity already
alluded to in a much greater degree in this species than in M. Schrei-
bersit, or indeed than in any other species appertaining to the genus.

Columns 1, 2 and 3 in the following table of dimensions refer to
specimens from Japan, 4 and 5 to specimens from Amboyna, and 6
to the specimen in the collection of the British Museum, from which
Mr. Waterhouse took his description of V. Lscholtzii.

’

1. 2. | 3. 4. 5. 6.
in. lin.jin. lin.jin. lin.jin. lin.|in. lin.jin. lin.

Length of the head and body... 2 6|2 9/2 6,2 5/2 6 Te |
OR ls TAD i, otis ntvest 2° 0 CE om hee Site OLY Oe oh
of the head....s.....00++ 08/0 9/0 9/0 8/0 9/0 8

of the ears .........0000 0 3/0 3/0 3310 3/0 3/0 3
of the tragus ............ 0 2/0 240 240 23/0 240 24
of the fore-arm ......... ey eee ee a a a be ee im

of the longest finger ...| 3 6)3 61/3 71/3 3)3 8|3 7

of the fourth finger ....2 0/2 1/2 2/2 0/2 2 | 2 4
of the thumb ............ 04/0 41/0 4;90 33) 0 33/0 34
of the tibia ............... 0 9/0 83}0 9)/0 8)/0 9/0 8}

of the foot and claws...| 0 4 | 0 43)0 43 0 4/0 43,0 4
Expanse of wings..........:..+-+. 14 0|14 0 Iu 0/12 6|14 0113 6

The specimens, the dimensions of which are given in the next
table, formed part of Mr. Gould’s Australian collection, and were
obtained at several localities. They have been selected from a con-
siderable number as fair representatives of the so-called Scotophilus
Morio.

1. 2. 3.
in. lin. in. lin. in. lin.
Length of the head and body.. 2 8 29 2 8}
——-ofthe tail .......... 2 2 ee 2 3
———-of the head.......-.. 0 9 0 9 0 8}

124
1 2. 3.

in. lin in. lin. in. lin.
Length of the ears .......... 0 3h 0 32 0 ot
of the tragus ...... QO 24 0 24 0 25

of the fore-arm ...... 1 10 1 93 ivga

of the longest finger .. 3 6 3 6 3 6

of the fourth finger.... 2 2 2 3 ae |

of the thumib*;).d<0 0 3h 0 4 0 4
= ofthe tabia® filiden oni 0 9 0 9 0 82
of the foot and claws... 0 5 0). 0 43

Expanse of wings............ 13 10 14 0 13 6

3. M. TRISTISs.

Vespertilio tristis, Waterhouse, Proc. Zool. Soc. pt. xiii. p. 3, -

1845; Gray, Zool. Voy. Samar. p. 31, 1849.

The muzzle of this species is relatively broader and more obtuse
than in any other species of the genus ; and this peculiarity, together
with its superior size, is sufficient at once to distinguish it from the
last species, which it otherwise resembles. The peculiarity pointed
out by Mr. Waterhouse of having the nostrils directed sublaterally,
whilst in the allied species M. blepotis they open almost in front,
does not, I think, furnish a very valuable character in any of the
species which have the glands of the upper lips much developed.
When these glands are large, they often advance so far forward as to
thrust the outer margins of the nostrils forward also, or at any rate
to close up the vertical notch already mentioned as separating the
lips from the nostrils. This gives the latter the appearance of open-
ing directly in front ; whereas the same species, when examined in a
dry state, when the lips have shrunk and produced a more pointed
muzzle and prominent nostrils, the latter are found to open more or
less laterally. And as it is not uncommon to meet with different
individuals of the same species (in this genus) having these glands
developed in a slightly different degree, so it is common to observe
a corresponding difference in the nostrils. A good number of
examples will alone supply the necessary materials by which to
distinguish truthfully the characters of allied species. It remains
therefore, as I think, to be proved by the examination of a greater
number of examples, that this species differs essentially in what
may be called a generic peculiarity from the so-called Vesp. Es-
choltzii, or that the latter differs from the Vesp. blepotis of M.
Temminck.

I can detect no difference in the distribution or quality of the fur
from the species last described. It is unicoloured, and the general
colour is very deep brown, as in the Australian specimens of M.
blepotis. When seen in spirit, it appears to be sooty black.

As far as is at present known, this species is confined to the Phi-
lippine Islands.

— ee ”,SmCcr th

;
j
f

125

in. lin.
Length of the head and body ........ 2 6
— of the tail.................. a
—— ofthe head ........ aMig antics 0 103
IE ONEM os iia dc la gidat a he hake 0 4
——— of the tragus.......... ei ine 3 ae
——w— of the fore-arm.............. eee
——— of the longest finger.......... 4 3
——— of the fourth finger .......... Boo
i= OF the thumb... .:.. «... “EPP epee | Sart? *
——— of the tibia .............. retin: es F
of the foot and claws Py A! wey?
Expanse of wings .........+.+.+5: -» 15 6 or 16in.*

4. M. AUSTRALIS, n. s.

This species differs from M. dlepotis in having the face more
hairy, the ears relatively smaller, and the thumb much smaller, and
in being itself much smaller. The fur too of the under parts en-
croaches somewhat on the membranes, whilst in M. d/epotis they
are quite free from fur.

M. Temminck, speaking of the latter species, says, “ La femelle
n’a guére plus de 3 pouces 4 lignes (of length) ; envergure A-peu-
prés 10 pouces ; antibrachium 1 pouce 6 lignes; ” which statement
of dimensions appears to apply with moderate accuracy to the pre-
sent species. It is not, however, the female of M. d/epotis, as I
have examined specimens of both sexes, adult and immature ; and
if neither age nor sex will explain the great difference in size, it must
be regarded as a very remarkable variety or as a distinct species,
The fact of its occurrence over a very considerable range of country
—the Indian islands and Australia—inhabiting alike island and con-
tinent without manifesting any difference in appearance, is very
strong evidence against its being a mere variety, and in my opinion
fully establishes it as a distinct species.

The general colour of the fur is very similar to that of M. blepotis;
but the generality of specimens have a more decided rufous tinge,
which is given by the tips of the hairs being paler and redder than
at the base. But this is not perceivable in some individuals, and
thus they are of the ordinary sombre colour of the Australian ex-
amples of M. blepotis.

In the following Table of Dimensions, columns 1 and 2 refer to

* It will be observed, that the dimensions I have given differ a little from those
given by Mr. Waterhouse, both taken from the same specimen. But the differ-
ence is very trifling in all respects save in the expanse of the wings, and here a
good deal depends upon the measurer. I have usually taken this dimension by
means of a thread extended along the bones of the wings to the shoulders, and
then taken the breadth between them with a pair of compasses.

If the expanse be taken in a straight line between the tips of the open wings,
it must be evident that the length of this line will depend on their complete or
partial expansion, and in dried specimens it is almost impossible to have them all
with the wings in an exactly similar position. It is on this account that I have
adopted the method just stated.

126

adult males, 3 to an adult female in young, 4 to a youngish male
with the wing-joints imperfectly ossified, all of them being preserved
in spirit in the British Museum ; and column 5 to a specimen in skin
in the same collection,—the whole of them having been collected in
Australia by Sir G. Grey, K.C.B., and presented to the National
Collection. The dimensions in column 6 have been taken from the
specimen of M. dlepotis mentioned in Dr. Gray’s ‘Catalogue of
the Mammalia of the British Museum,’ as having been received from
the Leyden Museum, its country being Timor. It is probable,
therefore, that this may have Ween mistaken by M. Temminck for
the female of that species. Be this as it may, the specimen in
question is certainly a male, and the perfectly ossified condition of
the wing-joints indicates that it is adult.

VE 2. 3. 4, 5. 6.

in. lin.'in. lin.in. lin.|in. lin.|in. lin.jin. lin.
Length of the head and body..., 1 11/1 9|1 8|1 8/1 7/2 0
Of the tail .....csess+c.. 1795), 3 8 8 85) 16.) TS oe
of the head ,.......,...00 0 8/0 73/0 73)/0 73/0 73/0 7
——— of the ears .......06..0.0. LOIRE SES hs Reese 0 32/40 3210) 3) Ors
of the tragus .......60... O2a ereseses 02/0 23:0 2/0 2
—— of the fore-arm ......... Le Za) (621012 5.) WiG oe eee
——— of the longest finger ...| 3 0 |......... 2°82, 38>] 25 OMeomas
——— of the fourth finger ...| 1 10 |......... Post oY She Seas

Of the tibia setragse.s sees Onismlecsere ss 0 7') 0° 7) 0° 6 ORB

— of the foot and claws...) 0 4#)......... 0 330 33/0 4/0 33
Expanse of Wings .........s000++ 11 8 |11 0/10 6 {10 7/11 0 {10 6

The name under which I have described this species was given
under the impression that it was exclusively a native of Australia.
It was not until after I had arranged and named the specimens in
the British Museum and in some other collections, that I found it
to be an inhabitant of Timor (and probably other islands of the In-
dian Archipelago) as well as of Australia, and that the name of
australis was not strictly appropriate. But to avoid the confusion
which might possibly arise from a change of name, I have thought
it desirable that it should remain unaltered.

The two species following I am unable to give as complete an ac-
count of as I could wish.

The first is exhibited in the Leyden Museum with the name of Vesp.
tibialis affixed, but I am not aware that any description has appeared.
In that collection are four specimens, all from Amboyna. A single
specimen in my own collection, received also from Amboyna by
MM. Verreaux, although in a somewhat mutilated condition, will
nevertheless furnish a sufficiently complete description by which to
recognize the species, if species it really is.

In general appearance it closely resembles M. dlepotis, but is a
trifle smaller, and moreover appears to differ remarkably in all the
specimens, in having the extremity of the tibia perfectly free for
nearly a third of its length. The wing-membranes do not extend

beyond two-thirds of the length of the tibia, and the os calcis ad- —

a. fa
P .

ta a ee

127

heres closely to it up to the same point, and then starts from it at
nearly a right angle, so that the extremity of the limb is completely
unencumbered, and appears like a slender shank.

If this peculiarity is persistent, and not due to the state of pre-
servation, it would mark out a very distinct and good species ; but
it is very desirable that other specimens be examined that have been
preserved in spirit, in which state they show these parts in a more
natural condition. It is worthy of note, however, that all the speci-
mens present precisely the same appearance ; that is, the leg is free
for the same length, and this would hardly be the case were it due
to the state of the preservation merely. On the other hand, the
species so closely resembles in all other respects the M. b/epotis,
that one may well hesitate and view with suspicion a species having
only a single point of difference.

The following are the dimensions of the specimen in my own col-
lection :—

in. lin.
Length of the head and body, about .... 2 6
Pa PMIMCHML, Cia Coes ove gen et, QZ

of the ears .. SS TR EONS | ME:
PA Ses cto 9c 0 2

of the fore-arm ......... 1 64 or 7 lin.

of the longest finger .... 2 11

of the fourth finger este tee
MTNA Gh ele arco atec we OOF
of the tibia, free part .......... GQ 7

of the foot and claws.......... 0 34

BEB ORHEE OF WINES .2 2 2 hae is eb ule va vs 1l 6

The other species to which I have alluded bears considerable re-
semblance to the one I have called M. australis. A single specimen
in the British Museum, received from the Stockholm Museum with
the name of Vesp. scotinus affixed, furnishes all the information I
possess respecting it, excepting that it is also labelled ‘“ Port Natal.’’
I am not aware that any description has been published.

The fur of the upper parts is fuliginous-brown, with the tips a
little paler and greyer in hue. Beneath similar, but with the tips
of the fur paler, especially about the pubes. The general colour
more nearly resembles the darker examples of M. Schreibersii, which
have been described as V. dasythriz, than any other species; and
possibly it may prove to be a small example of that species.

The examination of a single specimen does not, amongst allied
species, afford sufficient evidence for a satisfactory decision; and I
prefer therefore to leave undecided the claims of the present so-
called species, until further information afford more ample means

of deciding.
The following are the dimensions :—
in, lin
Length of the head and body, about .... 1 10
of the heals a5 S204 ere! ae

in. lin.
Length of the €afS..0. snus Ge ovis aon 0 3
of the tragus.... ich wwe nie: aa
of, the fore-arM ji: ies weiaical ss LB
of the longest finger . .2..5sa%% seine AQ G
of the fourth finger ............ 1 11, nearly.
of the: thamiby iiss givsndagien.wieiae his 0 33
of che tibia a’. sc .isiooaiaes wees 0 8!
of the foot and claws .......... 0 5
Expanse of wings, about .............0. 12 6

The plate which accompanies the present memoir illustrates some
of the peculiarities of the genus of which I have given a description.

2. On some NEw OR LITTLE-KNOWN SPECIES OF ACCIPITRES,
IN THE COLLECTION OF THE Norwicu Museum. By
Puiuie Lutiey Scuater, M.A.

At the request of Mr. J. H. Gurney, I exhibit to the meeting
some interesting birds belonging to the fine series of specimens of
the order Accipitres, which that gentleman has collected for the
Norwich Museum. Among them appear to be several new or little-
known species, concerning which I beg to offer the following
remarks :—

1. URUBITINGA SCHISTACEA.

Asturina schistacea, Sund. Ofy. Af. K. Vet. Ak. Férh. 1849,
p- 132.

Falco ardesiacus, Licht. in Mus. Berol.

Morphnus schistaceus, Sclater, P. Z. 8. 1857, p. 261.

3 adultus. Totus nigro-cinerascens, cauda nigra, fascia media
angusta margineque apicali albis: orbitis subnudis: rostri
apice nigra, hujus basi cum pedibus flavis.

Long. tota 16:0, alee 11°0, caudee 7:0, rostri a rictu 1°4, tarsi 3°3.

Sundeval has given an excellent description of this bird, which
does not appear to have been recognized by any other writers except
Prince Bonaparte. By this author it is alluded to in an article en-
titled ‘‘ Revue générale de la classe des Oiseaux,’’ in the ‘ Revue et
Mag. de Zool.’ for 1850, p. 474, and again in the ‘ Comptes Rendus ’
for 1855, under the specific name ardesiacus, the synonym ‘‘ Falco
ardesiacus, Licht. in Mus. Berol.’’ being said to refer to it.

Of the two examples of this species belonging to the Norwich
Museum, one was procured by Mr. H. W. Bates* on the Rio Ja-
varri—a branch of the Upper Amazon; and the other, I have no
doubt, from the ticket with which it is labelled, is from the interior
of Bolivia. So we may conclude that the interior wood-region of
Peru and Bolivia is the natural habitat of this species.

* See P. Z. S. 1857, p. 261.

a i A sil

129

There are at least three birds of this group which are in their
adult plumage slaty-black or blackish, with a white bar across the
tail. The first of these and largest in size is the Falco urubitinga
of the older authors. Lesson in 1839 proposed to convert the term
Urubitinga into a generic name, and it was so adopted by Lafres-
naye in 1842, before the creation of Cabanis’s genus Hypomorphnus
for the same type. See M. de Lafresnaye’s remarks on this subject
in the ‘Revue Zoologique’ for 1848, p. 240. With regard to the
specific name to be employed for this bird we cannot use Brisson’s
** brasiliensis,” as is done in Strickland’s ‘Ornithological Synonyms,’
because Brisson’s* names are not to be employed in a binominal
system of nomenclature. Nor is it proper to adopt Illiger’s MS.
term ‘‘ longipes,”’ as proposed in Prince Bonaparte’s ‘ Conspectus,’
while there are many other names for this bird already published.
So the earliest specific name available seems to be Shaw’s zonurus
(Falco zonurus, Shaw's Zool. vii. p. 62), and this species should
stand as Uruditinga zonura. It appears to have an extensive range,
extending from Paraguay, all over Bolivia, Peru, Brazil, Guiana and
New Granada into Southern Mexico, where specimens were obtained
by M. Sallé (see P. Z. S. 1857, p. 227).

The second allied species of Urubitinga is the ‘‘ Faleo anthra-
einus, Licht. in Mus. Berol.,’”’ under which name it is described by
Nitzsch in a note to his ‘ Pterylographie’ (p. 83). This is the
same as Du Bus’s Morphnus mexicanus (Bull. Ac. Brux. 1847).
See M. de Lafresnaye’s observations in the ‘ Revue Zoologique’ for
1848 (p. 240), where he clearly points out the differences between
this bird and the Uruditinga zonura. The Urubitinga anthracina
inhabits the northern portion of Sonth America, Guianat and New
Granadat, Guatemala and Southern Mexico§, where MM. Botteri
and Sallé both procured it, and M. Du Bus’s types were collected.
The third species is Urubitinga schistacea as characterized above,
which is distinguishable at once from the preceding by its inferior
size and narrower tail-band. The following diagnoses are sufficient
to point out the differences between these three species || :—

1. U. zonura. Major, caude dimidio basali et margine apicali
albis.

2. U.anthracina. Media, caude fascia lata et margine apicali
albis.

3. U. schistacea. Minor, caude@ fascia angusta et margine apicali
albis.

Such are these birds in their adult plumage : in their immaturity
they are quite different. I have not yet seen the young of U. schi-

* See British Association’s Report on Zoological Nomenclature, rule 2, p. 5.

+ Schomburgk, Reisen in Britisch Guiana, iii. p. 740.

+ MM. Verreanx have received examples from Santa Martha.

§ See P. Z. S. 1857, pp. 211 & 227.

| A fourth black Uruditinga, allied to U. anthracina, has lately been described
by Cabanis from Cuba under the name Hypomorphnus Gundlachii. See Cab.
Journ. f. Orn. 1854, Erinnerungs-heft, p. Ixxx.

No. CCCLV.—Proceepines or Tar Zoo.oeicar Society.

130

stacea, as I now think the specimen in one of Sallé’s Mexican col-
lections called Morphnus schistaceus, juv. (P. Z. 8. 1857, p. 227)
does not really belong here; but the other two species in their im-
mature state are both irregularly flammulated on the lower surface
and back, and have numerous buffy-white cross-bars on the tail and
under tail-coverts. Specimens of U. zonura in this state are in the
British Museum, and we have a fine example of a similar bird now
alive in our Gardens.

I have hitherto used for these birds the generic term Morphanus,
following Mr. Gray and other writers; but on considering that
the true type of Morphnus is the Falco guianensis of Daudin—a bird
of different structure and more nearly allied to Thrasaétus—I think
they stand better disconnected. But the Falco unicinctus of Tem-
minck and Falco meridionalis of Latham—two allied species—for
which Kaup’s term Spizigeranus may be employed subgenerically—
ought, as M. de Lafresnaye* has observed, to come close to the true
Urubitinge ; and Buteogallus with its two species (equinoctialis and
nigricollis) follows next. A bird more closely corresponding to the
Urubitinge in its changes of colouring is Urubitornis solitaria, of
which M. Jules Verreaux has described the several stages of plu-
mage in these ‘ Proceedings; but it is distinguishable by its shorter
and much more robust tarsi.

2. BUTEO ZONOCERCUS, Sp. nov.

Schistacescenti-niger unicolor, alis extus brunnescente tinctis :
remigua pogoniis interioribus albo obsolete transfasciatis :
cauda nigra; vitta inferiore lata, et alteris duabus superiori-
bus angustioribus et imperfectis cum margine apicali albis:
rostro nigro, cera aurantia, pedibus flavis.

Long. tota 17:0, alee 14°7, caudee 7°5, rostri a rictu 1-3, tarsi 2°9.

Hab. Guatemala.

In plumage this bird is very much like the typical Urudztinge,
being of a nearly uniform ashy-black, tinged with brown on the sca-
pularies and secondaries, and with a broad white band across the
tail. Above this are two other bands, much narrower and not quite
complete, and the tail is likewise tipped with white. The colour of
these bands is pure white on the under surface ; on the upper sur-
face it is cinereous on the outer webs of the lateral rectrices, and on
both webs of the medial pair, but pure white on the inner webs of
the lateral tail-feathers. The lowest band is about 13 inch in
breadth, the second not half an inch, and the highest is quite nar-
row. There are distinct traces of white cross-bands on the inner
webs of the wing-feathers. The wings are, however, much more
elongated than in the Uruditinge, the third primary (which is
longest) extending 4 inches beyond the secondaries. The fourth
and fifth primaries are only slightly shorter than the third, the first
being nearly of the same length as the longest secondary. The
general form seems to be that of the Buteones appertaining to the

* Rey. Zool. 1848, p. 240. . + See P. Z. S. 1856, p. 145.

2 Se ee Di

131

subgenus called Tachytriorchis, and the nearest ally of the present
species among the specimens of the British Museum appears, as has
been pointed out to me by Mr. G. R. Gray, to be his Buteo albono-
tatus (Cat. Accipitres [1848], p. 36). This latter bird does not
appear to me to differ from Cabanis’s Buteo abbreviatus, described
in Schomburgk’s ‘ Reisen in Britisch Guiana,’ vol. iii. p. 739, and I
should be inclined to consider the two names as synonymous.

3. SYRNIUM ALBITARSE, sp. nov.
Syrnium albotarse, G. R. Gray in Mus. Brit.

Supra brunnescenti-nigrum, plumis omnibus pallido rufo semel
aut pluries late transfasciatis; pileo unicolore nigricante,
plumis subtus pallide rufis : alis caudaque nigricantibus ; remi-
gum pogoniis exterioribus quinque sive sex maculis quadratis
pallide rufis marginatis; rectricibus vittis quinque et altera ter-
minali latiore supra pallide rufis, subtus magis albidis apparen-
tibus transfasciatis ; facie, loris, mento et plumis supra-ocula-
ribus albis : subtus pure album, rufescente mixtum, plumarum
terminationibus latis interdum etiam scapis saturate brunneis ;
tibiis et tarsorum parte superiore rufis, horum parte inferiore
albis : rostri plumbei apice flava, pedibus fuscis.

Long. tota 15:0, alee 11°0, caudee 6°5, tarsi 1°9.

The name of this Owl was inserted in the list of specimens of Ac-
cipitres in the collection of the British Museum published in 1848 ;
but no description of it has yet appeared. The type in the British
Museum is immature, and nearly agrees with one in my own collec-
tion. Mr. Gurney’s specimeu, from which my description is taken,
appears to be nearly adult. All these three examples were received
in collections from Bogota, and they are the only individuals of this
species that I have yet met with. The face of this bird is white ;
the head above brownish-black outside, with the bases of the fea-
thers bright rufous. The whole upper surface is brownish-black
varied with this rufous colouring, every feather being crossed with a
broad subterminal band of rufous, sometimes with a second, and
these bands being occasionally incomplete in the middle across the
shaft. The primaries and secundaries are marked externally with
rather square-shaped rufous spots, four or five in number. The tail
has five cross-bands besides the terminal one formed in the same
way, which bands appear whitish on the lower surface. Below,
the colouring is creamy-white tinged with pale rufous, the breast-
feathers, particularly on the sides, having broad terminations of
black-brown, the belly-feathers narrower terminations and also
lateral margins of the same colour. The tarsi are creamy-white with
a yellowish tinge in both my specimens, more nearly pure white in
that in the British Museum. They are thickly feathered down to
the fissure of the toes. The form is that of other South American
Syrnia, the fourth and fifth wing-feathers being equal and longest,
only slightly exceeding the third. The specimen which I take for

132

the younger bird only differs in having the head varied like the back,
and being generally more rufous.

The other American species of this genus of which I have seen
specimens are :—

1. Syrnium hylophilum (Temm. Pl. Col. 373), from Brazil. Mus.
Brit. et Acad. Philadelph.

2. Syrnium rufipes (King, Zool. Journ. iii. 426), from Tierra del
Fuego. Mus. Brit. Perhaps the same as the Chilian species figured
by Des Murs as Ulula fasciata, Icon. Orn. pl. 37.

3. Syrnium virgatum, Cass. (Journ. Ac. Phil. vol. ii.) (S. squa-
mulatum, Bp.—S. zonocercum, G. R. Gray), from S. Mexico and
Central America.

4. Syrnium polygrammicum, G. R. Gray in Mus. Brit. ex Brasil.
An undescribed species very nearly allied to the last.

5. Syrnium albigulare, Cass. (Journ. Ac. Phil. vol. ii. pl. 4.
p- 52).—S. macabrum, Bp.—S. albipunctatum, G. R. Gray in Mus.
Brit. From Bogota.

4. Scors USTA, sp. nov.

Supra saturate castaneo-brunnea, plumis omnibus nigro subtilis-
sime vermiculatis: facie et gula pure castaneo-brunneis, hac
pallidiore: linea post regionem auricularem, cornuum capitis
extantium marginibus ‘latis et pileo supero nigris : alarum
pennis pallide castaneo-brunneis nigro punctulatis, intus autem
ochracescenti-albidis, quinque aut sex fasciis latis in pogonio
externo, maculas quadratas efficientibus, nigris transvittatis ;
cauda ex eodem colore sed fasciis nigris pene obsoletis : subtus
clarius brunnea, lineis angustis longitudinalibus, scapas pluma-
rum occupantibus, nigris parce notata: tectricibus alarum in-
ferioribus sordide albis: tarsis pallide fulvis: rostro et pedi-
bus flavis.

Long. tota 8°5, ale 7:0, caudze 4:0, tarsi 1°2.

Hab. Ega on the Upper Amazon (H. W. Bates).

This species is founded on the Scops which I mentioned as occur-
ring in Mr. Bates’s collection from the Upper Amazon in these ‘ Pro-
ceedings’ for last year (p. 261). It is distinguishable from every
other South American member of the genus, as far as I am ac-
quainted with them, by its rich brown colouring above and below,
and by the longitudinal lines below not being crossed as in Scops
choliba-and S. atricapilla. 1am inclined to refer the Scops which
was contained in M. Verreaux’s collection from the Rio Napo to
this same species. It presents nearly the same appearance on its
lower surface, but the colouring above is more like that of Scops
choliba, and I think it is probably a young bird. The birds of this
genus are difficult to distinguish, and I have been unable to identify
the present examples with any of ten species which have been already
described as inhabiting different parts of America, as follows :—

1. Scops asio (Linn.), Cassin, Birds of Californ. p. 179.
Hab. Whole of N. America, chiefly Atlantic States. Mus. Brit.

2. Scops Maccalli, Cassin, Birds of Californ, p. 180.
Hab. Texas and N. Mexico.

3. Scops flammeola, Kp.—Strix flammeola, Licht. in Mus. Berol.
Hab. Southern Mexico.

4. Scops choliba, Vieill.—Strix crucigera et undulata, Spix.

Hab. Cayenne, Brit. Guiana, Brazil, Eastern Peru, Bolivia and
New Granada. Mus. Brit.

5. Scops portoricensis, Less. : Des Murs, Icon. Orn. pl. 26.
Hab. Puerto Rico and New Granada. Mus. Paris.

6. Scops Watsoni, Cassin, Pr. Ac. Se. Phil. iv. p. 123, et Journ.
Ac. Phil. ii. pl. 12. fig. 1. p. 95.

Hab. Venezuela and Surinam.

7. Scops atricapilla (Temm.), Pl. Col. 145.
Hab. Brazil. Maus. Brit.

8. Scops lophotes, Less. Tr. d’Orn. i. p. 107; Puch. Rev. et
Mag. de Zool. 1849, p. 22.

Hab. Cayenne.

9. Scops grammicus, Gosse, B. Jam. p. 19, Illustr. pl. 4.

Hab. Jamaica. The type of Kaup’s proposed genus Pseudoscops :
see Bp. in Compt. Rend. Oct. 22, 1855. Mus. Brit.

10. Scops nudipes.—Ephialtes nudipes, Cassin, List of Strigide,
sp. 13.—Bubo nudipes, Vieill. Ois. de ? Am. Sept. pl. 22.

This paper will be published in the ‘ Transactions’ of the Society,
and illustrated with plates.

3. Descriptions or New Srecties or LAND AND FRESHWATER
SHELLS COLLECTED IN CEYLON, FROM THE COLLECTION OF
H. Cuminec, Esa. By H. Dourn.

1. Henix auprzonata. Testa subperforata, turbinato-de-
pressa, solida, striis longitudinalibus et spiralibus distantiort-
bus decussata, castanea; sutura alba; anfr. 6 vix convexi,
lente accrescentes ; ultimus carinatus, carina albizonata ; sub-
tus convexiusculus, longitudinaliter striatus, nitidus ; apertura
oblique lunaris, intus cerulescens ; peristomium rectum, intus
incrassatum, margine columellari superne dilatato, perfora-
tionem fere tegente.

Diam. maj. 25, min. 224, alt. 154 mill.

Allied to 7. Gardeneri, Ptr.

134

2. Limn#A PINGUIS. Testa imperforata vel vix rimata, ovato-
oblonga, pellucida, tenuis, nitidissima, longitudinaliter levis-
sime striata, cornea vel albicans ; sutura simplex, albida ; spira
elevata, apice acuto, rubicundo; anfr. 4-44 convewiusculi,
ultimus = longitudinis subequans; apertura obliqua, ovato-
oblonga; peristomium rectum, simplex, margine columellari re-
flexo; marginibus callo tenui junctis.

Long. 18, lat. 94; apert. long. 113, lat. 55.

3. Limnaza TIGRINA. Testa oblonga vel ovato-oblonga, imper-
forata vel vix rimata, tenuis, pellucida, nitida, cornea, longi-
tudinaliter irregulariter albofasciata, subtilissime spiraliter et
longitudinaliter striata; sutura simplex, plerumque brunnea ;
spira acuta, apice fuscescente ; anfr. 4-5 vix convexi, ultimus
efiatus, = longitudinis subequans ; apertura ovato-oblonga vel
oblonga ; peristomium simplex, rectum, margine columellari re-
frexo; marginibus callo albido, non nitido, junctis.

Long. 25, lat. 13 ; apert. long. 16, lat. 8 mill.

a. Normalis.
2B. Var. minor : cornea vel albida, interdum unicolor.
Long. 19, lat. 10; ap. long. 14, lat. 7 mill.

4. PLanorsis STELZNERI. Testa discoidea, albido-cornea,
tenuiter longitudinaliter striata, nitida, pellucida, supra plana,
subtus paullo convexior, utringue foveolata ; anfr. 3-4 via
convert, ultimus acute carinatus; apertura perobliqua, sub-
lunaris ; peristomium rectum, intus albolabiatum.

Diam. maj. 7, min. 54 mill.; alt. apert. 1 mill.

5. PLANORBIS ELEGANTULUS. Testa discoidea, albida, sub
lente tenuiter striata, nitida, pellucida, supra convexiuscula,
umbilicata, subtus plana; anfr. 4-5 lente accrescentes, ulti-
mus infra medium obsolete carinatus; apertura perobliqua,
sublunaris ; peristomium rectum, intus calloso- albo-labiatum.

Diam. maj. 43, min. 4; alt. apert. 1 mill.

6. AMpuLLARIA Woopwarpt. Testa subturbinata, solidiuscula,
parum nitida, longitudinaliter striata, late umbilicata, olivacea,
fasciis viridibus vel fuscis spiralibus ornata ; spira exserta ;
anfractus 4-44 integri convewi, rapide accrescentes, supra me-
dium angulati; ultimus efflatus, antice descendens ; apertura
ovato-lunaris, alba, fasciis intus pellucentibus ; peristomium
simplex, rectum.

Diam. maj. 26, min. 22, alt. 29 mill.; apert. alt. 194, lat. 114

mill.

7. AMPULLARIA TISCHBEINI. Testa ovato-globosa, solida, per-
anguste umbilicata, rude longitudinaliter, sub lente subtilissime
spiraliter striata, olivacea, fasctis saturatioribus cingulata ;

7
:

135

spira exserta ; anfr. 3-4 integri converi, rapide accrescentes,
ad suturam impressam angulati; ultimus efflatus ; apertura
lunato-ovalis, intus fusca, dense fasciata ; peristomium rectum,
labro intus albido.

Diam. maj. 31, min. 28, alt. 33 mill. ; apert. alt. 25, lat. 17 mill.

8. Naviceitia Livesayi. Testa oblongo-ovata, tenuis, parum
pellucida, fusco-viridis, ad apicem rubescens, maculis triangu-
laribus luteis ornata; apex ad dextram spectans, prominulus ;
apertura alba.

Long. 35, lat. 15, alt. 6 mill. ; apert. long. 18 mill.

9. NAVICELLA sQUAMATA. Testa ovata, tenuis, pellucida, fusco-
viridis, ad apicem rubescens, maculis luteis squamaformibus,
striis fulguratis et maculis nigrescentibus picta ; apex ad sini-
stram spectans, marginalis ; apertura alba.

Long. 18, lat. 124, alt. 54 mill. ; ap. long. 15 mill.

10. Mexvania conrusa. Testa turrita, solida olivacea vel ni-
gricans ; anfr. 10-11 planulati, spiralisuleati aut varicosi,
longitudinaliter striati ; apertura oblonga, albida, non detrun-
cata. Operculum corneum, nigrescens, oblongum.

Long. 72, lat. 18; apert. long. 22, lat. 11 mill., spec. max.

This species is one of the varieties of M. aculeus, Lea, under
which name the most different things are joined. The operculum
of aculeus is straight-lined, even concave on the left side ; that of
confusa is always convex. The lip of aculeus is not so far produced,
the columella cut off sharply ; the confusa rounded.

1]. Mevania patura. Testa oblongo pyramidata, fragilis,
diaphana, fusco-nigricans, decollata: anfr. 3-4 ad suturam
angulati ; supra plani, subtus vix convexi, in angulo longis

: spinis, infra medium lineis elevatis ornati ; apertura cerulea

oblonga.
Long. 21, lat. 11; apert. long. 10, lat. 5 mill.

12. MevaniA Layaroi. Testa turrita, solidiuscula, olivacea ;
anfr. 6-7 convexi, striis spiralibus, rugis longitudinalibus regu-
lariter ornata, ad suturam fusco-maculata : apertura ovato-
oblonga, intus cewruleo-albida ; columella rotundata, peristo-

i mium valde productum, arcuatum.

Long. 35, lat. 10; ap. long. 10, lat. 5 mill. ; spec. max.

Var. Minor, decollata, nigrescens, intus coerulea.
; Long. 22, lat. 7; ap. long. 7, lat. 4 mill.

136

4, Description or Two New Sreciers or PINNA.

By Sytvanus Hantey, F.L.S., erc.
2

1. Pinna Cuemnirzi. P. testa magna, subventricosa, olivacea,
carine centralis experte, costis (circiter 14) angustis rotun-
datis et plerumque muticis ornata ; ventrali triente fere levi-
gato, juxta umbones solum oblique pauciplicato : margine dor-
sali valde incurvato, plerumque squamis pectinato : extremitate
postica lata, subtruncata, inferne subrotundata : margine ven-
trali postice cum margine dorsali paralleio, antice abrupte
ascendente.

Long. 5 pol., lat. 12 pol. et supra.

Hab. Insule Philippine (Cuming).

Mus. Hanley, Cuming.

Chemnitz has very fairly delineated (Conch. Cab. f. 770) this

species as the pectinata of Linnzeus, to which shell, indeed, it bears
much resemblance. A few raised strize succeed the distant ribs.

2. Pinna Rumen. P. testa haud magna, subtrigona, ineurvato-
cunciformi, nitida, cornea, in medio carinata, obsolete costata
(costis muticis angustis postice evanidis), postice sublevigata,
marginem ventralem versus late et oblique plicata: margine
dorsali inermi, et valde incurvato ; ventrali sinuato: extremi-
tate postica inferne subrotundata.

Long. 3 pol., lat. 63 pol.

Hab. Insule Molucce.

Mus. Wanley, Cuming.

In the forty-sixth plate (figures I, K) of his ‘ Thesaurus,’ Rum-
phius has very clearly indicated this somewhat scarce Pinna, which
exhibits such peculiar characteristics as to render its determination
an easy process.

5+. PRopoOsAL TO SEPARATE THE FAMILY OF SALAMANDRIDA,
Gray, INTO Two FAMILIES, ACCORDING TO THE FORM OF
THE SKULL. By Dr. J. E. Gray, F.R.S., V.P.Z.S., Pres.

Ent. Soc., ETc.

In the Catalogue of Amphibia in the British Museum I placed

all the Salamanders which have teeth on the imner side of the hinder
edge of the palatal bone together into a single family, under the name
of Salamandride.

Having lately procured the skulls of several of the genera so
united, and also examined M. Gervais and M. Dugés’ papers in the
‘Annals of Natural Sciences,’ in which the skulls of several other
genera and species are figured, I am now induced to propose to di-
vide the genera into three sections or families thus—

For in a group which offers so few permanent characters for the
separation of the genera and species, and which presents such differ-

a wet ee ee

137

ent varieties in the form of the dermal appendages, and in the colour
of the body in the different seasons of the year, one is very glad to
seize on any part which appears to offer a permanent and tangible
character :—

Fam. I. Serranorip”&.

Seiranotina, Gray, Cat. B. M. 1850, 29.

Skull very depressed, broad ; the fronto-temporal arch distinct
and united to the bones of the skull (figure 1). Tongue large,
hinder half free. Body granular. Palatine bones with a longitu-
dinal series of teeth forming two diverging series, angular in front.
Ribs well developed. Vertebree crested above. Limbs and feet well
ossified. Toes 474.

1, SErRANOTA.

Lateral line none. Skin closely and equally granular, granules
oblong. .

SEIRANOTA PERSPICILLATA (skull, fig. 1). B.M.

Fig. I. Fig. 3.

Seiranola Spelerpes Calotriton
perspicillata. rubre. punctulatus.

Fam. Il. PLevrRopELID®.

Skull depresssed, broad, with a distinct fronto-temporal arch,
formed by the union of a process of the frontal and temporal bone.
Tongue moderate, attached; hinder and side edges scarcely free.
Body granular. Palatine bone, with a longitudinal series of teeth
forming two diverging series, angular in front. Ribs well developed.
Vertebre crested above. Limbs and feet well ossified. ‘Toes 4°5.

a. Fronto-temporal arch complete. Lateral lines of pore distinct,
low down between the axilla and groin.

2. PLEURODELES.

Ribs exserted, forming a series of spines along the sides. Head
and skull depressed, broad. Paratoids distinet.

138
1. P. Watts.

Skull, Erp. Gen. t. 101. f. 2.°

*« Bradybates ventricosus, Tschudi, t. 2. f. 1, is perhaps the
young.”’—Dumeril. It only differs in the tail being short, perhaps
injured.

3. GLOSSOLIGA.

Ribs enclosed. Head and skull very depressed. ‘‘ Fronto-tem-
poral arch with a separate central bone.”’—Gervais. Paratoid none ;
lateral pores small, single, in a continuous line.

1. GLossoLiegaA PorreTt. B.M.

Erp. Gen. t. 107. f. 1. Skull, Gervais, Ann. Sci. Nat. 1853, xx.
t. 15. f. 9, & Erp. Gen. t. 102. f. 5, 6.

Forehead flat, with small scattered brown-tipped tubercles. Eye-
lids distinct, valvular.

N. Africa.

4. NoTOPHTHALMA.

Ribs enclosed. Head and skull rhombic. Forehead with two lon-
gitudinal ridges. Tongue oblong. Paratoids none. Cheek with
three pits. Hind feet flattened. Tail compressed, keeled, slightly
finned often above and below in breeding season.

N. America.

1, N. MINIATA. B.M.
Skull, Erp. Gen. ix. t. 107. f. 2.

2. N. VIRIDESCENS. B.M.
Vent in summer produced, truncated, with a rounded series of
fringed filaments.
5. CyNops.

Tubercular. Head and skull very depressed, broad. Paratoid
large, compressed ; pores of lateral line small, distant, more distinct
near the limbs. Fronto-temporal arch broad, distinct. Ribs
enclosed.

1. C. pyRRHOGASTER. B.M.

Skull, Tschudi, t. 2. f. 5, cop. Schlegel, Fauna Japon. t. 5. f. 7, 8;
Cat. Batrach. B.M. t. 3. f. 13.

Japan.

6. TarIcHa.

Tubercular. Head and skull depressed, broad. Paratoid large,
compressed. Pores of the lateral line small, distinct, far apart.
Vent small. Fronto-temporal arch broad. Skin with conical tu-
bercles. Ribs enclosed.

1. TARICHA TOROSA. B.M.

Skull, Esch. Zool. Atlas, t. 21. f. 15.
California.

pe lh
7

— woe ae ee

139

b. Fronto-temporal arch complete. Lateral line indistinet,
marked with a vessel ; ribs enclosed.

7. CALOTRITON.
Hemitriton, part, A. Dugés.

Head and skull rhombic. Eyelids distinct. Skin smooth, with
small black-topped conical warts. Tongue oblong. Paratoids none.
Toes free; tips black, rather claw-like. Vent conical.

1. CaLorRITON puNCTULATUS (skull, fig. 2). B.M.

Hemitriton punctulatus, A. Dugés, Ann. Sci. Nat. xvii. 265. t.113.
f. 1,2; skull, Dugés, /. c.f. 3 & 18.
Triton puncticulatus, Erp. Gen, ix. 152. t. 106.f.3; skull, t. 102.

8. Evprocrtvs.
Hemitriton, part, A. Dugés.

Head and skull rhombic, depressed. Tongue oblong. Paratoids
none. Skin smooth, with scattered small rounded black conic warts.
Cloaca produced, conic. Lateral lines of pores none.

1. Evrroctrus Rusconi. B.M.

Hemitriton asper, skull, A. Dugés, Ann. Sci. Nat. xvii. t. 113.
fat, 22.

H. cinereus, skull, Dugés, 1. c. f. 14, 15; H. rugosus, skull, /. e.
t. 1. f. 16, 17, and A. Bitronii, skull, t. 1. f. 19, 20, are evidently
very nearly allied, if not all the same species.

9. Lorainus.

Body smooth. Palatine teeth in two separate series. Orbit in
palate small. Fore toes slender, yery unequal ; the hind toes broad,
webbed on each side, the two inner conic. Back three-ridged.
Crest of male continued. Lateral lines with distant single pores.
Tail of male suddenly truncated before the apex, ending in a fila-
ment. ;

1. LopHINUS PALMATUS. B.M.

Selys-Longch. Faun. Belg. t. 5. f. 1, 2, good ; skull, Dugés, /. ¢.
t. 1. f. 27, 28:

Triton, Wooley ; Baker & Deby, Zoologist, 1848, 2149, &c.

Triton minor, Higginbottom, Ann. & Mag. N. H. 1853, xii. 382.
t. 16. f. 8, 9.

Lissotriton palmatus, Bell, British Reptiles, second edit. 1849,
p- 154 (not of first edition).

“In the season of reproduction the tail of the male is suddenly
truncated before the apex and terminated ina slender filament 3 lines
in length. The hind feet perfectly palmated, all the toes united by

140

a membrane (t. 16. f. 8). When the breeding season is over, the
slender filament is absorbed, and the truncated portion of the tail
becomes obtusely rounded off with a slight indurated dark tip at the
end, and the web of the hind feet is wholly absorbed, leaving the
toes free (t. 16. f. 9).”—Higginbotiom.

Mr. Bell admits and figures this species in the second edition of
his ‘ British Reptiles,’ 1849, p. 154. The figure is not characteristic,
as the crest of the male is not sufficiently high, and the coloration
is differently disposed from any specimen which has come under my
observation.

10. OMMATOTRITON.

Body smooth. Palatine teeth in a crowded series. Orbits in
palate large, convex. Crest of male interrupted over the loins. Legs
with a membrane on the inner edge. Hands with a subulate tu-
bercle. The hind toes free, very slightly fringed with membranes.
Lateral line of pores distinct, single.

1. OMMATOTRITON VITTATUS. B.M.

Triton vittatus, skull, Dugés, J. c. t. 1. f. 29, 30.

England ; North of France; Belgium.

Mr. Bell, in his ‘ British Reptiles,’ gives a good figure of one of my
specimens of this species, which he is convinced ‘‘is to be considered as
a variety only of the present species that is, Lissotriton palmipes.
The osteological character, as well as the form of the dorsal crest,
and the disposition of the colours, shows this is not the case, and
that it is not only a distinct species but a very distinct genus, as is
further proved by M. Dugés’ figure of the skull.

** Fyonto-temporal arch incomplete, ligamentous behind.
11. Pyronictia.

Hemisalamandra, Hemitriton, and Triton, part, Dugés.

Body slightly tubercular. Hinder toes fringed with a membrane.
Back smoothish. Males with a crest. The skull with only a frontal
process directed backwards and outwards, the temporal apophysis
in the other genera being replaced by a tendinous cord.

1. PyRONICIA MARMORATA. B.M.

Skull, Erp. Gen. t. 106. f. 1.

Hemisalamandra marmorata, Dugés, Ann. Sci. Nat. xvii. t. 1.
f, 10,A%

Back marbled, vertebral line pale. Pores of the lateral line di-
stinct, in pairs. Skin smooth, punctulate, subtuberculous.

Oporto.

at
OSE a

2. PyRONICIA PUNCTATA.

Triton punctatus, Dugés, l.c. t.1. f. 25, 26; Bell, Brit. Rept. ed. 2.
; eas levis, Higginbottom, Ann. & Mag. N.H. xii. 380. t. 16.

Lissotriton punctatus and L. palmatus, Bell, Brit. Rept. ed. 1,
1839 (not Latr.).

Pupils circular, rather larger than those of 7’. cristafus.

The figures of the Smooth Newts (Lissotriton) in Mr. Bell's
‘British Reptiles’ (1839) are so destitute of character, that it is
impossible to refer them to the known species with certainty. The
figures of L. punctatus at pp. 132 and 135, appear to be that species
in its winter state; and the figures of L. palmipes at p. 139 appear
to be intended for the same species in summer, if we regard the dis-
position of the spots, and the height of the dorsal fin: but the fin
is not dentated as it always is in that species, and the toes are
not proper for it in its crested state ; at the same time it bears no
resemblance to the true 7’. palmatus, which has an entire erest ;
nor has it the filament at the end of the tail, which is always found
in the crested form of that species.

In the second edition (1849), Mr. Bell has referred all these
figures to Lissotriton punctatus, and places the figure which he for-
merly called L. palmatus at the head of the species, p. 143; but
it is not characteristic of it, as wanting the dentation on the crest
and the broad rounded end fringe of the toes, which are so charac-
teristic of the crested state of the species.

Mr. Bell, believing that the form of the upper lip afforded a good
character for the distinction of the species of these animals, divides
them into two species, thus—“ 1. Lissotriton punctatus, upper lip
straight, not overhanging the lower (p. 132, 138, fig. 2). Lissotriton
palmipes, upper lip pendulous at the sides, overhanging the under
in a distinct festoon as far as the base of the lower jaw. Toes of
hinder feet fringed with a short membrane at all seasons.” I may
observe that the latter is not the 7. palmipes of Latreille, which
has the hind feet of the male in the breeding-season webbed; and
that I believe it only differs from the former by being in the fully-
developed state at the season of reproduction; and I am borne out
in this idea by the observations of Messrs. Higginbottom, Hogg,
and many others.

The former observes: ‘‘ Some Tritons have been distinguished by
the upper lip overhanging the lower. I have observed that in the
first year of T'riton asper the upper lip overhangs the under consider-
ably at the sides ; in the second it overhangs less ; between the se-
cond and third year it becomes straighter, and in the fourth it over-
hangs again as much as in the first year. This is also very evident
in the Triton levis, in which the same changes take place.’”’-—dnn.
§ Mag. N. H. 1853, xii. 375.

‘‘Neither kind of Triton is found in the water during the winter
months; but they (the brick-makers) discovered great numbers of

142

them in holes in the clay, and sometimes ten or twelve coiled to-
gether. I have observed that either a very wet or very dry situa-
tion is fatal to the Triton during its state of hibernation, and that
a moderately damp one is always chosen for that state of existence ;
and further, that the Triton can live in a solid mass of ice withonk
injury.

** About the last week in March the perfect Triton leaves the land
and becomes aquatic. It has then acquired all those appearances
which exist only during the breeding-season. They are absorbed
rather rapidly, and the animal leaves the water in August.

“The Tritons of the third and fourth year are fanned during the
cold season in the earth under stones, in clusters of the magnitude
of a cricket-ball; those of an earlier ‘period are often found singly
at a greater depth under the earth, as before stated.”’—p. 381.

12. Hemirriron.
Body tubercular. Males with a slightly-produced vent. Lateral
line none.
1. HemMirRITON ALPESTRIS. B.M.

Hemitriton alpestris, Dugés, l.c.t. 1. f. 23, 24; Fauna Ital. t. 8.
£2)

Fam. III. SALAMANDRID&.

The skull narrow, without any dilation of the frontal or temporal
bone to form a fronto-temporal arch. Palate with a longitudinal
series of teeth, arched in front. Tongue moderate, attached, hinder
and side edges scarcely free. Body granular. Vertebre rounded.
Ribs and bones of limbs and feet imperfectly ossified. Paratoids
large, glandular.

* Lateral lines of pores high up the back, elevated, wart-like.

1. SALAMANDRA.,

Palatine teeth extending before the internal nostrils. Tail ronnd-
ish. Back not crested.

1. SALAMANDRA ATRA. B.M.
Skull; Dugés, 7. c.t. 1. f. 8, 9.

2. SALAMANDRA MACULOSA. B.M.
Skull, Dugés, 7. c. t. 1. f. 6, 7.

3. SALAMANDRA CORSICA.
Mouth, Bonap. Fauna Ital. ii. t. 53 (cop. Dugés, J. e. t. 1. f. 4, 5).

Se ee es

’
7
J
j

143

** Lateral line of pores on lower part of side between axilla
and groin.

2. Triton.

Granular. Tail compressed. Back of male crested. Toes free,
simple.

1. TrITON CRISTATUS. B.M.

Hemisalamandra cristata, skull, Duges, /. c. t. 1. f. 12, 13 (Erp.
Gen. ix. t. 102. f. 2, 3, not sufficiently broad for our specimens).

Triton marmoratus, Bibron, Proc. Zool. Soc, 1838, 23 (not Latr.).

Triton cristatus & T. Bibronii, Bell, Brit. Rept. pp. 129, 131, figs.

Pupil small, circular. Tail with a broad pale-bluish longitudinal
streak rather below the centre.

M. Bibron, when in London, on observing a specimen of the
Warty Newt with straight lips, in the Collection of the Zoological
Society, named it Triton marmoratus, probably thinking that it was
Triton marmoratus of Latreille, a species of the South of Europe.

Mr. Bell, in his work on British Reptiles, figures the specimen,
and gives it the name of Triton Bibronui (pp. 129 & 131, figs.), ob-
serving, “it is the same as 7’. eristatus, excepting that the upper
lip is perfectly straight.”

After examining various specimens in different states, I am con-
vineed that the form of the lip depends on the season, the male in
the breeding-season having the most overlapping lip.

The same change in the form of the lip in the different seasons is
to be observed in Lissotriton punctatus.

Mr. J. Higginbottom observes : ‘‘ The two species of Triton (found
in the Midland Counties) present such varied appearances during
the three years of their slow but progressive growth, and during the
changes they experience preparatory to their return from being in-
habitants of the land, breathing atmospheric air, active in the sum-
mer and hibernant in the winter, to being denizens of the water,
reproducing their kind in the months of March, April, May, June and
July, that I think they have been regarded by naturalists as present-
ing too great a number of distinct species.”’—Ann. § Mag. N. H.
1853, xi. 370.

The skulls and skeletons of all the genera of Molgide, Pletho-
dontide, Protonopside and Amphiumid@ 1 have been able to exa-
mine, or which are figured in any works that have occurred to me,
resemble those of the family Sa/amandrida.

Considering the very important characters which the examination
of the skulls bam shown them to possess for the distinction of the
European and Japan species, it is very desirable that the American
species should be carefully examined for the same purpose. Up to this
time even the description of the palatine teeth of the American spe-
cies is involved in great uncertainty, the descriptions of Harlan,
Holbrook and Baird being often at issue on this important point.
It is but just to observe, that when I have had the opportunity of

144

comparison, I have generally found the description of Dr. Baird the
most accurate and trustworthy.

To facilitate this object, I have added a list of the species, the
skulls of which have been figured.

Fam. MoueGip#.

Motee striata, Gray, Cat. Batr. p. 31. t. 3. f. 111; Schlegel,
Fauna Japon. t. 5. f. 9, 10.

Fam. PLETHODONTID.

ONYCHODACTYLUs JAPONICUS, Gray, Cat. Batr. p. 33.t.3.f. 1;
Fauna Japon. t. 3. f. 6.

AMBYOSTOMA OPAcuM, Dum. et Bibr. E. Gén. ix. t. 10. f. 6.

PLETHODON GLUTINOSUM, Tschudi, Batr. t. 2. f. 4.

DrESMOGNATHUS FUSCUS.
Plethodon fuscum, Dum. et Bibr. Erp. Gén. t. 101. f. 3. B.M.

SrPELERPES RUBRA (skull, fig. 3).
* Bolitoglossa rubra, Cab. B.M.” from Paris.

GEOTRITON ruscus, sp., Dum. et Bibr. BE. G. ix. 112. t. 102. f.1.

CEDIPUS VARIEGATUS.
Bolitoglossa mexicana, Dum. et Bibr. Erp.Gén. ix. p. 3. t.101. f. 4.

Ensatina Escuscuourzia, Esch. Zool. Atlas, t. 22.

6. On THE Power oF DissOLVING SHELLS POSSESSED BY THE
Bernarv Cras (Pagurus). By Dr. J. E. Gray, F.RS.,
V.P.Z.S., Pres. Ent. Soc., Ere. :

In a note to my paper ‘On the Formation and Structure of
Shells,” in the ‘ Philosophical Transactions’ for 1833, I stated it is
probable that some Bernard Crabs have also the faculty of dissol-
ving shells, for it is not unusual to find the long fusiform shells
(such as Fusus fasciolanus and turbinella) which are inhabited by
these animals, with the inner lip and great part of the pillar on the
inside of the mouth destroyed, so as to render the aperture much
larger than usual.

Having continued my observations on these shells, I am convinced
that certain species of Bernard Crab (Pagurus) have the power, some
possessing it to a much greater degree than others.

Lieut. Burnaby lately brought a number of Crustacea to the
British Museum from the South Seas ; amongst which there were

— =.

145

several specimens of Paguri in shells, and these shells were more
destroyed than any I had before observed. One, a specimen of
Persona tuberosa, not only had the whole of the thickened rounded
inner lip ; but the whole of the septa between the whorls up to the
apex of the shell were also destroyed, so as to convert the shell into
a simple conical cavity, and the greater part of the substance of the
outer lip was also removed from the inner surface, so as to render
the outer part of the shell very thin—indeed so much was removed,
that the series of pits on the outer surface, just above the marginal
varix of the outer lip, were entirely destroyed, converting the pits
into a series of apertures ; and the other shells inhabited by these
Crustacea were similarly destroyed. The internal surface of the
shell has the appearance of being ground away by a file or other
rough surface.

7. REMARKS ON THE BritisH ACTINIAD&, AND RE-ARRANGE-
MENT OF THE GENERA. By W. THompson.

Observations extending over many years, on the characters and the
habits of the British species of the Actiniade, clearly proved to me
that the genera of British Actinie required great alterations ; and I

‘submit the present classification as an improvement on those hitherto

used.

It is well understood that the principal generic characters are de-
rived from modifications, and differences existing in the tegumentary
system and in the tentacula. Dr. Johnston, in his ‘ History of
British Zoophytes,’ published in 1847, made but one British genus,
Actinia of Linnzeus, and in this he included all known British spe-
cies ; but he divided it into two sections or subgenera, the one cha-
racterized by having the skin smooth, the other by having the skin
covered with porous warts. Mr. Gosse, in a paper read before the
Linnean Society in the early part of 1855, divided the family into
three genera; namely, SaGartia, destitute of warts, and emitting
filaments from pores; BuNnopes, studded with warts, and without
pores and filaments ; and Acrrn1a, having a perfectly smooth skin,
and destitute of warts, pores or filaments. The character arising
from the presence or absence of filaments is not of very great weight,
inasmuch as the presence of filaments depends entirely on the pre-
sence of pores in the skin, and through which they are extruded ;
consequently, when there are no pores there are no filaments.

These genera comprised species possessing characters so different
from each other, and so well established, that I found they must not
remain united. For instance, the genus Sagartia included, amongst
others, 4. dianthus, A. bellis and A. parasitica; but although the
characters were useless as generic distinctives, yet they appear to
me to be of sufficient importance to be used as characters for the
division of the Actiniade, and I have accordingly used them for that

purpose.
No. CCCLVI.—ProceepinGs or Tur ZOOLOGICAL Society.

146

On examining Milne-Edwards’s ‘ Histoire des Corallaires,’ I was
pleased to find that my views on this point were in accordance with
that naturalist, he having divided the family into three sections,
which he calls respectively Smooth Actinia, Warty Actinia, and
Perforated Actinia, or with pores, each being equal to one of Mr.
Gosse’s genera and my subdivisions. The true generic characters
of the dctiniade are to be found (as I have already mentioned) in
the integuments and in the tentacula ; these latter, although varying
with age, are yet constant in form and number in adults of the same
species. From these characters amongst others, I had divided the
family into eight genera (exclusive of Anthea and Adamsia), of
which the types were Actinia equina, A. gemmacea, A. clavata, A.
bellis, A. viduata, A. dianthus, A. parasitica and A. coriacea ; and
these I named respectively Actinia, Bunodes, Cyrtactis, Heliactis,
Sagartia, Actiniloba, Aster, and Cribrina. My divisions and genera
were formed from examinations of British species only, and I was
not a little surprised to find that they so closely accorded with
Milne-Edwards’s labours, founded as they are on an examination of
all described species. The only genus containing a British species
that I have not verified is his genus Dysactis, in which he includes
A. biserialis. This species, however, was described by the late
Professor Forbes as occurring plentifully on the shores of the island
of Herm ; I have therefore admitted it as a genus on the authority
of Milne-Edwards. The British species are distributed amongst six
of his genera, namely, Metridium, Actinia, Paractis, Dysactis, Cereus,
and Adamsia ; of these, Actinia is the same as mine, Paractis I have
used in lieu of Sagartia, and Dysactis I also admit unaltered—they
are represented by Actinia equina, Actinia viduata and Actinia bise-
rialis. My genus Actinilobais the same as his genus Metridium, and
includes Actinia dianthus. I retain Actiniloba, as being the most cha-
racteristic name. His genus Cereus includes A. coriacea, A. gemmacea,
A. clavataand A. bellis ; these species, it was quite evident, could not
be included in one genus; indeed M.-Edwards divides his genus Cereus
into several sections, 4. coriacea being in one section, A. gemmacea
and A. clavata in a second, and A. ellis in the third. Restricting,
therefore, his genus Cereus to 4. gemmacea, instead of retaining Mr.
Gosse’s name Bunodes, I retained my division of the remainder of the
species under the generic names of Cribrina, Cyrtactis and Heliactis.
His genus ddamsia includes Actinia parasitica and Adamsia palliata,
two very dissimilar species. No one, I am sure, who has ever seen
these Polypes would imagine for an instant that they can possibly
belong to the same genus ; and indeed the fact that Adamsia palliata
secretes a horny base, an incipient polypidom, induces me to suggest
the necessity of forming on its characters a distinct family. I have
therefore formed a genus for the reception of Actinia parasitica, and
withdrawing the suggested name Sagartia from the genus that will
now stand as Paractis, I have transferred it to this genus. The
genus Adamsia I at present retain under the family Actiniade ; and
without entering into the question in this paper as to its proper
position, I would suggest that it will eventually be placed between

= Polypes that secrete a polypidom and those without a poly-
idom.
Of late years Adamsia palliata has so decreased in this locality,
that I have seen but one since the severe winter some three or four
years ago; this was given me in September last by my friend Mr.
Busk, and is still alive and well in one of my tanks, but too valuable
to submit to the dissecting knife. I trust this summer to obtain
other specimens, when I hope to settle its proper position amongst
the Anthozoa.
As regards species, I refrain from touching on that point in the pre-
sent paper, but purpose doing so at an early period, when a careful
examination of a larger number of individuals *shall enable me to
speak with authority as to which are Lond fide species and also those
that are merely varieties. The rage for marine vivaria has thrown
many useless workers into the field; and I much fear that what
may possibly tend to a love of nature does not always as a matter
of course advance science. The improper multiplication of species
is a serious injury to the well-being of Natural History ; and I must
admit I should like to see a council formed of five, ten, fifty, or any
number of the most celebrated naturalists, and that no new species
or arrangement should be published without their consent being first
obtained. This would effectually prevent varieties and deformities
creeping in as species, and objects already described and known
being reproduced as new species, or, may be, even as a new genus.
Proposed rearrangement of British Actiniade, with a revision of
the genera :—

AnTHOZzOA, Owen.

Body soft, contractile, in every part symmetrical. Tentacles
hollow, possessing thread-cells, and in most with pectinated margins,
in uninterrupted circles or groups. Stomach suspended by radiating
mesogastric folds in an abdominal cavity. No intestine ; mouth and
vent generally one, placed in the centre of the upper disk, very dila-
table. With or without polypary ; when present usually internal.

Without polypary.
ACTINIAD2.

Free and solitary, or gregarious. ‘Tentacles simple, rarely branched
or clavate, more than twelve often in more than one row in unin-
terrupted circles. Body single, fleshy, elongate or conical, fixed
by its base, and generally with the power of locomotion. Base
broad and adherent.

A. Tentacles conical.
AA. Body without warts or pores ; skin smooth.

Antuea, Johnston.
Body adherent, cylindrical, smooth, without tubercles on the

148

edge of disk. Tentacles numerous, elongated, taper, flaccid, scarcely
retractile, longer than diameter of disk.
Type Anthea cereus.

Actinia, Linneus.

Body smooth, conoid or cylindrical. Tentacles numerous, in one
or more uninterrupted circles, conical, undivided, subequal and en-
tirely retractile, shorter than diameter of disk ; margin of upper
disk furnished with a row of tubercles.

Actinia mesembryanthemum.

Paractis, M.-Edw.

Body smooth, conoid or cylindrical. Tentacles few in number,
in one or more uninterrupted circles, conical, undivided, subequal,
filiform, very long. No tubercles on the edge of the upper disk.

Actinia viduata.

Dysactis, M.-Edw.

Tentacles forming two distinct circles, continuous at their base,
those of the inner row three times as long as the outer row, nume-
rous, short and subequal. Margin of disk without tubercles.

Actinia biserialis.

BB. Body studded more or less with verruciform tubercles or
sucking-glands.

Crisrina, Ehrenb.

Body studded with glandular warts irregularly placed, suctorial,
distributed over the whole surface of the body. Tentacles short,
thick, obtuse, subequal, very numerous.

Actinia coriacea.

Cereus, M.-Edw.

Body with glandular warts, placed in vertical lines and unequal.
Tentacles not numerous, chiefly marginal, much spread and bent,
conical, rather stout ; length about equal to diameter of disk.

Actinia gemmacea.

CyrTactis, mihi.

Body rough, with sucking-glands in close-set perpendicular ridges _

or vertical rows, and all equal, the whole height of the body. Centre
of disk much more raised than the edges. Disk greater in diameter
than the pillar of the body. Tentacles long, moderately slender,
generally horizontal to the disk, mostly marginal, their tips con-
stantly curled back.
Actinia clavata.
HE LIactTISs, mihi.

The glandular warts placed only on the upper portion of the body. ©

Tentacles very numerous, short, varying in length, crowded towards

12 | —~ = 7. 7; -.° - 2

149

the edge of the disk, and of moderate thickness ; oral disk much
expanded.
Actinia bellis.

Pi. CC, Body without glandular warts, and with pores for the
passage of thread-cells.

AcTINILOBA, Blainv.

Skin soft, disk very large. Tentacles very numerous, short, vary-
ing but little in length, and forming a thick filamentous fringe ;
margin of disk lobed.

. Actinia dianthus.
) SAGARTIA, Gosse.

; Skin coriaceous, occasionally wrinkled, firm to the touch, Ten-
{ tacles numerous, not particularly long, retractile, having great power
of elongation. Base broad and circular. Body cylindrical. Pores
{ situated near the base, and varying in size. Parasitic.

. Actinia parasitica.

: ApamsiA, Forbes.

‘ Skin soft. Tentacles scarcely retractile, short. Base when young

circular, afterwards expanding laterally until the extreme points
meet, and form a circle. Disk pia, or oblong, according to
the form of the base. Base secreting a horny membrane. Body
much depressed, not cylindrical.

Adamsia palliata,

March 23, 1858,

Dr. Gray, F.R.S., V.P., in the Chair.

’ Mr. Gould exhibited and described a new species of Toucan which
he had recently received from Professor Jameson of Quito. He re-
| marked that it belonged to that division of the group to which he
a had applied the generic term of Andigena, and that it was most in-
timately allied to the A. nigrirostris, but differed from that species
in the bill being shorter, broader, and much more robust, and co-
loured with obscure brownish red at the base of the upper mandible,
For this new species he proposed the name of

ai ANDIGENA SPILORHYNCHUS.

Crown of the head and back of the neck glossy black ; back,
wing-coverts and margins of the primaries dull sienna-brown ; se-
iMisdaries bluish brown ; upper tail-coverts blue strongly tinged with

150

green ; tail slaty blue tinged with green, the four central feathers
largely tipped with chestnut ; band across the rump sulphur-yellow ;
throat and cheeks white, blending into the light blue of the breast
and abdomen; thighs rich chestnut; under tail-coverts blood-red ;
feet greenish blue, with a lilac tinge on their under surface ; bill black,
with a mark of obscure brownish red at the base of the upper man-
dible, which, when viewed in front, much resembles the letter W,
this colour advancing for a short distance on each side of the culmen,
and extending down the sides of the base.

Total length, 18 inches; bill, 33; wing, 7; tail, 7}; tarsi, 14.

fIab. Forest of Beza, on the eastern side of the Cordillera in
Ecuador.

The following papers were read :-—

1. Norte oN THE VARIATION OF THE ForM OF THE UPPER
Manp1sLe In A Rapacious Birp. By Puivtie Luritey
SCLATER.

Mr. J. H. Gurney has called my attention to the great variation
in the form of the upper mandible of Urubitinga unicineta, as ob-
servable in the specimens now before the Society, which form part of
his collection. I have seen the same sort of thing in the case of
other Accipitres, but never carried to such an extent as in the pre-
sent instance. In one of these birds (fig. 1) the lateral margins of
the upper mandible are strongly festooned, and project far down

Fig. 1. Fig. 2.

over the edges of the lower. In a second specimen (fig. 2)—appa-
rently of about the same age, both being in immature plumage—the
commissure is very nearly straight. In other examples there is
merely a slight festoon. As the formation of the edges of the upper
mandible is much in use as a generic character—rightly enough, I
believe, and not generally liable to lead to error—the present abnor-
mal variation seems worthy of notice.

De Mi a Bak We oe ok ee i i a Ee ee Ba ee Oo

2. On SitpHonarta. By Sytvanus HANtey.

Having examined the whole of the specimens delineated in the
recent Monograph of this genus in the ‘ Conchologia Iconica,’ I have
been induced to describe a few additional species, and to offer a few
remarks upon the subject. From the versatility of form and seulp-
ture exhibited by most Limpets, the synonymy of the Siphonarice
demands a greater amount of leisure to elaborate than I can at pre-
sent anticipate ; but in the confident belief that the following crude
list of published species, being the most ample which has yet ap-
peared, cannot fail to aid and interest the future student of this
difficult genus, I now transcribe it from my note-book. A single
asterisk is appended where the species has been adopted or defined
by Mr. Reeve; twin asterisks denote that, although mentioned, it
has been regarded by him as superfluous or varietal :—

*acuta, Quoy, Zool. Astrol.
Adansoni, Blainville, Dict. Se. Nat. xlix. (=pectinata).
*@quilorata, Reeve, Conch. Icon.
** albicans, Quoy, Zool. Astrol.
Algesira, Quoy, ibid. (probably =pectinata).
alternata, Say, Americ. Conch. (seems immature).
alternicostata, Potiez et Mich. Gal. Douai.
*amara, Nuttall, MSS. in Reeve, Conch. Icon.
Antarctica, Gould, Exped.
aspera, Krauss, Siid-afrik.
*atra, Quoy, Zool. Astrol.
Australis, ibid.
*Baconi, Reeve, Conch. Icon.
Belcheri, Hanley, Proc. Zool. Soc.
*hifurcata, Reeve, Conch. Icon.
Blainvillei, Hanley, Proc. Zool.. Soc.
* Brasiliana, Reeve, Conch. Icon.
brunnea, Hanley, Proc. Zool. Soc. .
*cancer, Reeve, Conch. Leon. %
Capensis, Quoy, Zool. Astrol. *&
carbo, Hanley, Proc. Zool. Soc.
*characteristica, Reeve, Conch. System.
*cochleariformis, Reeve, Conch. Icon.
*concinna, Sowerby, Proc. Zool. Soc.
conica, Blainville, Dict. Sc. Nat.
**Coreensis, Adams & Reeve, Zool. Samarang.
cornuta, Gould, Proc. Bost. Soc.
*corrugata, Reeve, Conch. Icon.
*costata, Sowerby, Proc. Zool. Soc.=lineolata, Reeve.
costata, Hombron and Jacquinot.
crenata, Blainville, Dict. Sc. Nat.
*denticulata, Quoy, Zool. Astrol.
* Diemenensis, ibid.
**exigua, Sowerby (as of Martini), Genera,

et en a Oe

152

exulorum, Hanley, Proc. Zool. Soe.
*ferruginea, Reeve, Conch. Icon.
*fuliginata, ibid.
*funiculata, ibid.
grisea (as Patella), Gmelin, Syst. Nat. (=peetinata.
Guamensis, Quoy, Zool. Astrol.
*lirata, Reeve, Conch. Icon.
*gegas, Sowerby, Tankerv. Cat.
inculta, Gould, Proc. Bost. Soc.
Japonica (as Patella), Donovan, Nat. Repos.
Javanica (as Patella), Lamk. Anim. s. Vert. (? =exigua).
Jonasit, Dunker, Guin.
* Kurracheensis, Reeve, Conch. Icon.
levis, Philippi, Zeitschr. Mal.
*leviuscula, Sowerby, Proc. Zool. Soc.
lateralis, Gould, Proc. Bost. Soc.
leecanium, Philippi, Zeitschr. Mal.
lepida, Gould, Proc. Bost. Soe.
** Tessoni, Blainville, Malac.
leucopleura, Blamville, Dict. Se. Nat.
*lineolata, Sowerby, Proc. Zool. Soe.=costata, Reeve.
*Iuzonica, Reeve, Conch. Icon.
* Macgillivrayi, ibid.
Magellanica, Philippi, Mal. Blat.
* Maura, Sowerby, Proc. Zool. Soc.
Le Mouret, Adanson, Senegal.
Natalensis, Krauss, Siid-afrik.
normalis, Gould, Proc. Bost. Soe.
Nuttall, Hanley, Proc. Zool. Soe.
*obliquata, Sowerby, Tankerv. Cat.
oculus, Krauss, Siid-afrik.
*palpebra, Reeve, Conch. Icon. (=pectinata).
parma, Hanley, Proc. Zool. Soc.
pectinata (as Patelia), Linn. Syst. Nat.
*pica, Sowerby, Proc. Zool. Soc.
picta, D’Orbigny, Amér. Mérid.
placentula, Menke, Zeitschr. Mal.
**nlana, Quoy, Zool. Astrol.
**pylicata, ibid.
**nunctata, ibid.
radiata, Blainville, Dict. Sc. Nat.
radiata, Sowerby, Proc. Zool. Soc.
*redimiculum, Reeve, Conch. Icon.
Savignyi, Philippi, Zeitschr. Mal. (=crenata).
*scabra, Reeve, Conch. Icon.
**seutellum, Deshayes, Mag. Zool. (=obliquata).
*sipho, Sowerby, Genera Shells.
*Siyuijorensis, Reeve, Conch. Icon.
Sowerbyi, Mich. Mag. Zool.
*sptnosa, Reeve, Conch. Icon.

eee eS eS el

:
:
|

153

stellata, Blainville (as of Roissy), Dict. Se. Nat.
striato-costata, Dunker, Guin.
subrugosa, Sowerby, Proc. Zool. Soc.

*Tristensis, Sowerby (as of Leach), Genera Shells.
umbonata, Menke, Zeitschr. Mal.
variabilis, Krauss, Siid-afrik. (as = concinna).

*venosa, Reeve, Conch. Icon.
viridis, Quoy, Zool. Astrol.

*zebra, Reeve, Conch. Icon.

**Zelandica, Quoy, Zool. Astrol.

S. Nurratui. S. testa ovata, subsymmetrica, conica aut sub-
conica, crassa, costis parvis rotundatis, costulisque depressio-
ribus, arcte radiata ; squalide albida, interstitiis costarum
Sumoso-fuscis: apice centrali, piceo, acuto: pagina interna
superne castanea, inferne flavescente, seu pallida, lineis brun-
neis radiantibus ornata : siphunculo inconspicuo.

Long. 7 lin., lat. 5} lin.

Hab, Littora Insularum Sandvicensium (Dr. Frick). Mus.

Cuming.

Very like a dwarf Patella vulgata. The ribs occasionally are

slightly nodulous.

S. Betcueri. S. testa tenui, ovata, subconica, brunnea, costis
(plerumque pallidioribus, seu albidis) parvis, simplicibus, ro-
tundatis, subremote radiata: lateribus valde inequalibus :
apice acuto, recurvo, postico, nigrescente ; costa siphonifera
conspicua: superficie interna suturate brunnea, plerumque ad
marginem laciniosum albido-subarticulata.

Long. 7 lin., lat. 52 lin.

Hab. ? Mus. Hanley.

Was brought over in the ‘ Samarang’ by Sir E. Belcher, and pro-

bably taken in the Indian seas. It is prettily vandyked with white
on the inner margin. The ribs are about 25 to 30 in number.

S. Buatnvitier. S. testa subovata, conica, crassiuscula, sub-
symmetrica, costis permultis, levibus, rotundato-planulatis, et
marginem versus costulis depressioribus alternantibus, undique
radiata; interstitiis costarum albarum chocolateis, haud an-
gustis : costa siphonifera vel nulla vel inconspicua : apice sub-
centrali: superficie interna superne albida, deinde brunnea,
marginem versus subsimplicem pallida et lineis geminis fuscis
pulchre radiata.

Long. 10} lin., lat. 84 lin.

Hab. ? Mus. Hanley.

The apex of the only individual I have ever seen has been worn
smooth ; it is ochraceous, and upright. There are about 30 well-
separated ribs, and the same number of intervening riblets. The
siphon is almost superficial, but is indicated by the absence of co-
louring matter.

154

3. Description or A New Genus or Boip# From Op Ca-
LABAR, AND A List oF W. AFrican Reptites. By Dr
J. E. Gray, F.R.S., V.P.Z.S., Pres. Ent. Soc., etc.

(Reptilia, Pl. XIV.)

Mr. Logan kindly sent to me for examination a number of Snakes
and other reptiles which had been collected by the missionaries in
Old Calabar.

Among several very interesting species I observed a new genus of
the family Boide, which I have great pleasure in laying before the
Society, more especially as it appears to be the indication of a new
tribe in that curious family.

This animal belongs to the second section of the family, which is
thus characterized :—

ii. Tail very short, not, or only very slightly, prehensile. Head
indistinct, short.

It is entirely distinct from the tribes Cylindrophina, Carinina,

tees a

and Tortricina, and therefore I propose to form for it a tribe (Cala- -

bariina) by itself, having the same characters as the genus.

CALABARIA.

Head small, short, rounded in front, the same size as the body.
Muzzle depressed, rounded; labial shields flat, a3 the hinder

small, front moderate ; rostral shield high, large, triangular ; frontal
shields three pairs, band-like, subsimilar, followed by a band-like
shield continued from side to side, which has behind it a small sub-
trigonal shield on each side, with a central large triangular shield
between them on the crown. Eyes surrounded by scales on the
upper edges of the upper labial shields and the outer edges of
the fourth and fifth frontal plates, and with one ocular shield in front
and two smaller behind the eyes; loreal shield single, small. Pupil
circular. Nostril lateral, between two small nasal shields. Body
cylindrical. Scales broad, triangular, polished, rather sunken and
subrugose in the centre. Ventral shields very numerous, band-like,
transverse, about half as wide as the diameter of the body. Vent
small, with a single preanal shield. Spurs large, distinct. Tail
short, as thick as the body, blunt and rounded at the end. Sub-
caudal shields broad, band-like, one-rowed like the ventral shields.

I think it is probable, when some other specimens have been exa-
mined, that the band-like shield extending across from the upper
edge of each eye wiil be found to be composed of three shields, like
the band behind it, which are here united into one band; and then
the head-shields will lie thus :—three pair of band-like frontal, two
smaller triangular superciliary shields over each eye, having in the
middle between them two triangular parietal shields.

F,
A — ee

eS:

non

Nd A ay
' :
A <

155

CaLaparra Fusca (Pl. XIV.).

Dark brown, some of the scales yellowish, scattered singly or in
groups on the back and sides ; ventral shields greyish ; sides of the
belly with a few unequal yellow spots.

Length 36 inches, diameter } inch.

Hab. Old Calabar, W. Africa (WW. Logan, Esq.).

Since this paper was read, I have discovered a young specimen of
this Boa among the specimens from the Zoological Society, which
they had received from Fernando Po. “It is about half the length
and diameter of the specimen from Old Calabar. It has the head-
shields more uniform, and as I supposed they might be when I de-
scribed that specimen.

It has three pairs of band-like frontal shields over the forehead,
a rather large parietal shield behind them on the crown of the head,
and two small subequal superciliary shields between the outer edge
of the parietal and the eye, on each side, a narrow transverse band-
like central shield behind, and rather broader than the parietal
shield, with a small scale-like shield, like those on the neck, behind
and on the sides of it.

Having had occasion to look through many papers by Dr. Edward
Hallowell, on the Reptiles of Liberia and Gaboon, in the ‘ Journal
of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia,’ to find if the
above Boide and other reptiles in Calabar had been described, I
have been induced to prepare a list of the Reptiles and Batrachians
which have hitherto been recorded as inhabiting Western Africa,
giving a reference to where the species have been described, and the
special habitat of the species noticed.

1, Regenia ocellata.

Regenia ocellata, Gray, Cat. 9.
Uaranus ocellatus, Riippell, D. & B.
Senegal.

2. Monitor Niloticus.

Monitor Niloticus, Gray, Cat. 11.
Uaranus Niloticus, Dum. & Bibr.

Gaboon (Hallow.) ; Ashantee (Bowdich).

3. Lacerta ocellata.

Lacerta ocellata, Daud. ; Gray, Cat. 30.
Senegal?

4. Tachydromus Fordii.
Tachydromus Fordii, Hallowell, P. A. N.S. Philad. 1857, 48.
W. Africa ; Gaboon.

‘The African species differs in no respect from the Asiatic, ex-
cept in the presence of the small plate imbedded between the outer
nasal and the frontal and the two front nasals.””— Hallowell.

156

5. Gerrhosaurus nigrolineatus.

Gerrhosaurus nigrolineatus, Hallowell, P. A. N.S. Phil. 1857, 49.

W. Africa ; Gaboon.

6. Mocoa Africana.

Mocoa Africana, Gray, Cat. 83.
W. Africa. B.M.

7. Euprepis Perrotetii.
Euprepis Perrotetii, D. & B. v. 669; Gray, Cat. 111.
Senegal.

8. Euprepis Raddoni.

Luprepis Raddoni, Gray, Cat. 112.
W. Africa.

9. Euprepis Stangeri.
Euprepis Stangeri, Gray, Cat. 112.
W. Africa, Niger Expedition (Dr. Stanger).

10. Euprepis quinquetzniatus.
Euprepis quinqueteniatus, Wagler ; Gray, Cat. 113.
W. Africa; Senegal.

ll. Euprepis albilabris.

Euprepis albilabris, Hallowell, P. A. N.S. Philad. 1857, 51.
Gaboon.

12. Euprepis Harlani.

Euprepis Harlani, Hallowell, P. A. N. S. Philad. 1854, 100.
Plestriodon Harlani, Hallowell, 7. c. 170.

Liberia.

13. Euprepis striata.
Euprepis striata, Hallowell, P. A. N.S. Philad. 1854, 98.
Liberia.

14. Euprepis Blandingii.

Euprepis Blandingii, Hallowell, P. A. N.S. Phil. ii. 58; 1857, 50.

Liberia ; S. Africa?

15. Euprepis frenatus.
Euprepis frenatus, Hallowell, P. A. N.S. Philad. 1857, 50.
Liberia.

16. Sphenorhina elegans.

Sphenorhina elegans, Hallowell, P. A. N. 8. Philad. 1857, 52.
Acontias elegans, Hallowell, J. e. 1852, 65.

W. Coast of Africa; Gabvon.

17. Feylenia Currori.
Feylenia Currori, Gray, Cat. 129.
Angola (J. Curror, Esq.).

157

18. Onychophis Liberiensis.

Onychocephalus Liberiensis, Hallowell, P. A. N.S. Philad. 1854.
Liberia; Calabar.

19. Onychophis nigrolineatus.

Onychocephalus nigrolineatus, Hallow. P. A. N.S. Philad, 1854.
Liberia; Calabar.

20. Onychophis punctata.

Onychophis punctata, Gray, Cat. 133.

Acontias punctatus, Leach ; Bowdich, Ashantee.
Fantee (Bowdich).

21. Leiurus ornatus.

Leiurus ornatus, Gray, Cat. 157.
W. Africa.

22. Hemidactylus angulatus.

Hemidactylus angulatus, Hallowell, Proc. Acad. N.S, Phil. 1852,
63, fig. lips; 1857, 48.

W. Coast of Africa ; Gaboon.

23. Hemidactylus formosus.

Hemidactylus formosus, Hallowell, P. A. N.S. Phil. 1856, 148.
W. Coast of Africa ; Liberia.

24. Pachydactylus tristis.

Pachydactylus tristis, Hallowell, P. A. N.S. Philad. 1854, 98.
4 W. Africa.

25. Agama colonorum.,

Agama colonorum, Daud.; Gray, Cat, 256.
Liberia.

.—

26. Agama occipitalis.

Agama occipitalis, Gray, Phil. Mag. 1827, 214 ; Cat. 256.
W. Africa (Gray).

27. Chamezleo cristatus.

Chamaleo cristatus, Stutch.; Gray, Cat. 262.
Fernando Po.

28. Chamzleo vulgaris.

Chameleo vulgaris, Daud. ; Gray, Cat. 265.
Central Africa (Denham).

29. Chamzleo Senegalensis.

Chameleo Senegalensis, Daud. ; Gray, Cat. 266.
Senegal.

30. Chamzleo dilepis.

Chameleo dilepis, Leach ; Bowdich, Ashantee, 493 ; Gray, Cat.
266.

C. planiceps, Merrem.

Senegal; Gaboon; Ashantee; Fantee.

158

31. Chameleo gracilis.

Chameleo gracilis, Hallowell, Journ. A. N. 8S. Philad. viii. t. 18.
C. dilepis, 2?

Liberia ; Gaboon.

32. Chamzleo granulosus.
Chameleo granulosus, Hallowell, Proc. A. N.S. Phil. 1556, 147.
W. Africa.

33. Chameleo Burchellii.
Chameleo Burchellii, Hallowell, P. A. N. S. Philad. 1856, 147.
Fernando Po.

34. Chamzleo Owenii.

Chameleo Owenii, Gray, Zool. Misc. 7. t. 4; Cat. 269.
Ch. tricornis, Gray ; Griffith, A. K.

Ch. Bibronii, Martin, P. Z. 8. 1828, 65.

Fernando Po.

35. Leptophis smaragdina.

Leptophis smaragdina, Boie; Hallow. P. A. N. 8. Philad. 1854,
100; 1857, 52.

Dendrophis smaragdina, Schlegel.

Leptophis gracilis, Hallow. 1. c. ii. 60.

Liberia; Gaboon; S. Africa.

36. Chrysopelea preornata.
Chrysopelea preornata, Ginther, Cat.
Oxyrhopus preornatus, Dum. & Bibr.
Dendrophis preornatus, Schleg.
Senegal.

37. Chlorophis heterodermus.
Chlorophis heterodermus, Hallow. P. A. N.S. Philad. 1857, 54.
Gaboon. |

38. Bozedon quadrivittatus.
Boedon quadrivittatus, Hallow. P. A. N. 8. Philad. 1857, 54. .
Isle de Los ; Gaboon (/Tallow.).

39. Bozedon quadrivirgatus. .

Boedon quadrivirgata, Hallow. P. A. N.S. Philad. 1857, 56.
Celopeltis virgata, Hallow. 1. c. 1854, 98.

Liberia ; Gaboon.

40. Bowdon niger.
Boedon nigrum, Fischer, 1. c.
West Africa.

41. Bozedon lineatus.
Boedon lineatus, Dum. & Bibr. p. 363.
West Africa.

159

42. Bowdon geometricus.

Boodon geometricus, Giinther.

Lycodon geometricus, Schlegel.
West Africa.

43. Bozdon unicolor.

Lycodon unicolor, Schleg. p. 112.
Boedon unicolor, Dum, & Bibr. p. 359.
Coast of Guinea.

44. Homonotus audax.

Homonotus audaz, Hallow. P. A. N. 8. Philad. 1857, 56.
Gaboon.

45. Lycophidion laterale.

Lycophidion laterale, Hallow. P. A. N.S. Philad. 1857, 58.
Gaboon.

46. Oxybelis Kirtlandii.

Oxybelis Kirtlandii, Hallow. P. A. N.S. Philad. 1857, 59.
Dryophis Kirtlandi, Wallow. l. e. 1854, 100.

Leptophis Kirtlandi, Hallow. 1. e. ii. 62.

Oxybelis Lecomptei, Dum. & Bibr. Erp. Gen. vii. 821.
Liberia; Gaboon; S. Africa.

47. Holuropholis olivaceus.

Holuropholis olivaceus, A. Dum.; Reyue et Mag. 1856, p. 466.
West Africa.

48. Lycophidion Horstockii.
Lycodon Horstockii, Schleg.
Lycophidion Horstockii, Fitz.
Angola.

49. Alopecion fasciatum.

Alopecion fasciatum, Giinther.
West Africa.

50. Metoporhina irrorata.
Coluber irroratus, Leach.
Hypsirhina maura, Gray.
Metoporhina irrorata, Gunther.
Ashantee.

51. Toxicodryas Blandingii.

Toxicodryas Blandingii, Hallow. P. A. N.S. Philad. 1857, 00.
Dipsas Blandingii, Hallow. 1. ¢. ii. 170; 1854, 100.

Liberia and Gaboon; 8. Africa.

160

52. Dendraspis Jamesonii.

Elaps Jamesonii, Traill.

Dinophis Hammondii, Hallowell, Journ. A. N. 8. Philad. ii. 301.
229; 1852, 202; 1854, 100.

Leptophis viridis, Hallowell, Z. ec. 1854, 100.

Liberia.

53. Dendraspis angusticeps.

Naja angusticeps, A. Smith.

Dinophis angusticeps, A. Duméril; Hallow. P. A. N.S. Philad.
1857, 72. .

Gaboon.

54. Psammophis Philippsii.

Psammophis Philippsii, Hallow. P. A. N.S. Philad. 1854, 100 ;
1857, 69.

Coluber Philippsii, Hallow. 1. c. ii. 169.

Liberia.

55. Psammophis.

Psammophis, n. s., Hallow. P. A. N. S. Philad. 1857, 69.
Liberia.

56. Psammophis crucifer.
Psammophis crucifer, Boie.
Coluber crucifer, Merrem, t. 3.
W. Africa (Raddon).

57. Psammophis sibilans.
Coluber sibilans, Linn.
Psammophis moniliger, Boie.

58. Psammophis irregularis.
Psammophis irregularis, Fischer.

59. Psammophis elegans.
Coluber elegans, Shaw.

Macrosoma elegans, Leach.
Fantee (Bowdich).

60. Ccelopeltis lacertina.

Ceelopeltis lacertina, Wagler.

Natrix lacertina, Wagler.

Rhabdodon fuscus, Heischmann.
Bothriophis distinctus, Eichw.

W. Africa. :

61. Hapsidophrys lineatus.
Hapsidophrys lineatus, Fischer.

Dendrophis nigrolineatus, Schlegel.
W. Africa (Raddon).

4
L
4
P
é

161

62. Hapsidophrys ceruleus.
Hapsidophrys ceruleus, Fischer.

63. Dipsas carinatus.

Dipsas curinatus, Hallow. P. A. N. 8. Philad. ii. 119.
? earinatus, Hallow. 1. ¢. 1857, 69.

64. Heteronotus triangularis.

Heteronotus triangularis, Hallow. P. A. N.S. Phil. 1857, 68.
Coronella triangularis, Hallow. 1. ¢. 1854, 100.

Coluber levis, Hallow. 1. ¢. ii. 118.

Liberia.

65. Dasypeltis scabra.
Dasypeltis scabra, Wagler.
Coluber seaber, Linn.
West Africa.

66. Dasypeltis palmarum.
Dasypeltis palmarum, Giinther.
Coluber palmarum, Leach, Zaire, 408.
: D. inornata, A. Smith.
River Congo, Boma ; Old Calabar.

67. Ahztulla smaragdina.
Dendrophis smaragdinus, Boie.
Leptophis smaragdinus, Dura. & Bib
. L. gracilis, Hallowell.

r Ashantee ; Guinea.

68. Ahztulla irregularis.

Coluber irregularis, Leach in Bowdich, Ashantee, p. 494.
Dendrophis Chenonii, Reinh.

Leptophis Chenonii, Dum. & Bib.

Dend. albovariata, A. Smith, t. 63.

Ahetulla irregularis, Giinther, Cat.

Gambia ; Fantee ; Gold Coast.

69. Leptodeira hippocrepis.
Leptodeira hippocrepis, Nob.
Dipsas hippocrepis, Reinh.

Coast of Guinea.

70. Leptodeira rufescens,
Leptodeira rufescens, Giinther.
Coluber rufescens, Gmelin.
Heterurus rufescens, Dum. & Bib.
Ashantee ; Gambia.

71. Dipsas globiceps.
Dipsas globiceps, Fischer.
West Africa.
No. CCCLVII.—ProceepinGs or Tux ZooLoaicat Soctery.

162

72. Dipsas fasciata.
Dipsas fasciata, Fischer.
West Africa.

73. Dipsas valida.

Dipsas valida, Fischer, 1. c.
Dipsas regalis, Gray, B.M.
Triglyphodon fuscum, Dum. & Bib.
Fantee and Guinea.

74. Dipsas pulverulenta.
Dipsas pulverulenta, Fischer.

Old Calabar.

75. Dipsadoboa unicolor.
Dipsadoboa unicolor, Giinther, Cat.
W. Africa.

76. Simocephalus poensis.
Simocephalus poensis, Gray.
Heterolepis poensis, A. Smith.
H. bicarinatus, Schlegel.

W. Africa; Old Calabar.

77. Thrasops flavigularis.

Thrasops flavigularis, Hallow. P. A. N. 8. Philad. 1857, 67.
Dendrophis flavigularis, Hallow. 1. ce. 1852, 205 ; 1857, 66.
Liberia ; W. Africa; Gaboon.

Like Bucephalus Capensis, A. Smith.

78. Bucephalus capensis.
Bucephalus capensis, A. Smith.
Dispholides Lalandii, Duvernoy.
Dendrophis colubrina, Schlegel.
W. Africa.

79. Coronella fuliginoides.
Coronella fuliginoides, Ginther, Cat. p. 39.
Old Calabar.

80. Grayia silurophaga.
Grayia silurophaga, Gimther, Cat. p. 50.
West Africa.

81. Zamenis cliffordii.

Coluber cliffordii, Schlegel.

Periops parallelus, Dum. Bibr. p. 678.
West Africa.

82. Meizodon regularis.
Meizodon regularis, Fischer, Abhandl. Hamburg, 1856, p. 112.
West Africa.

163

83. Elapomorphus galvensis.

Llapomorphus galvensis, A. Duméril, Rev. Mag. 1858.
Gaboon.

84. Lamprophis modestus.

Lamprophis modestus, Dum. Bibr. p. 429.
Coast of Guinea.

85, Echis squamigera.

Echis squamigera, Hallow. P. A. N.S. Philad. 1854, 193.
Guinea; River Gaboon.

86. Causus rhombeatus.
Causus rhombeatus, Wagler; Gray, Cat. B.M. 33 ; Hallowell, P.

A. N.S. Philad. 1854, 101.

bear)

Naga rhombeutus, Schlegel.

Vipera V. nigrum, Cuvier.

Distichurus maculatus, Hallow. Journ. A. N. S. Philad. 8. t. 19.
W. Africa, Gold Coast (Rich.) ; Liberia; S. Africa.

87. Prosymna meleagris.
Prosymna meleagris, Gray, Cat. Snakes B.M. 80.
Calamaria meleagris, Reinh. K. Dansk. Sels. x. 1843, 238. t. 1.

. 4—6, head.

Guinea (Reinhardt).
88. Naja haje?
Naja haje? var. Melanoleuca, Hallow. P. A. N.S. Philad. 1857,

Galivou.

89. Clotho nasicornis.

Clotho nasicornis, Gray, Snakes B.M. 25,

Coluber nasicornis, Shaw, Misc.

Vipera nasicornis, Daud. ; Reinhardt.

Cerastes nasicornis, Wagner ; Savage, P. A. N.S. Philad. 1848,

37.

Echidna nasicornis, Merrem; Hallow. P. A. N. 8. Philad. 1847,

320. t. —; 1857, 62.

Vipera hezacera, Dum. & Bib. Erp. Gen. vii. 1416. t. 78. f. 2.
Var. Echidna Gaboonica, Dum. & Bib. Erp. Gen.; Hallow. J, e.

1857, 72.

Guinea; Liberia; Gaboon; Ashantee; S. Africa?

90. Clotho lateristriga.
Clotho lateristriga, Gray, Zool. Misc. 69; Cat. Snakes B.M. 26.
W. Africa; Gambia (Randal).

91. Atractaspis corpulentus.

Atractaspis corpulentus, Hallow. P. A. N.S. Philad. 1857, 70.
Brachycranion corpulentum, Hallow. 1, ¢. 1854, 99.

Liberia.

164

92. Hortulia Sebe.

Hortulia Seba, Gray, Cat. Snakes B.M. 90.

Coluber Seba, Gmelin.

Boa hieroglyphica, Schneider.

Python bivittatus, Smith.

Python Seba, Dum. & Bib.

Liberia (/allowell) ; Ashantee; Gambia (Whitfield) ; Gold
Coast (Rich.).

93. Hortulia regia.
Hortulia regia, Gray, Cat. Snakes B.M. 90.
Boa regia, Shaw.

. Minor, Python Bellii, Gray, Zool. Mise. 44.
W. Africa ; Gambia (Vhitfield).

94. Boa Liberiensis.

Boa Liberiensis, Hallowell, P. A. N. S. Philad. 1854, 100; 1857,
66.

Liberia.

« Python Liberiensis, Hallow. 1. c. 1. 249, is a young Hpicrates
cenchris from 8. America.’’—Hallow. 1. ce. 1857, 66.

95. Eryx Reinhardtii.

Eryx Reinhardtii, Schlegel, Bijd. Amst. 1851.
Gold Coast.

96. Calabaria fusca.

Calabaria fusca, Gray, P. Z. 8. 1858, Rept. pl. 14.
Calabar (Logan) ; Fernando Po.

97. Triglyphodon fuscum.

Triglyphodon fuscum, Dum. & Bib.; Hallow. P. A. N.S. Philad.
LBS 57 ae
Gaboon.

98. Cecilia rostrata.

Cecilia rostrata, C. ; Hallow. /. e. 1857, 72.
Gaboon.

99. Rana subsigillata.

Rana subsigillata, A. D.; Hallow. d. ec. 1857, 72.
Gaboon.

100. Rana Bibronii.

Rana Bibronii, Hallow. l. ce. 1857, 72.
Liberia.

101. Rana galamensis.

Rana galamensis, Dum. Bibr. p. 367.
Senegal.

165

102. Rana superciliaris.

Rana superciliaris, Giinther, Catal. B.M.
Sierra Leone.

103. Lymnodytes albilabris.

Lymnodytes albilabris, A. D.

Rana albilabris, Hallowell, l. ¢. 1856, 153.
W. Africa; Gaboon (/Zallow.).

104. Cystignathus senegalensis.

Cystignathus senegalensis, Dum. Bibr. Erpét. Génér.

West Africa.

105. Ixalus concolor.

Tvalus concolor, Hallow. /. ce. 1857, 72.

Liberia.

106. Hyperolius ocellatus.

Hyperolius ocellatus, Giinther, Catal. B.M.

Fernando Po.

107. Hyperolius plicatus.

Hyperolius plicatus, Giinther, Catal. B.M.

Coast of Guinea.

108. Hyperolius marmoratus.

Hyperolius marmoratus, Rapp. Erichson’s Arch. 1842.

West Africa.

109. Hyperolius viridifiavus,

Hyperolius viridiflavus, Dum. Bibr. Erpét. Génér.

Senegal.

110, Hyla Aubryi.

Hyla Aubryi, A. D.; Hallow. 7. ec. 1857, 72.

Gaboon.

lll. Hyla punctata.

Hyla punctata, Hallowell, P. A. N. S. Philad. 1854, 193; 1857,
65.

| Guinea; River Gaboon.

; 112. Heteroglossa Africana.

; Heteroglossa Africana, Hallow. 1. c. 1857, 64.

Gaboon.

113. Bufo maculatus.

Bufo maculatus, Hallow. 1. e. 1854, 101.
Bufo cinereus, Hallow. /. ¢. ii. 169.
Liberia.

114. Bufo tuberosus.

Bufo tuberosus, Giiuther, Catal. B.M.
Fernando Po.

166

115. Bufo guineensis.

Bufo guineensis, Mus. Lugd. Bat. ; Giinther, Catal. B.M.
Fernando Po; Sierra Leone.

116. Bufo pantherinus.

Bufo pantherinus, Boie, Mus. Lugd. Bat. ; Dum. Bibr. Erp. Gén.
Bufo arabicus, Riippell, Atlas.

Gambia.

117. Dactylethra levis.

Bufo levis, Daud. Hist. Rain.

Pipa levis, Merr. Tent.

Dactylethra capensis, Cuv. Régne Anim,
Dactylethra levis, Giinther, Catal. B.M.
West Africa.

118. Dactylethra Mulleri.

Dactylethra Miilleri, Peters ; Hallow. J. ¢. 1857, 65.
Gaboon.

119. Testudo sulcata.

Testudo sulcata, Miller ; Gray, Cat. B.M. 7.
T. radiata Senegalensis, Gray, Syn. R. 11.
T. Schoepfii, Riippell.

Senegal ?

120. Kinyxis erosa.

Kinyzis erosa, Gray, Syn. 16; Cat. B.M. 13.
K. castanea, Bell.

Testudo denticulata, Shaw.

T. erosa, Schw.

Cinixis denticulata, Hallow. l. c. 1857, 71, 72.
Liberia and Gaboon. ;

121. Kinyxis Belliana.

Kinyzis Belliana, Gray, Syn. 69; Cat. B.M. 12.
K. shoensis, Riippell, Mus. Senk.

Gambia (Whitfield).

122. Kinyxis Homeana.

Kinyxis Homeana, Gray, Cat. B.M. 11.

Cinyxis Homeana, Hallow. 1. c. 1857, 72.
Gaboon ; Cape Coast Castle (Friend).

123. Emys laticeps.

Emys laticeps, Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1853; Catal. Testud. B.M.
23. t. 9.

West Africa ; Gambia (Castany).

124. Pentonyx Gambonensis.

Pentonyx Gambonensis, Aug; Dum. Rev. & Mag. Zool. 1856, 373.
Gaboon.

167
125. Stenotherus Derbianus.
Stenotherus Derbianus, Gray, Cat. B.M. 37; Testud. B.M,
Gambia (Whitfield) ; Sierra Leoue.
126. Emyda Senegalensis.
Emyda Senegalensis, Gray, Cat. Tort. B.M. 47.
Cryptopus Senegalensis, Dum. & Bib. ii. 504.
Senegal ?; Mus. Paris.
127. Emyda Aubryii.

Cryptopodus Mubryi, Dum. & Bib. Rev. & Mag. Zool. 1856, t. 10.
Gaboon.

128 Cyclanosteus Petersii.

Cyclanosteus Petersii, Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1853 ; Cat. Testud.
B.M. 64. t. 29.

West Africa; Gambia (Whitfield).

See C. frenatus, Peters, Mozambique.

129. Trionyx Mortoni.

Trionyx Mortoni, Hallowell.
Liberia.

130. Tyrsee Niloticus.

Tyrsee Niloticus, Gray, Cat. B.M. 48,
Trionyx Agyptiacus, Geoff.

T. labiatus, Bell.

Gaboon.

131. Tyrse argus.

Tyrse argus, Gray, Cat. B.M. 48; Testud. B.M.; Knowles,
Menag.t. .

W. Africa; Gambia (Whitfield).

132. Phractogonus galeatus.

Phractogonus galeatus, Hallow. 1. c. 62. fig. 3 1857, 50.
Liberia.

133. Mecistops Bennettii.

Mecistops Bennettii, Gray, Cat. B.M. 57.
Crocodilus leptorhynchus, Bennett.

Kbinh, Savage, P. A. N.S. Philad. 1848, 37.
W. Africa; Gambia (Kenda/) ; Gaboon (Savage).
134. Mecistops cataphractus.

Mecistops cataphractus, Gray, Cat. B.M. 58.
Crocodilus cataphractus, Cuvier.

W. Africa; Sierra Leone.

Same as the former.

Dr. Giinther has kindly added general synonyma to the above list,

4 i
ot te.

168

4. On Nemopuis, A New Genus or RIBAND-SHAPED Fisues.
By Dr. J. Kaup.

In the collection at the Museum of Natural History in Paris I
found, some years ago, when I was describing the order of Eels, this
interesting genus, in which the form and function of the canine teeth
are extremely remarkable.

Two specimens of this rare fish were received at the Museum, from
MM. Lesson and Garnot, without any note: as they were obtained
in the expedition of M. Duperrey, I presume they were captured in
the South Sea.

One of the specimens being in a half-spoiled condition, I was en-
abled, but in this specimen only, to observe the paradoxical arrange-
ment and formation of the canine teeth,

After the smallness of the mouth, no one would have expected to
find at the end of the small incisors such large slightly-curved canine
teeth in the lower jaw. These canine teeth pass through a canal in
the flesh round the eye, and have an opening near the eye. These
teeth, which cannot be used as true canine teeth on account of the
smallness of the mouth, have certainly only the function of fixing
and giving the lower jaw a certain direction.

I call this paradoxical form

NEMOPHIs.

Without ventral fins. Mouth small; upper and lower jaw with
minute incisors. Small canine teeth in the upper jaw, longer and
curved ones in the lower jaw, which are placed, when the mouth is —
closed, in a canal going round the eyes and opened on the surface near
the eyes. Eyes large. Cavity of the gills with a small round opening
placed very high. The dorsal fin commences near the eyes, and is
connected with the caudal and anal as in the Eels. Pectoral fin de-
veloped. Anus at the end of the first eighth of the total length.

Nemopruis Lessont, Kp.

It has a length of 255 mm. or 9 Par. inches. Colour silv er-white,

with black points on the head and end of the tail. Dorsal and anal
fins blackish,

olf, lith

arn ts
FO

SAXXV

iid al dial de Meal

169

Diameter of the eye 5, length of the head to the gill-opening 15,
from the muzzle to the anus 32 millimetres.

This genus forms a distinct group among the Riband-shaped
Fishes, and is perhaps the type of a different family, which we may
call Nemophide.

5. A List or Tue Briros, wira Descriptions or New Seecies
OBTAINED BY Mr. Atrrep R. WALLACE IN THE ARU AND
Ké Isnanps. By GreorGce Rosert Gray, F.L. & Z.5., ere.

(Aves, Pl. CXXXIII.-CXXXVIII.)

The birds herein mentioned were collected by Mr. Wallace in
the Aru Islands, with the exception of a few which were obtained by
him in the Ké Islands near the coast of New Guinea. The list con-
sists of 119 species—a number which shows great perseverance and
energy on the part of Mr, Wallace; many of them are new and
highly interesting, while others exhibit the sexes, which were pre-
viously unknown. ‘The ‘Annals of Natural History’ for the pre-
sent year contain an account by Mr. Wallace of the islands on which
these birds were found; and he subjoins interesting remarks on the
habits of several of the birds herein described and noticed. In the
December number of last year he gave au account of the habits of
the Great Bird of Paradise of Aru. Both these publications are
well worthy of the perusal of the naturalist.

I have added a Table of New Guinea Birds, at the same time
noticing those found on the northern portion of Australia, and on
the islands situated between the two.

FALCONID2.

1. CUNCUMA LEUCOGASTER.

Falco leucogaster, Gm. S. N. i. p. 257.

Haliaetus leucogaster, Gould, B. of Austr. pl. 3.
Cuncuma leucogaster, G. R. Gray, List of Accip. p. 24.
Hab. Aru Islands. In Mr. Wallace’s Collection.

2. HALIAsTUR LEUCOSTERNUS, var.

Haliaetus girrenera, Vieill.; Less. Voy. Coqu. Zool. p. 615.
Haliaetus leucosternus, Gould, B. of Austr. pl. 4.
Haliastur leucosternus, G. R. Gr. List of B. B.M. 1. p. 13.
Length 17"; wings 13" 3!’

Hab. Aru Islands. ¢ in Mr. Wallace’s Collection.

3. BAZA STENOZONA.

Allied to Baza subcristata, but is smaller in all its proportions,
except in the bill, which is of the same size; the bands on the under

170
part are narrower, and the rusty colour beneath the body and under
wing-coverts is much paler; the bands on the tail are nearer
together, while the one at the tip is broader: the outer feather on
each side differs by being obliquely truncated.
Length 17" 3!; wings 11! 9!"
Hab. Aru Islands. @ in Mr. Wallace’s Collection.

4. ACCIPITER POLIOCEPHALUS.

@ . Head, back of neck and nape grey; entire back, wing-coverts
and tail above, plumbeous, the latter with narrow bars of black ;
quills fuscous black ; beneath the body white; cere and legs red ;
bill and claws black.

Length 14" 9'"; wings 8" 6!”.

Hab. Aru Islands. @ in Mr. Wallace’s Collection.

STRIGIDA.

The collection does not contain a single example of this family ;
in fact only two, the Athene humeralis, Homb. and Jacq. Voy. Pole
Sud, t. 4, f. 1, and d. theomacha, Bp., have yet been recorded as
coming from New Guinea,

CAPRIMULGID&.

5. PopARGUS OCELLATUS.
Podargus ocellatus, Quoy & Gaim. Voy. Astrol. t. 14, 3.
9. Length 13" 9"; wings 7! 2’,

Hab. Aru Islands. @ in Mr. Wallace’s Collection.

6. CAPRIMULGUS MACRURUS.

Caprimulgus macrurus, Horsf. ; Gould, B. of Austr. ii. pl. 9.
Hab. Aru lslands. 4G in the British Museum.

HiIrRuUNDINID&.

7. MacrorTreRYX MYSTACEUS.

Cypselus mystaceus, Less. Voy. Coqu. t. 22.
Hab. Aru Islands. 6 2 in British Museum.

8. COLLOCALIA HYPOLEUCA.

Closely allied to Collocalia Linehi, Horsf., but is rather larger ;
with the upper surface of a glossy green-black ; side of head, throat
and breast fuscous black, the two latter with the feathers margined
with pure white ; abdomen pure white; under tail-coverts glossy
green-black.

Q@. Length 4"; wings 4".

- Hab. Aru Islands. @ in Mr. Wallace’s Collection.

Collocalia nidifica, var.

Differs in being rather whiter beneath the body, especially on the
throat.

: 171

a
Mirundo nidifica, G. R. Gr.
Hirundo fuciphaga, Thunb.
Hirundo esculenta, var., Lath. Syn. Suppl. pl. 135.
Hirundo brevirostris, McClell.
Hab, Chaumont Isle ; Louisiade Archipelago, ¢ in British
Museum.

9. HiruNDO NIGRICANS.

Hirundo nigricans, Vieill. N, Dict. H. N. xiv. p, 523; Voy.
EMCI, eb 2. ft. 2,

Collocalia arborea, Gould, B. of Austr. ii. pl. 14.

Hab. Aru Islands. ¢ in British Museum.

CoORACIAD&.
10, EURYSTOMUS PACIFICUS.

Coracias pacifica, Lath. Ind. Orn. Suppl. p. xxvii.
Eurystomus orientalis (L.), Vig. & Horsf.

Burystomus australis, Sw. ; Gould, B. of Austr. ii. pl. 17.
Burystomus pacificus, G. R. Gr.

Hab. Aru Islands. ¢ in British Museum.

————

ALCEDINID,
1]. DaceLto GaupicHAupt.

Alcedo Gaudichaudi, Quoy & Gaim. Voy. Uranie, t. 21.
Chaucaleyon Gaudichaudi, Less. ~
Dacelo Gaudichaudi, G. R. Gr.

. Hab. Arulslands. ¢ @ in British Museum.

12. DaceLo tyro, (PI. CXXXIII.)

d. Top, sides of head and back of neck black, spotted and
3 banded with fulvous white ; nape and upper part of back fulvous-
’ white, banded and margined with black; scapulars black; wing-
b coverts black, broadly margined with shining blue ; quills and tail
Z black, margined outerly with dull blue; back black, and lower part
‘ of back glossy silvery blue ; beneath the body pale fulvous, lighter
on throat. Upper mandible black, and lower pale horn-colour.
t 2. Quills and tail greenish blue.
© Length 13"; wings 53".
ie Juv. Beneath with each feather margined with black ; bill black,
* tipped with pale horn-colour ; otherwise the same.
Hab. Arulslands. ¢ Q in British Museum.

13. HaLcyon coLuarRis.

Aleedo collaris, Scop. Del. Flor. et Faun. Insubr. p. 90.
Halcyon collaris, Sw. Zool. Ulustr. pl. 27.

Hab. Aru Islands, ¢ in Mr. Wallace’s Collection,

172

14. Hatcyon sorpipa, var.

Rather larger in all its dimensions: length 10", wings 4" 2!',
bill from gape 2" 5'; but the colour of the back and rump are
brighter than in Halcyon sordidus, Gould, B. of Austr. ii. pl. 23.

Hab. Aru Islands. ¢ in British Museum.

The Hope Isles’ specimens measured, length 10", wings 4" 6!'',
bill from gape 2! 9!" ; while a specimen from Louisiade Archipelago
is of the length of 8" 6", wings 3! 9', and bill from gape 2" 1!",
which is about the same size as H. sordidus, Gould, but is rather
brighter in its colours, and agrees best with the Aru specimen.

15. HALCYON SANCTA.

Halcyon sancta, Vig. & Horsf.
Dacelo chlorocephalus, var. 3, Less.
Hab. Aru Islands. @ in British Museum.

16. TANYSIPTERA HYDROCHARIS.

Top of head blue; eyebrows silvery blue; cheeks, ear-coverts and
nape black ; back and wings deep blue ; rump and beneath the body
white ; middle tail-feathers silvery blue, margined at base, and the
tips white ; lateral tail-feathers black, margined outerly with deep
blue. Biull red, and feet fuscous.

Length to end of middle tail-feathers 13; wings 3! 8!"".

Juv. Rufous brown ; beneath fulvous; feathers more or less mar-
gined with rufous brown.

Hab. Aru Islands. ¢ Q and jnv. in British Museum.

17. SYMA TOROTORO.

Syma torotoro, Less. Voy. Coqu. t. 31 bis. f. 1.

Hab. Aru Islands. ¢ in Mr. Wallace’s Collection.

Only differs from S. flavirostris, Gould, B. of Austr. Suppl. pl. ,
in not having any black on the culmen near the tip.

18. Cryx PUSILLA.

Ceyx pusilla, Temm. PI. Col. 595. f. 3; Gould, B. of Austr. ii.
1. 26.
F Hab. Aru Islands. ¢ in British Museum.

19. Cryx SOLITARIA.

Ceysx solitaria, Temm. Pl. Col. 595. f. 2.

Therosa solitaris, Mull.

Ceyx Meninting, Less. Voy. Coqu. Zool. i. p. 691.
Hab. Aru Islands. @ in Mr. Wallace’s Collection.

20, ALCYONE AZUREA, var.

Ceyx azurea, Less. Voy. Coqu. Zool. i. p. 690.

Aleyone azurea, var., Gould, B. of Austr. Introd. p. xxxi.
Aleyone pulchra, Gould, Proc. Z. 8. xiv. p. 19.

Ceyx Lessonii, Cass. Journ. Acad, Philad. 1850, p. 69.
Hab. Aru Islands. o& in Mr. Wallace’s Collection.

ili ey Ae
ey o> :

173

PROMEROPID.
21. NECTARINIA FRENATA,

Nectarinia frenata, Mill. Verh. Nat. Gesch. p. 61. t. 8. f. 1.
Nectarinia australis, Gould, B. of Austr. Suppl. pl.
} Hab. Aru Islands. ¢ 2 in British Museum.

22. NECTARINIA ASPASIA.

Cinnyris aspasia, Less. Voy. Coqu. t. 30. f. 4.
Cinnyris sericea, Less. Dict. Sci. Nat. iv. p. 21.
Nectarinia aspasia, Mill. Verh. Nat. Gesch. p. 58.
Hab, Aru Islands. ¢ in Mr. Wallace’s Collection.

23. NECTARINIA ZENOBIA.

Cinnyris zenobia, Less. Voy. Coqu. t. 30. f. 3.
Cinnyris Clementia, Less. Dict. Sci. Nat.

Hab. Ké Islands. ¢ in Mr. Wallace’s Collection.

24. ARACHNOTHERA NOV GUINES.

Cinnyris nove guinee, Less. Voy. Coqu. Zool. i. p. 677.
Arachnothera nove guinee, Mill. Verh. Nat. Gesch. t. 11. f. 3.
Hab. Aru Islands. ¢ @ in British Museum.

25. DicawuM IGNICOLLE.

do. Glossy blue-black ; under surface olive; middle of abdomen
yellowish white; middle of throat, upper part of breast, and under
tail-feathers vermilion-red, the latter mixed with vermilion-white ;
under wing-coverts white.

d juy.? Olive; wings and tail fuscous black ; middle of throat,
breast and abdomen yellowish white, with the sides pale olive ; under
tail-feathers tinged with vermilion.

Length 3" 9'"; wings 2" 2",

Hab. Aru Islands. ¢ 9 in British Museum.

Close upon D. hirundinaceum, but the throat and part of breast
are vermilion-red, &c.

26. PRIONICHILUS NIGER.

Diceum nigrum, Less, Cent. de Zool. t. 27.
Hab. Aru Islands. ¢ 2 in British Museum.

MELIPHAGID.
27. MyzomELA NIGRITA.
do. Entirely shining deep black.
2. Olive-brown, with the front and throat tinged with crimson.
‘ Length 5" 6'"; wings 2" 3'",

Hab, Aru Islands. ¢ Q in British Museum.
28. MyZoMELA ERYTHROCEPHALA,

Myzomela erythrocephala, Gould, B. of Austr. iv. pl. 64.
Hat. Aru Islands. ¢ 2 in British Museum.

174

29. GLYCIPHILA MODESTA.

2. Brown, with dashes of dark brown on the feathers ; beneath
the body white, with some pale-plumbeous dashes on the sides ;
feathers of the breast pale brown, margined broadly with white.

Length 5" 3! ; wings 2" 6!".

Hab. Arulslands. @ in Mr. Wallace’s Collection.

A specimen is contained in British Museum from Goold’s Island.

30. GLYCIPHILA OCULARIS.

Glyciphila ocularis, Gould, B. of Austr. iv. pl. 31.
Hab. Aru Islands. 6 in British Museum.

31. PriLoTis FILIGERA.

Ptilotis fiigera, Gould, B. of Austr. Suppl. pl.
Hab. Aru Islands. ¢ 2 in British Museum.

32. PrILoTIs sIMILIS.
Ptilotis similis, Homb. & Jacq. Voy. Pole Sud, t. 17. f. 2, 3.
Hab. Aru Islands. ¢ 2 in British Museum.

33. PriLoTIs MEGARHYNCHUS.

3. Brown; top of head olive, with dashes of black in the middle
of each feather; eyes surrounded with yellow; throat yellowish
white, with minute dashes of fuscous ; breast and upper part of ab-
domen fuscous, margined with yellowish olive; sides, abdomen and
under tail-coverts rufous brown; under wing-coverts rufous white.

Length 8"; wings 3” 6'"; bill 1!" 1!"

Hab. Aru Islands. ¢ in Mr. Wallace’s Collection.

34. TROPIDORHYNCHUS NOV& GUINE.
Tropidorhynchus nove guinee, Mill. Verh. Nat. Gesch. p. 153.
Hab. Aru Islands. o¢ @ in British Museum.

35. TrRorpIDORHYNCHUS PLUMIGENIS.

Q. Differs from the former by wanting the knob on the basal
part of culmen, and by the sides of the head beneath the eyes being
plumed; the ends of the tail-feathers are margined with brownish
white.

g juv. Blackish brown; feathers round the base of neck mar-
gined with yellow or white. Probably a younger bird than the
female.

Hab. Ké Island. ¢ 2 in Mr. Wallace’s Collection.

LUSCINID&.

36. GERYGONE CHRYSOGASTER.

Olive-brown ; stripe from nostrils to eyes, ear-coverts, and sides
of neck pale brown ; throat and breast white ; abdomen and under
tail-coverts pale yellow. Baill and feet dusky.

Length 4” 3!"; wings 2! 1!""..

Hab. Arulslands. ¢ 2 in British Museum.

175
37. ZOSTEROPS CITRINELLA.

Zosterops citrinella, Mill. Bp. Consp. Av. p. 398.
Hah. Ké Island. ¢ in Mr. Wallace’s Collection.

Zosterops griseotincta.

Yellowish green ; line from each nostril and round each eye white ;
quills fuscous black, margined with grey and yellowish green, espe-
cially on the tertials. Tail fuscous, tinged with yellowish green ;
under surface pale yellow, sides tinged with green and grey.

Length 4" 7'"; wings 2" 6!".

Hab. Louisiade Archipelago. ¢ in British Museum.

Allied to Z. luteus, Gould (B. of Austr. iv. pl. 83); but not so
rich in colour, being in places tinged with grey.

TuRDID.,

38. ALCIPPE MONACHA,

Castaneous black ; top of head black ; under surface white, with
the sides of breast and abdomen obscure brown.

Upper mandible black, and lower one white; feet pale horn-
colour.

Length 4" 7'; wings 2! 5!".

Hab. ArwIslands. 2 in British Museum.

39. Pirra NOVE GUINER.

Pitta atricapilla, Quoy & Gaim. Voy. Astrol. t. 8. f. 3.
Pitta nove guinea, Schleg.

Brachyurus nove guinee, Bp. Consp. Av. p. 256.

Hab. Aru Islands. do @ in British Museum.

40. Prrra Mackuori.

Pitta Mackloti, Temm. Pl. Col. 547.
Brachyurus Mackloti, Bp. Consp. Av. p. 255.
Hab. Aru Islands. d¢ 2 in British Museum.

41. Orrotus Mivveri.

Mimeta Miilleri, Bp. Consp. Av. p. 346.
Hab. Aru Islands. ¢, Q,juv. in British Museum.

MUSCICAPID&.

42. RuiPIDURA ATRIPENNIS.

Closely allied to R. mimoides, Mill. MSS., but the black is alto-
gether of a deeper hue, while the wings are of a decided black.
These differences may be occasioned by the specimens from Aru
being more matured.

Length 8" 9!" 5. wings 4”.

Hab. Aru islands. ¢ 2 in British Museum.

176
43. RHIPIDURA MACULIPECTUS.

3. Deep black ; with a line from nostrils passing above the eyes,
and a broad line proceeding from the base of the bill on each side of
the throat, the tips of the feathers of breast, of tail, of the upper
and under wing-coverts, white.

@. Brownish black ; but similarly marked in other respects with
white ; upper mandible and feet black, lower white.

Length 8" 8"; wings 3! 2!"’,

Hab. Aru Islands. ¢ 2 in British Museum.

44, RHIPIDURA HYPERYTHRA.

Plumbeous ; head and throat black ; quills and tail fuscous black,
margined with plumbeous; spot at the base of lower mandible,
which advances into two lines, one on each side of the throat, and
the tips of the wing-coverts and tail feathers white ; breast and ab-
domen rusty red ; bill black, lower mandible yellow ; and feet dusky
olive.

Length 6" 3! ; wings 2" 9!"", Z

Hab. Aru Islands. ¢? in Mr. Wallace’s Collection.

This may be the R. rufiventris, Miull.?

45. ReIPIDURA ASSIMILIS.

Closely allied to R. isura, Gould (B. of Austr. ii. pl. 85), but is
rather larger, with the breast paler ; under wing-coverts buffy white,
and the outer tail-feather with less white than in the Australian
specimens.

Hab. Ké Island. c¢ in British Museum.

46. MacHa&RIRHYNCHUS XANTHOGENYS.

Differs from M. flaviventris, Gould. B. of Austr. Suppl. pl. ‘
by having a rather larger bill, by the back being less green, and the
ear-coverts being yellow instead of black.

Length 5" 3!; wings 2! 4!’,

Hab. Aru Islands. ¢ in British Museum.

47. MYIAGRA LATIROSTRIS.
Myiagra latirostris, Gould, B. of Austr. ii. pl. 92.
Hab. Arulslands. ¢ 2 in British Museum.

Myjiagra lucida.

3. Black, with the feathers broadly margined with glossy green ;
quills fuscous black.

Length 7" 3!; wings 3! 9!"

Hab. Louisiade Archipelago, 6 in British Museum.

48. PrrzoRHYNCHUS RUFOLATERALIS.

Very like Piezorhynchus nitidus 2 , Gould (B. of Austr. ii. pl. 88.),
but the bill is shorter and rather broader at base, ‘which is also fur-
nished with longer and stronger bristles. The sides, under wing-

Lr
Pag 2

177

coverts and under tail-coverts, pale rusty red; the under surface is
also tinged with rusty red.

Length 6” 9'"; wings 3! 4'".

Hab. Aru Islands. ¢ 9 in British Museum.

49. Topopsis CyANOCEPHALA. (Pl. CXXXIV.)

d. Indigo-blue ; front and sides of head deep black ; quills and
tail black, the latter and tertials margined with blue; beneath, the
body deep blue ; the tips of the tail slightly margined with white.

2. Todus cyanocephalus, Quoy & Gaim. Voy. Astrol. t. 5. f. 4.

Philentoma cyanocephala, Pucher. Voy. Pdle Sud, t. 20. f. 2.

Length 6"; wings 2" 3!".

Hab. Aru Islands. 2 ¢ in British Museum.

50. MoNARCHA TELESCOPHTHALMA.

3. Muscicapa telescophthalmus, Garn. Voy. Coq. t. 18. f. 1.
Monarcha telescophthalmus, Sw. Classif. of B. ii. p. 257.
Arses telescophthalmus, Less. Tr. d’Orn. p. 387.

2 or juv. Muscicapa Enado, Less. Voy. Coqu. t. 15. f. 2.
Hab. Aru Islands. ¢ Q in British Museum.

51. MoNARCHA CHRYSOMELA.

3. Muscicapa chrysomela, Garn. Voy. Coqu., t. 18. f. 2.
Monarcha chrysomela, Sw.
Arses chrysomelas, Less. Tr. d’Orn. p. 387.

2. Yellowish olive, feathers on the head narrowly margined with
fuscous; wings and tail fuscous, margined with yellowish olive ;
throat, breast and sides obseure yellow; abdomen and under tail-
coverts deep yellow ; spot under each eye pure white.

Hab. Aru Islands. d 92 in British Museum.

52. MONARCHA INORNATA.

Muscicapa inornata, Garn. Voy. Coqu. t. 16. f. 1.
Hab. Aru Islands. ¢ 2 in British Museum.

53. MONARCHA GUTTULA.

3g. Muscicapa guttula, Garn. Voy. Coqu. t. 16. f. 2.
Monarcha guttula, G. R. Gray, Gen, of B.i. p. 260.
Hab. Aru Islands. ¢ in British Museum.

54. MonARCHA GRISEOGULARIS.

é. Plumbeous ; quills fuscous, slightly margined with grey ;
some of the tail-coverts and tail deep black ; throat plumbeous ; ear-
eoverts and line under each eye black ; a line from behind the eye
and ending in a spot behind the ear-coverts, abdomen, under tail-
coverts sod the tips of the three outer tail-feathers, white ; breast
mottled with white and pale rust-colour.

Length 6" 9!" ; wings 3”.

Hab. Aru Islands. ¢ in British Museum.

No. CCCLVIIL.—ProcrepinGs or tHe ZOOLOGICAL Society.

55. MONARCHA LEUCURA.

3. Shining deep black ; breast, abdomen and the four outer tail-
feathers pure white, with the base of the latter more or less black.

¢ juv. Olivaceous plumbeous ; top of head greyish plumbeous ;
middle tail-feathers deep black, the three outer feathers mostly pure
white, with the base black ; the fourth outer feather black, with
white down the shaft and at the tip ; chin greyish plumbeous, with
a white streak down each feather.

Length 6" 3; wings 3! 1!"",

Hab. Ké Island. ¢ in British Museum. (¢ 2 in Mr. Wallace’s
Collection. )

Monarcha melanoptera.

Closely allied to M. trivirgata, Temm. (Gould, B. of Austr. ii.
pl. 96), but the black on the forehead, over the eyes and ear-coverts,
is posteriorly bordered with white ; the wing-coverts deep black.

Length 6"; wings 3! 3!"’,

Hab. Louisiade Archipelago. In British Museum.

The Museum also possesses a specimen of M. leucotis, Gould
(B. of Austr. Suppl. pl. _), from the same place ; while that of Mr.
Gould’s figure was from Cape York, Australia, and is now deposited
in the British Museum.

56. Micra@ca? FLAVOVIRESCENS.

Yellowish green; lore white; wings and tail fuscous, margined
with yellowish green ; round the eyes and middle of throat, breast,
and abdomen yellow ; sides pale yellowish green ; under tail-coverts
yellowish white. Bill dusky ; lower mandible and feet yellow.

Length 5" 4"; wings 2! 11",

Hab. Aru Islands. ¢ 2 in British Museum.

AMPELID.

57. PACHYCEPHALA GRISEICEPS.

Olive brown, tinged with grey on the top-of head; line from
nostrils extending over each eye; throat and breast white, tinged
with brown ; abdomen and under tail-coverts whitish yellow ; wings
and tail fuscous, margined with olive.

Length 6"; wings 3! 3!"

Hab. Aru Islands. ¢ in British Museum.

58. PACHYCEPHALA RUFIPENNIS.

Olive brown ; line from nostril, extending partly over the eye and
throat, brownish white ; breast pale rusty brown mixed with white ;
abdomen white, tinged with yellow ; tertials margined with reddish
castaneous.

Length 6" 6!" ; wings 3! 3!"',

Hab. Ké Island. 9 in British Museum.

179

59. PACHYCEPHALA? MONACHA.

3. Head, neck and breast deep black ; back, wings and tail fus.
cous black; abdomen and under tail-coverts white; bill and feet

black.

Length 6" 6!" ; wings 3" 6".
Hab. Aru Islands. ¢ in British Museum.

60. CAMPEPHAGA CHRULEOGRISEA.

Closely allied to Ceblephyris plumbea, Mill., but is larger, and
without the rusty yellow on the under-coverts of the tail.

Length 14" 3'"; wings 6" 9!".
Hab. Aru Islands. 2 in Mr. Wallace’s Collection.
61. CAMPEPHAGA MELANOPS.
Corvus melanops, Lath. ? .
Campephaga melanops, G. RK. Gray ; Gould, B. of Austr. ii. pl. 5).

Graucalus melanotis, Gould.
HTab. Aru Islands. @ in British Museum.

62. CAMPEPHAGA POLYGRAMMICA.

Closely allied to Lalage rufiventris (Puch.), but is more nume-
rously banded on the under surface, which is also of a deeper rusty
colour, and there is less white on the wings and at the ends of the

tail-feathers.

Hab. Aru Islands. 92 in British Museum.

63. CAMPEPHAGA HYPOLEUCA.

Graucalus hypoleucus, Gould, B. of Austr. ii. pl. 57.
Hab. Aru Islands. ¢ @ in Mr. Wallace’s Collection.

64. ARTAMUS PAPUENSIS.

Ocypterus papuensis, Temm.; Bp. Consp. Av. p. 344.
Ocypterus leucorhynchus, Mill. Verh. Nat. Gesch. p. 21.
Hab. Aru Islands. ¢ in the British Museum.

65. DicruRUS ASSIMILISs.

Closely allied to Dicrurus bracteatus, Gould (B. of Austr. ii.
pl. 82), but is smaller in all its proportions.

Length 10" 6"; wings 5" 4!"

Hab. Aru Islands. ¢ 9 in British Museum.

66. DicruRUS MEGALORNIS.

Very similar in colourmg to the Dicrurus bracteatus, but is very
much larger in all its proportions.

Length 15"; wings 7" 1".

Hab. Ké Island. In Mr. Wallace’s Collection.

LANIID®.
67. Rectres picurovus.
Rectes dichrous, Bp. Compt. Rend. xxxi. p. 563.
Hab. Aru Islands. ¢ 2 in British Museum.

180

68. RECTES STREPITANS.

Rectes strepitans, Jacq. & Puch. Voy. Péle Sud, t. 6. f. 1.
Rectes ferrugineus, Bp. Compt. Rend. xxxi. p. 563.
Hab. AruTslands. ¢ @ in British Museum.

69. MyIoLesTES ARUENSIS.

Differs from the M. megarhynchus by being of an obscure olive-
colour, darker on the head ; the outer webs of quills greyish brown ;
and the under surface pale rusty colour, with the throat more in-
clined to white.

Length 7" 3'"; wings 3! 4!"

2 similar to the ¢, but with the greater wing-coverts and tertials
deep rusty brown.

Hab. Aru Islands. 9 in British Museum. ¢ in Mr. Wallace’s
Collection.

Myiolestes Gouldit.

Allied to M. megarhynchus, but is of a greyish olive, with deep
rusty colour on the greater wing-coverts and outer margins of quills ;
chin white, with a brown line down the shaft of each feather; a
small rusty spot behind each eye. This mark points out at once this
species from the others.

Hab. Brown’s River, Australia; and Barnard Isles. In British
Museum.

Myjolestes griseatus.

Differs from the others by being decidedly greyish olive on the
upper surface, and by not having any rusty colour on the wings ;
the under surface rusty white, which becomes white on the throat.

Hab. Cape York, Australia; and Dunk’s Island. In British
Museum.

70. CRACTICUS PERSONATUS.

Coracias varians, Gmel. ?
Cracticus personatus, Temm. MSS. ?

Hab. Aru Islands. ¢ @ juv. in British Museum.

These specimens differ from C. varians in having the black extend-
ing further on the breast, and in having more white at the tips of
the outer tail-feathers.

. Cracticus Quoyt.
pte Quoyi, Less. Voy. Coqu. t. 14.
Cracticus Quoyi, G. R. Gray, Gen. of B. App. p. 143
Hab. Aru Islands. ¢ 2 in British Museum.

CorvipD&.
72. CORVUS ORRU.
Corvus macrorhynchus, pt., Wagl. ?
Corvus orru, Mull. ; Bp. Consp. Av. p. 385.
‘Tris sky-blue ”’ “a allace).
Hab. Aru Islands. od ? in British Museum.

‘4

181

PARADISEAD.

73. PARADISEA APODA,
Var. Wallaciana.

The ‘intensely shining orange-coloured’’ lateral plumes easily
distinguish this bird from the specimens of P. apoda in the British
Museum, and from the representations given in the works of Le-
vaillant, Vieillot, and Lesson, &e. The yellow on the top of the
head and back of neck is also of a much paler colour, both in the
Specimens with and without lateral plumes. In Forrest’s ‘ Voyage
to New Guinea’ it is stated that the Great Bird of Paradise of
Aroo migrated ‘‘ when the easterly or wet monsoon set in’? to New
Guinea ; but we learn from the interesting paper * of Mr. A. R.
Wallace, that this ‘is quite incorrect, as they are permanent resi-
dents in Aru, and the natives know nothing of their being found in
New Guinea.’ The two differences previously mentioned, which
were uniform in all the specimens sent home by Mr. Wallace, induce
me to suppose that, if not a distinct species, it is at least a well-
marked local variety of the Great Bird of Paradise.

Hab. Aru Islands. ¢ in several states of plumage. In British
Museum.

74. PARADISEA REGIA.

Paradisea regia, Linn. 8. N.i. p. 166.

Cicinnurus spinturnix, Less.

Hah, Aru Islands. ¢ in changes of plumage. In British Mu-
seum.

STURNID.

75. PriLoNORHYNCHUS MELANOTIS.

Head, neck and nape fulvous-white margined with black, and some
on the latter with green; back, wings, and upper side of tail green ;
tips of some of the wing-coverts, of tertials and of tail feathers buffy
white ; throat white, narrowly margined with black ; under surface
fulvous white, tinged in some places with yellow and pale green, and
margined with black on breast, fore part of abdomen, and sides ;
under wing- and tail-coverts buffy white ; bill yellow, and feet plum-
beous.

Length 13” 6'": wings 7".

Hab. Arulslands. ¢ in British Museum.

76. CALORNIS VIRIDESCENS.

Lamprotornis cantor, Mil. ?

Differs from LZ. metallicus (Temm.), in having the purple glossy
appearances only on the head, nape and upper part of breast; in
these respects it agrees with the specimen (C. nitida) from New
Ireland, but the latter is rather larger in all its dimensions ; and it

* Ann. and Mag. of Nat. Hist. 1857, vol. xx. p. 411.

182

is also like in colour to the specimen (C. amboinensis) from Am-
boyna, while in this the bill is rather larger and more arched than
either of the others, and the tail and wings are rather less in length
’ than in the New Ireland species.

Length 8" 9! to the end of middle tail-feathers : wings 4" 2!"',
Hab. Aru Islands. ¢ 4 inchanges. In British Museum.

77. GracuLta Dumonrtil.

Mino Dumontii, Less. Voy. Coqu. t. 26.
Gracula Dumontii, Wag).
Hab. Aru Islands. ¢ @ in British Museum.

PsirTACID.

78. CORIPHILUS PLACENTIS.

Psittacus placentis, Temm. Pl. Col. 553.

Coriphilus placentis, G. R. Gray, Gen. of B. ii. p. 417.
Psitteuteles placens, Bp. Rev. et Mag. de Zool. 1854, p. 157.
Hab. Aru Islands. ¢ in Mr. Wallace’s Collection.

79. Ecuectus Linn«€1.

Eclectus Linnei, Wagl. Monagr. Psitt. p. 571. t. 22.
Eclectus puniceus, Bp. Rev. et Mag. de Zool. 1854, p. 155.
Hab. Aru Islands. @ in British Museum.

80. EcLECTUS POLYCHLOROS.

Var. aruensis.
' Psittacus magnus, pt., Wag).

This variety differs from the HE. polychloros by having the ends of
the tail-feathers above more prominently tipped with yellow, which
is in some feathers tinged with purple.

Hab. Aru Islands. ¢ in British Museum.

81. CHALCOPSITTA RUBRIFRONS. (PI, CXXXV.)

The front, lores, sides of the breast, and spots on throat carmine ;
hind head and ear-coverts purplish black ; throat purple with streaks
of green ; breast purplish green, with a broad orange-yellow streak
down the shaft of each feather ; back of neck and nape purplish
green, streaked down the shafts with rich yellow ; scapulars, wings
and tail green ; back and rump light green streaked with yellow ;
under wing-coverts, inner webs near the base of tail, and thighs, car-
mine; quills beneath at base yellow tinged on some feathers with
carmine ; abdomen, sides, and under tail-coverts green, streaked with
yellow intermixed near the thighs with crimson ; beneath the tail
carmine, tipped with obseure yellow.

Length 12"; wings 7" 2!".

Hab. Aru Islands. ¢ 9 in British Museum,

Allied to C. seintillata, which has the ends of the tail-feathers
acutely pointed, while in the Aru species they are decidedly rounded.

ee e =
Am,
fl
.
,

183

2. TRICHOGLOSSUS NIGROGULARIS.

Trichoglossus capistratus, var., Mill.?

Green; front and sides of the head azure ; occiput dark bronzy
green ; semicollar above greenish yellow; throat blue-black ; nape
scarlet broadly margined with green; breast tinged with yellow
narrowly margined with black ; abdomen green broadly margined
with black ; fore part of sides scarlet bordered with green hind part
of sides, thighs and under tail-coverts yellow bordered with green ;
under wing-coverts scarlet ; quills black beneath and yellow at their
bases.

Length 13" 6!" ; wings 6" 3!".

Hab. Arw Islands. ¢ 2 in British Museum.

It is intermediate between 7’. Swainsoni and T’. cyanogrammus.

83. TRICHOGLOSSUS COCCINEIFRONS,

Green ; front and spots on the head carmine ; head and chin
whitish blue ; nape and upper part of the abdomen scarlet, the two
latter margined with blue; some of the lesser wing-coverts marked
with yellow and scarlet; under wing-coverts and inner margins of
tail-feathers scarlet ; base of quills beneath yellow tinged with scarlet,
quills above green marked in some places with yellow ; abdomen
varied with blue, green, scarlet and yellow ; under tail-coverts varied
with yellow, green and pale scarlet.

Length 11"; wings 5" 10".

Hab. Aru Islands. ¢ in Mr. Wallace’s Collection.

84. PsITTACUS ARUENSIS.

3. Green, paler on the margins of the feathers; top of head
silvery blue; front and cheeks scarlet-red; chin reddish yellow ;
under surface yellowish green; spot on each wing castancous red ;
under wing-coverts verditer blue.

2. Head rusty brown ; otherwise yellowish green.

¢ juv. Head of the same green as the back, but the sides of head
brownish green.

Length 8" 9"; wings 6" 3".

Hab. Aru Islands. ¢ 2 in British Museum.

85. PsiTTacus CAPISTRATUS.

¢. Head brown tinged with green, and mixed with dull rufous ;
general colour green edged with paler ; upper tail-coverts yellowish
green ; under wing-coverts and the fore part of the sides verditer blue.

Length 12"; wings 7" 5!".

Hab. Ké Islands. ¢ in British Museum.

Like the female of former species, but it is much larger in size.

86. PsirTTACULA DIOPHTHALMA.

Cyclopsitta diophthalma, Homb. & Jacq.Voy. Pole Sud, t. 25 bes,
Ben is

Psittacula diophthalma, Womb. & Jacq,

Hab. Arw Islands. ¢ 2 in British Museum.

184

87. CACATUA TRITON.

Cacatua triton, Temm. Consp. Gen. Ind. Arch. 1m. p. 405.
Psittacus galeritus, Less. Voy. Coqu. Zool. i. p. 624?
Length 16; wings 10" 3'".

Hab. Aru Islands. Qin Mr. Wallace’s Collection.

88. MicrROGLOSSUM ATERRIMUM.

Psittacus aterrimus, Gmel. 8. N. i. p. 330.

Psittacus goliath, Kuhl, Consp. Psitt. pp. 12, 91.
Microglossum aterrimum, Wagl. Monogr. Psitt. p. 682.
Hab. Aru Islands. ¢ @ in British Museum.

CucuLID&.

89. CentTropus MENEBIKI.

Centropus Menebiki, Garn. Voy. Coqu. t. 33.
Hab. Aru Islands. ¢ in British Museum.

90. CENTROPUS SPILOPTERUS.

Greenish bronzy black; shafts of the feathers strong and deep
shining black ; wings with small irregular spots of brownish white.

Length 21"; wings 9! 3!"

Hab. Ké Islands. gin Mr. Wallace’s Collection.

91. CuCULUS ASSIMILIS.

Allied to C. flavus. Bronzy brown, marked on some of the edges
with pale rufous ; side of head and chin tinged with grey ; under sur-
face rusty colour, with the throat, breast and abdomen banded with
slate-colour ; tail bronzy brown, with triangular marks along the
edges of each feather.

Hab. Aru Islands. @ in Mr. Wallace’s Collection.

92. CUCULUS MEGARHYNCHUS.

Top and sides of the head greyish black; upper surface bronzy
brown edged with rusty ; under surface brownish white mixed with
rusty, and spotted with minute spots of greyish black ; tail bronzy
brown, tipped with rusty white, with the outer feather banded in the
inner web with rusty white.

Length 7" 6'"; wings 3! 9!".

Hab. Aru Islands. ¢ in Mr, Wallace’s Collection.

CoLUMBID.
93. Pr1LONOPUS SUPERBUS.

Columba superba, Temm. Pig. t. 33.

Ptilonopus superbus, Steph. Gen. Zool. xiv. 1. p. 279; Gould, B.
of Austr. v. pl. 57.

Lamprotreron superba, Bp. Consp. Av. ii. p. 18.

Hab. Aru Islands. ¢ in British Museum.

a, ae ee

“par.

2.
~
‘

185

94. PriLONOPUS PERLATUS.

Columba perlata, Temm. P}. Col. 559.

Ptilonopus perlatus, G. R. Gray.
Sylphitreron perlatus, Verr.; Bp. Consp. Av. il. p. 40.
Hab. Aru Islands. ¢ in British Museum.

95. Pri1LONOPUS PRASINORRHOUS.

Closely allied to Ptilonopus Rivoli, but it is at once distinguished
by the vent and under tail-coverts being green, slightly margined
on each feather with yellow ; the reddish purple patch on the abdo-
men is connected to the white pectoral band; bill yellow, and feet
red.

Hab. Ké Islands. ¢ in British Museum.

96. Pritonopus Watiaci. (Pl. CXXXVI.)

Top of head carmine ; cheeks and throat pure white ; neck, nape
and breast greyish white ; lower part of breast with a band of white
bordered posteriorly with a broad one of orange; lesser wing-coverts
with a band of deep orange ; abdomen and under tail-coverts varied
with yellow and green ; upper part of back orange-green ; scapulars
and some of the greater wing-coverts grey margined with orange-
yellow ; the other greater wing-coverts and secondaries yellowish
green margined with yellow ; quills rich emerald green ; tertials yel-
lowish green spotted with grey; lower part of back rich yellowish
green ; tail coppery green with the apical half greenish white ; bill
yellow, and feet red.

Length 10"; wings 5" 9!"

Hab. Aru Islands. ¢ @ in British Museum.

Most allied to Ptilonopus pulchellus, but differs in several re-
spects.

97. PriLoNopus AURANTIIFRONS. (PI. CXXXYVII.)

Front deep rich orange ; occiput and sides of head yellowish green ;
chin pure white ; neck sooty grey ; breast and beneath the body yel-
lowish green mixed with grey on the thighs; nape and scapulars
grey, each feather of former margined with orange, those of the latter
margived with green ; back and wing-coverts green, with some of the
feathers spotted with grey, and others margined with orange-yellow ;
quills rich emerald-green with the secondaries bordered with yellow ;
tail coppery green with a narrow band of grey at the tip, which is
white beneath ; under tail-coverts yellow varied with green; bill
yellow ; cere and feet red. “Iris orange.”

Length 9" 9'"; wings 5" 6’.

Hab, Aru Islands. ¢ 2 in British Museum.

98. Pritonopus coronutatus. (Pl. CXXXVIILL.)

Yellowish green ; front whitish purple, with posteriorly a narrow
band of purple, and then a broader band of golden yellow ; occiput
deep green ; chin yellowish white ; wings and tail shining emerald-

186

green margined narrowly with yellow; a spot on fore part of abdo-
men purple ; middle of hind part of abdomen and under tail-coverts
bright yellow.

Length 7! 9'"; wings 4" 6!". Tris orange.

Hab. Aru Islands. ¢ in British Museum.

99. PTILONOPUS IOZONUS.

3. Yellowish green; bend of wings greyish violet mixed with
green ; middle of the abdomen deep orange; vent and under tail-
coverts white varied with yellow; greater wing-coverts and tertials
bordered with yellow, the latter grey in the middle of each feather ;
quills shining deep emerald-green ; under surface of wings slate-co-
lour ; tail green with a broad band of grey at the tip, which is
white beneath, especially on the inner webs.

2. With a patch on the abdomen of an orange-yellow.

Length 8" 3!; wings 4! 9!"

Hab. Aru Islands. 9° in British Museum.

Most like Ptilonopus nanus.

100. CARPOPHAGA ZOE.

Columba zoee, Less. Voy. Coqu. t. 39.
Carpophaga zoee, G. R. Gray.

Zoneenas zoee, Reich.

Hab. Arulslands. ¢ 2 in British Museum.

101. CARPOPHAGA PINON.

Columba pinon, Quoy et Gaim. Voy. Uranie, t. 28.
Carpophaga pinon, Selby, Nat. Libr. v. p. 119.
Zoneenas pinon, Bp. Consp. Av. p. 37.

Hab. Aru Islands. o¢ ¢ in British Museum.

102. CarrpopHaGa MuULLERI.

Columba Mulleri, Temm. Pl. Col. 566.
Carpophaga Mulleri, G. R. Gray.

Zoneenas Mulleri, Reich.

Hab. Aru Islands. ¢ 2 in British Museum.

103. CARPOPHAGA SPILORRHOA.

Carpophaga luctuosa, Gould, B. of Austr. v. pl. 60.
Columba alba, Mill. ?

This species is distinguished by the feathers of the thighs and
under tail-coverts being spotted near the margins, and the outer
tail-feather with the greater part of the outer web and tip black ;
while in C. luctuosa the feathers of the thighs and under tail-coverts
end in deep black, and the outer tail-feather is white throughout,
except on the outer web nearest the base.

Hab. Avulslands. ¢ in British Museum.

187

104. CARPOPHAGA CHALYBURA.

Carpophaga chalybura, Bp. Consp. Avy. i. p. 32.
Columba enea, 5 ,Temm. Pig. t. 3.

Columba enea, var. /3, Wagl. Syst. Av. Col. sp. 15.
Hab. Aru Islands. 4 in British Museum.

105. MACROPYGIA PHASIANELLA.

Columba phasianella, Temm. PI, Col. 100.
Macropygia phasianella, Gould, B. of Austr. v. pl. 75.
Hab. Arulslands. 9 in British Museum.

Ké Islands. Qin Mr. Wallace’s Collection.

MEGAPODID.
106. TaALEGALLUS CUVIERI.

Talegallus Cuvieri, Less. Voy. Coqu. t. 38.
Hab. Aru Islands. Young in Mr, Wallace’s Collection.

107. MeGaropius Retnwarptil.

Megapodius Reinwardtii, Wagl. Syst. Ay. (additamenta, p. 4).

Megapodius Duperreyii, Less. Voy. Coqu. t. 36.

Hab. ArwIslands. d¢, @, juv. and egg in British Museum.
Ké Island. © in British Museum.

STRUTHIONIDZ.

108. CasuARIUS EMU.

Struthio casuarius, Linn. 8. N. i. p. 265.
Causuarius emu, Lath.

Casuarius galeatus, Vieill.

Hab. Aru Islands. Sternum in British Museum. a

'
é

CHARADRIAD&.

109. EsaAcus MAGNIROSTRIS.

Charadrius magnirostris, Lath. Ind. Orn. Suppl. p. Ixvi.
(Edienemus magnirostris, Temm. Pl. Col. 387.

Esacus magnirostris, G. R. Gray, List of Gen. of B. 1841, p. 83.
Hab. Aru Islands. @ in British Museum.

110. CHARADRIUS XANTHOCHEILUS.
Charadrius xanthocheilus, Wag]. Syst. Av. Char. sp. 36; Gould,

B. of Austr. vi. pl. 13.

Hab. AruTslands. 2 in Mr. Wallace’s Collection.

111. CHARADRIUS INORNATUS.

* Miaticula inornata, Gould, B. of Austr. iv. pl. 19.

Hab. Aru Islands. 4 in Mr. Wallace’s Collection.

188

112. HaMATOPUS LONGIROSTRIS, var.

Hematopus ostralegus, Mill.
Hematopus longirostris, Vieill.
Hab. Aru Islands. In Mr. Wallace’s Collection.

113. ARDEA ARUENSIS.

Differs from Herodias picata, Gould, by having the feathers of
the top of the head and the under surface of the body pure white.
Hab. Aru Islands. ¢ in Mr. Wallace’s Collection.

114. NUMENIUS UROPYGIALIS.

Numenius pheopus, Mill.?

Numenius uropygialis, Gould, B. of Austr. vi. pl. 43.
Numenius minor, Mill.

Hab. Aru Islands. ¢ in Mr. Wallace’s Collection.

115. PHALAROPUS HYPERBOREUS.

Tringa hyperborea, Linn. 8. N.1. p. 249.
Phalaropus hyperboreus, Cuv.
Hab. Aru Islands. 9, in winter plumage, in British Museum.

116. EULABEORNIS CASTANEOVENTRIS.

Eulabeornis castaneoventris, Gould, B. of Austr. vi. pl. 78.
Hab. Aru Islands. ¢ 9 in British Museum.

117. RALLINA TRICOLOR.

Head, neck, nape and breast rusty red, paler on the throat ; back,
wing and abdomen slaty black tinged in some places with olive-brown;
the sides, thighs and under tail-coverts banded with pale rufous ;
wings beneath slaty black banded with white; bend of the wings,
both above and below, spotted with rufous white.

Length 10" 6’; wings 5" 6!".

Hab. Aru Islands. Qin Mr. Wallace’s Collection.

118. STERNA TORRESII.

Thalasseus Torresti, Gould, B. of Austr. vil. pl. 25.
Hab. Aru Islands. 92 in British Museum.

119. Suva FIBER.

Pelecanus fiber, Linn. 8. N. i. p. 218.

Sula fiber, G. R. Gray, List of B. in B.M. iii. p. 183.
Sula fusca, Gould, B. of Austr. vii. pl. 78. _

Hab. Near Ké Island. ¢ in Mr. Wallace’s Collection.

TABLE or SPECIES.
** denotes those contained in the British Museum from this particular locality.

eg
. t s4a| 8
z 4 3 <s yp rote Bes
(a/a/2 af 2] 2 | Sosls2
be(2i2ia |S] a |ssgle
lapses |e eben ia
Cuncuma leucogaster ....... eer are ak ad ee | wel x
Haliastur leucosternus .............++ fe Pad Oe al Reem hy Me ** *
sphenurus °\.....-....- seceesurens lt saatin tensive Ye ver’ [eau Mean Tt ese
Pandion leucocephalus .............++ AY call tucet | ecoue'eoca! Pui peice. [ne ae *
Jeracidea berigora...........-....000++ douif ions iran uel’ Uwe [rept [oe
Falco frontatus ............cecceseceeee Mepiaal ers ee ee Cae a ag
Milvus affinis ............ meaeia: we caaaes een Sax
Baza sten0zona ............eeeeeeeeesee Ay) hae.
Astur nove hollandie .............+ a ee 4k
TOMPICAUA, 6.500. .nccenevcrecccrse *
SAAGUIS ors asnavarcesscscenvesesees Ssh eee #
approximans ......- Saveeutoeoncs A ea ae) Hy wee *
Accipiter poliocephalus..............- | *
cirrhocephalus ..........++.-.+4+ dee. [Ute |) es * *
Circus assimilis ............. Wecasceat te oe |e ash 3 wee | RK
Athene humeralis ........+.........06 * |
theomacha..............ssess.0+ Bl ot “a,
WMS cn une sscanuplecs oud cncsaes so aa ss aK
PUN ei a Pauodccideawant\cuuaes. cons gal” *
maculata ....... = Cop eons Scalp ciel Mee * j
Strix delicatula ..........cseeseeee “eas aa * a
personata ......++ We ows.detieae th Rta Re , Po |
Podargus papuensis ......... aeeeeees Ais . vee | OK
Ocellats cserseeeeseceeeeeeeeeeee * | * .
RITMITACUA oc, cn Serees ccs dncaes Went cost linet , **K
phalenoides ........ Sewtase ry cae see jase | nee x |
Agotheles leucogaster .............-. vee loess } ek :
Caprimulgus macrurus .............+ eet, tele * |
Eurostopodus albigularis ............ Both ae * ee
GTULTALUS cee cee eee ccceeeeceeee reas | ree | owe ** |
Cypselus australis .......... dees vaceele CE ME ere baal eed deer |e * |
Macropteryx mystaceus...........+0+ | ee | ee
Acanthylis caudacuta ........ Spas ows eg ered ME aia ce ay ta aew |) 6E * |
Collocalia hypoleuca ............+++++ Dee rare
Nidifica, Var. ......26-...008 Ey eee) Ok tig Naor ma
Hitrando frontalis ..:.0.citcc.csvese0se] 7}... , * |
BUICADM. Sut sicaststcns dee avebil oad't tee
MEOXENA......0vecceceseccevecnes oe eK |
gi poe gularis ...... res ve) ae |
pac: CUS .cccosccccccese ween eeeee eee ee ** | |
Coracias Temminckii ..............- et }
Peltops Blainvillei...........:c0s00+++ |
Dacelo Leachii .........csessssereevees poe eae Eee on ee “
CETVINUS........00++8 th adadede nts = ee at Ed a eg et **
undulatus, Sonn. 186 .......+. | x
?, Sonn. 107 ....... pe pee |e | x )
INR ccdes ciukins «cvvguiseaeatl sas ae
Gaudichaudi ...............++. a rg ae Sl toc Oe ea
macrorhynchus .........+ settee) * bs ) |

Py AA

190
TABLE (continued).
} tod

ed Bh “aE|5
/ 2/3128 S pgar [os
312/224) | 2 | 875/28
o Da = on 42 th 32 - an

= mm fed &p S 35
Eile |e | 12 |S | saene
zi<a|/M JA |B] lez =

Halcyon collaris.......scseressserseeeee| vee |

AlbIGU Lar Sccce ce hescc cameos es dec carhPSRe | Ueto |i wae | RCE

SANCCAT ccsezlondpoccuswscretsanar eles Hie al mmseey issorll aaen se ek *

CINDAMOMINAS <<... ces -oerese0ene *

SOLCIGA +s .0.ctsescess vscten cence eeotcersal) tek ale sen al venc | meen Meee * *

Maghieayl) sic. .censvserceescetses|| ou ; oat sek Sie
Tanyptera dea .......ccepeecssecerres ek

hydrocharis .....csccsessessseeee| vee |

SYIVIA) -Lessesnaseccesattoscces.ceea[eeke WowaeAl) slartl tewatl) ltetaeith ane tel maaan
Syma tOrotorO: 22.00. .ccccsrevscseease| KX | % |

flavirostris ..........++ er 4 Perie eeae monte het pce eee:
Ceyx lepida ........ccccceeecsresvereee] |

SOlifanISteecasssceascess ys sserc« coal oa hs:

(meningting, Less.)

PUBS “vc ceckedscccenessessssceus] F | |vAE:| Sess || eee tl 5~enltede mae |
Aleyone azurea, Var. .....ceeeesseseeee| 2% | HH | cee | cee | cae | aoe | RR
Merops Ornatus .....0...scscossereccese] soe | coe | soe | coe | soo | cue | hE *
Epimachus maximus ....0+...seseee0++|

ADVIS? cscs sel. atis see seees cre ek

MAGNIFICUS .....0cceceesevescsoreee| HH | coe | oe | cee | vee | ces | RK
Nectarinia aSpasia ........s+eeeereeeeee| | *

VENOM ccaeeeacrnesces nclaee esse sess, | eee | |e uok

frETIat Aa Visas te cacewace ee bee esas ER A AE al! Goes Saeed] eee arene On * |

PVAUISEFALISS Seles ewess'ss -lnag soe ay. ska] “accel see] ceil eam | imeree

AMMANIA ideas ss eenee SeenOeccseceteall

CXAMMA’ Oeeaselsee cemewe se eseweinns sels |e

EQUES' scssbacawttsccersssesneneeess| pk slictey eek
Arachnothera nove guinez .........| * |
Diczum papuense ...... sie ebierem| RHE

pectorale .........eeecsesserereee|

HixwNAMACEDM anc ssercaecedagenrl oes | see ML age, Sse fe awed bee *K x 4

TQMICOe .....2..-ssrereeraveeess| coe | FH
Prionichilus niger ......-06..c...e0e002| 2K | RK |
Myzomela nigvita ...ceccscsessseceeeee| vee | 4%

CherMesina ......ccccessecveorse| #2?

erythrocephala ...... Fc ae dace bie |eec eel eas * *

OWSCUYA ison es aee snes « soe chaeee'ee | See dirseae fase [pitas |! sea) | een mene *

PCCHOLA]IS ..0.....2+seceeeeresesee| vos | oon | cee | ove | coe | es *

Sanguinolenta ......sesecceeeeee| ee | coe | coe | vee | vee | ee *
Glyciphila fasCiata .....0..a0e0ssssateeed Hascall eea')|'"ee=! (den) | eww pasa Linen

MNOCESTA...<ccccccor-encccesscacese|, aos |

QCUWIATIS feseacescocevews<tevesed.e0|) OF | RMT Been <| resell, acini iaaenl eee
Ptilotis flaviventris .........eeess.e00|

(chrysotis, Less.)
filIgeTA ...coesesecsserscssceecseee| see | RH | cee | coe | ee | one | em |
aedese| 3 2| .
Sa ceae ak: AoE
megarhynchus ......cc0se-seeeee) vee k

? sgtriolata cos. diaterscewecthestecscoen al

a = hie 1
191
TABLE (continued).
‘ 2 3
i az | 8
§ 3 3 o fe * = rele pe
5 EI 53s 5 a] bio) ig
o | = = Ss PY “an D py
| ba e8ils [ele lecle
? Ptilotis auriculata .........ssseseees | * |
CHTYBOHS ssrceecescceseveevesence| ose tee | ate | ees * *
RIAMERCOVE sc yeies skdcacckshénxs cans Le eae | tee | wee | oe *
SUM eete ced ip uirysiasdsicuvewns Ye sil siews * j
Tropidorhynchus corniculatus ...... | *
NOV. ZFUINER .....00eec00e iyeanee * |
PIMMIGEDIG...6.. cs. cseovsorcesnees | cee} vee | |
ATRENTCICEPS cccscececsesreeceneee Jvee fcse [cee | ose | aus See
Citreogularis, Var. ......66.0e00 | FB ioe Me | ereuleaee BS eye
] VUIGUTINUS 0040.0 .,seecesreereneree! ane fis | «eo |’ anni Mee CALE
. APRON she oa eadvens<neassscel oe PU La cael docile airohecuees same AL sae
Entomophila albigularis ............ * “| ek
i TUfOQUIAIS......0..ccsceerereseses ne eal * |
1 Entomyza albipennis................45 it a Ab ee
fs Melithreptus albogularis ............! ... ne 4k |
Climacteris melanotus .......06606...) ss. es , | +x
Sittella leucoptera ...........scccscseee! ves * ah oe
Cisticola lineocapilla .......--..seeeee+| vee = | oe * |
ruficeps ......+.. BAF a A a rh era |
, Sphenzeacus galactotes ............006) oes oa | eet et
Cincloramphus cantillans ...........+) ... sae | x |
Malurus amabilis ..........-+.sseeees ae 5 * |
RIMAND INR a Ievsans en dada eq caiiasnp xs | eeu hi sae ae |
Gerygone chrysogaster .......... fi cae) eK |
TGEMITOSELIS 00. .s0cccecscerevres| vas enV ieee ihr cats [tbc she vie *
MERAS UCI 2 0) code cp dana oolerameicapas we ofl Lae Pah | Se rel PN | renee IRs f * |
EO HONGUUS, cepavececesdedne acy ss | PSL cree lneroees laave | wea eels * |
Zosterops citrinella .......0......06. jcee been | HH] coe | oes pach we!
(albiventris, H. § J.) 5 | )
RIENCE, aviacironaccncncaacncdllsee | 4k |
UUM ds cn ake ue cbdbiue Cenc vacebde esas ms Ok +
Petroica bicolor.? .......ccccesecccssee “Fe +k *
Drymodes superciliaris .........00006) ... ek
. Grallina australis .......sseeesseesseee| eee *
a Anthus australis............+ mgaseesdsct Wee *
fy BOPetes BJA one... s.scovsssessceesceses * |
ll BCREMMIERCENS! “sas ncanav<iosenade> “|
Turdirostrum murinum............... * | } /
Alcippe monacha ......... sigan: sie ee |
Pitts Macklotii. <......00.....ssansecnee * | ek | .
WIOWEE PONE acencn<coacacescpetes alee |
ent » eS ie ETS a! ey : ant ech an *« | P
Gu iwiudesebscaguchepuh cud Geduascoliined ose devPih aes q ee :
Oriolus | RGMed cabiic.kaas:., ok | ke ) ) )
BUTIASUB sos ec-cecce Gagunddds'vepeais * : : {
OE ee a ee vee ee?
BTU Nidece: cys vgkvuscceayccaesde} ieee Pre) YS Ten ee * |
DEMMAUMS sic 826s une dliewacinra ces tale Pere eer j | ke ' .
SEMAIMIOUUS: svn eka vskcdewnsachay an ; Pr ee ec
Nhs skp unnwer «auetnensounbas is ) ee ee es

- BAC be

192

TABLE (continued).

(grisea, H. & J.)
Jive te RS Sececaan ieeccends Saosccea | aca, See We san tl Ee:
| Piezorhynchus nitidus ....... diesel, voce: “Tieto nee eivicns tunics RIIGONG a | ate sie IME *
? rufolateralis........... +
_Todopsis cyanocephala ...... Soll Soke eek
Tchitrea Gaimardi...............0002--|. |
Rhipidura threnothorax ............ *
MUA VEDETIS, «secon cscs ences motmae eesti
| hyperythra ...... A.
| PUMALIS .4....serceccscssecsseseeee! of
TSURDA cereus copes ehansiaiete sje o'e aie einai a'e ee si rclom ea inerec | tee e nH Irae all
ASRS Saez shs aces teaseecesceceasl a Sees laeeeataneas
MACULIPECTUS......00..--sereceees| oo. | EF
motacilloides......
| ACTIPE UMS ee see sie duacaseienr=seens Pee
PUGET ONS seals cio sa aidsviclevisesosweeiniac liga des eiraceee laa octal doen wee +k
| SCISUIA INQUICEA.....-005ssseveceeserase| see | “coe | ave] see | onan uevel eee
| Monarcha carinata..... Docaheweeaicokes Pe real (Gees wa rete |e th *
WMOTMATR. <.:00cacoms sacle cece odsed) Ea fleas

eee wereaeeee eee wee aes eee aes Oo | eo

| ELIVIrgata ..,...-+rececserseeees =e liaeiazdliacere ne Awe ill bes wiete di-womisa fae *
| FACIMOPURLD) oniasecnccc-p teee-ten | acest seenalle atau ERE
MENG OLS cea cist acces ceeae es eee: wate ciaeapioraten maroon RRR alae), Sem TES
telescophthalma ............08+] ok | 2b
CHYYSOME]A, | Fs.esses+s00ceowsesce * | x
IRAP deena altace ene dtaovese'e sneias|| cident teeam | eesiona| (aie olaneeem | een es
| Micrceca flavovirescens ......+++++- Ral e eor |
| ALAVISASLEK ania sceicom = sivenmienie vn si-ci|Melee it smell iarqan) lteter ©] betes! | (ete a
Pardalotus luctuosus .......-+...+0000. ate Hes SL os eet Sell a
melanocephalus......... a wioraia ese ees Pkeieen | edeaiah Mica nds/l 4 Son || ee Re |
| Smicrornis flavescens...........+.++ Dl fet 8 Sites alee on eee ee * |
| Pachycephala griseiceps .........++:| 4. | #*
TUPPEMNIS, .0-2...ccctneecsessercss|iees | ace | HE
monacha ........ aeeehine SOSA | wena Ste
12 Ingubris ......2.+- seuniapranciaccalt |
Aes VITESCOHS, ccsrenes'scanauaspens siete * |
MACIANIUTA, 's otic aeedsievianecioes caeell se cece] dorbuill loses ell keiteie cere = Liao
SPINICAUUB...sccesnencseesvecsoresstir e
fAlCatarewexsctsaasademeiwats cs PA Pease Perel Meroe econ yee to. ak *

193

Tasvx (continued).

New Guinea
Aru Islands.

Pachycephala simplex .. .......+0+0+ | aa a
Hylocharis coil! CT RS ae ee * |
Campephaga Desgrazii ....... cecegees] |
RIP UORLOMcndsschs des descerepcvaanes aie
EPELOLCORTISCA wecscorseccencvecce ete
melanops ....... eoceses Soavpenevs wen TORE |) oe
hypoleuca ....0.....0 eae ae ae. wee
MING ABs ncuaadtvesasva¥eccedssvssnss ef
PLUMBED. ..0scceccsescseasceesenees * |
MOVE QUINCH ...seeeee seseeere res *
PAPMETSIG, <.cnceccsevescsscsccooee *
BUMMRRIOET Si dst yscdusansiedinanwe es *
SWANSON .cccescesccsesssnececese| coe wesi|jnoe
WAU vucntcsuaasheanechsasesacve|-.soe eel ee
Lalage rufiventris ..............se000e- ZN eter ee
(Karu, Gould.)
polygrammica .......s.seseeeeee Geass

Artamus papuensis ........0s.ses000e eo] Ae
WTO Vasa gecaswiadae de eascecteee wenss|l aer| Vie enifibe
leucopygialis ......... pevacadvsens|) ‘won ewasip te
AIDIVENETIS .cscccceccensece anucasae sea ilweeteiica

Dicrurus bracteatus .........scceeesee| aoe eerie
MRAM Rese tuaatktavdecsvesseceee|! « oe | RK
MEGAlOMMNIS......0cecccccesessececes| ove =
megarhynchus eRe anne skal bavae *
CAFDONATIUS ..eccsecsseceerscsves *

Rectes kirrocephalus....... picksedenns| oe
Gichrous' ....155s< Wapnsateyads ck * | kK
SESEDIGANS | 500.55. scacvscecsnconsnc * | x

Colluriocincla brunnea ......s.ceceeee| eee
harmonica........se0es Waswtuatenclt-veu
PACVUD oo ccccsccseccesvercesccsves

Myiolestes megarhynchus...........- 40k
BYVIPTISIS was sccsseesavvesssesecccses dee |)
PUIBCAGUS se vsscrovusevseserencves|) ceo
pulverulentus ...... pdiniaperdeste

Cracticus cassicus ......... eS ore *
PCTSONACUS.........00eceeeeves Wace] eos So
Nigrogularis ...+0......+s00+ asves| coe] ove
SIGNI craven Vaccavvsvadncravys ooo) * | KK
picatus . . seeesceeeee| oe
ATGENCACUS... ....eesseenceveneeee| oes aus

INE as evn thon snes aseaesddven * | ee

(macrorhynchus, pt., Vagl.)
corone, pt., Wagl.....eecccseeees *
COTONOIGES...cccrccceccasesesosven and

GyMnocorvus SCMEX seeeeeeersceeeeees *

Paradisea apoda .............seeeerees ek
var. Wallaciana ..........sceereee] ove **

pe-

lago.

Louisiade Archi

ee ak er | Ke Islands.
| Waigiou
Timor laut

lat. S., P. Essing-
ton, C. York, &c.

N. Australia to 14°

*
*

¥**

Islands in Torres
Strait.

‘No. CCCLIX. — Procreepineés or THE ZooLocicat Society.

TABLE (continued).

Paradisea regia ......+++eeress
SPECIOSA... .sceeececceceessceeeres
REND yoncaescessssn stem sceencovesees
SEXPCNNIS ceerscecererscccsecerece
NUD) voccccnceescincgsanciscnwasceess
IWAISONA coaececrss vocesscccsesueoen

Astrapia Migra sssssesassecsuseeeeseees
Carunculata ....ccceccscereseeees

Ptilonorhynchus buccoides .........
MELANOLIS .......seeereeereneeeees

Chlamydera cerviniventris .........

Manucodia viridis ........++06- “ne
ALTA —secccccccccecsersevcce
Keraudrenii ....0...scscsese-sose

Lamprotornis viridescens .......+.+++
Metallica ..scscececesesereseoeeee

Gracula Dumontil .....-...eeeeeeeeeees

Donacola castaneothorax ............
FlAVIPTYMNA ..cesesserecseecceeee

Estrelda annulosa ....s.sseeeeeereseees
PHACCON os. sevceacercecseeevesereee

Amadina castanotis ......-sseeesseees
GOUNTIEE se. ve siaceseosevecesscosese
MITADILIS .s.cccervecarsseeeneeoes

Poephila acuticauda .......seseeseeees
PCYSONALA 2... ceeeseeereeceeeeeens

Buceros ruficollis .....seersseeeereenes

Platycercus dorsalis .0+......+seeeeees
pallicepS ..c..seseseeeeerereveeee
CYANOZENYS .cvececsesseeeceeeees
BYOWNI ces ceceeeeeeeeeeeeeoeees

Aprosmictus erythropterus, var. ...

Chalcopsitta nov. guinez .....-..066
SCintillata ....ccececeereseoesscees
YUDTIFTONS ...c0c.sevevseeeerseoses
TUDIGINOSA ......eeereeerereeeeeees

Charmosyna Papua ...serceseereeeeee

Lorius domicella ......sescsseeeeevees
EYICOIOL ccccccsccnesscnccesesresces
PUNICEUS ceeeeececerseeesscev recs

Eos squamata ...secceseesecreoeseenes

Eclectus Linnei........... aber

Psittacodis polychloros .... ce
var. AUENSIS......+0+. ane
TALADE cevecercccccscscecacecerens

Coriphilus placentis ....+..sssereeseee

Trichoglossus Swainsonii ......+++++
TUDTItOFQUIS .....eeeeereesereeee

° Capistratus, VAL, seecerersereees
COCCINEIFFONS ..++-esseeeeeeerseces

194

New Guinea.

Aru Islands.

*
*

see

Ké Islands.

Louisiade Archipe-
lago.

Pe)
= =]
3 3
4 a
& | §
‘a =|
S| eR
*
*
RK
*

Of 8
x 1S
= 22
on oo
mM
gis
ie
n°
asa
ae
a

Islands in Torres

Strait.

195

TABLE (continued).

3 bs
= 3%) 3
¢ 8a4\5
sia) (<8 3 | dam |S
o/812 |$2]3)2| 825/48
fo) ic} é\2 he 32.1 gn
Pa ~ a P. c aee 5
& Fa ) 5 iS 5 Bp a
AZAldai|Mina ae a PL |
Trichoglossus nigrogularis ...40...) ... | 4 |
WEKAICOIOK cdctestssantvesss etlae a bye 4:
? Tanygnathnus marginatus............ *
? macrorhynchus...... Wesvawvsadd *
Psittacus Pucherani ...... advan sascunl Oe
ee seeeees *
capistratus... ce eenececcceesseoeers coe | cee | FF
ATUCNSIS ..0.... 00008 “eee eer eee eee ae
Desmarestii .........- Searewebscalh oe
Psittacula A am aucuonpaceys * | RK
Nasiterna pygmza.........+- See guetecs|
; Cacatua sequatorialis. . es See roe tae
: (C. sigan >»)
RYICOMM, co cadevascsncevecscdeicsovs coo] & |
(C. galerita.)
? PALETICA Viccesscnsssccevcscsscosessl oe “¢ Ty * *
SANQUINED .....ceeerecrercerereees cal es 2 band - aaaitys *
Calyptorhynchus macrorhynehus...| ... | ... | « ot *
Microglossum aterrimum ......+60+0+| #2 | HE | .. Way | eee x
BICCHO. 06 s.cecenvesccccessecveses: «| *
Dasyptilus paraguanus ............ dealt svat] teers |e ret
PeSQuetil: <..0c0.ccvceceosece veces
? Chrysocolaptes cardinalis .........| *
Centropus Menebiki .........-00see008| 2 | HE
SPIlOPterus.....sseeeeeseerers penal ae
phasianus (macrourus)... e¥eealh saeot eavepn nts Pel ies Se *
Eudynamis punctatus ........0.60065|
aac Less. ae
MPMNCCESIL cisveastwccosacecsfovess|! oie] cod )| sven" |) 'es 5a (BLL * *
Cuculus leucolophus ER OTLELER TS MME.
assimilis....... Reaidedcxevusventssct i" *
megarhynchus ......-.-+00 dowel Seer th
dumetorum ......... sescecereees| see | cee | cee | cee | eee | woe *
Chrysococcyx lucidus .........000268) ee i *
Ptilonopus superbus ........ beaesedsesl| aldol Aki See x oe
Rivoli.....cccocsseee Givaresedsatess],
StFOPHIUM «.,.,c0cesnccecsecccees| ooo | coe | eee | ¥¥
prasinorrhous cevecctecescecess! cee | vee |
Perlatus ...ccccessceccsceeveccocees| 3 | HE
Walllacii....cs.scscccccnccsevoveres| coo | 2%
pulchellus ......sce.sscesseceerece|
CYANOVIFENS ..seecceecseeeeeceeee| *K
WILEHG, sesccecicovsensecceseevaccese| *
BUFANEUTONS wo0.ssccccovscsececes| coe |: ¥¥
COTONUIATUS ceeseesecseeeeeeeerer cron ee
TIGINIUS © acoccvastvccccacccscvstssas| #
TOZONUS sesseseeereeeneerserensees| eee | OE
rete eee eee fe . ef eee **

Ridophars wi wih v@dauncowace wuigiet

196

TABLE (continued).

OQ: is
' we
3. ~ 2% | g
55 oa ~|/ @
aq Saas] R
a : Pa as |
2 = Ca ls + | sam ‘=
ae BP ate ho hesg lees 3 |8& «=: |28
2 se Lees ba as 5 co aa? ae
o a = Ss ‘% 5 gad 2
Big |e |e | @ kas |) ees
2 led | MS lA |e =

*
*
*

Carpophaga Z0€# .....cssceseccscseees
Mulleri ...
DICQIOT Tassos. tes csnestesteaes cassia
SPUOLTHO ass: .sssivecssevecscenaee| EK WOE G|\ cece eceals Meee essen ER
Chalybura'\vscoesca:cseececosseee|t wether
SUMMEVEI cot0sc .scceeutetrheeel cae digas adh Sak RS
PACHUCA eivacesanendoneesessearrsecsle ce

(znea, duct.)
MLYFISHCIVONR: seuss csestavcssccce|ieck
ABO GUIATIS..cecceessessenesase cook al eer orem ER
TUGASEEL occsecccssess--cevecss|! K

eccereccccvccceccee| KX

*
*
*

See eeeeeeereseeeseses

assimilis...... eK

Weclancheri-ccscescce-csaeseaeea|) ke
Lopholaimus antarcticug vs .<se<aeal) soenl|| ites le Secs tiscae | ceaetniments *
Macropygia phasianella.............+.| «6. |

COREVAT evencsncttpessesoacensomes| tne

PREMIWANC UIE) sceteeecesechaneeesacinest
Geopelia humeralis .........ses000005]

Ue LIES) G) paneocgorccbecrococed Inosee || 6cc tt eedy/(coee hace Pca * *

SLEPNAMIC. evnceseseesessteeresenes|) oe
Petrophassa albipennis’...c. veces o<|l'ac.4l! taens|niveenill ineoe|e ceemy meee *
Peristera chalcoptera...........

HISGTIOMICA ces osecactienssseae se sa|| vees'|| <teohl |newee |eeenl | Mean aeets *
Timigon Cemrestris: i,k spews iseskwedeeel” ®
Geophaps'Smithit sc. Se cesehssesccees|| veleot| twa | Qeceeel Waeeel|imeeeee areas meee
Lophophaps*plumifera)\.cse.4..eccsees|, ccf) sectal vacobilUusen #|teencteny | iceeie| Mamet
Caloenas MICODATICA! scaccsr.cceeeaes| excites on eee mereee

HET G) eenigconngcocosnderaoan acon. |). fs
Gourakcoronatalsc.secacearacesscese aa cele

Wittorice seussdores saceaesteopeeeeae| ee
Talegallus Cuvieri ...........0s.cse008|

TEV CIMEEIU sc. sccesseeeaseseuoeescels 21\) seal Leverll Rtscah et

TUBTIPES sececcsteccss esse

DUTOUS a waseesceice ses sical
Coturnix nove guinez .......

PECEOTALIS! ee,secscsesccede

AUSULALS tr aswpecescacecrare es

SIMENSIG Went tye ca sticceceecesss
Tarnix tielanota «vies 4 scceess cddvan cst eves, aa clive eel gsuidleowel eae ne *

CASUANOTA oo: oveasacsesasaessclealiisee Hf! /siairlihnesm|trsiesii limecei| theme xk
Casuarius CMAN" cer.cstcsestevtvcceace etek aes

BUSULAMS: ca nccnsne tices ce dsyscesaec} Mees a = aapiiites ott (rman elects nae *
Dromaius nove hollandiz.. |.csscessef—ese.4, <al [one |osen, | evel wens *
Esacus magnirostris .....0..cecceereee| OK | RK

ae eee ee eae eee see eee eee

*
*

197

TABLE (continued).

Glareola grallaria .......sseeesseeseeee

Lobivanellus personatus ............ Ait eee eas sal

Charadrius xanthocheilus.......... vel Poce le & Dr) al eel ee Hk x
WEEGOUS ‘Ghisdsepruwscias. x» aweettna ea te itn ares ls weer late *

PUNCH PULOS asi casis ces dtcone vows cess be 34 lop tS ere re) een ey * *

MO RTIAGUN is «cc tyce xd vapecss owes sud HP ae Men Nance tanec. awen ; *

Cinclus interpres ........0000+ waveeée ae cooes Peeeeae| eed | coer eae * *

*
*

Wematopus longirostris ..........+. eau tfe Mia |rwen |\ioene] Peweliicds dite Soe
fuliginosus......... tbeccceevecsses een} nese |niewe |. eve: |) ewe |) ose *
Grus australasianus ........... denakes Bed lee ako lesnad< lou ene lit tee sled *
Ardea rectirostris ......000..seerssees Beouly «ap ©: | one: Irreee t'see |p aoe
PAU evade deeds auns alee dosnes|h ose] Aunes\vcced-|twaes five lees *
TOV. GUMER covccsseccscscereeoes|
jugularis .......... a Spewsls HeMfses weed rka ses 40k
? PIROUIE tos clceacdhss¢iveisegavanec|:sey, il’ nest |)-cga-) Aes leoromtters 1k
PITH sdaguauncsven <vedeusebesl' onei|. 00k Niypvs,.| mover [tiavetll(teed *
syrmatophora .....sesseeeseeees coe | oes eve) fiveee |, eve
TmmMaculata .....cecrcscceesseces Bra (econ (reer Lae
PILAR Se owiunsuvuenasseenesedsssenes|! sear |y ewenf vast ver
ATUEDBIS .ccsccecccsccveccccevescces| oe | ¥
Nycticorax caledonicus .........sss00+] se. | eee seer |aeentsts [PURE | OF
Ardetta stagnatilis......sccssccesessoee] ¥ | coe | vce | oor
(virescens, duct.)
flavicollis ......... aievedaevsransaliiads
Botaurus heliosyla........sesssseeseee| 2%
SECS MERI ADBGLANIB ais uudonveasevesasds| aes: |p exeri) aoe: |uvee
Threskiornis strictipennis ............ deer ohe oadas \eaut ie
Falcinellus igneus ........-. satandagiea awot | seals lassi ash liteaa’ (> sensth OOP
Platalea regia........ Bean esas lank sent al iy Pe re fers) a heen:
Numenius uropygialis ............. 94) ote [i Fe deens.: | veneslf aveti| beset (mee *
(pheeopus ?)
BUMRUB in cdawansdeduyeensvecsspee
minutus....... Weaisecnsrspcsuce Shafi sev Ull see Nltxees|cewerfitced “1b sty
Limosa uropygialis ...s0s..seseeeee ape |) eve | sea] ene | “uae? |, coals ee *
melanuroides.......0-..sese00: xuel i: sewbil: oes Brie WL) ese *
Xenus cinereus ......... Siusidetessneee sEeelees eae
Totanus glottoides.......... suapnoee oe Nae ee ae ml OP eee a
RUIMCOPVRLUG nsreversywevaveesssusl-vscen I) anny |m sas: over | wes Ieee eee
PEXINGOUGES. EMPUSA coscccscccrssecses] H | eae | oy. | coe
(hypoleucus ?)
Himantopus leucocephalus .........) * |...
(candidus ?).
Tringa albescens ........s..ss0eeeeeee et) 5 SR a ee ae, omar *
(pusilla ?).
australis.......... Seveseceuscosce Sd er al ee ee ee ein ee
Scolopax australis ........... dikhabeies SOE trata ware ces cereal (ame are -
Phalaropus hyperboreus, var. ......) ... |
Parra gallinacea...... cos esencs seeeesere] | coe | cee | cee | wee | eee | OH
Rallus tricolor .....-eseeeecseeeeees Seal vee | ®
SHEDS sqaens civesnssnenscepevseedl: eta f ean:|) ace 1. 30

* * *% €

cad |
;
198
TaBLE (continued).
. Q tod
a =~ ES] ge
2. 8a2|
gles|l. iss ; | g-0|e4
Et Ss 3 oS : 3 Flake ak
6/3/2138 | 3] 2 | gaol ee
o ws ee a 53 .r}s
Bho (ae ja }oevl See
Z\/<¢/4/4 |E] 6 lz cc
Rallusypectoraliis ieecesqeansisascanscseslesce tl hen all ures ascarid laeeeall meee 2k *
Porzana lEUCOphTys sac.cses-censeges]. ar il lieeil|iueoei| vs", | eee econ ames *
Eulabeornis castaneoventris .........| s+ | ¥*# | see | cee | coe | eee *
Porphyrio Melavotus..dc.cacesscascdsc] sve fiseell|) see}. eae tfsedh|ionee ROR *
Anseranus melanoleucus ..........0-| so | see | ooo] see | ove’ | oon | FF
Nettapusspulchellus,<.c3-cacesssecseteateicss 1 Seaeg| tices |nycsau|lsse ll meee | ice
Tadorna radjah .......0... ste a|h webu tasecl|veeels|t since | Meeaml meee
Dendroeyena axcuatay 6. cvscan a. sues sttese | desoe || emnulletescudimecenl ies *
Leptotarsis) BytOmlcs.ateasc-sesseseee|iaceei| deeeplicsrsr | ieee iter eehl tenet mane
ANAS PUACTALA, , \occcsonssacepestsemers tel. see ,|dteeet ls cies: hucwes|y ioral resell Pemcese
Nyroca australis....o..csssccssccnsssooe] soe | aoe | con | soe | en | one * 3
Podiceps gularis........scosscosssseseee] oe | see | cee | ose | soe | ony |. RE

? Eudyptes torquata ........seccseeees
? PAPUA... .ccseercceosvcccccccccseces
? Aptenodytes longirostris (?) ......

PUMINUS. SPHENUCUS, 5 socveseescacesbes| ave |. vse) ) sess || eos) enat, ho seeee *
M@nia AM CSOMAL?) Cees heats ova seiee cect dees lk -seeyllUbese dla de mturnel Mesee * *
LEM AISENENMUS ios ciusea sche anieMe nando voles lieeaplin asain || (xe uamaa| ies *

PCLECANOIDES < comevessaesoessn-isal?
Torresii (velox, duct. ?) ......
PTAC ISawsecdeaquartesbpenenyesssce
melanauchen.....
TIELEIS......00ecerses
SUG INOSS crsccenpenescr cee qastcoes
DAUAVB. coyncs xr sonseeeesaccecbocs

GYPISCANCIGA 7 cccceacarcesscdegggnencalligcccal| eter ons e=onlliimcemtmee *

Hydrochelidon, flmviatilis © sr.cccses-c|uces ali ieserll varew | cce=|eeenl [iota *

SA NIOUS SCOLIGUS| a tawanc ses -savdeacqessce| deren we terilaectel aalecti lira Maras * *
Leueocapillusian cerca specessascese| ies seul cess ttelastel wiseoin treeeie laear * *

PHACLOMPHOENICINUS Sones ood casasestosns 4 | nesanliesesaeireel | eel ees sles *

Sulabiiberie.<.. ccscnoccocobe omseusgeneas
DISCHLON, coe vacances cesneactocncscnes
DEESONAUA Coweta tencssheteae scene

Pelecanus conspicillatus ..........6.

Graculus hypoleucus ............0600+.
MR CIANOLCUCUS.. -\exeesiisneateasien

NUDAPCMAUICL. saescemacsens set canesst ov

*
*

199

April 13, 1858.
Dr. Gray, F.R.S., V.P., in the Chair.

The following papers were read :—

1. On THE SNIPES’ “‘ NEIGHING”’ OR HUMMING NOISE, ANDON =~

irs TAIL-FEATHERS SYSTEMATIC VALUE. By W. Meves,
CoNSERVATOR AT THE ZOOLOGICAL Riks-MuseuM IN StTockK-
HOLM. TRANSLATED AND COMMUNICATED BY JOHN WoL-
LEY, JuN., Esa., F.Z.S.

On the origin of the neighing sound which accompanies the single
Snipe’s (Scolopax gallinago, L.) play—flight during pairing time—
opinions are various. Bechstein thought that it was produced by
means of the beak ; Naumann and others, again, that it originated
in powerful strokes of the wing: but since Pralle * in Hanover ob-
served that the bird makes heard its well-known song or cry, which
he expresses with the words “ gick jack, gick jack!” at the same
time with the neighing sound, it seemed to be settled that the latter is
not produced through the throat. In the mean time I have remarked
with surprise, that the humming sound could never be observed
whilst the bird was flying upwards, at which time the tail is closed ;
but only when it was casting itself downwards in a slanting direction,
with the tail strongly spread out.

The peculiar form of the tail-feathers in some foreign species
nearly allied to our Snipe (for example, S. javensis) encouraged the
notion, that the tail, if not alone, at all events in a considerable de-
gree, conduced to the production of the sound. On a closer exa-
mination of the tail-feathers of our common species, I found the
first (outer) feather, especially, very peculiarly constructed; the shaft,
uncommonly stiff, sabre-shaped ; the rays of the web strongly bound
together and very long, the longest reaching nearly three-fourths of
the whole length of the web, these rays lying along (or spanning from
end to end of the curve of) the shaft, like the strings of a musical
instrument (Fig. 1). If one blows from the outer side upon the
broad web it comes into vibration, and a sound is heard, which, though
fainter, resembles very closely the well-known neighing.

But to convince one’s self fully that it is the first feather which pro-
duces the peculiar sound, it is only necessary carefully to pluck out
such a one, to fasten its shaft with fine thread to a piece of steel
wire a tenth of an inch in diameter and a foot long, and then to fix
this at the end of a4-foot stick. If now one draws the feather, with
its outer side forward, sharply through the air, at the same time
making some short movements or shakings of the arm so as to re-
present the shivering motion of the wings during flight, one produces
the neighing sound with the most astonishing exactness.

* Naumannia.

200

If one wishes to hear the humming of both feathers at once, as
must be the case from the flying bird, this also can be managed by
a simple contrivance. One takes a small stick, and fastens at the
side of the smaller end a piece of burnt steel wire in the form of a
fork ; one binds to each point a side tail-feather ; one bends the wire
so that the feathers receive the same direction which they do in the
spreading of the tail as the bird sinks itself in flight ; and then with
this apparatus one draws the feathers through the air, as before.

Such a sound, but in another tone, is produced when we experi-
ment with the tail-feathers of other kinds of Snipe. But in 8. major,
capensis, and frenata are found four humming-feathers (surr pennor)
on each side, which are considerably shorter than in the species we
have been speaking of. Scolopax javensis has eight on each side,
which are extremely narrow and very stiff.

Since in both sexes these feathers have the same form, it is clear
that both can produce the humming noise ; and by means of experi-
ment I have convinced myself that it is so. But as the feathers of
the hen are generally less than those of the cock bird, the noise also
made by them is not so deep as inthe other case. Professor Nilsson
announces, that in the female of the Single Snipe a neighing noise
has been already observed.

It would be interesting if travelling ornithologists would in future
make observations on the foreign species in a state of nature. It
ought to be found that these also have a neighing or humming noise,
but differmg considerably from that of our species.

Besides the significance which these tail-feathers have as a kind of
musical instrument, their form may give a very weighty character
in the determination of species standing very near one another, which
have been looked upon as varieties.

To call attention to this subject, I have caused to be drawn the
tail-feathers of several species. They are the following :—

Fig. 1. Seolopax (Telmatias, Boie) gallinago, L.

Fig. 2. Seolopax (Telmatias) capensis.

Ls Se

201

Fig. 3. Scolopa& (Telmatias) frenata, Mlig.

Fig. 4. Seolopax (Telmatias) javensis.

Fig. 5. Scolopax (Telmatias) major, L.

The structure of the tail-feathers in the last-named species differs
considerably from that of the others; it gives upon experiment no
humming sound ; and all the feathers of the tail are, as in Scolopax
rusticola, formed pretty much like one another.

If it be considered desirable to divide the Linnean genus Scolopax
into subgenera, I should propose to class those together which have
musical feathers iv the tail, under the name Odura.

The interesting discovery recorded in the above paper was first an-
nounced by M. Meves in an account of the birds observed by him-
self during a visit to the island of Gottland in the summer of the
year 1856, which account appeared in a publication of the Vetens-
kaps Akademi at Stockholm the following winter.

In the succeeding summer M. Meves kindly showed me his expe-
riments. The mysterious noise of the wilderness was reproduced in
a little room in the middle of Stockholm. First the deep bleat now
shown to proceed from the male Snipe, and then the fainter bleat
of the female, both most strikingly true to nature, neither producible
with any other feathers than the outer ones of the tail.

202,

I could not resist asking M. Meves the impertinent question, how,
issuing forth from the town for a summer ramble, he came to dis-
cover what all the field-naturalists and sportsmen of England and
other countries had, for the last century at least, been in vain trying
to make out, straining their eyes, and puzzling their wits? He freely
explained to me how, in a number of ‘ Naumannia,’ an accidental
misprint of the word representing tail-feathers instead of wing-fea-
thers—a mistake which another author took seriously, and ridiculed
—first led him to think on the subject. He subsequently examined
in the Museum the tail-feathers of various species of Snipe, re-
marked their structure, and reasoned upon it. Then he blew upon
them, and fixed them on levers that he might wave them with
greater force through the air; and at the same time he made
more careful observations than he had before done of the living
birds in the breeding season. In short, in him the obscure hint was
thrown upon fruitful ground, whilst in a hundred other minds it had
failed to come to life. At my invitation, M. Meves wrote for the
Zoological Society of London the paper which 1 have here trans-
lated.

Joun WoLtey.

April, 1858.

2. Synopsis oF THE AMERICAN ANT-BIRDS (FORMICARIIDZ).
By Puruie Luriey Scuater, M.A., F.L.S., erc. (Parr L,
CONTAINING THE THAMNOPHILINZ.)

(Aves, Pl. CXXXIX.-CXL.)

Although Prince Max von Neuwied and M. d’Orbigny both re-
cognized the error of separating the genera Thamnophilus and Cono-
pophaga from their natural allies the Formicarii, and placing
them, one in the family Laniide, and the other among the Muscica-
pide (as has been done by Swainson and other authors), Miller,
in his celebrated article “ Ueber die bisher unbekannten typischen
Verschiedenheiten der Stimmorgane der Passerinen,”’ was the first to
constitute this and the other peculiar groups of American Tracheo-
phone on an intelligible basis. Cabanis and Burmeister have since
followed out Miiller’s ideas, and reduced the genera belonging to
this family into a better-organized series. 'The arrangement of these
birds, employed in the present attempt at a synopsis of the numerous
and very imperfectly known species, does not materially differ from
that which the latter of these authors has employed in his ‘ Ueber-
sicht der Thiere Brasiliens.’ In one respect, however, I have adhered
more closely to Miiller’s ideas ; that is, in excluding the genus Scy-
talopus and its allies, for which Miiller created the family name
“ Scytalopide*.” J have already stated in these Proceedings, that

* More correctly written Scytalopodide—the derivation being ondtaXoy and

Tous, 7000S.

tT See P.Z. 8S. 1858, p. 69.

att

203

these birds (which, I think, are more correctly denominated “ Pte-
roptochide”’ from the oldest genus) seem to me to form a division
rather parallel than subordinate to the family Formicaritide, and
therefore I have not included them in this synopsis.

But after this exception, there appears to remain a very natural
group of birds, found only, as is usually the case with natural groups,
within a limited geographical area, ca! of which the different mem-
bers, although so varied in form as to be with difficulty comprehended
in very precise family characters, yet present such an amount of
coherence inter se, that it is impossible to remove any portion of
them from the series without doing violence to their obviously
natural affinities. For these birds J] employ, following Mr. Gray’s
example, the name “ Formicariide,”’ derived from lormicarius—
Boddaert’s Latinized term for Buffon’s Fourmillier, and therefore to
be preferred to ‘“ Mytotheride”’ and other derivatives of subse-
quently given appellations of the same genus.

‘This family,’ says M. D’Orbigny, who, as I have already ob-
served, takes the same view of its limits as is here adopted, “ appears
to us the most natural possible ; for it contains only birds who live,
so to say, together in the same localities. Very different from the
Shrikes of the Old World, which keep upon the outside of the trees,
or at least of the bushes; and from the Cyelorhines and Vireones,
which resemble them in habits,—these are all bush-birds pur ewcel-
lence, and inhabit the densest parts of the thorns and thickets. In
comparing them with the Shrikes (Lani) we find that the Thamno-
phili resemble them in their hooked and toothed bill, and their long
and graduated tail, but that they differ essentially in the shortness
of their rounded wings, which causes them to be sedentary and not
birds of travel, and in their long and slender tarsi and toes, which
connect them with the purely terrestrial species—that is, with the
Formicarians, to which they are intimately united by insensible pas-
sages. In fact, in passing from Thamnophilus, with its strong beak,
to Formicivora, one finds throughout the same habits and the same
way of life.’ ‘‘ Again,” says the same experienced observer, ‘‘ we
repeat that all the species of this family, independently of their
being of the same habits, have a facies which unites them together.
Their most salient traits are the long slender tarsi and toes, the ex-
terior toe united to the middle at its base, the moderate claws, the
fine elongated feathering of the rump, and in particular the spots of
white which occupy the base of the interscapularies in the males of
nearly all the species.” It would be easy to produce other testi-
mony—such as that of Prinee Max of Neuwied, Burmeister, &c., in

-fact, of every observer who has seen these birds in their native wilds,

as to the general resemblance of their habits ; and this is, without

‘doubt, a stroug argument in favour of their constituting a natural

and independent family. And their structure, when accurately
examined, will be found to be very different from that of the Laniide,
Turdide, and Muscicapide of the Old World, among which three
families the component genera of this group are unnaturally distri-
buted by many systematists.

204

Following then nearly the arrangement of Burmeister, already
alluded to, we can separate the Formicariide into three divisions,
which, although some of the genera in each are rather forms of
transition from one to the other, may, I think, be most conveniently
regarded as so many subfamilies. ‘he first of these, the Thamno-
philine, contains the largest and strongest birds of the group ; and it
is easy to conceive that a writer unacquainted with the intermediate
links which bind Batara cinerea and other strongly formed species
to their “ weaker brethren,” would at the first sight of the formi-
dable bill be inclined to locate them among the Lanizde. But the
graduated series that connects these with the more typical Formica-
rians follows in a succession so regular that the real difficulty is rather
to decide where the most salient breaks occur, and where one genus
ends and the next begins. The Thamnophiline are characterized
by their strong, deep, and compressed bill, which is hooked at the
tip and notched; their short rounded wings; their long, broad-fea-
thered, much-rounded tail, and strongly formed feet, with the tarsi
rather elongated, and both the acrotarsia and the paratarsia divided,
and the outer toe showing some signs of conjunction with the
middle. The sexes of the birds of this division are always of very
different colours, the males being varied with black and white, the
females with brown. In the second subfamily—the Formicivorine
—we find a series of smaller and more feebly formed species, which
are appropriately denominated by Swainson Ant-wrens. These have
the bill much more slender, not usually compressed, but as broad as
it is deep, and often much elongated ; the tip of the upper man-
dible is but very slightly hooked, and the final tooth often nearly
obsolete. The wings are short and rounded. The tail varies much,
being in some genera very long, and in others extremely short. The
tarsi are much more slender than in the Thamnophilines ; the outer
toe rather more closely connected with the middle. The sexes are
(with but few exceptions) different, as in the Thamnophiline. The
members of the third subfamily, or Formicariine, are more Thrush-
like in appearance, and are, again, more strongly formed but en-
tirely terrestrial species, whence they are named by D’Orbigny
** Fourmilliers marcheurs,”” or Ambulatores. In aceotdance with
these habits, the tarsi are much lengthened, the feet rather large,
and the toes long. The tail is always short and small, and nearly
square at the termimation. The wings are short as before. The
bill is rather variable, being in some genera broad, in others rather
thick and strong. The sexes of these birds are usually coloured alike.
In life, I believe, they carry their tail upright or even inclined
forwards, like the Wrens, in which respect, as in general conforma-
tion, they much resemble the birds of the nearly allied family
Pteroptochide.

The Formicariide are a strictly Neotropical group, occupying the
same area as the Cotingide, the Momotide, the Galbulide and
other characteristic families of this fauna. The most northern loca-
lity in which I have ascertained their occurrence is in the State of
Vera Cruz, in the tierra caliente of Mexico, where M. Sallé found

;

by
%
‘
.
;

205

four species — Thamnophili melanurus and doliatus, Formicarius
moniliger, and Grallaria guatimalensis. They are numerous in the
interior of New Granada, and most abundant in the great valley of
the Amazon, particularly in the region traversed by the upper con-
fluents of the great stream. A collection of birds from the Rio
Napo (which I lately had the pleasure of bringing before the notice
of this Society *) contained upwards of thirty species of these birds
from this single locality. They extend all over the interior of Peru
and Bolivia—rarely ascending the slopes of the Andean range above
5000 feet, the limit of D’Orbigny’s lowest zone, and not observed
by him southward of 23° south lat. On the Atlantic coast, however,
they certainly go further south, as I have seen several species of
Thamnophilus in collections from the Rio Grande do Sul (32° south
lat.); and Mr. Darwint procured specimens of a Thamnophilus
which has been referred to Thamnophilus doliatus, at Maldonado, in
the republic of Uruguay, nearly three degrees further south. On
the western side of the Andes they are only met with in the republics
of Ecuador and New Granada. Neither Tschudi in Peru nor D’Or-
bigny in Bolivia mentions their occurrence on the Pacific side of the
range.

The principal particular accounts which have been written of the
American Formicarians are Méné¢tries’s ‘‘ Monographie des Myio-
théres,’”’ in the first volume of the sixth series of ‘Memoirs of the
Imperial Academy of Sciences of St. Petersburg’ (1835), and Caba-
nis’s sketch of this family in his ‘‘ Ornithologische Notizen,” pub-
lished in Wiegman’s ‘ Archiv fiir Naturgeschichte’ for 1844. The
first of these authors enumerates forty-five species of these birds
(excluding the species of the Old World and the Pteroptochide) ;
the second does not enter at full length into the species, but only
gives a list of them in some particular genera.

In 1855 I communicated a paper on the species of the genus
Thamnophilus to the ‘Edinburgh New Philosophical Journal,’ New
Series. With the exception of separating off the somewhat abnormal
species 7’. cinereus and T’, lineatus, I have in the present synopsis
adhered pretty much to the arrangement there given. I have how-
ever thought it best to exclude from every part of the present sy-
stematic arrangement the species of which I have not myself examined
specimens, and to place them in an appendix. In so doing I need
hardly say I intend no disrespect to the authors who have described
these species; but I merely wish to indicate that I have not been
fortunate enough to meet with specimens answering to their charac-
ters, although many of them, no doubt, are founded on existing
species.

My own collection of these birds numbers about 223 specimens,
belonging to 112 species. The public collections to which I have
most frequently referred are those of the British Museum, and
the Jardin des Plantes at Paris, which both contain fine series of

* See antea, p. 59.
+ Darwin, in Voy. ‘ Beagle,’ Birds, p. 58.

206

these birds, particularly the former; and were it not for the unre-
stricted access to specimens which I have enjoyed through the kind-
ness of the authorities of these institutions, it would have been quite
useless for me to have attempted to work out the complicated species
of this group.

Fam. ForMICARIIDA.

Rostrum brevius aut vix longius quam caput, rectum aut paulo
incurvum, mandibule superioris apice plus minusve inflexo et
dente finali instructo ; gonyde recta aut leniter ascendente ;
rictu plerumque glabro ; naribus ovalibus, basalibus, plerumque
nudis, interdum membrana partim obtectis : alee breves, rotun-
date, e primariis decem, secundartis novem; remige prima
brevi, tertiam partem remigis longissime haud attingente ;
secunda et tertia brevioribus quam quarta quinta et sexta;
his fere equalibus et longissimis: cauda e rectricibus ple-
rumque duodecim, non raro decem; uropygii plums laxis
elongatis: pedes plus minusve validi ; digito exteriore cum
medio plus minusve conjuncto : ptilosis inornata, nigra, olivacea,
brunnea aut schistacea, nunquam e coloribus letis.

Subfam. I. THAMNOPHILIN.

Rostrum forte, altum, compressum, mandibule superioris apice
uncinato et distincte dentato: naribus ovalibus, basalibus,
nudis: pedes validi, acrotarsiis et paratarsis divisis: ale
breves rotundate : cauda elongata, rotundata : statura mgor :
sexus diversi, ptilosis marium albo-nigra, foeminarum olivacea
et brunnea; mares macula ad interscapulariarum basin alba
plerumque ornati.

Genus I. CymBiLanivs.
Cymbilanius, G. R. Gray, List of Gen. p. 49 (1840).

Statura modica: rostrum breve, latum, tumidum : gonyde ascen-
dente.

1. CyMBILANIUS LINEATUS.

Thamnophilus lineatus, Vieill. Nouv. Dict. iii. p. 318; Puch. Arch.
Mus. Par. vii. p. 351.

Lanius lineatus, Leach, Zool. Mise. pl. 6.

Thamnophilus lineatus, Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 298; Sclater, Edinb.
Phil. Journ. n. s. i. p. 231.

Cymbilanius lineatus, Gray, List of Gen. 1840, p. 49; Bp. Consp.
p. 197. ,

3. Supra niger, albo anguste transvittatus : pileo nigro: subtus
albo-cinereus, nigro confertim transvittatus.

2. Pileo rufo: fasciis corporis supert et colore corporis infert
rufescentibus.

Long. tota 6°5, alee 3:0, caudee 3°0.

Hab. Cayenne ; Upper Amazon ; Ecuador, prov. Quixos.

Mus. Bnit., P. L. 8.

207

Genus II. Barara.
Batara, Less. Trait. @’Orn. i. p. 347 (1831).

Statura maxima : rostrum elongatum, valde compressum, fortiter
uncinatum.

1. BaTARA CINEREA.

Thamnophilus cinereus, Vieill. N. D. d. H. N. xxxv. p. 200 (¢);
Sclater, Edinb. Phil. Journ. n. s. i. 229.

Thamnophilus rufus, Vieill. ibid. ( 2 ).

Lanius undulatus, Mikan, Del. Faun. Bras. pl. 2.

Thamnophilus undulatus, Burm. Syst. Ueb. iii. 89.

Thamnophilus cristatellus, Vieill. Enc. Méth. p. 749 ; Puch. Arch.
Mus. Par. vii. p. 354. *

Thamnophilus vigorsi, Such, Zool. Journ. i. p. 557. pls. 7 & 8.

Thamnophilus gigas, Sw. Class. B. ii. 220.

Vanga striata, Q. & G. Voy. Uran. Ois. pls. 18 & 19.

Batara striata, Less. Tr. d’Orn. p. 347.

do. Cinereus : pileo cristato nigro: dorso alis et cauda nigris,
albo transfasciatis.

Q. Pileo antice castaneo: fascits ferrugineis neque albis, subtus
albo-cinerea, ventre brunnescente.

Long. tota 14-0, alee 5-0, caudze 7-0.

Hab. South-eastern Brazil: Minas Geraes, S. Paolo; Rio Grande

do Sul (Plant).
Mus. Brit., P. L.S.

Genus III. THamMnopuitus.

Taraba, Less. Trait. d’Orn. i. p. 376 (1831).
Diallactes, Reichb. Av. Syst. Nat. pl. Ixxi. (1850).
Nisius, Reichb. ibid.

Othello, Reichb. ibid.

Statura media aut minor: rostrum brevius quam caput, uncina-
tum: alarum remigibus quarta, quinta et sexta longissimis.

a. NIsIvs. Rerefiowi [FSO

Statura major: rostrum forte, uncinatum : cauda elongata.

1. THAMNOPHILUS LEACHI.

Thamnophilus leachi, Such, Zool. Journ. i. p. 588 (cd); Jard. &
Selb. Ill. Orn. pl. 41; Sclater, Edinb. N. Phil. Journ. i. p. 230 ;
Burm. Syst, Ueb. iii. 90.

Thamnophilus ruficeps, Such, Zool. Journ. i. p. 589 ( 2 ).

Lanius variolosus, Licht. in Mus. Berol.

Lanius funebris, Cuv. in Mus. Par.; Puch. Arch. d. Mus. vii.
324.

6. Niger, supra albo ocellatus : ventris plumis albo stricte mar-
ginatis.

208

2. Nigra, ferrugineo ocellata : pileo ferrugineo striato.

Long. tota 10°5, alee 3°5, caude 5:0.

Hab. South-eastern Brazil, Minas Geraes Spe Rio Grande
do Sul (Plant).

Mus. Brit., P. L.S.

2. THAMNOPHILUS SEVERUS.

Thamnophilus lineatus, Vieill. Nouv. Dict. iii. 316 (?).
Lanius severus, Licht. Doubl. p. 45.
Thamnophilus niger, Such, Zool. Journ. i. p. 589 ‘eee Jard.
Selb. Ill. Orn. pl. 21.
Thamnophilus swainsoni, Such, Zool. Journ. i. p. 556. pl. 5.
Thamnophilus othello, Less. Cent. Zool. p, 65. pl. 19.
Batara othello, Less. Tr. d Orn. p. 347.
Thamnophilus severus, Gray, Gen. i. p. 297; Sclater, Edinb. Phil.
Journ. i. p. 230; Burm. Syst. Ueb. ii. 90.
3. Niger unicolor, cristatus.
2. Pileo eristato rufo : corpore nigro et fulvo confertim trans-
vittato: cauda nigra, obsolete transfasciata.
Long. tota 8°5, alee 3°5, caudee 4°5.

Hab. South-eastern Brazil, S. Paolo (Licht.) ; Minas Geraes
(Such).

Mus. Brit., P.L.S.

3. THAMNOPHILUS GUTTATUS.

Thamnophilus guttatus, Vieill. Nouv. Dict. iii. 315; Puch. Arch.
Mus. Par. vii. p. 324; Spix, Av. Bras. ii. pl. 35. fig. 1 (2); Max.
Beitr. ii. 1019.

Lanius meleager, Licht. Doubl. p. 46. '

Thamnophilus maculatus, Such, ea: Journ. i. p- 557, pl.-Os

Thamnophilus meleager, Gray, Gen. i. p- 297; Sclater, Edinb. Ph.
Journ. i. 231; Burm. Syst. Ueb. ii. 91.

Lanius macusanin Cuv. in Mus. Par. ; Puch. Arch. Mus. vii. 328.

3. Supra niger, albo guttatus; subtus albus: alis et cauda
nigris, albo transfasciatis.

2. Guttis et fasciis fulvidis ; abdomine pallide ochraceo.

Long. tota 9:0, alee 3°5, caudze 4:0.

Hab. South-eastern Brazil : Espiritu S‘°, Bahia, and Minas Geraes
(Maz.); S. Paolo (Licht.).

Mus. Brit., P.L.S.

4. THAMNOPHILUS FULIGINOSUS.

Thamnophilus viridis, Vieill. Nouv. Dict. iii. p. 318, et Enc. Méth.
p- 743; Puch. Arch. M. P. vii. p. 354( 9).

Lanius lunulatus, Cuv. in Mus. Paris. (9); Less. Tr. d’Orn.
p 375. pl. 45. fig. 2.

Thamnophilus lunulatus, Sclater, Edinb. N. Phil, Journ. i. p. 232
(1855).

209

Thamnophilus fuliginosus, Gould, P. Z. S. 1837, p. 80(¢);
Gray, Gen. i. p. 298; Sclater, Edinb. N. Phil. Journ. i. p. 234.

South American Strike, Lath. G. H. ii. p. 79.

3. Cinereus, gutture et capite cristato nigris: cauda obsolete
( transfasciata.
Q. Lete rufa: corpore subtus albo nigroque confertim trans-

vittato: cauda nigricante, albo obsolete transfasciata.

Long. tota 8°5, alee 3°7, caudee 3-0.

Hab. Cayenne ; British Guiana.

Mus. Brit., Derb., P. L.S.

From examination of several specimeus in intermediate states of

_ plumage, it appears evident that Lesson’s 7’. unulatus is the female

of the 7’. fuliginosus of Mr. Gould. I have adopted the latter name
for this species, although not the most ancient, because the former
is only applicable to the female.

La bl fi iO» |
b. TARABA. daieen © 162).
Statura modica: cauda minus elongata.

5. THAMNOPHILUS MAJOR.

Batara el major, Azara, Apunt. no. 218, unde.

Thamnophilus major, Vieill. Nouv. Dict. iii. 313; Ene. Méth.
p- 744 ; @Orb. Voy. p. 166; Schomb. Reisen, iii. p. 607; Bp. Consp.
p- 198; Sclater, Edinb. N. Phil. Journ. n. s. i. p. 232.

Th. stagurus, Max, Beitr. iii. 990 ; Gray’s Gen. p. 297 ; Burm.
Syst. Ueb. iii. p.92.

Th. albiventer, Spix, ii. p. 23, pl. 32 ( dandé ).

Th. bicolor, Sw. Zool. Journ. iu. 86 (¢); Orn. Dr. pl. 60 ; Gray’s
Gen. i. p. 297.

Th. cinnamomeus, Sw. Zool. Journ. ii. p. 87 (2); Gray’s Gen.

. 297.

Pe Th. magnus, Wied.,” Less. Tr. Orn, p. 375.

Lanius stagurus, Licht. Verz.d. Doubl. p. 46.

3. Niger, subtus albus; alarum tectricibus albo marginatis ;

caude rectricibus lateralibus albo guttatis.

9. Rufa, subtus alba.

Long. tota 7:0, alee 3°7, caude 3:0.

Hab. Trinidad, Guiana (Schomb.); Brazil, Para (Wallace) ;
Pernambuco (Spiz); Bahia (Licht.) ; Rio Belmonte (Max) ; Bo-
livia, Yungas, Cochabamba, Santa Cruz de la Sierra, and Chiquitos
(D’ Orb.) ; Paraguay (Azara) ; Argentine Rep., Santa Fé, and Cor-
rientes (D’ Orb.).

Mus. Brit., P.L.S.

6. THAMNOPHILUS MELANURUS.

Thamnophilus major, Tsch. Av. Consp. in Wiegm. Arch. 1844,
p- 277; Faun. Per. p. 170.
Thamnophilus melanurus, Gould, Ann. N. H. ser. 2. xv. p. 345 ;

No. CCCLX.—Procerpincs or THE ZOOLOGICAL Society.

210

P. Z. 8.1855, p. 69. pl. 83 ; Sclater, Edinb. N. Phil. Journ. i. p. 233;
P. Z.S. 1856, p. 142, et 1857, p. 203.

3. Niger, subtus albus; tectricibus alarum albo marginatis ;

cauda nigra immaculata.

2. Rufa, subtus alba.

Long. tota 8:5, ale 3°7, caude 3:3.

Hab. Eastern Peru (Tsch.); River Ucayali (Hauxwell) ; New
Granada, Bogota; Panama, Chiriqui (Bridges) ; S. Mexico, prov.
Vera Cruz (Sallé) ; Rio Napo.

Mus. Brit.

7. THAMNOPHILUS TRANSANDEANUS.

Thamnophilus transandeanus, Sclater, P. Z.S. 1855, p. 18; Edinb.
N. Phil. Journ. i. p. 233.

3. Niger, subtus albus: tectricibus alarum et crisso nigris albo
marginatis : cauda nigra, rectricibus duabus utrinque eatimis
macula parva terminali alba preditis.

Long. tota 8-0, alee 3°7, caudee 3°2.

Hab. Guayaquil (Barclay).

Mus. Brit.

8. THAMNOPHILUS CORVINUS.

Thamnophilus corvinus, Gould, P. Z. 8.1855, p. 69; Ann. N. H.
ser. 2. xv. p. 345 ; Sclater, Edinb. N. Phil. Journ. i. p. 234; P.Z.S.
1858, p. 65.

3. Ater: campterio summo niveo.

Long. tota 7:0, alee 3°5, caudee 2°5, rostri a rictu 1:0.

Hab. Eastern Peru, River Ucayali (Hauawell) ; Ecuador, Rio

Napo.
Mus. Brit., P. L. 8.

9. 'THAMNOPHILUS MELANOCEPS.

Thamnophilus melanoceps, Spix, Av. Bras. ii. p. 28. pl. 39. f. 1;
Sclater, P.Z.S. 1857, p. 133, et 1858, p. 65.

Saturate ferrugineus, subtus magis cinnamomeus, capite toto cum

gutture nigris.

Long. tota 6°5, alee 3:2, caude 2°4, rostri a rictu 1:0.

Hab. Sarayacu on the Ucayali (Cast. et Dev.) ; Hastern Ecuador,
Quixos.

Mus. Paris., P.L.S.

This is very likely to be the female of the preceding species ; but
the dimensions of my specimens of each do not quite agree, and I
am afraid to unite them until I obtain further evidence on the sub-
ject.

10. THAMNOPHILUS MELANOTHORAX.
Thamnophilus melanothorax, Sclater, P. Z. 8. 1857, p. 133.
Supra intense castaneus, remigibus alarum intus nigricanti-brun-

lle i ee ee er ae

211

neis, lateribus capitis et corpore subtus ad imum pectus atris,

hoe colore in ventrem sensim dilutiore : ventre et lateribus oli- .

vascenti-brunneis rufo tinctis: cauda unicolore castanea :
rostro corneo : pedibus nigro-fuscis.
Long. tota 6°5, alee 3°2, caudee 2°8.
Hab. South America.
Mus, Brit.
I have not yet succeeded in meeting with other examples of this
curious species.

1]. THAMNOPHILUS HYPERYTHRUS.

Thamnophilus hyperythrus, Gould, Ann. N. Hi. ser. 2. xv. p. 346;
P. Z.S. 1855, p. 70; Sclater, Edinb. Phil. Mag. i. p. 235.

3. Schistaceus, alis caudaque nigris, alarum tectricibus albo

guttatis: subtus saturate ferrugineus.

2. Obscurior, colore corporis inferi valde dilutiore.

Long. tota 7°0, alee 3°2, caudee 2°3.

Hab. Chamicurros on the Huallaga (Hauawell) ; Pebas, Upper
Amazon (Cast. et Deville).

Mus. Brit., Paris.

12. THAMNOPHILUS LUCTUOSUS.

Lanius luctuosus, Licht. Doubl. p. 47.

Thamnophilus luctuosus, Tsch. Faun. Per. p.172 ; Sclater, Edinb.
Phil. Journ. i. 234; Burm. Syst. Ueb. iii. 93.

Lanius melas, Cuy. in Mus. Par.; Puech. Arch. Mus. vii. p. 328.
me 07.1. 1.

3. Niger cristatus: alarum tectricibus supra et infra cum caude
apice albis.

Long. tota 6°7, alee 3°2, caudze 2°5.

Hab. Eastern Peru (Tsch.).

Mus. Brit.

c. THAMNOPHILUS.
Statura minor : forma debilior : rostrum minus uncinatum.
Div. «. Species ptilosi marium nigra aut obscura, subunicolor.

13. THAMNOPHILUS IMMACULATUS.

Thamnophilus immaculatus, Lafr. R. Z. 1845, p. 340; Gray, Gen.
B. iii. App. p.14 ; Sclater, Edinb. N. Phil. Journ. i. p. 249.

é. Niger: campterio summo partim albo.
2. Brunneo-cinnamomea ; fronte, loris, genis gutture et cauda
tota nigro-ardesiacis.
Long. tota 6°5, alee 3°3, caudee 3°0.
Hab. New Granada, Bogota; Ecuador, western base of Andes
near Quito (Jameson).
Mus. P.L.S.

212

14. THAMNOPHILUS EZTHIOPS.
Thamnophilus ethiops, Sclater, P. Z.S. 1858, p. 65.

3. Ater unicolor ; campterio et tectricibus subalaribus albo
variegatis : rostro et pedibus nigerrimis.

2. Castaneo-brunnea unicolor, alis intus obscurioribus ; maculis
quibusdam tectricum superiorum majorum apicalibus cum eamp-
terii margine et tectricibus subalaribus flavicanti-rufis: cauda
nigra.

Long. tota 6°0, alee 2°8, caudze 2°5, rostri a rictu ‘85, tarsi °9.

Hab. Eastern Ecuador, Rio Napo.

Mus. P.L.S.

15. THAMNOPHILUS BRIDGESI.

Thamnophilus bridgesi, Sclater, P. Z. 8. 1856, p. 141.

3. Fumoso-brunneus, capite nigro, albo striato : alis nigris, albo
guttatis : caude rectricibus lateralibus nigro terminatis : gula
et pectore toto nigricantibus, albo striatis.

Long. tota 6°7, alee 2°8, caudze 2°5.

Hab. Chiriqui, David (Bridges).

Mus. Brit.

16. THAMNOPHILUS CASIUS.

Petit merle brun & gorge rousse de Cayenne, Buff. Pl. Enl. 644.
fie 12).
Salas rufus, Boddaert, Table des Pl. Enl.
Turdus rufifrons, Gmel. et auct. (2).
Lanius cesius, Cuv. in Mus. Paris (3); Puch. Arch. vii. p. 330.
Thamnophilus cesius, Sclater, P. Z.S. 1855, p. 19; Edinb. N.
Phil. Journ. i. p. 284.

3. Nigro-plumbeus, pileo cristato et gula nigris: tectricum
alarium marginibus anguste albis.

Q. Fusca, pileo nigricante : capitis lateribus, tectricum alarium
marginibus et corpore subtus rufis.

Long. tota 5:5, alee 3°25, caudee 2°25.

Hab. Cayenne; British Guiana.

Mus. Brit., P. L. 8S.

Div. 6. Species ptilosi marium cinerea, alis caudaque albo
marginatis.

17. THAMNOPHILUS NIGRO-CINEREUS.

Thamnophilus nigro-cinereus, Sclater, P. Z. S. 1855, p. 18. pl. 81;
Edinb. N. Phil. Journ. i. p. 246.

3. Cinereus, capite toto cum dorso summo et gutture nigris ; in-
terscapularibus ad basin albis; alis caudaque nigricantibus,
albo limbatis ; rectrice una utrinque extima media albo notata.

213

Q. Rufo-brunnea; gula et ventre medio albescentioribus ; alarum
tectricibus secundariisque et cauda, sicut in mari, albo notatis.

Long. tota 5°75, ale 3°8, caude 2°4,

Hab. Northern Brazil, Para.

Mus. Brit., P. L. S.

18. THAMNOPHILUS N2XVIUS.

Spotted Shrike, Lath. Syn. i. pt. 1. p. 190, undé

Lanius nevius, Gm. 8. N. i. p. 308; Leach, Zool. Mise. t. 17 ;

Licht. Doubl. p. 46.

Le Tachet, Levail. Ois. d’ Afr. ii. pl. 77. f. 1, unde

Lanius punctatus, Shaw, G. Z, viii. pt. 2. p. 327.

Thamnophilus nevius, Sw. Orn. Dr. pl. 59 ; Schomb. Reisen, iii.

p- 687; Sclater, Edinb. Phil. Journ. i. p. 242; Burm, Syst. Ueb.

lll, p. 94,

oe caerulescens, Lafr. R. Z. 1853, p. 338.

3. Cinereus: pileo nigro: interscapulio albo nigroque mixto :
alis caudaque nigris albo marginatis: rectrice una utrinque
extima in pogonio externo albo maculata.

2. Pallide viridescenti-rufa, subtus dilutior : pileo, alis caudaque
rufescentibus : alis caudaque sicut in mari albo notatis.

Long. tota 5:5, alee 2°7, caudze 2°1.

Hab. Cayenne; British Guiana; Northern Brazil, Para; New

Granada, Bogota; South-Eastern Brazil (Burm.).

Mus, Brit., P. L.S.

19. THAMNOPHILUS AMBIGUUS.

Thamnophilus nevius, Vieill. N. D. iti. 316 ; et Enc. Mcth. p. 747 ;
Lafr. Rev. et Mag. de Zool. 1853, p. 338.

Th. ambiguus, Sw. Zool. Journ. ii, p. 91; Sclater, Edinb. N. Phil.
Journ. i. p. 245.

Th. nigricans, Max, Beitr. ii. 1006 ; Burm, Syst. Ueb. iii. p. 96.
Th. ferrugineus, Sw. Zool. Journ. ii. p. 91 (2)?

3 Cinereus, ventre albescente: pileo nigro: interscapulio nigro
alho mixto: alis caudaque nigris albo marginatis : rectricibus
omnibus in utroque pogonio albo maculatis.

2. Pallide viridescenti-rufa, subtus dilutior : pileo, alis et cauda
rufis, his albo terminatis.

Long. tota 5°7, alee 2°8, caudee 2°3.

Hab. §.¥. Brazil (Maz) ; Minas Geraes (Such).

Mus. Brit.

20. THAMNOPHILUS PILEATUS.

Thamnophilus pileatus, Sw. Zool. Journ. ii. p. 91 ; Sclater, Edinb.
N. Phil. Journ. i. p. 245( 4)? Burm. Syst. Ueb. iii. p. 95.

Thamnophilus maculatus, Lafr. et D’Orb. Syn. Av. in Mag. de
Zool. 1837, p. 11; D’Orb. Voy. p. 172; Lafr. Rev. et Mag. de
Zool. 1853, p. 339; Sclater, Edinb. N. Phil. Journ. i. p. 246 (@).

Thamnophilus ventralis, Sclater, Edinb. N. Phil. Mag.i.p.244( 2).

214

3. Cinereus, subtus dilutior, ventre medio albo: pileo subcristato
nigro : interscapulio nigro albo mixto : alis caudaque nigris albo
terminatis : rectricis extime pogonii externi dimidio apicali
albo, macula subterminali nigra: rostro breviore, altiore, com-
pressiore.

2. Rufescenti-olivacea, abdomine ferrugineo: alis caudaque, sicut
in mari, albo notatis, sed remigum marginibus externis rufes-
centibus.

Long. tota 6°0, alee 2°7, caude 2°5.

Hab. South-eastern Brazil (Burm.) ; Corrientes (D’ Ord.).

Mus. Brit., P. L. 8.

_ Prof. Burmeister has identified—perhaps correctly—my Thamno-

philus ventralis with Swainson’s Thamnophilus pileatus ; and I am

glad to follow his lead in reducing the number of useless synonyms
of supposed species of this genus. I have likewise convinced my-
self that the Thamnophilus maculatus of my ‘‘ Draft Arrangement ”’
is nothing more than the female of this species.

21. THAMNoPHILUS AMAzonicus. (Pl. CXXXIX. fig. 1d,
fig. 29.)

Thamnophilus ruficollis, Spix, Av. Bras. ii. pl. 37. f.1( 2);
Schomb. Guian. iii. 687 ; Sclater, Edinb. N. Phil. Journ. i. p. 247.

3. Cinereus: pileo, nucha et dorso summo, alis caudaque niger-
rimis : macula interscapularium magna alba: alis caudaque
albo terminatis: rectrice extima item in pogonio externo me-
dialiter albo notata.

9. Rufescenti-olivacea: capite toto et corpore subtus ferru-
gineis, abdomine dilutiore: alis caudaque sicut in mari albo
notatis.

Long. tota 5:0, alee 2°6, caudee 2°3.

Hab. Brazil (Spix) ; British Guiana (Schomb.); Upper Amazon

(Bates).

Mus. Brit., P. L.S. :

I have only lately acquired specimens of the male of this species
from Mr. Bates’s collections on the Upper Amazon. The British
Museum have received specimens from the same source, and xmongst
them a young bird; clearly showing that Spix’s 7. rujicollis is
merely the female. This bird may easily be distinguished from 7’.
nevius and T'’. ambiguus by the black nape and upper back in the
male bird, and the very different dress of the female. Spix’s name
being only applicable to the female sex, I have deemed it necessary.
to employ a new one.

22. THAMNOPHILUS CAPITALIS.

Thamnophilus capitalis, Sclater, P. Z. S$. 1858, p. 65.

3. Cinereus, alis intus obscurioribus : pileo nigro; subtus dilu-
tior, tectricibus subalaribus et marginibus remigum interioribus
ochracescenti-albidis : cauda nigricante : rostro et pedibus
plumbeo-nigris.

215

Q. Umbrino-brunnea ; pileo rufo; subtus dilutior, gula albican-
tiore: rostro pedibusque plumbeis, illius mandibula inferiore
pallidiore.

Long. tota 5*7, alee 2°5, caudee 2:0, tarsi *75.

Hab. Rio Napo (/ erreaus).

Mus. P.L.S.

23. THAMNOPHILUS STRIGILATUS.
Thamnophilus strigilatus, Spix, Av. Bras. il. pl. 36. fig. 1.

Fuscescenti-olivacea, subtus dilutior, gutture rufescente : capitis
et dorsi superioris scapis plumarum albidis : macula magna in-
terscapulari celata castanea: alis extus et cauda rufis ; rostro
altiore, productiore, fortiter uncinata: cauda longiore : tarsis
brevioribus.

Long. tota 6'0, alee 2°8, caudze 2°6, tarsi 08.

fab. Rio Napo.

Mus. P.L.S.

I refer this bird (which is probably a female), not without doubt,

to Spix’s Thamnophilus strigilatus. It has a deeper and stronger

bill, weaker feet and rather longer tail, than is found in the neigh-
bouring species, and is probably generically different.

Div. y. Species pileo nigro, cristato.

24. THAMNOPHILUS ATRICAPILLUS.

Pie-griéche huppée de Canada, Buff. Pl. Enl. 479. f. 2.

Lanius canadensis, Linn. 8. N. i. 134 (2).

Lanius atricapillus, Gm. 8. N. i. 303.

Le Fourmillier huppé, Buff. H. N. iv. p. 476.

Turdus cirrhatus, Gm. 8. N. i. p. 826.

Lanius pileatus, Lath. Ind. Orn. i. p. 76.

Tyrannus atricapillus, Vieill. Ois. de ? Am. Sept. pl. 48. p.78 (2 ).
Tyr. canadensis, ib. p. 79. pl. 49 (2).

Thamnophilus cirrhatus, Schomb. Reisen, iii. p. 687.
Thamnophilus atricapillus, Sclater, Edinb. N. Phil. Journ. n. s. i.
. 240.

3. Cinereus, subtus albescentior : dorso medio rufescenti-brun-
neo: capite cristato et gutture cum pectore et ventre medio
nigris: alis caudaque nigris albu marginatis.

2. Crista rufa: subtus ochraceo tincta, gutture nigro striato.

Long. tota 5°5, alee 2°7, caudze 2°2.

Hab. Trinidad; Cayenne ; British Guiana (Schomb.).

Mus. Brit., P. L.S.

25. THAMNOPHILUS CRISTATUS.

Thamnophilus cristatus, Max, Beitr. iii. p. 1002; Burm. Syst.
Veb. iii. p. 97.

Lanius pecilurus, Cuv. in Mus. Paris. ; Puch. Archiv. Mus. Par.
Wil. p. 331. pl. 17. f. 2.

216

Similis T. atricapillo, sed caude rectricibus maculis albis regu-
lariter transfasciatis.
Hab. South-eastern Brazil (Maz).
Mus. Paris.
In my Draft Arrangement of this genus I erroneously united this
species to the preceding. I have only seen the example in the Paris
Museum.

26. THAMNOPHILUS LEUCAUCHEN.

Thamnophilus leucauchen, Sclater, P. Z. S. 1855, p. 18. pl. 79;
Edinb. N, Phil. Journ. i. p. 241.

3. Pileo cristato cum lateribus capitis et gutture antico ad me-
dium pectus nigris; nucha, cervice laterali et corpore subtus
albis; dorso murino-brunneo ; alis caudaque nigris albo limbatis;
rectricis une utringue exiime pogonio externo medio et omnium
apicibus albo maculatis ; rostro et pedibus nigris.

Q. Crista ferruginea; subtus ochracea, gutture nigro striato,
lateribus capitis et nucha ochraceis nigro mixtis.

Long. tota 6:4, alee 2°8, caudze 2°5.

Hab. Eastern Peru, Upper Amazon (Hauawell).

Mus. P-L. 8:

Distinguished from T. atricapillus by the white sides of the neck,

brighter-brown back and the termination of the black below at the
breast, instead of being produced over the middle of the belly.

27. THAMNOPHILUS ALBINUCHALIS.

Thamnophilus albinuchalis, Sclater, P. Z. S. 1855, p. 18; Edinb.
N. Phil. Journ. i. p. 241.

3. Supra murino-brunneus ; nucha late alba; dorsi medii pennis
albo mixtis ; capite summo cristato nigro; alis fuscis, tectrici-
bus albo limbatis ; cauda nigra, rectricum omnium apicibus et
une utringue extime margine externo albo maculatis; subtus
albus ; gutture et pectore antico nigris ; capitis lateribus albo
mixtis.

2. Supra brunnescentior, capite et cauda tota rufo-ferrugineis ;
nucha et corpore infra ochraceis.

Long. tota 6°5, alee 3°2, caudze 2°5.

Hab. Guayaquil (Kellett) ; Island of Puna (Barclay).

Mus. Brit.

Obs. Species a Thamnophilo atricapillo nucha alba et colore cor-

poris inferi albo nec schistaceo, a Thamnophilo leuchauchene dorso
albo mixto, crassitie majore, et nucha candidiore distmguenda.

28. THAMNOPHILUS MELANONOTUS.
Thamnophilus melanonotus, Sclater, P. Z. S. 1855, p. 19. pl. 80;
Edinb. N. Phil. Journ. i. p. 242.
3. Supra niger ; interscapularibus albo mixtis ; dorso postico
cinereo : alis ngris albo marginatis ; cauda nigra, rectricum
omnium apicibus et extime utrinque lateralis etiam pogonio ex-

217

terno medio albo maculatis ; subtus gutture et pectore toto
nigris, abdomine cinerascenti-albo medialiter nigricante.
Long. tota 6°5, alte 3-0, caudee 2-5.
Hab. 8. Martha, New Granada (Verreauz).
Mus. P.L.S.
I have not yet met with other examples of this apparently distinct
species.

29. THAMNOPHILUS ASPERSIVENTRIS.

Thamnophilus aspersiventer, Lafr. et D’Orb. Syn. Av. in Mag. de
Zool. 1837, p.10; D’Orb. Voy. p. 171. pl. 4. fig. 1 (¢), fig. 2(2)
(err. sub nom. Th. schistace?) ; Lafr. Rev. Zool. 1844, p. 83; Gray’s
Gen, i. p. 298; Sclater, Edinb. N. Phil. Journ. n. s, i. p- 242.

3. Niger, dorso cinerascente ; interscapulio nigro, basi alba:
tectricibus alarum albo marginatis : rectricum apicibus et une
utrinque extime macula in pogonio externo albis: abdomine
einereo, albo et nigro quasi asperso.

2. Abdomine toto rufo.

Long. tota 6°5, alee 2°9, caudee 2°5.

Hab. Bolivia (D’ Oré.).

Mus. P.L.S.

Div. 6. Species ptilosi marium albo nigroque fasciata, faminarum
rufa.
30. THAMNOPHILUS DOLIATUS.

Lanius doliatus, Linn. 8. N. i. 136 (3).

Lanius rubiginosus, Lath. Ind. Orn. Suppl. p. 18 (2).

Pie-griéche rayée de Cayenne, Buff. Pl. Enl. 297.

Thamnophilus doliatus, Max, Beitr. ili. p. 995; Gray, Gen. i.
297 ; Schomb. Guian. ili. 687; Sclater, Edinb. Phil. Journ. i. 235 ;
P. Z. S. 1856, p. 65 et 141; Bp. Notes Orn. p. 86; Gould, Zool.
Voy. Beagle, Birds, p. 58; Burm. Syst. Ueb. iii. 98.

3. Niger albo transfasciatus ; subtus albus nigro transfasciatus ;
pileo cristato nigro, basi albo mixta: cauda nigra, rectricibus
omnibus in utroque pogonio quinque aut sex maculis albis
transvittatis.

2. Ferruginea, subtus pallidior: gutture nigro obsolete punc-
tato.

Long. tota 5:5, alee 3-0, caudee 2°3.

Hab. Southern Mexico (Sal/é) ; Honduras ; Veragua (Bridges) ;
S. Martha; Trinidad ; Cayenne; British Guiana; Northern Brazil ;
Inner Peru, r. Ucayali (Hauawell) ; 8.E. Brazil (Maz).

Mus. Brit., P. L.S., &e.

Dr. Burmeister complains that I have unnecessarily split up the
Th. doliatus into different species (Syst. Ueb. iii. p. 98). In my
Draft Arrangement of this genus I certainly indicated seven sets of
names that appeared to me to refer to different birds, though none

i, - ie

218

of them were of my creation. I have now rejected two of these, of
which I have not yet seen specimens, namely 7. albicans and T.
brevirostris. And having again carefully compared specimens of
the other five species as here given, I cannot regard them otherwise
than as distinct ; and I believe Dr. Burmeister would agree with me
if he were to examine them, which he acknowledges he has never
had an opportunity of doing.

31. THAMNOPHILUS CAPISTRATUS.

Thamnophilus radiatus, Spix, Av. Bras. ii. p. 24. pl. 35. fig. 2(¢),
38, fig. 1 (¢).

Th. capistratus, Less. Rev. Z. 1840, p. 226; Sclater, Edinb. N.
Phil. Journ. i. p. 236.

3. Albo nigroque fasciatus : pileo cristato nigro : ventre medio
albo: rectricibus lateralibus nigris, maculis solum in pogonio
exteriore albis: rectricibus duabus mediis in utroque pogonio
maculatis.

?. Capite, dorso, alis caudaque ferruginets : subtus pallide flavi-
do-rufescens ; ventre et crisso albidis.

Long. tota 5:5, alee 2°6, caudee 2°3.

Hab. Brazil (Spix) ; Minas Geraes (Maz).

Mus. Brit., P. L. S.

This species is distinguished from 7’. doliatus by its crested black
head and by the want of spots on the inner webs of the lateral rec-
trices. Prince Max of Neuwied’s bird appears to belong to the
former species.

32. THAMNOPHILUS RADIATUS.

Batara listado, Azara, Pax. i. p. 196.

Thamnophilus radiatus, Vieill. Nouv. Dict. ii. 315 ; D’Orb. Voy.
Ois. p. 168; Sclater, Edinb. Phil. Journ. i. p. 237.

3. Pileo cristato nigro ; supra niger albo transfasciatus ; infra
albus fasciis angustis magis distantibus, in ventre fere evanes-
centibus, nigris ; gutture et crisso irregulariter albo punctatis;
rectricibus omnibus et in utroque pogonio albo maculatis.

2. Supra ferruginea, pileo intensiore: infra pallide ochracea,
gutture et ventre medio albis: lateribus capitis et nucha nigro
dense striatis.

Long. tota 6:3, alee 2°9, caudee 2°6.

Hab. Paraguay (Azara); Bolivia, Yungas, Santa Cruz de la

Sierra, Chiquitos, and Moxos (D’Ord.).

Mus. P. U8.

The preceding characters are taken from a pair of birds im my
collection, received from Bolivia. In comparing them with the true
‘‘ doliatus”’ we find the following differences :—Above, the crest is
black, and wants the medial white vertical band of the ‘‘ doliatus,”’
and the hinder part of the neck is rather more mixed with white.
Below, the plumage is much whiter, the sides of the head are stri-
ated with black, and there are black points on the throat; the black

= 2 hl

219

bands on the breast are much narrower and wider apart, and grow
obsolete on the belly, the middle of which is almost white. The
white spots on each web of the tail-feathers are situated as in dolia-
tus, but are broader and squarer in form. In the female, the plu-
mage above agrees with doliatus ? ; below, the striw are confined to
the sides of the throat, this and the belly in the middle being pure
white, with the breast and sides pale creamy buff.

33. THAMNOPHILUS TENUIPUNCTATUS.

Thamnophilus tenuipunctatus, Lafr. Rev. et Mag. de Zool. 1853,
p- 339; Sclater, Edinb. Phil. Journ. i. p. 238.

Supra nigerrimus, lineis angustis albis transversim vittatus, pileo
nigro: subtus albo nigroque regulariter transfasciatus, vittis
nigris paulo latioribus : cauda nigra; rectricibus in utroque
pogonio lineis angustis transversis albis notatis: rostro bre-
viore et minus alto quam in Th. doliato.

Long. tota 5°5, alee 2°8, caudee 2°3, tarsi 0°95.

Hab. New Granada; Bogota.

Mus. Brit. .

Two specimens of this bird are in the British Museum. They
agree generally with Lafresnaye’s characters of Thamnophilus tenui-
punctatus, and I am unwilling to give them a different name. But
the wing-feathers are exteriorly as well as interiorly spotted in these
specimens, and the inner as well as the outer webs of the tail-feathers
are crossed by narrow transverse lines. These do not extend up to
the shaft, but leave the web adjacent to the shaft black. As far as
I can understand Lafresnaye’s description, he intends to say that
the tail-feathers are only spotted on the outer web ; and if so, his
species is perhaps different from the present.

34. THAMNOPHILUS MULTISTRIATUS.

Thamnophilus multistriatus, Lafr. R. Z. 1844, p. 82; Gray, Gen.
i. p. 298; Sclater, Edinb. N. Phil. Journ. n.s. i. p. 238.

3. Supra niger, omnino albo transfasciatus : subtus albo nigro-

que alterne vittatus, gutture magis striato.

2. Supra castanea, subtus ut in mari fasciata: cauda dorso

concolore.

Long. tota 4°8, alee 2°8, caudee 2°5.

Hab. Interior of New Granada, Bogota.

Mus. Brit., P.L.S.

This is a common Bogota species, distinguishable from 7’, doliatus
by the absence or little development of crest, and the head being
banded across like the back. The female is chestnut above, and
banded below like the male.

35. THAMNOPHILUS PALLIATUS.

Lanius palliatus, Licht. Verz. d. Doubl. p. 46.
Thamnophilus lineatus, Spix, Av. Bras. il. p. 42. pl. 33 (det 2) ;
eons. FP. p. 171.

220

Thamnophilus fasciatus, Sw. Zool. Journ. i. p. 88.
‘Thamnophilus badius, Sw. Orn. Dr. pl. 65 (3), 61 (9).
Thamnophilus palliatus, Max, Beitr. i. 1010; D’Orb. Voy.
p. 174; Burm. Syst. Ueb. iii. 99; Sclater, Edinb. N. Phil. Journ.
i, p. 239.
Fania vestitus, Cuv. in Mus. Par.
3. Supra castaneus, pileo nigro: subtus niger albo crebro trans-
fasciatus.
Q. Mari similis, sed pileo castaneo.
Long. tota 6°5, alee 3°0, caude 2°6.
Hab. South-eastern Brazil (Maz) ; Eastern Peru (Tsch.); Bo-
livia (D’Ord.).
Mus. Brit., P. L.S8.

36. THAMNOPHILUS TORQUATUS.

Batara acanelado, Azara, Pax. Par. no. 215?

Thamnophilus ruficapillus, Vieill. Nouv. Dict. iii. p. 318 (2)?

Thamnophilus torquatus, Sw. Zool. Journ. ii. p. 89; Gray, Gen.
i. p. 298; Sclater, Edinb. N. Phil. Journ. i. p. 239.

Lanius scalaris, Licht. in Mus. Berol. :

Thamnophilus scalaris, Max. Beitr. ii. p. 999.

Thamnophilus atropileus, Lafr. & D’Orb. Syn. Av. in Mag. de
Zool. 1837, p. 117; D’Orb. Voy. p. 173; Gray, Gen. i. p. 298.

Thamnophilus pectoralis, Sw. An. in Men. p. 223; Gray, Gen. i.
p- 298.

3. Cinereus, pileo nigro, alis rufis: subtus albidus, pectore nigro
transfasciato : cauda albo nigroque transfasciata.

Q. Pileo rufo, et coloribus dilutioribus.

Long. tota 5:5, ale 2°4, caudee 2:2.

Hab. South-eastern Brazil (Maz.); Bolivia (D’Ord.).

Mus. Brit., P. L. S.

Genus IV. PyGiprina.

Rostrum validum, crassum, uncinatum, ad basin latius et apicem
versus angustatum : tarsis brevissimis, digitum medium vix ex-
cedentibus, undique scutellatis ; unguibus brevibus.

I have united under this title two birds, one of which I have pre-
viously arranged as a Thamnophilus, the other as a Myrmeciza.
The strongly-hooked bill (of the first species especially) most re-
sembles that of the Thamnophilines, with which also they agree in
the nearly completely scutellated tarsi; whereas the lax, full fea-
thering of the uropygium and shorter tail show some rapproche-
ment towards Hypocnemis.

1. PyGIPpTILA MACULIPENNIS.

Thamnophilus stellaris, Sclater, P. Z. 8. 1854, p. 112 (nee Spiz).
Thamnophilus maculipennis, Sclater, Edinb. Phil. Journ. i. p. 248.

Sy eee aL fad
ee ;

221

3. Cinereus: pileo et dorso summo nigris : interscapulii basi
late alba: tectricum alarium apicihus minute albo punctatis.
Q. Fusco-cinerea, subtus rufescens : gula et capitis lateribus di-

lutioribus : alis rujis.
Long. tota 53, ale 3-0, caudze 1°6, tarsi 0°8.
Hab. Upper Amazon; Rio Napo.
Mus. Brit., P. L.S.

2. PYGIPTILA MARGARITATA.
Myrmeciza margaritata, Sclater, P. Z.S. 1854, p. 253. pl. 70.

d. Cinereus, subtus dilutior, ventre medio crissoque albescentibus :
alis caudaque nigris; rectricum apicibus albis : remigibus secun-
dariis et alarum atque caude tectricibus superioribus omnibus
maculis magnis, rotundis, albis terminatis.

2. Fusco-brunnea, subtus pallide cervino-rufa: maculis alarum
et caude clare cervinis neque albis.

Long. tota 5°3, alee 2°8, caudze 1°8, tarsi 0°75,

Hab. Eastern Peru, Chamicurros (Hauawell).

Mus. Brit., P.L.S.

Genus V. DysIrTHAMNUS,

Dysithamnus, Cab. Orn. Not. p. 223 (1847).
Dasythamnus, Burm. Syst. Ueb., iii. p. 80 (1856).

Rostrum breve, rectum, compressum, minus altum quam in THAM-
NOPHILO: ale breves, remigibus quarta quinta et sexta longis-
simis : pedes debiliores, tarsi breviores : statura minor : cauda
brevis, magis equalis, paulum rotundata.

1. DystrTHAMNUS GUTTULATUS.

Lanius guttulatus, Licht. Doubl. p. 40.
Myjiothera strictothorax, Temm. Pl. Col. 179. fig. 1, 2.
Thamnophilus strictothoraxz, Max. Beitr. iii. 1013.
: Dysithamnus guttulatus, Cab, Orn. Not. p. 223; Bp. Consp.
} p- 199; Burm. Syst. Ueb. iii. p. 81.
Thamnophilus striatothorax, D’Orb. Voy. p. 176.

8. Olivaceus, pileo cinereo, lateribus capitis albo variis: tectri-
cibus alarum nigris albo limbatis : subtus pallide flavus, pee-
tore nigro guttulato.

os Q. Mari similis, sed pileo rufo et subtus vix guttulata.
Long. tota 5°5, alee 2°4, caude 1°9.
_ Hab. South-eastern Brazil (Maz.); Bolivia, Cochabamba (D’ Ord.).
| Mus. Brit., P. L. S.

2. DysiITHAMNUS MENTALIS.

Myiothera mentalis, Temm. Pl. Col. 179. fig. 3.
Myiothera poliocephala, Max. Beitr. iii. p. 1098.
Thamnophilus mentalis, D’Orb, Voy. p. 177 ; Tsch. F. P. p. 173.

222

Dysithamnus mentalis, Cab. Orn. Not. i, p. 223; Bp. Consp.
p. 199; Burm. Syst. Ueb. iii. p. 82.

3. Olivaceus: pileo cinereo; regione auriculart nigricante :
alarum tectricibus albo limbatis: subtus subflavus, gutture
albicante.

2. Pileo rufescente.

Long. tota 4°5, alee 2°4, bara: L-8;

Hab. South-eastern Brazil (Maz); Bolivia (D’Orb.); Eastern

Peru (Tsch.).

Mus. P. L.S.

3. DysIrHAMNUS SEMICINEREUS,.
Dysithamnus semicinereus, Sclater, P. Z. 8. 1855, p. 90. pl. 97 et
p- 147.

3. Cinereus, pileo saturatiore ; subtus medialiter albicantior :
dorso postico et ventre imo olivascentibus ; alarum tectricibus
albo tenuissime limbatis.

2. Olivacea, pileo rufo : subtus dilutior, gutture albicante,
ventre medio flavicante.

Long. tota 4°5, alee 2:4, caudee 1°6.

ITab. New Granada.

Mus. Brit., P. L.S.

4. DysITHAMNUS XANTHOPTERUS.
Dysithamnus xanthopterus, Burm. Syst. Ueb. iii. p. 81 ; Sclater,

P21 807, pc aoe:

~ go. Cinereus, interscapulio et alis extus castaneis: subtus albus,
cervice lateraliter cinerascente, ventre ochracescente.

2. Pileo rufo: subtus fusco-flavicans, medialiter dilutior.
Long. tota 5:5, alee 2°4, caudze 2:0.
Hab. South-eastern Brazil (Burm.).
Mus. Brit., P.L.S.

5. DysiITHAMNUS PLUMBEUS.

Thamnophilus stellaris, Spix, Av. Bras. ui. pl. 36. f. 2?

Myiothera plumbea, Max. Beitr. iii. p. 1080.

Dysithamnus stellaris, Cah. Orn. Not. p. 224; Bp. wee p- 199;
Burm. Syst. Ueb. ii. p. 83.

~$. Plumbeus: alis caudaque nigricanti-brunneis: tectricibus

alarum nigris albo terminatis.
Long. tota 5°25, ale 2°75, caudze 2:0.
Hab. South-eastern Brazil (Maz.).

Mus. P.L.S.
I have not employed Spix’s name, because I am not confident

that his figure is intended for this bird.

6. DystrHAMNUS SCHISTACEUS.
Thamnophilus fuliginosus, Lafr. et D’Orb. ayn. Ay. in Mag. de
Zool. 1837, p. 10; D’Orb. Voy. p. 170. pl. 5. f. 1

4s 8)

We if ,

223

Th. schistaceus, D’Orb. Voy. p. 170.
Dysithamnus schistaceus, Sclater, P. Z.S. 1858, p. 66.

3. Plumbeus, subtus viv pallidior: rectricum marginibus api-
calibus anguste albis.
Q. Fusco-olivacea, gutture albido: abdomine et alis subtus
flavicanti-ochraceis.
Long. tota 5:5, alee 2-9, caudee 1°9.
Hab. Bolivia, Cochabamba (D’ Ord.) ; Ecuador, Rio Napo.
Mus. Brit., P. L.S.
_ This species seems to be best placed in the genus Dysithamnus.
_ It has nearly the same form as the preceding.

—

7. DystrHamMNnus Levcostictus.(Pl. CXL.).
Dysithamnus leucostictus, Sclater, P.Z. 8. 1858, p. 66.

3. Supra umbrino-brunneus, pileo rufescentiore, pennis omnibus
interne cinereis: subtus cinereus, capitis lateribus cum gula et
pectore guttis elongatis albis, pennas medias occupantibus, ma-
culatis: ventris lateribus et crisso olivaceo tinctis: cauda ob-
scure nigra, extus brunneo marginata : rostro et pedibus nigris.

Long. tota 5:2, ale 2°75, caude 2°0, tarsi 1°85.

Hab. Ecuador, Rio Napo.

Mus. P.L.S.

:
'
5
|
|

Genus VI. T'HAMNOMANES.

Thamnomanes, Cab. Orn. Not. i. p. 230.

Rostrum dilatatum, abbreviatum, apice uncinata, setis rictalibus
numerosis: uropygii plumis laxis, densissimis : ptilosis marium
plumbea, feeminarum rufa.

1. THAMNOMANES C.&SIUS.

Lanius cesius, Licht. Doubl. p. 46.

Muscicapa cesia, Max. Beitr. iti. p. 826; Temm. Pl. Col.17.f. 1, 2.
Tyrannus cesius, D’Orb. Voy. p. 309.

Thamnomanes cesius, Cab. Orn. Not. i. p. 230; Bp. Consp. p-201.

3. Plumbeus, alarum et caude marginibus brunnescentibus :
interscapulii plumis subtus albescentibus.

2. Olivaceo-brunnea, tectricibus alarum inferioribus et corpore
subtus ferrugineis.

Long. tota 5:8, alee 2°8, caude 1°5.

Hab. South-eastern Brazil (Maz.) ; Bolivia (D’Ord.).

Mus. Brit., P. L.S. ‘

2. THAMNOMANES GLAUCUS.

_ Thamnomanes glaucus, Cab. Orn. Not. i. p. 230; Bp. Consp.
p- 201; Sclater, P. Z.S. 1858, p. 66.

Pracedenti similis, sed rostro altiore compressiore et interscapu-
larium plumis pure albis (Cab.).

Hab. Cayenne ; Rio Napo?

Mus. Berol.

224

My specimens from the Rio Napo must be compared with birds
from Cayenne, before they can be referred without doubt to this
species.

3. Description or Two New SPECIES OF ENTOZOA.-
By W. Bairp, M.D., F.L.S., etc.

(Annulosa, Pl. LIT.)

In 1821 Nitzsch established a new genus of Nematoid Worms in
Ersch and Gruber’s Encyclopedia. This genus he named Hedruris,
from the two Greek words édpa, seat, and ovpa, tail,—a name by
which he intended to indicate the peculiar manner in which the
female is attached to the stomach of the animal in which it was
found. As vet there has been only one species described, Hedruris
androphora, which was first discovered in the stomach of the fresh-
water Newts, Triton cristatus and Lissotriton punctatus. The fe-
male is distinguished by having the caudal extremity swollen and
terminated by a suctorial apparatus, by means of which, and with
the assistance of a horny claw like the claw of a cat, it adheres
firmly to the coat of the stomach of its host. The tail of the male
terminates in a sharp curved point, provided with five or six papillee
disposed in a longitudinal series along the under surface. It is
always found spirally twisted round the body of the female, and
it is no doubt by means of these suctorial papillee that it keeps it-
self attached to the female. Dujardin, in his ‘ Hist. Nat. des Hel-
minthes,’ hesitates where to place this genus, and arranges it in an
Appendix along with several others, the true position of which he had
not satisfactorily ascertained. Diesing, in his ‘Systema [Helmin-
thum,’ places it in the same section as, and immediately following,
the genus Ascaris, and considers, along with Nitzsch, that the species
androphora is identical with the Ascaris leptocephala of Rudolphi.
In the Collection of Entozoa in the British Museum are several spe-
cimens of a small Nematoid Worm, sent under the name of Ascaris
leptocephala to the National Collection by M. Siebold. If these are
correctly named by this last-mentioned naturalist, the species Ase.
leptocephalais a true Ascaris, and quite distinct from the species from
which Nitzsch formed the genus Hedruris, a very good figure of
which may be seen in the ‘ Allgemeine Encyclopiadie’ of Ersch and
Gruber, vol. vi. p. 48.

A short time ago I received, through the kind attention of Sir W.
Jardine, a specimen of an Entézoon which he took from the abdo-
minal cavity of an Amphibian which has rarely found its way to
this country, the Siredon mexicanus. Upon examination I ascertained
it to be a female of a new species of this rare genus Hedruris. In
size it is about four times longer than the androphora; it has a
larger head, and the body more distinctly striated across. This
species I have named Hedruris siredonis ;-but as only the female
has been as yet discovered, I am unable to give a very detailed de-
scription of it.

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225

Hepruris streponts (Pl. LIT. fig. 1-4).

Female. Body 13 millimetres long, } millimetre broad, strongly
striated across, narrower at the anterior than the posterior extre-
mity, this latter terminating in an obtuse point furnished with what
Diesing calls a suctorial papilla, by which it adhered to the coat of
the stomach of the Siredon. Male f

Hab. Stomach of the Siredon Mewicanus from Mexico. British
Museum Collection.

Along with this interesting species, and in the abdominal cavity
of the same animal, were three specimens of another Nematoid Worm
of a very different form. I consider it to belong to the family
Strongylide, and to a genus which Dujardin established under the
name of Leptodera, so called from the long narrow neck (Aezros,
narrow, dépn, neck) which distinguishes the species upon which the
a was founded. Only one species of this genus has as yet been

escribed,—the Leptodera flewilis of Dujardin, which was found

parasitic in the vas deferens of one of the Common Slugs (imax
cinereus). This species is only from 24 millimetres (male) to 4 mill.
(female) in length, whilst the new species from the Siredon mea-
sures from 25 to 16 mill.

Lerropera EvLonGata (PI. LII. fig. 6-9).

Female. 25 millimetres long. Body filiform, neck long and
slender ; tail terminating in a long sharp point. Vulva situated
about the middle of the length of the body.

Male. 16 millimetres long. Body filiform, neck long and slen-
der, tail sharp-pointed. Spicula double, proceeding from a swelling
near the commencement of the tail, and accompanied by two short
membranous expansions like wings.

Hab. Abdominal cavity of Siredon Mexicanus. B.M. Collection.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE LII.

Fig. 1. Hedruris Siredonis, natural size.

Fig. 2. Hedruris Siredonis, enlarged.

Fig. 3. Head of Hedruris Siredonis, enlarged.
Fig. 4. Tail of Hedruris Siredonis, enlarged.

Fig. 5. Tail of H. androphora, to show the claw.
Fig. 6. Leptodera elongata, natural size.

Fig. 7. Leptodera elongata, enlarged.

Fig. 8. Head and neck of Leptodera elongata.
Fig. 9. Tail of Leptodera elongata, enlarged.

4, Description oF New Pinna. By Sytvanus Haney.

1. Pinna Carouinensis. P. testa angusto-cuneiformi, soli-
diuscula, olivacea, subinflata, carine centralis experte, nist
marginem ventralem juxta undique costata : costis paucis (cir-
citer 7-10), validis, remotis, rotundatis, et squamis brevibus

No. CCCLXI.—Proceepines oF THE ZOOLOGICAL Society.

226

magis minusve tubulosis nstructis : costarum interstitis latis,
concavis : area ventrali angusta, sublevigata, plicis transversis
aut nullis aut obsoletis: margine dorsali subrecto : margine
ventrali sinuoso, ad extremitatem paululum pendulo : margine
postico obtuse subtruncato, inferne (scilicet marginem ventralem
versus) magis prominente.

Long. 34, lat. 8 poll.

Hab. Carolina, Amer. Sept.

Mus. Hanley, Cuming.

The projection of the ventral extremity of the posterior margin
gives an oblique aspect to this coarse-looking shell, which has erro-
neously been taken for P. seminuda by the American conchologists :
it is, however, much narrower, and more sparingly ribbed. I may
here remark, that the Pzmna usually forwarded to us by our North
American friends as P. muricata, is the P. squamosissima of Phi-

lippl.

2. Pinna uystrix. P. testa tenui, late cuneiformi, carine
centralis experte, subinflata, postice subquadrata, cornea, livido-
purpurascente partim fucata, costulis multis instructa ; costulis
squamis semitubulosis longis erectis confertim horridis (alternis,
autem, nonnumquam muticis) ; interstitiis latis, planoconeavis,
et lamellis incrementi conspicuis arcte ornatis : area ventrali
lata, scabra : margine postico subtruncato: margine ventral
postice margini dorsali subrecto fere parallelo et equalt, an-
trorsum abrupte concavo.

Long. 6, lat. 4 poll.

Hab. Amboyna.

Mus. Cuming, Hanley.

A very beautiful shell, and remarkable, when young, for the ex-

quisite shagreening of the very broad ventral triangle.

3. Pinna Kraussir. PP. testa tenui, lanceolata, cornea, fusco-
purpurascente picta, carina centrali obsoleta, et costulis, que
squamis fornicatis erectis longis sunt armate, instructa: in-
terstitiis vix latis, plano-subconcavis : area ventrali angusta
sublevigata, minime scabra ; margine dorsali incurvato et mar-
gine ventrali subrecto subequalibus : margine postico brevi,
subtruncato.

Long. 4, lat. 2 poll.

Hab. Natal (teste Sowerby).

Mus. Harley, Hamilton.

From the locality, I should have suspected this might have been
the lost dfra of Sowerby: but that celebrated conchologist gave me *
the species as unknown to him. Moreover the ribs are not subob-
solete, the scales loose, scattered and broadish, or the hinder margin
roundish, as required by the description. The paintng of my own
young specimen is composed of brownish liver-coloured irregular
linear markings, the armed ribs are nine or ten, but incipient cos-
telle are manifest in their intervals, which are consequently less
broad than in the preceding species.

227

4. Ptnna mtnax. P. testa rotundato-trigona, lata, crassius-
cula, prorsus atro-purpurascente, subventricosa, costis depressis
rotundatis squamiferis arcte instructa ; squamis fornicatis
(etiam marginem ventralem juxta) magnis patulis reflexis con-
Sertis et transversim subjunctis undique armata: carina cen-
trali nulla: margine dorsali subrecto, aliquantulum breviore :
margine ventrali postice subarcuato, antice abrupte concavo :
margine postico latissimo, rotundato, inferne eminentiore.

Long. 54, lat. 7 poll.

Hab. Noy. Guinea? Mexico?

Mus. Hanley.

The precise locality is very uncertain, the specimen (the only one

I have seen) having been purchased without trustworthy authority
. upon that point. “The scales, of which there are about eighteen
. rows on the ribs (which latter beeome nearly obsolete posteriorly),
cover the entire surface, and become smaller and still more crowded
near the lower margin, which they face, leaving manifest traces of
their presence where abraded. The general shape and aspect is
that of P. nigra.

obtuse carinata, cornea, griseo-nigrescente subradiatim nebu-
losa ; antrorsum costellata, striolisque lamellaribus transversis
arcte decussata ; costellis depressis, haud remotis : area ven-
trali angusta, inconspicua, sublevigata, rugis incrementi sub-
pliciformibus obsoletis: margine dorsali et ventrali subrectis,

.. subequalibus : margine postico brevi, subtruncato.

4 Long. 104, lat. 44 poll.

’ Hab, Insulee Philippine.

Mus, Cuming, Hanley.

4 The dorsal margin is barely the longer, and, except at the extre-

mity, scarcely concave.

5. Pinna rumata. P. testa lanceolata, subventricosa, in medio

6. Pinna REGIA. P. testa trigona, haud angusta, satis con-
vexa, carina centrali obtusa infirmata, corneo et purpureo-lives-
cente transversim undulata, radiatim costata ; costis paucis (cir-
citer 8), depressis, rotundatis, remotis, et squamis patulis lavis
subremotis armatis : area ventrali angusta : margine dorsali et
ventrali subrectis, subequalibus: extremitate postica convexo-
subtruncata.

Long. 34 34, lat. 74 poll.

Hab. Amboyna.

Mus. Cuming.

The ribs extend to nearly the ventral margin, adjacent to which
are only indistinct folds of increase.

7. Pinna rostettum. P. testa lanceolata, cornea, brunneo-
purpurascente nebulosa, carina centrali subobtusa infirmata, an-
tice solum costata (costis circiter 8) et lineis inconspicuis trans-
versim rugosa ; postice squamis paucis lavris patulis in super-

228

ficiem levigatam subradiata : area ventrali aut angusta aut
nulla, transversim subplicata ; margine dorsali elongato, sub-
incurvato, longiore: margine ventrali subrecto, subequali :
margine postico superne breviter retuso, deinde subrecto.

Var.? Testa cuneiformi, purpureo-fuscescente late radiata, non-
numquam rufa radius saturatioribus picta; squamis nullis ;
plicis magis conspicuis: margine postico convexiore.

Long. 23, lat. 63 poll. Var. long. 6, lat. 93 poll.

Hab. Insule Indice.

Mus. Hanley, Cuming (var.).

8. Pinna ruGtypTa. P. testa parva, pertenui, compressa,
carina centrali obtusa infirmata, antice fulva, postice saturate
olivacea, mutica, costellis radiantibus permultis (minimum 20)
depressis convexis, et rugis transversis lamellaribus undique
subcancellatim sculpta: area ventrali nulla : margine dorsali
incurvato, maxime longiore: extremitate postica oblique sub-
truncata.

Long. (¢. junioris) 23, lat 44 poll.

Hab. Insule Oceani Indici.

Mus. Hanley, Cuming.

9. Prnna D’OrsiGny1. P. testa cuneiformi, sublanceolata,
ventricosa, cornea, livido-purpurascente subradiata, carine
centralis experte, radiatim squamifera, haud autem costata ;
squamis magnis, fornicatis, erectis ; superficie aliter levigata :
area ventrali inconspicua, haud plicata: margine dorsali sub-
concavo: margine ventrali subequali, sinuato: extremitate
postica convexo-subtruncata, haud obliqua.

Long. 21, lat. 42 poll.

Hab. 4

Mus. Cuming. j

Of this I have only seen a single example, and that possibly a |

young one ; it is not, however, remarkably fragile. Besides the ir-
regular squamation near its ventral edge, the area adjacent to which
is evidently squamous where not rubbed, there are about ten distinct
rows of coarse radiating scales, but only faint indications of distant
ribs near the beaks.

10. Pinna Menxer. P. testa cuneiformi, sepe subelongata,
satis subventricosa, carina centrali obtusa infirmata, cernea,
livido-fuscescente zonata vel umbrosa, undique costata ; costis
multis (circiter 14-17), subdepressis, rotundatis, superne con-
fertis, inferne subremotis, plerumque (exemplis attritis) levi-
gatis, postice autem, in exemplis illesis, squamis fornicatis latis
erectis fragilibus subremote instructis : area ventrali aut an-
gusta aut nulla: margine dorsali longiore, subrecto aut con-
cavo: margine ventrali antice incurvato, postice convexo :
extremitate postica obliqua arcuata.

Long. 54, lat. 103 poll.

Hab. Portus Jacksonianus.

Mus. Hanley, Cuming.

7D Wit
Proc. Z..S. Radiata. X

eso.

W West ump

ss XENOSPONGIA: PATELLIFORMIS. Gray

4 Adult. 5 Underside shewing the lip and its frmge,natural size 0 &/ Suriace a i fringe magnihied

oi.
et,

a Se

irl.

a Tee ee et ete ee

229

Even in worn individuals the traces of the deciduous scales are
always present. There are faint transverse lamellar wrinkles: the
broader extremity is not pendulous.

5. Description or A New Genus or Sponce (XenosronGia)
rroM Torres Strait. By Dr. Jonn Epvwarp Gray,
F.R.S., V.P.Z.S., Pres. Ent. Soc. etc.

(Radiata, Pl. XII.)

The Sponge here described was received from Torres Strait with
some very interesting Madrepores and Polyzoa.

It is peculiar as being free like the Munyee among the Ma-
drepores, but more concave beneath, for having the upper oscules
placed in the diverging forked groove of the upper surface, and for
having the whole of the under surface covered with a thick coat
formed of agglutinated particles of siliceous sea-sand, this coat
being much thicker than the sponge itself; and it is probably used
to keep it in its place and position at the bottom of the sea.

Genus XENOSPONGIA.

Sponge free, discoidal, subcircular, concave below, convex above
(rarely lobed on the side) ; the lower surface with a thick cvat of
agglutinated siliceous sand of nearly equal-sized particles ; the upper
surface covered with a white leathery coat formed of felted spicula,
studded with round tufts of glassy spicula, the tufts of nearly equal
size, formed of numerous very fine transparent filiform spicula, form-
ing a roundish brush, each tuft surrounded at the base by a slightly
raised edge of the leathery upper coat; the circumference of the
disk is surrounded by a uniforin series of similar tufts. The centre
of the upper surface is marked with a subcentral impressed groove
with raised edges enclosing a series of circular oscules ; this groove
sends out branches diverging towards the edge, which are forked
and reforked (or rarely trifid) as the disk enlarges, until they ap-
proach the edge of the circumference, which is surrounded by two
continuous circular grooves, concentric with the margin, containing
between them a single circular submarginal series of tufts of spicula.

When the sponge is young, the forked diverging grooves ure few,
definite, and evenly spread over the surface of the disk, with several
series of tufts between them; but as the sponge increases in age, the
grooves become much more numerous, closer together, nearly pa-
rallel with each other, and enclosing only a single series of tufts of
spicula between the parallel grooves.

The substance of the sponge between the grooves is minutely
netted, the interspaces of the network being formed of bundles of
very minute spicula, and with a single series of small uniform-sized,
equal, roundish oscules.

The upper surface of the adult sponge is sometimes taken posses-

230

sion of by a species of Barnacle (Balanus), which forms a promi-
nence on its surface, and is covered externally with a coat of the
sponge.

XENOSPONGIA PATELLIFORMIS (Pl. XII.).

Hab. Torres Strait.

The particles of sand forming the lower coat of the sponge are as
if they were imbedded in a kind of plaster, having a smooth uniform
surface, exactly as if the sand had been well mixed with a small
quantity of fluid mortar and then cast upon a smooth body.

The whole under surface is not perfectly smooth, but with more
or less distinct impressed lines or concavities placed parallel with
the circumference, showing the periodical increase in the size of the
sponge.

There is scattered over the under surface of the larger specimen a
few larger dark-coloured stones and a few fragments of shells, which
give a variegated appearance to the coat. The larger specimen, after
it had reached a certain size, made an irregular growth on one of the
sides, forming two rounded lobes which overlap each other, while
the whole front retains the concave conical shape.

The lobe, which is expanded on the under surface of the other,”
is fringed with a continuous series of very close tufts of silky spicula.

I have no doubt, as the bases of these tufts are to be seen on the rest

of the margin, that similar tufts occupy the whole edge of the
sponge in its perfect state, and have been rubbed off; they have been ~
retained in this place, because it is better protected from external
injury than the other part of the sponge.

In the larger specimens the grooves are much more irregular, as
well as more abundant and more crowded than in the smaller one ;
and in some few instances they appear to arise in the surface inde-
pendent of any connexion with the other grooves, which is not the
case in the smaller example.

In the same specimen there are a few groups or rather lines of
oscules, situated on the surface of the sponge itself, and not placed
in the grooves, where all the other oscules are placed. }

In the diverging grooves the texture of the sponge seems to be |

across the grooves, that is, parallel to the outer circumference of the ;
sponge, leaving minute square pits in the network. ;
In the marginal grooves, on the contrary, the chief fibres of the

texture appear to be also across the groove, but that is radiating from
the centre towards the margin; this appearance may probably be ?
partly, if not entirely, arising from the manner in which the sponge ,
has contracted when it dried, and may not be apparent in the fresh ¥
state ; but having only a single specimen of the adult and young
form of the sponge, I am disinclined to soak it in water and examine
it in a moist state, fearing that it may spoil the specimen, which is
now very brittle and inclined to crack from the edge to the centre
of the frond.

4
q

? ‘
4

231

6. Nore on A TatkinG CANARY, ADDRESSED TO Dr. Gray,
V.P.Z.S. By 8S. Le1cu Soruesy.

The Woodlands, Norwood, Surrey,
March 26, 1858.
Dear Sir,

Touching that marvellous little specimen of the feathered tribe, a
Talking Canary, of which I had the pleasure a few days since of
telling you, I now send you all the information I can obtain respect-
ing it from the lady by whom it was brought up and educated at
this our homestead.

Its parents had previously and successfully reared many young
ones; but three years ago they hatched only ove out of four eggs,
the which they immediately neglected, by commencing the rebuild-
ing of a nest upon the top of it. Upon this discovery, the unfledged
and forsaken bird, all but dead, was taken away and placed in
flannel by the fire, when after much attention it was restored and
then brought up by hand. Thus treated, and away from all other
birds, it became familiarized with those only who fed it; conse-
quently, its first singing notes were of a character totally different to
those usual with the Canary.

Constantly being talked to, the bird, when about three months
old, astonished its mistress by repeating the endearing terms used
in talking to it, such as “ Kissie, Kissie,” with its significant sounds.
This went on, and from time to time the little bird repeated other
words ; and now, for hours together, except during the moulting
season, astonishes us by ringing the changes, according to its own
fancy, and as plain as any human voice can articulate them, on the
several words—* Dear sweet Titchie”’ (its name), “ Kiss Minnie,”
“ Kiss me then dear Minnie,’ ‘‘ Sweet pretty little Titchie,”
“ Kissie, kissie, kissie,” ‘‘ Dear Titchie,” “Titchie wee, gee, gee,
gee, Titchie, Titchie.”

Now as I have shown that the great Melanchthon signed his name
in no less than sixty different ways in uniting the words Philippus
Melanchthon (see the plate of facsimiles in my work, a copy of which
is in the British Museum), you will not be surprised at the extra-
ordinary manner in which the dear little bird varies the several
words he has learned. *

The usual singing notes of the bird are more of the character of
the Nightingale, mingled occasionally with the sound of the dog-
whistle used about the house. It whistles also, very clearly, the
first bar of ‘‘ God save the Queen.’ It is hardly necessary to add
that the bird is, of course, by nature remarkably tame ; so much so,
that, during its season, it will perch down from its cage on my finger,
shouting and talking in the most excited state.

Our friend Mr. Waterhouse Hawkins, who has heard the bird,
tells me that about twenty years ago a Canary that spoke a few
words was exhibited in Regent Street, the only other instance, I be-
lieve, publicly known.

I have now only to apologize for having trespassed upon your

232

patience to read all this long story about the accomplishments of a
Little Bird; though at the same time I feel, that in acquainting you,
as Vice-President of the Zoological Society, with the facts stated, I
am not only giving you the means of placing upon record the same,
but affording you the opportunity of witnessing the ¢ruth thereof,
as being, in the event of any accident happening to the bird, a more
satisfactory evidence than the mere assertion of,
Dear Sir,
Yours most faithfully,
Dr. John Gray. S. LereH SoTHEBY.

April 27, 1858.
Dr. Gray, V.P., in the Chair.
The following papers were read :—

1. Synopsis or THE American Ant-Birps (FoRMICARIID#).
By Puiuie Lutury Scuater, M.A., F.L.S., erc. Parr II.
CONTAINING THE FoRMICIVORINZ OR ANT-WRENS.

(Aves, Pl. CXLI., CXLII.)

Subfam. II. FormMicivoriIn&.

Habitus gracilior, statura minor : rostrum tenuius, magis subu-
latum, viv uncinatum : tarsis gracilibus ; acrotarsus interdum,
paratarsiis plerumque integris.

I have met with very great difficulty in separating this group into
genera presenting good distinguishing characters. Dr. Cabanis has
depended mainly upon the division of the tarsal scutes ; but I have
found instances of great variation"in this respect in apparently very
closely allied species, although, I confess, this character ought to be
attended to, and has been much too generally overlooked. Then
again as to the number of rectrices, it is not only in the long-tailed
Ellipure (as termed by Cabanis) that they are reduced to ten, but also
in some of the short-tailed species (as in Myrmotherula hauxwellt
and M. pygmea) ; and I have been compelled to abandon that sign
as a ground for generic difference. On the other hand, Dr. Cabanis
seems to me to have attached too little weight to comparative length
of the tail, as in placing Formicivora grisea and Myrmotherula
pygmea in the same genus; and I have thought it more natural to
arrange the long-tailed and short-tailed Formicivore in different
sections.

;
;

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1. Wol

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}

233

Genus I. HerpstLocumus.

Herpsilochmus, Cab. Orn. Not. i. p. 228.

Habitus thamnophilinus sed statura minor: rostrum crassiusculum
basi latiore quam in genere Formicivora : tarsi breves ; acro-
larsiis et paratarsiis divisis.

This small section (as Dr. Cabanis has observed) seems to form
the transition between Thamnophilus and Formicivora. It is a smaller
and weaker form than any of the last subfamily, and more resembles
Formicivora, except in its stronger and more broadly-based beak.

1. HerpstLocuMvs PILEATUS.

Myiothera pileata, Licht. Doubl. p. 44; Max. Beitr. iii. 1078.

Formicivora pileata, Menetr. Mon. Myioth. p. 485 ; Burm. Syst.
Ueb. iii. p. 78.

Thamnophilus pileatus, D’Orb. Voy. Ois. p. 175.

Herpsilochmus pileatus, Cab. Orn. Not. p. 224; Bp. Consp.
p- 199.

Pallide plumbeus : pileo, alis caudaque nigris, his albo marginatis :
superciliis, gutiure, et ventre medio albis.

Hab. South-eastern Brazil (Burm.) ; Bolivia, Chiquitos (D’ Orb.).

Mus. Paris., Berolin. +

2. HerrsiLocumus PECTORALIS.
Herpsilochmus pectoralis, Sclater, P. Z. S. 1857, p. 132.

| Cinereus : pileo, alis caudaque nigris, his albo marginatis et rectri-
cum lateralium dimidio apicali albo: superciliis et loris albis :

subtus dilutior, ventre medio albo : plaga magna pectorali nigra.
Long. tota 5-0, alee 2°1, caudee 1°7.

Hab. 8. America; Brazil.

Mus. Brit., Acad. Phil., et P. L. S.

3. HeERPSILOCHMUS RUFIMARGINATUS.

Myiothera rufimarginata, Temm. Pl. Col. 132. fig. 1.

Myjiothera variegata, Licht. in Mus. Berol.

Formicivora rufimarginata, Menetr. Mon. Myioth. p. 487; Burm.
Syst. Ueb. iii. p. 79.

Myiothera scapularis, Max. Beitr. ili. 1088,

Herpsilochmus rufimarginatus, Cab. Orn. Not. i. p. 224; Bp.
Consp. p. 199.

¢. Olivaceus : pileo nigro: superciliis albis: alis et cauda nigris
albo terminatis ; remigum marginibus externis late rufis: subtus
pallide viridi-flavus, gula albescente.

2. Pileo rufo.

Long. tota 4-0), alee 2°0, caudze 1°7.

Hab. 8.E. Brazil.

Mus. Brit., Acad. Phil., P. L. S.

234

Genus II. MyrMoTHERvuLa.

Cauda brevis ; sepe brevissima: rectricibus plerumque duodecim,
interdum decem: rostrum tenue, subulatum, non magis altum
quam latum: acrotarsiis et paratarsiis divisis.

In M. pygmea and the next following species of this genus the
tail is very diminutive, and the tail-feathers are much narrowed. In
the latter part of the series it is longer and more broadly feathered,
but never so elongated as in true Formicivora. The general facies
of these two genera is otherwise nearly the same.

1. MyRMOTHERULA PYGMZA.

Gobemouche a poitrine orangée de Cayenne, Buff. Pl. Enl. 831.
fig. 2.
° Muscicapa pygmea, Gm. 8. N.i. p. 933.
Myrmothera minuta, D’Orb. Voy. p. 184 ?
Formicivora pygmea, Cab. Orn. Not. p. 227; Bp. Consp. p. 200;
Sclater, P. Z. S. 1855, p. 147.

3. Nigra: superciliis, striis in dorso medio, et tectricum apicibus
albis: subtus sulphurea, gula alba: caude@ rectricibus decem.
Q. Capite rufo striato: gula fulvida.
Long. tota 3:2, ale 1°8, caude 0°8.
Hab. Cayenne; New Granada; Bogota; Rio Napo; Bolivia
(D’Orb.).
Mus. Brit., P. L.S.

2. MyRMOTHERULA SURINAMENSIS. (Pl. CXLI. fig. 1 ¢.)

Sitta surinamensis, Gm. i. 442 (2).

Surinam Nuthatch, Lath. G. H. iv. p. 72. pl. 62.

Formicivora quadrivittata, Cab. Orn. Not. p. 227; Bp. Consp.
p- 209.

3. Nigra, albo striata: alis caudaque nigris albo limbatis et ter-
minatis : subtus alba, pectore nigro striato.

2 .-Capite rufo, nigro striato: subtus rufo tincta et siriis nullis.

Long. tota 3°5, ale 1°8, caudze 1:0.

Hab. Cayenne; Brit. Guiana; Rio Napo.

Mus. Brit., P. L.S.

3. MyRMOTHERULA MULTOSTRIATA, sp. nov. (Pl. CXLI.
fig 25,32.)

3. Nigra, albo striata: alis caudaque nigris albo limbatis et ter-
minatis : subtus alba, lineis angustis nigris omnino striata.

Q. Capite ferrugineo, nigro striato: subtus pallide rufescenti-
albida, striis minus crebris nigris.

Long. tota 3°5, ale 1°9, caudze 0-9.

Hab. Upper Amazon, r. Ucayali (Hauawell).

Mus. Brit., P. L. S.

235

4. MyRMOTHERULA GUTTATA.

Myrmothera guttata, Vieill. Gal. Ois. p. 251. pl. 155.
Rhopoterpe guttata, Cab. Orn. Not. i. p. 228; Bp. Consp. p. 200.
Myiothera peciloptera, Cuv. in Mus. Par. ( 9° ).

- &. Cinerea: interscapularium basi alba: dorso postico et ventre
imo rufis : alis caudaque nigris : remigibus extus rufescente mar-
ginatis : tectricum alarium omnium, secundariarum dorso proxi-
marum, rectricum et caud@ tectricum apicibus pallido rufo late
terminatis.

2. Olivaceo-brunnea, alis caudaque, prout in mari, gultalis ; ventre
imo crissoque rufis.

Long. tota 3°2, alee 2-0, caude 07.

Hab, Cayenne.

Mus. Brit., P. L.S.

5. MyrRMOTHERULA GULARIS.

Thamnophilus gularis, Spix. Av. Bras. ii. p. 30. pl. 41. fig. 2.
Myiothera cinerea, Max. Beitr. iii. p. 1093.
Myrmothera gularis, Menetr. Mon. p. 476. pl. 2. fig. 2.
Rhopoterpe (!) gularis, Cab. Orn. Not. i. p. 228; Bp. Consp.

p- 200.

Supra brunnea, castaneo tincta: subtus cinerea, gutture nigro albo
punctato.; alarum tectricibus nigris ochraceo terminatis.

Long. tota 3°8, alee 2°1, caudze 1°1, tarsi 0°8.

Hab. §.E. Brazil (Maz.).

Mus. Brit., P. L.S.

6. MyrMOTHERULA H&ZMATONOTA.

- Formicivora hematonota, Sclater, P. Z.S. 1857, p. 48.

Supra brunnea, dorso medio rubro, uropygium versus dilutiore :
alarum tectricibus nigris ochraceo terminatis ; secundariarum ex-
ternarum apicibus eodem colore obsolete terminalis: subtus cine-
rea, gula triangulariter albo maculata : ventris laleribus et crisso
pallide brunneis : cauda unicolore brunnea.

Long. tota 4-0, alee 2°0, caudze 1°2.

Hab. Chamicurros, Eastern Peru (Haurwell).

Mus. Brit.
Very like M. gularis, but with the back more of a blood-red, and

paler below. Perhaps an immature stage of the following species.

7. MyRMOTHERULA ORNATA.
Formicivora ornata, Sclater, Rev. et Mag. de Zool. 1853, p. 480 ;
P. Z. S. 1855, p. 147; List Bog. B. p. 19.

d. Cinerea: dorso late castaneo; subtus paulo dilutior : gula et
cervice antica nigerrimis : alarum teclricibus nigris albo termi-
natis : cauda nigra albo anguste terminata,

’
td

236

Q. Fusca: dorso castaneo: cauda rufa: subtus pallide brunnea,
pectore antico cervino : alis fusco-nigris ochraceo terminatis.

Long. tota 3°75, ale 2°0, caudze 1°5.

Hab. New Granada, Bogota; Rio Napo.

Mus. Brit., Paris., P. L. S.; Gul. Jardine, Bart., Dom. Eyton.

8. MyrRMOTHERULA HAUXWELLI.

Formicivora hauawelli, Sclater, P. Z. 8. 1857, p. 131. pl. 126.

fig.2 (¢).

3. Plumbea, subtus paulo dilutior, mento albescentiore : alis nigris,
tectricibus omnibus albo terminatis, duas lineas albas formantibus ;
secundariis dorso proximis extus, caude quoque tectricibus et rec-
tricibus ipsis omnibus macula terminali alba preditis : uropygit
plumis lazis, elongatis: cauda brevissima, rectricibus solum
decem.

©. Fusco-olivacea, subtus rufa: alarum tectricibus et secundariis
caudaque nigris rufo late terminatis.

Long. tota 3°7, alee 2°1, caudze 0°9.

Hab. Eastern Peru, Chamicurros (Hauawell) ; Ecuador, Rio

Napo.
Mus. Brit., P. L. 8S.

9. MyRMOTHERULA ERYTHRONOTA.

Formicivora erythronota, Hartl. R. Z, 1853, p. 4; Burm. Syst.
Ueb, i. p. 75.

3. Nigerrima, dorso toto castaneo ; hypochondriis plumosis et tec-
tricibus subalaribus cum tectricum superiorum marginibus albis.

2. Olivaceo-brunnea, subtus medialiter ochraceo-rufescens : dorso
castaneo.

Long. tota 4°5, alee 2-0, caudze 1°7.

Hab. §.K. Brazil, prov. Rio.

Mus. Brit., P. L. S.

10. MyrRMOTHERULA AXILLARIS.

Le grisin de Cayenne, femelle, Buff. Pl. Enl. 643. fig. 2?

Myrmothera axillaris, Vieill. Dict. xvii. p. 321; Enc. Méth. p. 682;
D’Orb. Voy. p. 183.

Myiothera fuliginosa, Licht. Doubl. p.45; Max. Beitr. ii. 1067?

Myrmothera axillaris, Men. Mon. Myioth. p. 478.

Formicivora axillaris, Cab. Orn. Not. p. 226 ; Bp. Consp. p. 200;
Burm. Syst. Ueb. iii. 76.

3. Nigricanti-schistacea, corpore subtus medialiter nigerrimo, hy-
pochondriis valde plumosis, tectricibus alarum inferioribus et plu-
mis axillaribus albis: alis caudaque nigris albo terminatis.

Q. Viridescenti-cinerea, subtus dilute ochracea, gula dilutiore, late-
ribus cinerascentibus.

Long. tota 4:0, alee 2°0, caudee 1°5.

Hab. Trinidad; Cayenne; Brit. Guiana ; Upper Amazon; Cha-

SST. ”

"he
t

237

micurros (/aurwell) ; Eastern Peru ; Interior of Bolivia (D’Orb.) ;
Brazil, Rio Janeiro (Burm.).

Mus. Brit., P. L. S.

This species seems to be widely distributed. I have examples from
Trinidad, British Guiana, Brazil, the Upper Amazon, and the Rio
Napo, which I refer to it. It may be distinguished from all its near
allies, except the next following, by the thickly-feathered white
flanks. The specimens from Guiana and Cayenne are blacker on
the under surface than the Brazilian bird.

11. MyRMOTHERULA MELANA.
Formicivora melena, Sclater, P. Z. 8. 1857, p. 130.

3. Fuliginoso-nigra, subtus intensior ; hypochondriis valde plu-
mosis cum tectricibus subalaribus albis : alarum tectricibus et
caudeé rectricibus albo terminatis.

Long. tota 40, alee 2°1, caudee 2°5.

Hab. New Granada, Bogota.

Mus. P. L.S.

Distinguishable from the preceding species by its black, not slate-

coloured, upper surface.

12. MyRMOTHERULA MENETRIESI.

Myrmothera menetriesi, D’Orb. Voy. p. 184.
Formicivora menetriesi, Cab. Orn. Not. p. 226; Bp. Consp.
p- 200.

3. Nigricanti-schistacea, gutture et pectore toto nigris, ventre

schistaceo : alis caudaque nigris albo terminatis.

Hab. Bolivia (D’ Orb.) ; Eastern Peru, Chamicurros (Hauzwell) ;
Rio Napo.

Mus. Brit., P. L.S.

I refer to this species of D’Orbigny, not without doubt, a bird
from the Upper Amazon and Rio Napo, which differs from M. azil-
laris in the want of the white flanks, and in the termination of the
black colouring below at the lower part of the breast.

13. MyRMOTHERULA BREVICAUDA.
Formicivora brevicauda, Sw. Zool. Journ. ii. p. 148; Sclater,

P. Z.S. 1857, p. 131.

3. Cinerea unicolor, plaga ovali in gutture et collo antico nigra :
alis nigricantibus extus cinereo limbatis, harum autem tectricibus
nigris albo terminatis : cauda brevi, colore nigro-cinerea, rectri-
cum macula subapicali nigra, ipsarum autem apicibus albidis.

9. Olivascenti-brunnea, subtus clarior, capite subcinereo, gutture
albicantiore : tectricum alarium apicibus colore dilutioribus.

+ Long. tota 3°5, alee 1:9, caudee 1°2.

Hab. South-eastern Brazil, Rio.
Mus. Brit., P. L. S.
_ Easily distinguishable by its dark uniform cinereous plumage and
the oval patch of black on the fore-neck and throat.

238

14. MyrRMOTHERULA UROSTICTA. .

Formicivora urosticta, Sclater, P. Z. 8. 1857, p. 130. pl. 126.
fig. 1.

Cinerea subtus dilutior: plaga gulari elongata nigra: alis nigri-
canti-cinereis, extus cinereo strictissime limbatis, tectricibus autem
nigris, albo terminatis : cauda nigra, rectricibus omnibus albo lute
terminatis ; rectricis une utrinque-extime tertia fere parte api-
cali alba, hoc colore apud alias rectrices gradatim decrescente.

Long. tota 3:5, alee 2:0, caudze 1-2.

Hab. Brazil.

Mus. Brit., P. L. S.

The broad white terminations of the outer tail-feathers render this

bird easily recognizable amongst its affines.

Genus III. Formictvora.

Formicivora, Swains. Zool. Journ. ii. p. 145 (1825).
Ellipura, Cab. Orn. Not. i. p. 228 (1847).

Rostrum tenue, subulatum, non magis altum quam latum : cauda
elongata; rectricibus valde graduatis, duodecin aut decem :
acrotarsiis et paratarsiis plerumque divisis.

1. FoRMICIVORA GRISEA.

Le grisin de Cayenne, Buff. Pl. Enl. 643. fig. 1.

Turdus griseus, Bodd. Tabl. d. Pl. Enl.

Motacilla grisea, Gm. 8. N. 1. p. 964.

Thamnophilus griseus § , Spix, Av. Bras. 1. p. 29. pl. 41. fig. 1.

Formicivora nigricollis, Sw. Zool. Journ. ii. p. 147 ; Menetr. Mon.
Myioth. p. 482 (3).

** Myiothera leucophrys, Licht.’? Max. Beitr. iti. 1075.

Formicivora deluze, Menetr. Mon. Myioth.pl. 5. fig. 2. p. 484(@ ).

Formicivora grisea, Cab. Orn. Not. i. p. 225; Bp. Consp. p. 199.

Ellipura grisea, Burm. Syst. Ueb. i. p. 67.

3. Obscure chocolatino-brunnea, alis caudague nigris, alarum
tectricibus et caude rectricibus albo terminatis: superciliis
angustis albis: subtus nigra, lateribus albo mixtis,

2. Supra mari similis, subtus saturate fulva.

Long. tota 4°5, alee 2°2, caude 1°8.

Hab. Cayenne; Brit. Guiana; Para (Spiv) ; South-eastern Bra-

zil (Maz).

Mus. Brit., P. L.S.

2. FORMICIVORA INTERMEDIA.

Myiothera leucophrys, Licht. in Mus. Berol.
Formicivora intermedia, Cab. Orn. Not. p. 225.
Formicivora leucophrys, Bp. Consp. p. 200.

3. Similis precedenti, sed superciliis latioribus et tectricum
alarium marginibus albis latioribus.

—

—o ee Pe ae ee

239

2. Subtus pure alba (teste Cab.).

Hah. Trinidad ; Venezuela, Cartagena et Aragua (Mus. Berol.) ;
New Granada, Bogota.

Mus. Brit., P. L.S.

3. FoRMICIVORA RUFATRA.

Thamnophilus griseus 2 , Spix, Av. Bras. ii. pl. 40. fig. 1.

*« Myiothera superciliaris, Licht.”” Max. Beitr. iii. 1073.

Thamnophilus rufater, Lafr. et D’Orb. Syn. Avy. in Mag. de Zool.

1837, p. 12; D’Orb. Voy. p. 180.

Formicivora rufatra, Cab. Orn. Not. i. p. 225; Bp.Consp. p. 199.

3. Supra brunneo-rufa: superciliis et tectricum alarum cau-
daque rectricum terminationibus albis : subtus gutture toto et
pectore medio nigris, hujus lateribus cum ventre imo albis,
hypochondriis fulvis.

2. Subtus alba, fulvo tincta (teste Cab.).

Long. tota 5-0, alee 2-0, caudze 2°3.

Hab. South-eastern Brasil (Maz); Bolivia (D.Ord.).

Mus. Brit., P. L. 8S.

4. ForRMICIVORA FERRUGINEA.

Myjiothera Serruginea, Licht. Doubl. p. 44; Temm. Pl. Col. 132.
fig. 3.

Formicivora ferruginea, Menetr. Mon. Myioth. p. 488.

_ Drymophila variegata, Such, Zool. Journ. i. p. 559

Ellipura ferruginea, Cab. Orn. Not. i. p. 238 ; Bp. Consp. p. 200;

Burm. Syst. Ueb. iii. p. 71.

$. Saturate ferruginea : pileo, interscapulio, alis et cauda nigris :
superciliis, regione auriculari, maculis tectricum alarum et
cauda, marginibus secundariarum et rectricum apicibus albis :
interscapulio albo mixto.

2. Mari similis sed magis rufescens et subtus valde dilutior.

Long. tota 5°2, alee 2°2, caude 2°4.

Has. South-eastern Brazil.

5. FoRMICIVORA GEN.
Formicivora genei, De Filippi, Cat. Mus. Mediol. p. 31.

3. Pileo nigro, superciliis elongatis et maculis quibusdam in

Fronte et pileo medio albis ; cervice postica grisea nigro varia ;

interscapulii macula celata alba : dorso postico ferrugineo : alis

caudaque nigris, tectricum alurium marginibus et caude rec-

tricum apicibus latis albis : subtus a mento ad medium ventrem

. alba, regulariter nigro striata: ventre crissoque ferrugineis :

rostri mandibula superiore nigricante, inferiore cum pedibus
albidis.

2. Supra rufescens, capite fulvo striato : subtus sordide alba,

re ="

240

pectore nigro striato : dorso postico et ventre imo dilutius fer-
rugineis, cauda nigricanti-brunnea, albido terminata.
Long. tota 5-2, alee 2°2, caudee 2°4.
Hab. South-eastern Brazil.
Mus. Mediol., P. L. S.
The upper surface of this bird is like that of F. Serruginea, the
lower like that of F. rufa. M. De Filippi does not mention the
white ends of the rectrices, but his specimen was probably immature.

6. FoRMICIVORA ERYTHROCERCA, sp.nov. (Pl. CXLII.)

( &. Pileo nigro, loris et superciliis elongatis albis: dorso supe-
riore griseo nigro variegato: interscapulii plumis ad basin
albis : dorso postico ferrugineo : alis extus cauda et tota satu-
rate rufis: alarum tectricibus superioribus nigris albo termi-
natis : subtus grisescenti-alba, nigro variegata, ventre cum
lateribus et crisso ferrugineis; rostro brunnescente, pedibus
pallidis.

Long. tota 5°5, alee 2°3, caudee 2:7.

Hab. Brazil?

Mus. Dom. Eyton.

A single specimen of this apparently distinct species has been
kindly lent to me by Mr. Eyton. The colouring of the upper sur-
face resembles F. ferruginea and F. genei, but it is easily distin-
guishable by its pure rufous tail.

7. FORMICIVORA CAUDATA.

Formicivora caudata, Sclater, P.Z.S. 1854, p. 254. pl. hiss et
1855, p. 147.

3. Supra nigra albo striata, pileo postico nigro : dorso postico
Serrugineo : alis nigris, tectricibus albo, remigibus rufo margi-
natis: subtus alba, nigro striata, ventre imo ferrugineo :
cauda longissima, rectricum omnium apicibus albis.

9. Strits corporis superi rufescentibus : alis rufescente margi-
natis: subtus sordide alba, pectore solum striato: dorso et
ventre imo dilutioribus.

Long. tota 5°8, alee 2°1, caudee 3°1.

Hab. New Granada.

Mus. Brit., P. L.S.

%. FoRMICIVORA RUFA.

Myiothera rufa, Max, Beitr. iti. p. 1095.
Formicivora rufa, Menetr. Mon. Myioth. p. 497. pl. 9. fig. 1.
Ellipura rufa, Cab. Orn. Not. i. p. 229; Bp. Consp. p. 201 ;
Burm. Syst. Ueb. iii. p. 70.
3. Brunnescenti-rufa: tectricibus alarum et cauda nigris, albo
terminatis : subtus alba, regulariter nigro striata ; ventre
medio albo, hypochondriis pallide rufescentibus.

: gees ee oe ~~ a, ee

241

2. Obscurior, flavescentior, striis corporis inferi rufescentibus
(teste Burmeister).

Long. tota 5-0, alee 2°2, cand 2-2.

Hah, South-eastern Brazil.

9. FoRMICLVORA MALURA.

Myjiothera malura, Temm. Pl. Col. 353. figs. 1, 2.

Formicivora malura, Ménétr. Mon. p. 496.

Ellipura malura, Cab. Orn. Not. i. p- 228 ; Bp. Consp. p. 200 ;
Burm. Syst. Ueb. p. 68.

( g. Plumbea, uropygio schistaceo : cervice et pectore antico
q nigro striatis: alarum tectricibus allo marginatis.
?- Brunnescenti-grisea ; cervice et pectore antico niyricante
striatis : alarum tectricum apicibus sordide flavidis.
Hab. South-eastern Brazil; S. Paolo, Ypanema (Natterer).
al Mus. Brit.
This isa scarce species. The single example in the British Mu-
seum has affixed to it the tail of some other bird, and I an» unable
to give its dimensions.

10. FoRMICIVORA SQUAMATA.

Myiothera squamata, Licht. Doubl. p. 44; Max, Beitr. iii. p.1070.
) Formicivora maculata, Sw. Zool. Journ. ii. p. 147; Ménétr. Mon.
j p- 494. pl. 5. fig. 1 (¢).

4 Ellipura squamata, Cab, Orn. Not.i. p. 229; Bp. Consp. p. 201 ;
Burm. Syst. Ueb. iii. p. 70.

| 3. Supra nigra, superciliis albis, dorso albo guttulato: alis

caudaque nigris, guttis albis transfasciatis ; subtus cinerea,

nigro squamata, ventre medio albicante.

2. Guttis et fasciis corporis superi pallide rufis ; subtus dilutior,
hypochondriis rufescentibus.

Long. tota 5:1, alee 2°1, caudee 2°1.

Hab. South-eastern Brazil.

Mus. Brit., P. L.S.

11. ForMIciIvorA QUIXENSIS *.

Thamnophilus quivensis, Corn. Syn. Vert. p. 12 (2).

Thamnophilus rufiventris, Corn. ibid. ( 2 ).

Pyriglena quizensis, Sclater, P. Z. 8. 1854, p. 112; et 1858, p. 67.

Pyriglena rufiventris, Sclater, ibid. (° ).

3. Nigerrima, dorsi postici totius plumarum basibus, maculis tec-
tricum minorum parvis rotundis et tectricum majorum et caude
rectricum apicibus cum tectricibus subalaribus albis.

* Nearly allied to F. guixvensis is Formicivora boucardi, mihi, ex Mexico,
Oaxaca. Vide infra P.Z.S. June 8th, 1858.
No. CCOLXIIL.—Proceevincs or THE ZOOLOGICAL Sociery.

242

Q. Mari similis sed abdomine saturate castaneo.

Long. tota 4:5, alee 2°1, caudze 2:0.

Hab. Ecuador, Rio Napo.

Mus. Brit., P. L. S.

After some hesitation, I have united these birds as ¢ and 9,
there being no difference in structure of specimens which I have
recently acquired for my own collection.

12. FoRMICIVORA STRIGILATA.

Myjiothera strigilata, Max, Beitr. ii. p. 1064.
_Formicivora strigilata, Ménétr. Mon. Myioth. p. 493.

Supra castanea dorso summo et capitis lateribus longitudinaliter
nigro striatis: alarum tectricibus albo, secundarus fulvo late
terminatis : subtus cinnamomescenti-alba, pectore et lateribus
nigro guitatis : cauda nigra, rectricibus duabus mediis dorso
concoloribus, ceteris albo terminatis et una utrinque extima
item albo extus marginata.

Long. tota 6:0, ale 2°6, caudze 2°5.

Hab. South-eastern Brazil.

Mus. Acad. Phil., et Lugdunense. :

A very peculiar species, of which I have only seen two examples

in the Museums above named. I am quite doubtful about its true
situation.

13. ForRMICIVORA MACULATA.

Myiothera maculata, Max, Beitr. ui. p. 1088.

Leptorhynchus striolatus, Ménétr. Mon. p. 517. pl. 10. fig. 2.
Ellipura maculata, Cab. Orn. Not. i. p. 229; Bp. Consp. p. 201.
Ramphocenus maculatus, Burm. Syst. Ueb. ii. p. 73.

Pileo, alis extus et pectore albis nigro variegatis: gula alba:
dorso medio castaneo : abdomine flavo: tarsis obsolete squa-
matis.

Long. tota 4°0, alee 1°8, caudée 1°8, rostri a rictu 0°55, tarsi 0°6.

Hab. South-eastern Brazil; environs of Rio (Ménétriés).

Mus. Brit., P. L.S.

OTSA YT
14. FoRMICIVORA CALLINOTA. = Ut

Formicivora callinota, Sclater, P. Z.S. 1855, p. 89. pl. 96. et

p. 147; List of Bog. B. p. 19.

6 Olivacea, pileo nuchaque nigris : loris, capitis lateribus cum gula
et pectore cinereis: abdomine pallide flavicanti-viridi: tergo
lete castaneo, ngro partim marginato: alis nigris, carpo et
tectricum marginibus flavis : secundariis et rectricibus olivaceo
marginatis.

Long. tota 4:0, alee 2:0, caudee 1°7.
Hab. New Granada, Bogota.
Mus. Brit.

245

Genus IV. PstLorHampuvus.

Leptorhynchus, Mén. Mon. Myioth. p. 515.
Psilorhamphus, Sclater, P. Z.S. 1855, p. 90.

Rostrum rectum, tenue, elongatum, ut in genere sequente, sed bre-
vius ; narium membrana obtectarum apertura basali, laterali,
elongata : ale breves rotundata, remige quinta sexta et sep-
tima longissimis : caude longe rectricibus decem graduatis :
tarsi longi, graciles, leves, acrotarsiis et paratarsiis integris :
sexus similes.

I am not confident of this being the right position for the present
and the next following genus. Their members are very peculiar
birds, in the formation of the nostrils quite different from the rest
of the family, and might perhaps be more naturally placed as a
distinct subfamily of Pteroptochide. Here, and again in the genus
Heterocnemis, there is little external difference between the appear-
ance of these birds and the true Wrens.

1. Pst1LoRHAMPHUS GUTTATUS.

Leptorhynchus guttatus, Mén. Mon. Myioth. p. 516. pl. 10. fig. 1.
Ramphocenus guttatus, Burm. Syst. Ueb. iii. p. 73.
Psilorhamphus guttatus, Sclater, P. Z. 8.1855, p. 90.

Supra cinereus, uropygio et alis extus rufescentibus : dorso, tec-
tricibus et secundariis alarum, et cauda punctis minutis albis
irroratis : subtus dilutior, ventre medio albescentiore et nigro
punctato: hypochondriis et crisso rufescentioribus et nigro
transversim lineatis : cauda albo terminata : rostro superiore
nigro, inferiore cum pedibus flavis.

Long. tota 5:3, alee 2°0, caudze 2°3, rostri a rictu 0°8, tarsi 1:0.

Hab. Cuyaba, Brazil (Langsdorf ).

Mus, P.L.S.

I have never met with but one example of this curious bird, which

is now in my own collection.

Genus V. RHAMPHOCANUS.

Ramphocenus, Vieill. Nouv. Dict. xxix. p. 6 (1818).
Acontistes, Sund. Kongl. Vet. Acad. Handl. 1835, p. 95.
Scolopacinus, Bp. P. Z. S. 1837, p. 118.

Rostrum rectum, tenue, longius quam caput, ad basin latum, apicem
versus compressum; narium apertura basali, laterali, longa,
membrana partim obtecta: acrotarsiis obsolete divisis, para-
tarsiis integris : cauda longa, valde graduata ; rectricibus solum
decem.

1. RHAMPHOCAENUS MELANURUS.

Rhamphocenus melanurus, Vieill. N. Dict. xxix. p. 6; Ene. Meth.
p- 863; Gal. Ois. ii. pl. 128; Burm. Syst. Ueb. p, 72.

Myiothera longirostris, Licht. in Mus. Berol.

Troglodytes rectirostris, Sw. Zool. Ul. pl. 140.

Troglodytes gladiator, Max, Beitr. iii. p. 752.

el v5 7 JF
4q
ies

244

Murino-brunneus ; subtus albus, lateraliter paulum rufescens:
cauda nigra, rectrice una utrinque extima sordide brunnea.
Long. tota 4°75, alee 1°9, caudee 1°7, rostri a rictu 9°5, tarsi 0°8.
Hab. S.E. Brazil (Maz.); Para (Wallace).

Mus. Brit., P. L. 8S.

2. RHAMPHOCENUS CINEREIVENTRIS.
Rhamphocenus cinereiventris, Sclater, P. Z. 8.1855, p. 76, pl. 87.

Olivaceo-brunneus ; capitis lateribus rufis, spatio postoculari
nigro: gutture albo, nigro-cinerascente striato: abdomine
cinerascente, medialiter albescentiore, lateraliter autem olivas-
centiore: cauda nigricanti-fusca.

Long. tota 4:0, alee 2°0, caudee 1°3.

Hab. New Granada, Pasto (Delattre).

Mus. Derbianum.

3. RHAMPHOCANUS RUFIVENTRIS.

Scolopacinus rufiventris, Bp. P. Z. 8. 1837, p.119; Gray, Gen.
B. i. p. 357. pl. 47. fig. 2.

Murino-brunneus: capite toto precipue ad latera rufescente :
subtus pallide rufescens : gutture albo, plumis subtus cinereis :
cauda nigra, rectricibus tribus extimis albo terminatis, extima
etiam in pogonio externo albo limbata.

Long. tota 5:3, alee 2°2, caudee 2:0, rostri a rictu 1°1, tarsi 0°9.

Hab. Guatimala, Coban (Delattre); New Granada, S. Martha

(Verreauz).
Mus. Brit., Derb., P. L. 8.

Genus VI. Cercomacra.

Statura major: ptilosis magis unicolor : forma validior : rostrum
ad basin dilatatum : cauda longa e rectricibus plerumque decem
multum graduatis: acrotarsis divisis, paratarsvis integris.

These birds form a transition between Formicivora and Pyriglena.

I have sometimes been inclined to unite them to the latter; but they
differ in their broad flattened bill, which in Pyrzglena is compressed
throughout.

1. CERCOMACRA CRULESCENS.

Myrmothera cerulescens, Vieill, Nouv. Dict. xvii. p. 311; Ene.
Méth. p. 680.
Formicivora cerulescens, Ménétr. Mon. Myioth. p. 499. pl. 6.
fos lege
” iisiea cerulescens, Cab. Orn. Not. 1. p. 229; Bp. Consp.
p- 201; Burm. Syst. Ueb. iii. p. 67.
3. Clare cinerea : interscapulii macula celata, campterio, tectri-
cum apicibus et caude apice albis.
2. Flavicanti-fusca, subtus rufescens.
Long. tota 6:0, alee 2°3, caudee 3-0.
ITab. South-eastern Brazil, prov. of Rio (Ménétries).
Mus. Brit., P. L. S.

245

2. CeRCOMACRA CINERASCENS.

Formicivora caerulescens, Sclater, P. Z. 8. 1854, p. 112.
Formicivora cinerascens, Sclater, P. Z. 8. 1859, p- 131.

if 3. Cinerea ; campterio concolore: interscapulii macula celata et

tectricum apicibus (etate evanescentibus !).albis : caude apice
; latiore alba.

4 \ _ Long. tota 5-7, ale 2°5, caudee 2°6,
_ Hab, Eastern Peru, r. Ucayali (Haurwell) ; Ecuador, Rio Napo.
/ Mus. Brit.

3. CERCOMACRA TYRANNINA,

Pyriglena tyrannina, Sclater, P. Z.S8. 1855, p. 90. pl. 98. et
p- 147; List of Bog. B. p. 19.

&. Nigricanti-cinerea, subtus dilutior : interscapulii macula ce-
lata, campterio, alarum tectricum marginibus et caude apice
angusta albis.

2. Pallide brunnea, rufescente tincta : abdomine toto clare rufo.

Long. 5:2, alee 2°5, caudee 2°25.

Hab. New Granada, Bogota.

Mus. Brit:, P. L. S.

4, CERCOMACRA NIGRICANS, sp. nov.

Formicivora melanaria, Ménétr. Mon. Myioth. p. 500. pl. 9.
fig. 2°?
g. Cinerascenti-nigra, subtus nigra ; macula interscapulii celata,
tectricum alarium marginibus, remigum basi interiore et caude
[ rectricum omnium apicibus albis: rostri nigri mandibula infe-
riore albicante : pedibus nigris.
_ Long. tota 5°5, alse 2-4, caudze 2°5.
_ Hab. New Granada, 8. Martha (Verreaux) ; Bogota.
+ Mus. Brit., P. L. 8.
__ I received specimens of this bird from MM. Verreaux, labeled
“‘ F. melanaria.” But that species seems to be “ coal black”’ above,
_ and is from a very different zoological region. I therefore doubt
_ their identity.
\

5. CRERCOMACRA ATROTHORAX. re
LT Alapi de Cayenne, Buff. Pl. Enl, 701, fig. 2.
Turdus atrothorax, Bodd. Table d. Pl. Enl.
Turdus alapi, Gm. et auct.
Formicivora alapi, VOrb. Voy. p. 181; Mén. Mon. Myioth.
p- 502.
Formicivora melanura, Ménu. Mon. Myioth. p.508; pl.8. figs. 1,2.??
Olivaceo-brunnea, alis fusco-nigris, tectricum apicibus albo pune-
tatis: gutture et pectore toto cum cauda nigris ; abdomine et
lateribus capitis cinercis.
Long. tota 53, alee 2°2, caudee 2°2.
Hah. Cayenne ; Bolivia (D'Oré.).
Mus. Lugdunense et Acad. Philadelph.

246

Meén¢tries’ F’. melanura seems to agree very well with this species,
and is perhaps not different.

Genus VII. PyriGLena.
Pyriglena, Cab. Orn. Not. i. p. 211 (1847).

Rostrum tenue, elongatum, compressum, apice incurva: pedes
validi, acrotarsus divisis, paratarsiis integris : cauda modice
longa, alas subequans, multum rotundata e remigibus duodecim :
statura modica : ptilosis marium nigerrima, foeminarum olivacea
aut brunnea.

1. PyrRIGLENA LEUCOPTERA.

Turdus leucopterus, Vieill. Nouv. Dict. xx. p.272; Enc. Méth.
». 666.
Lanius notodelos, Cuv. in Mus. Paris.

Lanius domicella, Licht. Doubl. p. 47.

Drymophila trifasciata, Sw. Zool. Journ. u. p.152; Zool. Ill.
1 ser. pl. 27.

Myiothera domicella, Max, Beitr. iii. p. 1058.

Formicivora domicella, Mén. Mon. Myioth. pl. 7. figs. 1, 2.

Pyriglena domicella, Cab. Orn. Not. p. 212; Bp. Consp. p. 202;
Burm. Syst. Ueb. ili. p. 59.

Myrmeciza melanura, Strickl. Ann. N. H. 1844, p. 417 (2).

8. Atra: campterio, fascia alarum duplici et macula dorsi celata
albis.

2. Olivascenti-brunnea, subtus dilutior, gutture albicante.

Long. tota 7:0, ale 3°2, caude 3:0.

Hab. South-eastern Brazil.

Mus. Brit., P. L. 8.

2. PyRIGLENA ATRA.

Thamnophilus leuconotus, Spix, Av. Bras. ii. p. 27. pl. 39. fig. 2
(1824).

Drymophila atra, Sw. Zool. Journ. ii. p. 153 (1825).

Formicivora atra, Mén. Mon. Myioth. p. 505. |

Formicivora maura, Ib. p.506? — |

Pyriglena atra, Cab. Orn. Not. p. 212; Bp. Consp. p. 202.

Pyriglena atra, Burm. Syst. Ueb. iii. p. 60.
~ 8. Atra: macula magna dorsi celata alba.

Long. tota 7°0, alee 3°2, caudze 3:0.

Hab. Brazil, Para (Spix) ; Bahia (Burm.).

3. PyRIGLENA ELLISIANA.
Pyriglena ellisiana, Sclater, P. Z. 8. 1855, p. 109, pl. 100( 2).

3. Nigra unicolor, alis extus brunnescente tinctis, campterio albo.

2. Fusco-castanea, facie, mento et regione auriculurit cum cauda
nigricantibus : rostri nigri, mandibule inferioris basi alba.

Long. tota 7°75, alee 3:0, caudze 3°5.

Hab. Interior of New Granada, Bogota.

Mus. Brit.

es fF

247

The specimen of this bird which I originally described was a
female. During a recent re-examination of the fine series of these
birds in the British Museum, I detected the male, which is black, ~
like its congeners, with the bend of the wing white, but wanting —
the white spot at the base of the interscapularies.

4. PyRIGLENA SERVA.
Pyriglena serva, Sclater, P. Z. S. 1858, p. 66.

dorsi celata albis.

,
| 3. Altra: campterio et tectricum alarium marginibus cum macula
:

Q. Olivascenti-cineracea, subtus ferruginea.
Long. tota 5:5, alee 2°6, caudee 2°3.

Hab, Rio Napo.

Mus. Jard., P. L. 8.

5. PyrRIGLENA MACULICAUDIS, sp. nov.

$. Alra: campterio, tectricum alarium apicibus, macula dorsi

celata et caude rectricum apicibus albis : rostro et pedibus nigris.

Long. tota 5°5, alee 2°7, caudee 2°5.

Hab, Trinidad.

Mus. P. L. S.

I have two specimens of this apparently unnamed Pyriglena in my
own collection. It is distinguishable from the three preceding by
the white terminations of the tail-feathers. The bill is rather broader
and stouter than in the typical species.

Genus VIII. HeTerRocnemis.

Holocnemis, Strickl. Ann. N. H. xiii. p. 415 (1844).

Heterocnemis, Sclater, P. Z. 8. 1855, p. 146.

Rostrum cylindricum, elongatum, graciliusculum, dente apicali fere
obsoleto : cauda brevis : tarsi elongati, glabri, scutellis vix appa-
rentibus.

Upon re-examination of Turdus bambla (“Le bambla de Cay-
enne,’’ Buffon) and its allied species, which I have hitherto referred
to this genus, I have found a more natural position for them among
the Pteroptochide, with which they agree in the formation of the
nostrils.

1, HeterRocNEeMIS N&VIA.

Wall-creeper of Surinam, Edwards, Birds, pl. 346 (2).

Sitta nevia, Gm. 8. N. i. p. 442.

Fourmillier tacheté de Cayenne, Buff. Pl. Enl. 823. fig. 1 ( 2).
Turdus lineatus, Gm. 8. N. i. 828.

Myioturdus lineatus, Ménétr. Mon. p. 47).

Formicarius lineatus, Gray, Gen. i. p. 211.

Holocnemis flammatus, Strickl. Ann, N, H. xiii. p. 415, pl. 138 (¢).
Holocnemis nevia, Strick]. Contr. Orn. 1849, p. 34, pl. 18. figs. 1

(¢), 2 (2).

Holocnemis lineata, Cab. Orn. Not. i. p. 214; Bp. Consp. p. 202.

248

¢. Supra schistacea, alis caudaque nigricantibus, alarum tectricibus
et caude rectricibus externis albo terminatis: subtus pallide
schistacescenti-alba, plumis nigricanti-schistaceo marginatis.

. Olivaceo-brunnea, subtus albida, prout in mari, brunneo varie-
gata.

Long. tota 6:0, alee 2°6, caudee 2, tarsi 95, rostri a rictu 1°05.

Mus. Berol., P. L. 8.

Genus IX. MyRMECIZA.

Drymophila, Sw. Zool. Journ. ii. p. 146 (1825), nec Temm.
Myrmeciza, G. R. Gray, List Gen. 1841, p. 34.
Myrmonaz, Cab. Orn. Not. p. 210 (1847).

Rostrum rectum, plus minusve elongatum : ale breves; remi-
gibus quarta quinta et sexta equalibus et longissimis : cauda e
rectricibus duodecim, valde graduatis: tarsi graciles: acro-
tarsiis et paratarsiis integris, acrotarsiis interdum obsolete
divisis.

1. MyRMECIZA LORICATA.

Myiothera loricata, Licht. Doubl. p. 44 (1823).

Drymophila leucopus, Sw. Zool. Journ. ti. p. 150 (1825).

Formicivora loricata, Mén. Mon. Myioth. p. 490. pl. 4. fig. 1 ¢,

ie)

Myrmonax loricatus, Cab. Orn. Not. p. 210; Burm. Syst. Ueb. 1.

64.

Drymophila loricata, Bp. Consp. p. 201.

3. Rubiginoso-brunnea ; superciliis elongatis et tectricum ala-
rium apicibus pallide ochraceis: subtus alba, facie, gula et
plumarum pectoris parte interna nigris; lateribus et crisso
ochraceis : rostro nigro: pedibus pallide flavis.

2. Gula et pectore ochraceis nec nigris: rostro inferiore flavo.

Long. tota 6°0, alee 2:4, caude 2°7, tarsi 1:0.

Hab. South-eastern Brazil, Bahia (Sw.); Rio de Janeiro (Ménét.).

Mus. Brit., P. L. 8.

2, MyRMECIZA RUFICAUDA.

Myrmeciza ruficauda, Max, Beitr. it. p. 1061.

3. Capite, collo toto, dorso superiore et corpore infra ad imum
pectus nigris ; dorsi et pectoris plumis anguste albo marginatis :
dorso postico, ventre, crisso, alis et cauda rubiginoso-brunneis ;
alarum tectricibus nigris ochraceo terminatis: rostro nigro :
pedibus flavis.

2. Coloribus dilutioribus : pectoris plumis medialiter mgris,
flavicanti-albido marginatis.

Long. tota 6:0, alee 2°7, caudee 2°3, tarsi 0°85.

Hab. South-eastern Brazil (Mas).

Mus. Brit., P. L.S.

This bird has been generally confounded with the last species,

~
%

from which it may easily be distinguished by the want of the su-
perciliary marks, blacker head, shorter tail and shorter tarsi.

249

3. MyrMECIZA HEMIMELANA.

Thamnophilus guttatus, Lafr. et D’Orb. Syn. 1837, p.13 ; D’Orb.
Voy. p. 177 (nec Vieill.).

Formicivora hemimelena, Sclater, P. Z. 8. 1857, p. 48.

3. Castanea, dorsi medii plumis ad basin albis, inde nigris, ad
apicem castaneis: capite toto undique et corpore subtus ad
medium pectus nigris : ventre medio albido: campterio summo
et maculis tectricum alarium apicalibus albis: cauda rufo-cas-
tanea unicolore.

2. Obscure olivacea rufo tincta; interscapulii plumis ad basin
albis : dorso postico alis et cauda rufis: alarum tectricibus
nigris, sicut in mari, albo guttulatis: subtus lete ferruginea,
pectore et ventre medio pallidioribus : lateribus et crisso rufes-
centi-olivaceis.

Long. tota 5°U, alee 2-4, caudee 1°7.

Hab. Bolivia (D’ Orb., Bridges).

Mus. Brit., Paris.

4. MyrMecizA CINNAMOMEA.

Merle a cravatte de Cayenne, Buff. Pl. Enl. 560. fig. 2.

Turdus cinnamomeus, Gm. 8. N. i. p. 825.

Thamnophilus cinnamomeus, Vieill. Enc. Méth. p. 745.

Thamnophilus albicollis, Vieill. ibid. p. 744 (2).

Holoenemis cinnamomea, Strick]. Ann. N. H. xiii. p. 415 (1844).

Myrmonaz cinnamomeus, Cab. Orn. Not. p. 210 ; Schomb. Guian.

iii. p. 684; Burm. Syst. Ueb. ii. p. 65.

Drymophila cinnamomea, Bp. Consp. p. 201.

Formicivora cinnamomea, Gray, Gen. p. 212.

$. Cinnamomeo-brunnea gutture et pectore antico nigris, ventre
grisescenti-albo nigro variegato : alarum tectricibus nigris
ochraceo terminatis : periophthalmio nudo.

9. Mari similis sed gutture albo: pectoris vitta lata nigra.

Long. tota 5°7, alee 2°7, caudee 2:1.

Hab. Cayenne ( Buff.) ; Brit. Guiana (Schomb.).

Mus. Brit., P. L.S.

5. MyrRMECIZA LONGIPES.

Myrmothera longipes, Vieill. Nouv. Dict. xii. p.113; Ene. Méth.
p-. 682; Ménétr. Mon. Myioth. p. 474.

Drymophila longipes, Sw. Zool. Journ. ii. p. 152 ; Zool. IIL. ser. 2.
pl. 23 (fig. opt-); Bp. Consp. p. 201.

Myrmonax longipes, Cab.Orn. Not. p. 210; Burm. Syst. Ueb. iii.

. 64,
ij Myjiothera castanea, Licht. in Mus. Berol.

Myrmeciza longipes, Sclater, P. Z.S. 1855, p. 147; List of Bog.
B. p. 19.

250

g¢. Castanea: pileo cinereo: gutture et pectore antico ngro:
ventre albo, lateraliter rufescente.

2. Gutture toto cum pectore clare rufis.

Long. tota 5°7, alee 2°6, caudee 2°2, tarsi 1°15.

Hat. Venezuela; Trinidad ; New Granada.

Mus. Brit., Berol., P. L.S.

6. MyRMECIZA ARGENTATA. = Me4Q.repirine

Herpsilochmus argentatus, Des Murs, Voy. Oat. et Dev. Zool.
pl. 17. fig. 2. p. 53:

Fusca, subtus alba: lateribus capitis et corporis utrinque cum
erisso et maculis tectricum apicalibus rubiginoso-rufis : rostro
superiore nigro, inferiore albo: pedibus fiavis.

Long. tota 5:7, alee 2°7, caude 1°8. tarsi 0°95.

Hab. Upper Amazon, Nauta (Cast. et Dev.).

Mus. Paris., P. L. S.

I think this is very likely to be a female bird. My specimen, re-

ceived from MM. Verreaux, agrees perfectly with the type in the
Paris Museum.

Genus X. Hyrpocnemis.

Hypocnemis, Cab. Orn. Not. 1847, p. 212.

Rostrum validiusculum, ad basin latius, apicem versus compressum,
dente finali distincto: cauda brevis, paulo rotundata; rectri-
cibus duodecim ; acrotarsiis plerumque divisis, paratarstis in-
tegris.

1. HypocNnEMIS CANTATOR.

Le Carillonneur de Cayenne, Buff. Pl. Enl. 700.

Turdus cantator, Bodd. Table d. Pl. Enl.

Turdus tintinnabulatus, Gm. 8. N. p. 826.

Hypocnemis tintinnabulata, Cab. Om. Not. p. 212. pl. 4. fig. 5;
Schomb. Guian. iii. p. 684; Bp. Consp. p. 202.

Myiothera margaritacea, Licht. in Mus. Berol.

Myrmothera campanella, Vieill. Enc. Méth. p. 681.

Thamnophilus striatus, Spix, Av. Bras. ii. p. 29, pl. 40. fig. 2.

3. Schistacea : capite nigro ; linea verticali et supercilits albo
variegatis : interscapulti plumis ad basin albis, ad apicem
nigris : uropygio et hypochondriss ferrugineis : gula, pectore et
ventre medio albis, lateraliter nigro variegatis : alarum tectri-
cibus nigris albo terminatis : cauda fusca, apice albida.

2. Rufescentior : pilei et tectricum alarium maculis pallide rufis
nec albis.

Long. tota 4°8, alee 2°3, caudee 1°5.

Hab. Cayenne ( Buff.) ; Brit. Guiana (Schomb.) ; Upper Amazon,

Eastern Peru, Chamicurros (Hauawell) ; Rio Napo.

Mus. Brit., P. L.S.

2. HypocNeEMIS PG@CILONOTA.

Myiothera pecilonota, Cuv. in Mus. Paris. ; Puch. Ann. du Mus.
vii. p. 337.

Hypocnemis pecilonota, Cab. Orn. Not. p. 213, pl. 4. fig. 2;
Schomb. Guian. iii. p. 684 ; Bp. Consp. p. 202.

d. Obscure cinerea, tectricum alarium, secundariarum, intersca-
pulit et caude tectricum plumis nigris albo marginatis: cauda

: nigra fascia mediana et altera apicali e maculis rotundis alba,
' . Pileo ferruyineo, supra rufo varia.

Long. tota 5°3, alee 2:6, caudee 1°7.
Hab. Brit. Guiana (Schomb.); Upper Amazon, New Granada,
Bogota.

Mus. Brit., P. L. S.

3. HyrocNEMIS MYIOTHERINA.

Thamnophilus myiotherinus 3 , Spix, Av. Bras. ii. pl. 42. fig. 1.
Myiothera thamnophiloides, Voigt, Thierr. i. p. 494.
Myrmonaz myiotherinus, Cab. Orn. Not. p. 210.
Drymophila myiotherina, Bp. Consp. p. 202. sp. 4.
Hypocnemis melanolema, Sclater, P. Z. S. 1854, p. 254. pl. 72.
fig. 2.
Silomasinis myiotherina, Sclater, P. Z. S. 1856, p. 146.
Cinerea, subtus valde dilutior ; interscapularium basibus niveis ; loris
; et oculorum ambitu cum cervice laterali et gutture toto nigris ;
4% linea superciliari indistincte albida; tectricibus alarum nigris,
fascia terminali alba; remigibus et rectricibus fuscis, externe
cinereis ; rostro nigro, pedibus pallidis.

Long. tota 5:0, alee 2°5, caudee 1°6.

Hab. New Granada, Bogota; Eastern Peru, Chamicurros (//auz-
well) ; Upper Amazon.

Mus. Brit., P. L.S

I do not believe Myiothera ardesiaca of Prince Max of Neuwied
to be the same as this species ; but I have never seen specimens of
t. It is referred here by Cabanis and Burmeister.

4. HyrpocNEeMIS MELANOSTICTA.

Hypocnemis melanosticta, Sclater, P. Z. S. 1854, p. 254. pl. 73.
(d et 2).

¢. Ex cinereo olivascens ; interscapularium basibus niveis ; tec-
tricibus alarum nigris, albo anguste terminatis ; loris et regione
auriculari nigris: subtus cinerea, gutture toto et ventre medio
albis ; punctis paucis rotundis in summo pectore nigris ; rostro
nigro, pedibus pallidis.

Q. Supra rufescenti-olivacea, alarum tectricum marginibus et abdo-
mine toto pallide ochraceis ; gutture albo nigro striato, collo sicut
in mari punctato; mandibule inferioris basi alba.

Long. tota 5:0, alee 2°5, caude 1°6.

Hab. Eastern Peru, Chamicurros (Haurwell).

Mus. Brit., P. L.S.

252

I have lately begun to suspect that these birds are the young male
and the female of the preceding species. If such be the case, H. ele-
gans is no doubt also a female, and perhaps H. erythrophrys the
female of H. leucophrys !

5. HypocnEeMIS ELEGANS.
?, Sclater, P. Z. S. 1855, p. 147; List of Bog.

Hypocnemis
B. p. 19.
Hypocnemis elegans, Sclater, P. Z. 8. 1857, p. 47.

Olivaceo-brunnea, fronte et superciliis rufescentibus : capitis late-
ribus et regione auriculari nigris : tectricibus alarum nigris ru-
fescente terminatis: gutture albo, abdomine cinnamomeo ; collo
antico striis quibusdam nigris maculato.

Long. tota 4°75, ale 2°6, caude 1°6.

Hab. New Granada, Bogota.

Mus. Brit., Paris., P. L. S.

6. HyrpocNEMIS LEUCOPHRYS.

Hypocnemis myiotherina, 9? , Spix, Av. Bras. 11. pl. 42. fig. 2.
Pithys leucophrys, Tsch. Faun. Peruan. p. 176. pl. 11. fig. 2?
Myrmonax leucophrys, Cab. Orn. Not. p. 211.

Pithys leucophrys, Bp. Consp. p. 203.

Hypocnemis leucophrys, Sclater, P. Z. 8. 1855, p. 146.

Cinerea, gutture nigricante : fronte et superciliis latis albis.

Long. tota 4°7, alee 2°6, caudze 1:7.

Hab. Eastern Peru (Tsch.) ; Upper Amazon; New Granada, Bo-
gota; Brit. Guiana (Schomb.).

Mus. Brit., P. L. 8.

re: HypocneEmis ERYTHROPHRYS.

Conopophaga angustirostris, Cab. in Schomb. Guian. iii. p. 685 ?
Pithys erythrophrys, Sclater, P. Z. S. 1854, pl. 72. fig. 1.
Hypocnemis erythrophrys, Sclater, P. Z. 8. 1856, p. 146.

Olivaceo-brunnea, subtus alba : fronte et superciliis latis ferrugineo-
rufis: loris et regione oculari nigris: alarum tectricibus albo
terminatis.

Long. tota 4°5, alee 2°7, caudee 1°7.

Hab. New Granada, Bogota.

Mus. Brit., Paris., P. L. 8S.

8. HypocNeEMIS SCHISTACEA, Sp. nov.

3. Caerulescenti-schistacea unicolor: tectricum alarium omnium
apicibus minute albo punctatis : rostro et pedibus nigris.
Long. tota 5:0, alee 2°5, caudze 2-0.
Hab. Upper Amazon; Rio Javarri (Bates).
Mus. Brit. ;
In the general form and somewhat slenderness of the bill this
species resembles H. erythrophrys ; but its uniform colouring renders {

4) 253
it easily distinguishable from that and other described members of
the genus.
j 9. HypocNEMIS MELANOPOGON.

Hypocnemis melanopogon, Sclater, P. Z.S. 1857, p. 130.

3. Cinerea, subtus dilutior, ventre medio albicante; gula nigra:
alis brunnescenti-nigris, tectricibus omnibus albo marginatis:
cauda nigra, rectricibus omnibus anguste albo terminatis: rostro

: nigro, pedibus fuscis.
3 4 9 aut o jun. Supra mari adulto similis, subtus gutture et pectore
| cinereo variegatis ; abdomine albo, lateraliter cinerascentiore.
Long. tota 4°5, alee 2°5, caudee 1°5.
| Hab. Eastern Peru, Chamicurros (Hauxwell).
| Mus. Brit., P. L. 8.
10. HypocNeMIs THERES.
Conopophaga therese, DesMurs, Voy. Casteln. Ois. p. 51. pl. 16.
; fig. 2( 2).
3. Supra cinerea: interscapulit macula magna celata alba: dorso
medio et alis nigris, maculis magnis rotundis albis variegatis : sub-
3 tus alba, gula et vitta lata pectorali e maculis confluentibus nigra :
lateribus et crisso pallide cervinis : rectricum apicibus albo macu-
latis : rostro nigro ; pedibus flavis.

eS + | Q. Magis rufescens, subtus pallide cervina ; gula alba nec nigra:
1 maculis corporis superi pallide cervino-flavidis nec albis.
¢ Long. tota 4°5, alee 2°5, caudee 1°6, tarsi 0°8.

Hab. Rio Javarri (Cast. et Dev.).
Mus. Brit., Paris., P. L. S.
{ U

11. HyeocNeMIS N#VIA.

Fourmillier tacheté de Cayenne, Buff. Pl. Enl. 823, fig. 1.
Pipra nevia, Gm. 8. N. i. p. 1003.
Conopophaga nevia, D’Orb. Voy. p. 186 ; Bp. Consp. p. 203.
Rhopothera punctulata, DesMurs, Voy. Casteln. Ois. p. 53. pl. 17.
fig. 37 (?).
3. Cinerea: interscapulii macula magna celata alba : dorso et alis
nigris albo guttatis ; rectricum apicibus albo quoque maculatis :
subtus alba, gutture et vitta pectorali e striis confluentibus nigra:
. rostro nigro: pedibus pallide cinereis.
) 3. “iigal rufescens : maculis corporis superi pallide cervinis : gula
alba.
. Long. tota 3°75, ala 2°1, caudee 1°1, tarsi 0°7.
__ Hab. Cayenne ; Upper Amazon (Bates) ; Rio Javarri (Cast. et
Dev.).
Se wees, Drit., P. L. S.
_ Very like the preceding species, but distinguishable by its smaller
size, shorter tail, remarkably short tarsi, and cinereous, not yellow,
feet.

a Bee

254

12. HypocNEMIS NZVIOIDES.
Conopophaga nevioides, Lafr. R. Z. 1847, p.69; Bp.Consp. p. 203.

3. Rufo-cinnamomea: capite griseo : alis nigris, rufo-cinnamomeo
bifasciatis ; tectricibus minoribus albo guttulatis, primariarum
marginibus et secundariarum apicibus pallide rufis : subtus alba,
gutture et maculis crebris vittam pectoralem formantibus nigris :
rostro nigro, pedibus plumbeis.

9. Gutture albo: maculis pectoris evanescentibus.

Hab. Panama (Delattre) ; Mosquito Coast (Bell).

Mus. Derbianum.

I have seen a pair of this species in the Derby Museum at Liver-

pool; and the same bird is represented in some drawings by Mr.
Bell of the birds of the Mosquito Coast.

2. DescripTION oF New Pinna. By Sytvanus HANuey.

Pinna SrrancGet. P. testa late trigona, satis valida, magis mi-
nusve ventricosa, carine centralis experte, livido-purpureo in cor-
neum colorem inferne pallescente: triangulo dorsali costis per-
multis (circiter 20) angustis rotundatis et manifeste elevatis in-
structo ; triangulo ventrali lato, antice asperato et (in exemplis
eximiis) plicis magnis conspicuis undatis arcte ornato, postice
leviusculo : margine ventrali antice subsinuato, postice aliquan-
tum pendulo, margini dorsali subrecto subequali: extremitate
postica truncata, subretusa.

Long. 6, lat. 81 poll.

Hab. Sinus Moretonianus (Strange).

Mus. Cuming.

Although in adult examples the ribs appear unarmed and become
obsolete near the broader end of the shell, in all probability the im-
mature examples are spinous. The shagreening of the ventral tri-
angle is very conspicuous.

Pinna Cuminet. P. testa late cuneiformi, satis valida, ventri-
cosa, caring centralis experte, fulva, brunneo-purpurascente
partim fucata, costis magnis rotundatis valde elevatis et squamis
fornicatis maximis, que cava tubera denique fiunt, arcte armatis,
instructa : squamis costisque aree ventralis (plicarum expertis)
minoribus : margine ventrali antice valde sinuato, postice pendulo,
margini dorsali cencavo subequali: extremitate postica subtrun-
cata, convera.

Long. 43, lat. 7} poll.

Hab. Peruvia.

Mus. Cuming.

The description has been solely derived from the unique example
in Mr. Cuming’s collection, and may consequently hereafter require
some little emendation. Almost the entire surface is covered with
ribs, of which there are from nine to eleven (two being smaller than

Proc. Z.5.Mollusca XLI

ry hth Nes. & C

255

the rest) upon the dorsal or upper triangle. The great bubble-like
laterally incoiled scales seem disposed to encroach upon the compara-
tively narrow intervals of the ribs. The nacre is dusky.

Pinna Goutpu. P. testa late et obtuse cuneiformi, subventricosa,
carine centralis experte, fulva, purpureo-vinoso antice nebulosa et
postice (in costas) radiata ; costis (in exemplis adultis) paucis,
depressis, remotis, angustis, postice subexoletis et squamis lon-
giusculis subcylindraceis parce armatis : area ventrali latiuscula
in exemplis adultis sublevigata : margine ventrali sinuoso, et mar-
gini dorsali retuso vel subrecto subequali: extremitate postica
pendula, rotundata, haud obliqua.

Long. 34, lat. 64 poll.

Hab. “ Amboyna”’ (in museo Cumingiano).

This beautifully painted shell approaches vevillum in general
aspect, and agrees in many respects with the description of senticosa.
The hinder extremity of the latter, which is stated to be subinflated,
is declared to be oblique, a most important distinction in the genus
Pinna.

Besides some scarcely raised anterior interstitial riblets, there are
about five or six armed ribs, whose diminished elevation at the broader
extremity renders them more perceptible from their purplish hue
than from their projection.

PinNA assimitis. P. testa cuneiformi, sublata, subventricosa,
: carine centralis experte, cornea, antice fumoso-purpurascente pal-
lide tincta, squamis fornicatis longis in costas multas angustas
subrotundatas subconfertus dense instructa: area ventrali scabra
late, sed obsolete, plicata, haud costata: margine ventrali valde
4 sinuoso, et margini dorsali subretuso subequali: extremitate pos-
tica truncata, subpendula.
; Long. (exempli parvi) 22, lat. 54 poll.
Hab. Portus Essingtonianus.
Mus. Cuming.
One of the many species without salient characteristics. It closely
approaches both alta and rigida.

3. DescripTion or A New Oniscia. By Sytvanus HANtey.
(Mollusca, Pl. XLII. figs. 9, 10.)

OnisciA PONDEROSA. O. testa late et obtuse trigona, ponderosa,
alba brunneo punctulata, eodemque colore (prasertim infra sutu-
ram) sparsim maculata : spira vix totius longitudinis sextam par-
tem implente, transversim striata, anfractibus ejus perbrevibus,
postice subcrenato-marginatis, antice crasse nodosis : area infra-
suturali sublate concava, subangulata ; anfractu ultimo transver-
sim cingulato, postice nodis grandibus longitudinaliter nodoso ;
cingulis alternis nodulosis, nodulis subremotis ; labro crassis-

256

simo punctulis confertissimis brunneis transversim virgato, et lyris
remotis intus dentato : columella subaurantia, haud granosa, juxta
aperturam albam transversim lyrata, maculis angularibus brun-
neis variegaia.
Long. lip | Jats i> polit,
Hab.
Mus. Gute
Resembles a Cyprecassis. The sculpture is very coarse, and the
lip extends up the penult whorl, so as to be nearly on a level with
the apex.

4. Descriptions or TEN New Species oF BULIMUS, FROM THE
COLLECTION OF H. Cumine, Esa. By Dr. L. PFeirrer.

(Mollusca, Pl. XLII. fig. 1-8.)

1, BuLimus prycHosty vs, Pfr. (fig. 7). 7. rimato-umbilicata,
Susiformi-oblonga, solida, sublevigata (sub lente irregulariter im-
pressa) ; spira convewxiusculo-turrita, apice obtusula ; anfr.
convexiusculi, superiores albidi, fulvo rare strigati, ultimus spira
brevior, spadiceus, albido-strigatus et maculatus, basi attenuatus ;
columella fortiter torto-plicata; apertura subverticalis, auri-
formis, intus nigricanti-limbata ; perist. simplex, albidum, margi-
nibus approximatis, dextro late expanso columellari perdilatato,
patente.

Long. 47, diam. 15 mill.

Hab. Province of Patas, Andes of Peru (Dr. Farris).

2. BULIMUS CATAMARCANUS, Pfr. (fig. 5). J. profunde umbili-
cata, ovato-conica, solidula, irregulariter plicata et undique minute
granulata, non nitens, albida; spira conica, obtusula; anfr. 6
convert, ultimus spiram superans, antice ascendens, basi rotun-
datus ; columella profunde et obsolete plicata; apertura verti- -
calis, oblongu-ovalis ; perist. simplex, marginibus approximatis,
dextro ab insertione horizontaliter abeunte, late expanso ; columel-
lari perdilatato, fornicato.

Long. 42, diam. 23 mill.

Hab. Province of Catamarca, Andes of Peru (Mr. Williams).

3. Buxiimus pLatystomus, Pfr. (fig. 2). T'. profunde umbilicata,
oblongo-conica, solida, oblique striata, fulvo-albida, strigis irre-
gularibus castaneis et fulvis picta; spira conica, apice subtrun-
cata; anfr. 6} convexiusculi, ultimus spiram subequans, antice
leviter ascendens, basi compresso-rotundatus ; columella fusco-
violacea, profunde subplicata; apertura vix obliqua, intus ovalis,
fulvida; perist. simplex, saturate fusco-violaceum, marginibus
approximatis, dextro late expanso, columellari perdilatato, patente.

Long. 40, diam. 18 mill.

Hab. Province of Patas, Andes of Peru (Dr. Farris).

ee a a ee

[an

: oleae

257

4. Buiimus paTasensis, Pfr. (fig. 6). 7. profunde rimato-umbi-
licata, ovato-conica, solidula, subargute striata, parum nitens,
carneo-albida, sepe spadiceo strigata et nebulosa ; spira convex-
tusculo-conica, apice subacuta ; anfr. 7, superi subplani, penulti-

* mus convexior, ultimus spiram superans, antice leviter ascendens,
basi rotundatus, juxta umbilicum subcompressus ; columella fusco-
violacea, profunde subplicata ; apertura vix obliqua, ovalis, intus
late violaceo-limbata; perist. simplex, margine dextro breviter
expanso, columellari perdilatato, patente.

Long. 47, diam. 24 mill.

{. Testa tenuiore, saturate carnea, sepe strigis obliquis fulvis picta.
Hab, Province of Patas, Andes of Peru (Dr. Farris).

5. Butimus ca#Ruvescens, Pfr. T. umbilicata, ovato-oblonga,
solidula, striata, cerulescenti-albida ; spira elongata, apice acuta ;
anfr. 74 converiusculi, ultimus spira brevior, antice saturatius
cerulescens, basi parum attenuatus, subcompressus ; columella
superne profunde dentato-plicata ; apertura subverticalis oblonga,
intus atro-fusca; perist. atro-fuscum, margine dextro breviter
expanso, columellari libero, non reflexo.

Long. 31, diam. 124 mill.

Hab. Province of Patas, Andes of Peru (Dr. Farris).

§. Butimus BINNEYANUS, Pfr. (fig. 4). 7. umbilicata; ovato-
conica, solida, conferte striata, opaca, cretacea, interdum radiis
Juscis fasciatim interruptis picta ; spira conica, apice acutiuscula ;
anfr. 54, subplani, exserte carinati, ultimus non descendens, spiram
@quans, infra carinam acutam turgidus, circa umbilicum infundi-
buliformem pervium vir compressus ; apertura obliqua, irregula-
riter rhombea, fundo fuscula ; perist. simplex, acutum, sordide
purpurascens, margine dextro expanso, columellari late patente.

Long. 26, diam. 19 mill.

Hab. Province of Patas, Andes of Peru (Dr. Farris).

7. Butimus witiiamsi, Pfr. (fig. 1). 7. imperforata, subulata,
solidula, striatula, alba, strigis saturate castaneis, deorsum satu-
ratioribus et crebrioribus picta; spira turrita, apice obtusula ;
anfr. 8 planiusculi, ultimus 4 longitudinis non attingens, basi
compressus; apertura viz obliqua, oblonga; perist. simplex, rectum,
marginibus subparallelis, columellari tenui, adnato.

Long. 24, diam. 64 mill.

Hab. Province of Catamarca, Andes of Peru (Mr. Williams).

Le Se Oe

8. Buximus vespertinvs, Pfr. (fig.3). 7. subperforata, oblongo-
Susiformis, tenuiuscula, irregulariter (interdum levissime) striata,
nitidula, albido-rosea, strigis spadiceis, irregulariter albo-adspersis,
ornata; spira conica, apice acutiuscula, nigricans ; anfr. 63-7
conveviusculi, ultimus spiram paulo superans, basi attenuatus,
croceus; columella filaris, subrecedens ; apertura vix obliqua,

No, CCCLXIII.—Proceepincs or THE ZOOLOGICAL Society.

258

acuminato-oblonga, intus rubra, strigata, nitida ; perist. simplex,
rectum, margine columellari sursum sensim dilatato, subappresso.
Long. 36, diam. 14 mill.
Hab. Province of Patas, Andes of Peru (Dr. Farris).

9. Buximus rarrisI, Pfr. (fig. 8). 7. anguste umbilicata, fusifor-
mi-turrita, solidula, longitudinaliter subremote pliculata et conferte
striolata, striis spiralibus levibus decussatula, albida vel rosea,
plerumque strigis et maculis pellucentibus fuscis vel rubris sig-
nata ; spira elongato-conica, apice acutiuscula, crocea ; anfr. 64-7
planiusculi, ultimus spiram subequans, vie ventrosior, basi at-
tenuatus ; columella superne levissime plicata; apertura parva
obliqua, acuminata, oblongo-ovalis, intus fusco-crocea ; perist.
simplex, rectum, margine columellari superne dilatato, fornicatim
reflexo.

Long. 47, diam. 16 mill.

Hab. Province of Patas, Andes of Peru (Dr. Farris).

10. Butimus cLaturatus, Pfr. T. compresse umbilicata, fusi-
formi-oblonga, tenuiuscula, plicatula, parum nitens, albida,
strigis et fasciis angustis interruptis fuscis subclathrata; spira
elongata, apice acutiuscula; anfr. 8 parum convexi, ultimus 2
longitudinis vix superans, basi compressus ; apertura viz obliqua,
subrhombeo-ovalis ; columella medio leviter torta; perist. sim-
plex, rectum, margine columellari a basi dilatato, superne late
patente.

Long. 30, diam. 11 mill.

Hab. Province of Patas, Andes of Peru (Dr. Farris).

5. ADDITIONAL OBSERVATIONS ON THE GENUS FURCELLA.
By Dr. J. E. Gray, F.R.S., etc.

Sir Everard Home figured, as I stated in my former paper, the
fragment of the vaulted continuation of the tube that closes its lower
ends, for the shelly valves of the animal. Considering this as an
accidental mistake, I took no further notice of it. An eminent com-
parative anatomist having observed,—“ In the great Teredo arenaria,
which lives in soft mud, the valves are wanting, according to Dr.
Gray, or their homologues form the convex cap closing the periodi-
cal growths of the calcareous tubes ”’ (““Mollusea,” in Ency. Britan.
353), I feel it incumbent on me to show the reasons why I cannot
consider the ‘‘ convex caps” closing the calcareous tube to be the
homologues of the true valves, which, in my paper, I have said are
entirely absent.

First. The caps have the structure, and are continuations of the
tube, and have no relation to the usual valves of the Teredo in their
form or structure.

Secondly. The convex caps here referred to are evidently identical in
structure and formation with the convex cap that is found on the end

oe we Latha

259

of the tubes of the allied genera Clavagella and Aspergillum ; and
as these genera have the shelly valves of the animal in their proper
situations, on the sides of the body, quite distinct from the convex
caps, I think it is conclusive that they are not the homologue of the
valves, in those genera, as both the valves and the caps which are
considered as their homologue are present together, so that I must
consider the convex cap in those genera as I do in /urcella, as only
a continuation of the shelly tube in which the animal lives, and
having no more affinity with the shelly valves than the tube of Gas-
trochena and some Lithodomi and other perforating Mollusca.

Thirdly. It is to be remembered that some species of the true
genus T'eredo, which have distinct shelly valves, also form a shelly
convex cap at the base of their tube in front of the animal, exactly
similar in structure and situation to the cap of the genus Furcella,
as I mentioned in my former paper ; so that I cannot consider it only
as a septum formed by the animal for its protection during the period
of rest in those species of T’eredinide which have true, well-deve-
loped, shelly valves, and the same convex caps as the homologue of
the shelly valve in the genus of the family which are without true
valves.

Hence I must continue to regard Furcella as a Conchifer with-
out shelly valves or any part homologous to them ; and if we were
to find a Conchifer without valves, I should consider their absence
would be most likely to occur in a family which have the valves
in the normal members of it so reduced in comparison with the size
of the animal as in Teredinide, where they have been regarded as
‘mere appendages of the foot ;”’ and also being a family of Bivalve
Mollusca, in which the animals always live in a shelly tube, it is one
in which the valves are least required for their protection.

Since I sent in the former paper, I have had the opportunity of

_ examining Mr. Cuming’s series of Furcella from the Island of Ca-

miguen, one of the Philippines, where they live in hard mud left
exposed at very low water.

Mr. Cuming has several specimens of the tube of the young ani-
mal, which commence with a much smaller diameter than the spe-
cimen figured, and enlarge more rapidly in thickness, so that the
tube is more conical. He has two examples of the base of the tube
of larger specimens, which end in the cap formed of two overlap-
ping arched plates, like the one figured, showing that to be the
normal formation of the termination. All the specimens have two
separate apical siphonal tubes.

He has also two specimens of the upper part of the tube, which
are of a slender, elongated, nearly cylindrical form ; both are pierced
the whole length with two central semicylindrical tubes, separated
by a narrow opake septum. One of these specimens is water-worn,
the other as fresh as if it had been broken from a living specimen ;
the latter shows at the fracture that the apex of the tube is formed
of a number of concentric lamin deposited one within the other.
The two semicylindrical siphon tubes are surrounded with a special

260

opake shelly lamina, the septum between them being of the same
thickness and structure; and between the outer surface of this tube
of the siphon and the inner surface of the cylindrical outer sheath
or tube, there is deposited at each end of the central septum, between
the two siphonal tubes, a transverse space filled with a loose, spongy,
cellular shelly texture.

Mr. Cuming has two small tubes from California which appear to
belong to the genus Teredo, which have the lower or larger end of
the tube closed with a single hemispherical cap like those described
in my former paper. In one the cap is simple and terminal, and the
apex of the tube is oblong and quite simple; in the other the cap at
the lower end of the tube is larger, rather distorted, and bent on one
side of the axis of the tube, and the aperture at the apex of the
tube is partially divided by a series of plates, which have a promi-
nence in the middle on each side, forming an imperfect division of
the cavity.

I may add, that the siphonal end of the tube being divided into
two distinct tubes is not a distinctive character of Furcella, as we
have in the British Museum a Teredo or rather a Xylotrya from
Sierra Leone which has some of its tubes furnished with two distinct
siphonal apertures, and others in which the tubes are only partially
separated, and others with a simple aperture.

The Cloisonnaine de la Méditerranée of M. Matheron (Annales
des Sciences et de l’Industrie du Midi de la France, vols. 1 & 2),
quoted by Deshayes (Ann. Sci. Nat. xi. 245), is evidently a Teredo,
furnished with shelly valves and palettes, and not a Furcella.

6. On a New GENUS AND SEVERAL New Species or Uropet-
TID, IN THE COLLECTION OF THE BritisH Museum. By
Dr. J. E. Gray, F.R.S., V.P.Z.S., F.L.S., Pres. Ent. Soc.,
ETC.

These animals, when first discovered, were arranged with Typhlops
by Schneider; and afterwards Cuvier, who had previously regarded
them as belonging to that genus, formed for some of them a genus
under the name of Uropeltis. In the ‘Catalogue of the Specimens of
Lizards in the Collection of the British Museum’ (12mo. 1845),
I formed for them a family under the name of Uropeltide, and di-
vided the species into three genera, each containing a single species.
Lately I described a fourth genus named Morina in the ‘ Proceed-
ings’ of this Society (1858).

Professor Johann Miiller, in an article on the ‘ Osteology of Rep-
tiles’ in Tiedemann’s ‘Zeitschrift fiir Physiologie’ for 1851 (vol. iv.),
gave an account of the osteology of the two genera Rhinophis and
Uropeltis. Schlegel in 1837 regarded them as a genus under the
name of Pseudotyphlops, and noticed three species.

Having occasion to re-examine the various specimens which we
have received since the printing of the Catalogue above referred to, I
have found several additional species.

ea ae | ae
=f ~

261

The family may be divided into three groups, according to the
form of the tail.
I. The tail obliquely truncated with a flat superior disk.

1. Strronovura. Disk oblong, covered with separate, two or four
keeled scales.

2. Uroprettis. Disk circular, covered with a single tubercular
plate.

Il. The tail subtruncate ; end conver, rounded, covered with a
va single horny tubercular shield.

3. Mytin1a. Caudal shield many-keeled ; nose more or less
acute.

1. Siloboura Ellioti. 4. Mytilia unimaculata.
2. Mytilia Templetonii. 5. Mytilia melanogaster.
3. Plectrurus Perrotetti.

Ill. Tail oblong, compressed, covered with separate 3-keeled scales ;
tip covered with a small compressed cap-like spinose shield.

4. Mavupria.

Instead of this family being characterized by the tail being “ cylin-
drical, obliquely truncated above,” it ought to be described as tai
cylindrical or compressed, covered with keeled scales, which are
separate or more or less united into a horny shield,—the scales on
the tip of the tail being always united and many-keeled.

262

I. Tail cylindrical, obliquely truncated, with a flat superior dish.
Uropeltina.

1. Srrogoura, Gray.

Tail obliquely truncated ; disk oblong, covered with rhombic, two-
or four-keeled scales, the scales on the lower edge of the disk larger,
tubercular above, and having two acute tubercles on its sharp lower
edge.

* Scales of caudal disk four-keeled.

1. Srrepoura Exxiorti (fig. 1). B.M.
Siloboura ceylonica, Gray, Cat. Brit. Mus. 142 (not Cuvier), a

Caudal disk oblong, elongate; scales of the disk four-keeled; brown,
with a narrow yellow streak on each side of the neck, a broad yellow
band in front of the vent continued in a band on each side of the
tail.

Var. Larger scales of caudal disk three- or four-keeled.

Hab. Madras (Walter Elliot, Esq.).

** Scales of caudal disk two-keeled.

2. SttoBpouRA CEYLONICA. B.M.

Uropeltis Ceylonicus, Cuvier, R. A. ii. 76; Cocteau, Mag. Zool.
1833, t. 2 (not S. Ceylonica, Gray, Cat.); Miller in Tiedemann’s
Zeitsch. Phys. iv. 252, 273. t. 21. f. 4, 5, skull?

Siluboura Ceylonicus, Kelaart, Prod. Fauna, 156.

Pseudotyphlops ceylanicus, Schlegel, Abbild. 45.

Coloburus Ceylonicus, Dum. & Bib. Erp. Gen. vii. 164. t. 59. f. 3.

Caudal disk roundish, oblong ; scales of disk two-keeled ; black,
a broad irregular yellow band on each side of the neck from the
angle of the mouth, and some yellowish marbling on the sides of
the body becoming more obscure behind ; a broad yellow cross band
in front of the vent, continued in a broad band to the sides of the
tail.

Hab. Ceylon.

2. URopeE tris.

Tail obliquely truncated; disk roundish, covered with a single
flat roundish granulated shield.

1. UROPELTIS GRANDIS. B.M.

Uropeltis (sp.?), Kelaart, Prodromus, 155.
“ Uropeltis grandis, Kelaait.”? In Brit. Mus.

Caudal disk subcircular, with large scattered tubercles ; nose
#subacute, rather produced; dark brown ; chin and beneath yellowish
brown, with some of the scales dark brown in the centre near the
hinder edge.
Hab. Ceylon (Kelaart). Dr. Kelaart’s type specimen.

263

2. UROPELTIS PARDALIS. B.M.
“* Uropeltis pardalis, Kelaart.”’

Nose convex, rounded ; caudal disk subcireular, scarcely tuber-
cular ; back black, with numerous small white specks on the back
and sides; caudal disk brown, smooth, with a narrow white edge
above and a white spot on each side of the lower edge ; belly white,
three or four irregular rows of oblong transverse black spots.

Hab. Ceylon (Kelaart). Dr. Kelaart’s type specimen.

3. Urorettis? Puriippinus.

Uropeltis Philippinus, Miller, Thienem. Zeitsch. fiir Physiol. iv.
248, 274. t. 22. f. 1 a, 6, c, skull; f. 3, animal nat. size; Dum. &
Bib. Erp. Gen. vii. 161. t. 59. f. 2.

Rhinophis Philippinus, Boie, Isis, 1827, 513; Miiller, 1. c. 248.

Typhlops Philippinus, Cuvier, R. Anim. ii. 72.

Pseudotyphlops philippinus, Schlegel, Abbild. 44 (not figured).

Hab. Philippines.

This species is unknown to me. One specimen in the Paris
Museum.

Il. The tail cylindrical, subtruncate ; end covered with a single
horny convex tuberculated shield ; nose acute.

3. Mytinia.

Caudal disk convex, covered with a single convex shield, covered
with small spine-like ridges; rostral scales produced, more or less
acute.

Rhinophis, Dum. & Bib. Erp. Gen. vii. 150.

* Caudal shield with a slight perpendicular keel ; rostral scales
square, rather acute.

1. Myritia GerrRArDI. B.M.

Mytilia Gerrardi, Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1858, p. 57. Rept.
pl. 13.

Caudal disk large, with a slight perpendicular terminal keel ;
black ; white spot over the upper edge of disk.
Hab. Ceylon (R. Templeton, Esq., 1845).

2. Myrixia Tempietonni (fig. 2). B.M,

Caudal disk small, covered with radiating lines of uniform spines,
with a slight perpendicular apical keel; blackish-brown, with the
middle of the scales rather paler, a large irregular yellow streak on
each side of the neck, and a few yellow cross-bands on the sides,
becoming small and more indistinct behind; a yellow spot on each
side of the vent, extending in an irregular narrow line to the end
of the tail.

Hab, Ceylon (R. Templeton, Esq ).

264

** Caudal shield convex, rounded, without any terminal keel ;
rostral shield compressed, produced, very acute.—? Rhinophis,
Hempr.

3. Myrit1a unimacuata (fig. 4). . | B.M.

Uniform grey-brown (in spirits), with pale edges to the scales,
those of the under side being the broadest, with a single oblong
transverse yellow spot in front of the vent.

Hab. Ceylon (Thwattes).

We have two specimens of this species,-—one not in a good state,
rather discoloured, being uniform red-brown, from the Haslar col-
lection, and another, in good state, received from Mr. Thwaites in
1856. They both have the same preanal spot and keelless caudal
shield.

The species is most like the Pseudotyphlops oxyrhynchus figured
by Schlegel, Abbild. 43. t. 12, which is said to be the Typhlops
oxyrhynchus of Schneider, Amph. ii. 341; the Rhinophis oxyrhyn-
chus, “‘ Hemp. Berl. Mag.,’? Wagner, Syst. Amp. 195; the Rhino-
phis punctata, Miller in Tiedem. Zeitsch. Physiol. i. 248, 273.
t. 21. f. 1, 2, 3, skull; t. 22. f. 1, head shield; f. 1, d, e, f, caudal
disk, which Schneider says came from Coromandel, and Professor
Johann Miiller from Guiana: but I think the latter must be a mis-
take, as no species of the family has yet been found on the Western
continent. The specimen figured by Schlegel in the Leyden Museum
differs from the one here described, chiefly in having no yellow spot
in front of the vent, and in being provided with a dark spot in the
centre of the scales, forming a central and some lateral lines on the
back, and a single line of spots on the underside of the tail and the
hinder part of the belly near the vent. I have no specimen which
agrees with it in these characters.

It is doubtful if Schlegel’s figures of this genus differ from Mo-
yina; but Professor John Miller describes the tail as covered at the
end with a “hard oval horny shield,’’ and he says Uropeltis has a
caudal shield exactly like Riinophis, and rough with granulations ;
he further observes that there is no other difference between the ex-
ternal form and the skull of the genera, except in the form of the
rostral shield, which in RAznophis is sharp and keeled and produced.
At any rate Rhinophis and Morina were not established on the same
kind of characters, and the sharpness or bluntness of the rostral
shield differs in the species of both genera; and though the name
and character is applicable to this kind, the nose of the other
species of the genera more resembles that of genera Siloboura, Uro-
peltis, and Maudia.

*** Caudal shield small, with a terminal transverse dentated keel;
rostral shield square, rather acute.—Crealia.

4. MyTILiA MELANOGASTER (fig. 5).

Above brown (in spirits), with indistinct pale lines between the
series of scales, formed by very small pale dots on the outer sides of

265

the scales ; sides white from lips to vent ; belly black, white-spotted ;
tail above ‘and below like the back, dark. with sndiatinet pale lines ;
caudal shield tridentate at the tip.

Hab. Ceylon (Thwaites).

We procured through Mr. Cuming two specimens of this spesies,
which were sent home by Mr. Thw aites in 1854.

See also—

1. Rhinophis Philippinus, Dum. & Bib. Erp. Gen. vii. 134. t. 57.
Ee

2. R. oryrhynchus, |. c. 156.

3. R. punctatus, |, ec. 157, only known from figures.

Ill. Tail oblong, compressed, covered with separate three-keeled
scales; tip covered with a small compressed cap-shaped spinose
shield.—Plecturina.

4, PLECTRURUS.

Tail oblong, compressed, covered with separate three-keeled scales;
apex furnished with a small compressed cap-shaped shield, covered
with small spines, and ending in a central perpendicular spinose
keel. Nose rounded, rather produced. The central ventral series
of scales rather iouiler than the other scales, six-sided.

1, Puecrrurus Perroretrti (fig. 3). B.M.

Pale brown (in spirits), paler beneath, with a more or less large
or distinct oblong transverse yellow spot in front of the vent.

Plectrurus Perrotetti, Dum. & Bib. Erp. Gen. vii. 167. t. 59. f. 4,
skull; t. 76. f. 1.
Hab. Madras (J. C. Jerdon, Esq., 1846) ; ‘* Neelgherries.”’

Var. 1. With series of obscure small pale spots between each
series of the dorsal scales.

Var. 2. Tail with a central line of white spots on the upper side,
and with a row of white spots on each side near the vent, converging
and united in the middle of the end of the tail; hinder part of upper
lip white.

Var. 3. Scales of the tail nearly smooth ; in other specimens these
scales are very distinctly three-keeled.

We have a smaller specimen of this animal, which we received
from the Fort Pitt Museum, as having been sent by Mr. Ford
from the Cape of Good Hope; but as ‘they had many specimens
from India in that Museum, I suspect this habitat is a mistake, as
the genus has not yet been received with certainty from Africa, and
it is scarcely likely that an Indian species should be also found in
that country.

266

7. On CARPENTERIA AND DvuJSARDINIA, TWO GENERA OF A
NEW FORM OF PROTOZOA WITH ATTACHED MULTILOCULAR
SHELLS FILLED WITH SPONGE, APPARENTLY INTERMEDIATE
BETWEEN RuHIzoroODA AND PoriFerRA. By Dr. J.E. Gray,

F.R.S. etc.

Many years ago I observed on some specimens of Cardita varie-
gata, which Mr. J. Ritchie, the late Consul of Tripoli, had collected
at Marseilles and sent to the British Museum, some specimens of a
parasitic shell which resembled a Balanus in shape, but when more
carefully examined were evidently not formed in the same manner
as the shells of that class of animals; but as they were not in a good
condition, it was not easy to decide from what animal they derived
their origin.

Mr. Cuming some years later, when he transmitted his collection
of Cirripedes to Mr. Dawson for his examination, sent with them
some shelly bodies attached to the surface of a Porites Coral, and
different kinds of shells, as Pecten and Cardita, which that natu-
ralist returned to Mr. Cuming as “ not Cirripede,” on which Mr.
Cuming brought them to the British Museum, requesting me to
examine and describe them. These specimens brought to my mind
the shells I had formerly received from Mr. Ritchie, and a casual
examination of their form and structure at once showed me that they
could not belong to a Cirripede; and as they presented some cha-
racters which were not to be observed in the Mediterranean speci-
mens, a careful study of them led me to consider them as nearly
allied to the Foraminiferous shell, but differmg from any form of
them with which I was acquainted, in being permanently attached
to marine bodies ; and they were so unlike, both in size and form, to
any shells of the kind previously known, that several persons to
whom I had expressed this opinion doubted their affinity to them.
I therefore laid the specimens aside, in hopes that some other spe-
cimens might occur that would more fully elucidate their structure,
and show their affinity to other known animals.

Though most of the naturalists to whom I have shown Mr. Cu-
ming’s specimens were inclined to regard them as a peculiar form
of Cirripede shell, each examination of them tended to strengthen
my original opinion, that they were a new form of Foraminifera ;
and this was further confirmed when I accidentally discovered that
the cells were filled with a fleshy substance, in which bundles of
simple sponge-like spicula were imbedded. This induced me to
show them to Professor George Busk, and to inquire of him if
he had ever seen any coral, or other natural body, to which they
could be allied. He stated that he had not, unless they were the
shells of a Cirripede ; and on my expressing to him the opinion I
had formed of their probable formation and affinity, he stated that
it was not impossible that I was right, and that they might be an
intermediate form of Rhizopod between a Foraminiferous shell and a
Sponge, which is exactly the idea I had formed of their position,

267

considering them as a Sponge that was surrounded by and provided
with a shelly case with a single terminal oseu/e.

Being desirous of obtaining other opinions on the subject before
publishing any account of them, I transmitted the specimens to my
friend Dr. William Carpenter, stating my belief that they were a
new form of RAizopod which had been mistaken by several natural-
ists for the shell of a Cirripede, giving him permission to take off
and examine one of the specimens. He has most kindly sent me
the following note.

University Hall, April 23, 1858.
My pear Sir, :

Your guess was a very sagacious one. The structure of the shell
is most characteristically Foraminiferous, being riddled full of holes
like a Rotalia. In the interior of the only specimen I have laid open
was a brownish animal residuum full of Sponge spicules. Of course
there is no great improbability in the idea that the Sponge was para-
sitical ; but I am inclined to believe that this organism is the con-
necting link which I have long thought must exist between Sponges
and Foraminifera, and that it is in fact a Sponge whose integuments
have been consolidated into a Foraminiferous-like shell. You will
find that the interior is not one single undivided cavity, but that it
is loculated ; and sections of the shell show a sort of areolation cor-
responding with the little bosses of the exterior.

I do not think that you will satisfactorily elucidate the organiza-
tion of this creature, unless you have several sections made in dif-
ferent directions through the shell. Ihave limited myself to the
one which you gave me the liberty to break up, with which I have
done the best I could. I should like to have these (two) slides back
again, and to have one or two perfect specimens, if you could spare
me a corner of your block.

Yours very truly,
Wixviam CarPenter.

This account exactly agrees with my previous examination, as it
was the knowledge that the shell was multilocular and minutely
foraminated like the multilocular Foraminifera, which induced me to
regard them as the case of a Rhizopod; and the knowledge that the
cells were filled with a fleshy substance strengthened with spicula like
certain sponges, which induced me to believe that they were also
allied to the Porifera or Sponges; and in my note to Dr. Carpenter
transmitted with the specimen on the 21st of April, 1858, I stated
that ‘“‘I regarded it as a Rhizopod of a new form; it is formed of a
number of cells each ending in a terminal pore. The cells look like
the valves of a Barnacle, and that is the reason that Mr. Cuming
and my German friend think it is one; but the examination of the
structure at once proves that it cannot be one.”’

Being strengthened by the opinion of Professor Busk and Dr, Car-
Dacian, 2 have ventured to bring the subject before the Society ; and
I propose to form for the Philippine specimens a genus which I shall

268

name Carpenteria, after Dr. William Carpenter, who has paid so”
much attention and has been so successful in elucidating the stree-
ture and organization of these animals, and who is also the son of

CARPENTERIA.

Fig. 1. Exterior surface complete.
Fig. 2. Partly eaten off by acid. a. Complete.

Fig. 3. Cross sunken cells, showing the spicula in the cells.
Fig. 4. Part of Fig. 3, more magnified. a. Outer parietes of cells.

my very dear friend Dr. Lant Carpenter, and the brother of Mr.
P. P. Carpenter, to whom we are much indebted for the collection
of Magellan Shells and the catalogue that accompanied it.

I shall merely give a slight description of the genus, sufficient to

vee es

269

distinguish it from other marine bodies, and send some of my speci-
mens to Dr. Carpenter, in the hope that it will enable him to add a
full account of its formation and structure to his paper on the Fora-
miniferous Shells which he is preparing for the Transactions of the
Royal Society, assisted by the funds of that Institution.

1. CARPENTERIA.

Shell conical, attached by the broad base, formed of a series of
elongated cells, each ending in a contracted mouth, piled one against
another in a spiral manner, and with the aperture of the last cell
at the apex in the centre of the acute cone. The substance of the
cellg is formed of a network of calcareous anastomosing ribs; the
interspaces between the ribs are thin, calcareous, prominent exter-
nally, and pierced with numerous perforations. The cavity of the
cells is filled with a fleshy sponge-like body, strengthened by nume-
rous minute, simple, pin-shaped and fusiform smooth spicula placed
in bundles.

C. BALANIFORMIS.

Hab. Philippine Islands, on Porites, Cardita, Pecten and other
shells.

The conical shell is furnished with a single contracted aperture
at the apex of the cone; as each cell is formed it closes the aperture
of the preceding cell, so that only one is seen at the top of the cone.
Some specimens show two or rarely three apertures at the tip of the
cone; but this arises from the tip having been broken ; these aper-
tures are of a larger size and irregular form, very unlike the con-
tracted uniform-shaped aperture of the last cell.

When the shell is worn, or partly destroyed by acid, the thin part
between the network is destroyed, leaving only the calcareous ribs,
which fill the greater part of the cavity, leaving a cavernous calca-
reous body somewhat like a sponge turned into stone.

A section of the parietes of the cells appeared to be formed of
polyhedral plates separated from one another by a rather opake line,
as if formed by the union of the edges of the plates ; and each plate
is pierced with a number of uniform-sized, regularly disposed cir-
cular perforations, leaving a nearly uniform imperforated belt round
the margin of each plate.

The specimens on the shells of Cardita variegata from the shores
of the Mediterranean are so different in substance and structure
from those found (on the same species of shell among others) on
the shores of the Philippines, that I propose to form for them a
second genus, named in honour of M. Felix Dujardin, the Professor
of Biology and Dean of the Faculty of Sciences at Rennes, who first
described the animal of the many-chambered microscopic shells,
which had before been generally considered as the residence of
Cephalopods! the most complicated organized mollusea, instead of
the most simply organized animal.

270
2. DusgARDINIA.

Having the same external appearance and form as: the prece-
ding genus; that is, formed of cells aggregated together in a spiral
form, the last cell being furnished with an apical opening ; but the
cells appear to have a simple cavity, and are formed of a thicker,
harder, uniform shelly coat, which is very closely and uniformly
pierced all over with very numerous, minute, equal-sized parallel
pores. The cavity of the cell ? in the imperfect specimen which
I have been able to examine, is simple; but then it has evidently
been well-washed, probably with acid.

Dusarpinia MEDITERRANEA.

Hab. Mediterranean; Marseilles, on Cardita variegata (J. Rit-
chie, Esq. 1817).

These genera appear to me to forma distinct group of Rhizopoda,
which may be called Fenestrifera, which is characterized by the
animal being always attached to marine bodies, and the cellular body
of the animal being strengthened with spicula and enclosed in a cal-
careous cell furnished with a single contracted aperture and pierced
with numerous foramens or tubes.

These shelly bodies differ from all the shells of RAczopods hitherto
known, in being attached, and in the form, structure, and disposi-
tion of the cells, which (should the existence of spicula on the body
prove a peculiarity of the genus Carpenteria, where alone it has
been observed) is sufficient to form a group distinct from the other
Rhizopods.

The existence of these spicula shows that the genus Carpenteria,
and probabiy all the group, forms the passage between the Porifera
and Rhizopods, which has been long suspected to exist, but has not
before been described.

On the Mediterranean specimens of Cardita variegata there is
intermixed with the Dwardinia a species of Lepralia, the anoma-
lous Polytrema miniaceum, which is formed of numerous layers,
one deposited on the other, each formed of a calcareous network,
with small equal hexangular interspaces, undefined patches of a
crust formed of rough calcareous cells placed side by side like the
cells of a Lepralia, but much more unequal in size and irregular in
form than the cells usually found in that genus. The parietes of
these cells are pierced with numerous equal-sized minute pores like
the foramens of Foraminifera, the whole substance of the cell being
apparently formed of numerous short shelly tubes placed parallel
side by side. The cells are furnished with a smal] roundish hole at
one of their extremities, which is often hid by the convexity of the
other cell.

This may be a peculiar genus of Lepraliade allied by my genus
Cribrillina (Cat. Brit. Radiata, pp. 116, 147), which has ‘‘ forami-
niferous cells,’’ as Professor Busk calls them; or it may prove to be
another form of Foraminifera. If the former, the form of the cells

¢ —
0 AVES

271

and mouth, and the structure of the cell-walls, are sufficient to di-
stinguish it from Cribrillina. As the only way to draw attention
to it is to give it a name, I propose to form for it provisionally,
until its nature is better understood, a genus named

PuUSTULARIA.

Cells ovate, four- or five-angled, convex, crowded together side
by side, forming a crust without any definite form ; the cells closed,
their entire parietes being pierced with numerous close uniform mi-
nute pores ; the cavity simple; aperture small, roundish, simple at
the front end of the cell (without any ovarial cells ?).

1. PusTruLARIA ROSEA.

The crust rose-red, rather rugose.
Hab. Mediterranean.

8. Nore on THE Eco or “Tur Moorvuxk” (Casvarius Ben-
NETTII, GOULD), FROM New Britain, tN THE Britisu Mv-
sEuM. By Dr. J. E. Gray, F.R.S., etc.

(Aves, Pl. CXLIV.)

The British Museum having obtained from Mr. Samuel Stevens
the egg of the Mooruk from New Britain (sent to him by Mr.
Turner, which he wished to exhibit to the Society before he deli-
vered it into the Collection), I aminduced to send the following ob-
servations on it.

The egg is of the same form and has the same solid shell, covered
with rounded tubercles, as that of the Common Cassowary, Casua-
rius galeatus.

It differs from the egg of the latter bird in the British Museum
in being rather larger (it is 14} inches in circumference in the
longest, and 114 inches in the thickest part), in the tubercles on
the surface being larger, considerably further apart, and more iso-
lated, that is to say, more rarely confluent together.

The egg is pale olive-green with darker olive tubercles ; it is much
darker than what I recollect of the eggs of the Cassowaries in other
collections ; but they may have become faded, as is the case with
our specimens in the British Museum.

Mr. Bennett sent with the living specimen of the Mooruk now
exhibited in the Menagerie, which he so liberally presented to the
Society, an egg which was brought from New Britain with the
bird. This egg has been presented by him, through the Society, to
the British Museum.

This egg differs very considerably from that exhibited by Mr.
Stevens: first, in being smaller, that is to say, only 13} inches in
circumference in the longest and 11 inches in the thickest part ;
secondly, in the egg being blunter, more rounded in front, pat not

272

so conical as the other ; thirdly, it is of a uniform pale olive-colour,
without any appearance of tubercles or darker spots.

It has been suggested that the difference between the two eggs is
so great that they cannot have been laid by the same species of bird.
They both differ considerably from the egg of the Galeated Cas-
sowary ; and Mrs. Turner assures me that they were both brought
from New Britain, by her husband and the captain of the ship,
with the living bird, to Sydney; they were divided by lot, and he,
having the choice, selected the tuberculated egg: so that, if they
are not the eggs of the Moornk, it would indicate that there must
be two Cassowaries inhabiting New Britain, both different from C.
galeatus.

There is so great a similarity in colour and texture of the smooth
egg with the ground-colour of the other egg between the tubercles,
that it has been suggested that the tuberculated egg is the perfect
egg of the bird, and the smooth egg that of a very immature or
sickly specimen ; but under any circumstances I have considered it
desirable that both specimens should be figured.

May 11, 1858.

John Gould, Esq., F.R.S., V.P., in the Chair.

The following papers were read :—

~~—1. Synopsis or THE AMERICAN ANT-BIRDS (FORMICARIID). By
Puitie Luttey Scuater. Part II]. conrTAINING THE
Tuirp SUBFAMILY FoRMICARIIN&, OR AntT-THRUSHES.

(Aves, Pl. CXLIII.)

Subfam. III. Formicariinz.

Habitus magis turdinus : rostrum subulatum, validiusculum, rec-
tum, apice incurva et dente finalt instructa: ale breves:
cauda brevis, plerumque brevissima, vix rotundata sed plerum-
que quadrata : pedes magni, ambulatorii, tarsi longi, sepe
longissimi, digitis gracilibus et elongatis : ptilosis rufa et brun-
nea, nigro varia: sexus plerumque similes. In terra apud
sylvas densas vivunt, ibique nidificant.

It is difficult, in this as in many other cases, to draw a precise line
and say where the last subfamily ought to end and the present one
to begin. In order to determine this accurately, it would be de-
sirable to know a little more of the habits and other peculiarities of
some of these birds. My idea is, that the present section ought to

273

include the Ant-birds which keep always on the ground, in contra-
distinction to those of the other subfamilies which live in the thickets
near the ground, but are generally seen on the branches. Whether
the genus Pitta and its allied forms of the Old World, which -cer-
tainly show great outward resemblance to some of these birds, are to
be placed near here in a natural arrangement, does not yet seem
very certain. Cabanis in his ‘ Ornithologische Notizen,’ leaves the
question in doubt, while Prince Bonaparte, who in his ‘ Conspectus’
excluded the Pitta from the Tracheophones ‘‘ geographia repug-
nante,” and placed them among the Oscines, in his more lately pub-
lished arrangement has located them near the Rollers (Coraciide).
For this there seems to be some ground in the formation of the
skeleton, the thorax in Pitta having much of the same appearance as
in the Volatores.

The series which I have arranged in this section is nearly the
same as that included by Prof. Burmeister in his division ‘‘ Myio-
theride,” with the exception of Sclerurus, which though somewhat
intermediate in form, seems to me to fall more naturally into the
Dendrocolaptide or Anabatide, where I assign to it the rank of a
distinct subfamily.

Genus I. Pirays.
Pithys, Vieill. Enc. Méth. p. 862 (1823).
Gymnopithys, Bp. Consp. Syst. Orn. p. 28 (1854).
Rostrum modicum : ale subelongate : pedes subfortes ; acrotarsiis
et paratarsiis integris ; digito externo cum medio usque ad se-
~ eundum articulum conjuncto: cauda longior.

l. Piruys ALBIFRONS.

Le Manikup de Cayenne, Buff. Pl. Enl. 707. fig. 1.

Pipra albifrons, Gm. 8. N.i. p. 1000.

Myiothera albifrons, Licht. Doubl. p. 44.

Pithys leucops, Vieill. Enc. Méth. p. 862.

Dasycephala albifrons, Gray, Gen. i. p. 208.

Pithys albifrons, Cab. Orn. Not. p. 214; Bp. Consp. p. 203.

Olivascenti-cinereus, cervice undique et abdomine toto cum cauda
saturate castaneis; capite nigro; crista frontali erecta et plumis
mentalibus albis.

Long. tota 4-5, alee 2°8, caude 1°5.

Hab. Cayenne ; New Granada, Bogota.

Mus. Brit., P. L.S.

b. Gymnopithys.
2. Pirays RUFIGULARIS.

Le petit merle brun a gorge rousse de Cayenne, Buff. Pl. Enl.
644. fig. 2.

Turdus rufigula, Bodd. Table d. Pl. Enl.

Turdus pectoralis, Lath. Ind. Orn. i. p. 151.

Pithys pectoralis, Cab. Orn. Not. p. 214 ; Bp. Consp. p. 203.
No. CCCLXIV.—ProcerpinGs or THE ZooLocicaL Society.

274

Brunnescenti-olivaceus, subtus dilutior, gutture rufo, loris ob-
scuris ; macula dorsi celata, in mari alba, in feemina pallide
Sulva.

Long. tota 5:0, alee 3°1, caudze 2°9.

Hab. Cayenne.

Mus. Berol., P.L. 8.

3. PirHys LEUCASPIS.

Myrmeciza leucaspis, Sclater, P. Z. S. 1854, p. 253. pl. 70 ; 1855,
p- 147; List of Bog. B.p.19. ~
Supra cinniamomeus, pileo intensiore : subtus albus, vitta laterali
a loris ad imum pectus descendente utrinque nigra: ventreimo
et lateribus olivascenti-cinnamomeus : macula dorsi celata pal-
lide fulva.
Long. tota 5°5, ale 2°8, caudee 1°8.
Hab. New Granada, Bogota; Upper Amazon; Eastern Peru,
Chamicurros (Hauawell) ; Cobati, Rio Negro (Wallace).
Mus. Brit., P. L. 8.
This is a typical Pithys, having the same formation of the bill,
and the outer toes joined as in P. albifrons.

Genus II. GyMNocICHLA.

Rostrum forte: pileus cum loris omnino denudatus : narium aper-
tura antice posita, ovalis: ale breves : pedes debiliores, digitis
brevibus, unguibus brevibus nec validis; acrotarsiis divisis,
paratarsiis integris.

1. GYMNOCICHLA NUDICEBS.

Myiothera nudiceps, Cass. Pr. Ac. Sc. Phil. v. 106. pl. 6.
Pyriglena nudiceps, Sclater, P.Z.S, 1854, p. 113.

3. Nigerrima, tectricibus alarum et cauda apicali anguste nigro
marginatis ; rostro et pedibus nigris.

Long. tota 6°0, alee 3°0, caudze 2:3.

Hab. Panama (Bell); 8. Martha, New Granada (Verreauz).

Mus. Brit., et Acad. Philadelph.

Genus III. MyrMe.astes.

Rostrum forte, ad basin latum, loris et regione oculari denudatis :
ale modice ad caude dimidium attingentes: cauda modica,
rotundata : pedes validi, tarsis modice longis, acrotarsiis
divisis, paratarsis integris ; digitis elongatis, validiusculis.

1. MyRMELASTES PLUMBEUS, sp. nov. (Pl. CXLIII. ¢ et 2).

3. Nigricanti-plumbeus, alis caudaque obscure nigris ; tectricum
alarium apicibus albo guttatis ; rostro et pedibus nigris.

?. Mari similis, sed corpore toto subtus ferrugineo-rufo.

Long. tota 6:0, alee 3:1, caudee 2°3, rostri a rictu 1°05, tarsi 1*2.

Hab. Upper Amazon, Rio Javarri (Bates).

Mus. Brit., P. L.S.

275

The British Museum possesses both sexes of this fine, strong
Ant-thrush from collections lately transmitted by Mr. Bates from
Ega, but originating, I believe, from further up the stream. I have
a single male specimen from the same source. The female has so
nearly the same general appearance as Thamnophilus hyperythrus g ,
that they might easily be confounded at first sight.

2. MyRMELASTES NIGERRIMUS, Sp. Noy.

Unicolor nigerrimus, tectricibus alarum superioribus, campterio

proximis, albis.

Long. tota 6°5, alee 3°3, caudze 2°3, tarsi 1°3.

Hab. Upper Amazon (Bates),

Mus. Brit.

A single example of this bird occurred in the same collection as
the former species, and is now in the British Museum. It is quite
the same form as Myrmelastes plumbeus, with the exception of the
bill being slightly shorter and the feet rather stronger. It is marked
“«Trides black, bill black.’’ It is without doubt a male ; and it will
be interesting to see the female.

Genus IV. RuoroTerPe.

Rhopoterpe, Cab. Orn. Not. in Wiegm. Arch. 1847, p. 227.

Rostrum rectum, validum, elongatum: ale elongate, remige
tertio quartum quintum et sextum subaquante : tarsi validi sed
breves ; acrotarsiis divisis.

This peculiar bird must come near Formicarius, but is at once
distinguishable by its long wings and short tarsi. The two other
species placed by Cabanis in this genus seem to me to have nothing
to do with it. See Myrmotherula gularis and M. guttata.

1. RHOPOTERPE TORQUATA.

Le Fourmillier de Cayenne, Buff. Pl. Enl. 700. fig. 1.
Formicarius torquatus, Bodd. Table d. Pl. Enl.

Turdus formicivorus, Gm. 8. N. i. p. 828.

Myrmothera formicivora, Vieill. Enc. Méth. p. 782.

Myjioturdus palikour, Mén. Mon. Myioth. p. 470.

Formicarius torquatus, Gray, Gen. i. p. 211.

Rhopoterpe formicivora, Cab. Orn. Not. p. 228; Bp. Consp. p.200.

3. Cinnamomeo-brunnea, dorso nigro maculato ; alis nigris pal-
lido cinnamomeo trifasciatis : subtus cinerea, gutture et pectore
antico nigris ; ventre medio nigro transversim radiato.

Q. Gutture et pectore antico ferrugineis.

Long. tota 5-5, alee 3°7, caudee 1-4, rostri a rictu 1°05, tarsi 0°9.

Hab. Cayenne.

Mus. Bnit., P. L. S.

276

Genus V. PHioGopsis.

Phlegopsis, Reich. Nat. Syst. d. Vég. pl. 57. (1850).

Rostrum forte, compressiusculum, naribus parvis, rotundatis, an-
tice positis ; regione oculart nuda; narium plumis erectis et
setosis: pedes modict ; acrotarsiis vix conspicue divisis ; para-
tarsits integris, ungue postico brevi, incurvato.

This section is at once distinguished from Formicarius by the for-
ward position of the small, rounded nostrils and nudity of the ocular
region, which in Formicarius is densely feathered. The hind claw
is also remarkably short and thick.

1. PHLOGOPSIS NIGRO-MACULATA.

Myiothera nigro-maculata, Lafr. et D’Orb. Syn. Av. in Mag. de
Zool. 1837, p. 14; D’Orb. Voy. p. 190. pl. 6*. fig. 2.

Formicarius nigro-maculatus, Gray, Gen. i. p. 211 ; Sclater, P.Z.S.
1858, p. 68.

Brunnescenti-olivacea, capite toto cum gula et pectore ngris :
primariis extus cum cauda rufis ; interscapulio, tectricibus
alarum et secundariis dorso proximis maculis ovalibus nigris
ornatis.

Long. tota 6°5, alee 3°3, caudee 2°3.

Hab. Bolivia, Chiquitos (D’Ord.) ; Upper Amazon; Ecuador,

Rio Napo; River Ucayali (Hauzxwell).

Mus; Britt, Peies:

2. PHLOGOPSIS ERYTHROPTERA.

Formicarius erythropterus, Gould, Ann, N. H. ser, 2. xv. p. 345,
et P. Z. 8. 1855, p.. 69.

Nigra, dorsi postici plumarum marginibus anguste albis: fascia
tectricum alarium mediarum apicali et primartis extus casta-
neis.

Long. tota 6:5, alee 3°7, caude 2:5.

Hab. South America.

Mus. Brit.

Genus VI. FormMIcaARIvs.

Formicarius, Bodd. Table d. Pl. Enl. (1783).

Myrmornis, Herm. Tab. Aff. Animal. (1783).

Myrmecophaga, Lacép. Mém. Inst. (1800-1).

Myiothera, Ill. Prod. Syst. M. et Av. (1811).

Myrmothera, Vieill. Analyse, p. 43 (1816).

Myiocincla, Swains. Class. ii. 230 (1837).

Rostrum crassiusculum : regio ocularis plumis vestita: ale
longiores, remigibus tertio quarto et quinto aqualibus et
longissimis : tarsi modice longi, validiusculi; scutis divisis ;
ungue postico elongato, gracilt.

277

+ 1. ForMICARIUS CAYANENSIS.

Le tetema de Cayenne, Buff. Pl. Enl. 821.

Formicarius cayanensis, Bodd. Table des Pl. Enl. ; Gray, Gen. i.
p- 211.

Turdus colma, var. 8, Gm. 8. N.827.

Le colma de Cayenne, Buff. Pl. Enl. 703, fig. 1.

Turdus colma, Gm. 8. N. 827, et auct.

Myiothera tetema, Burm. Syst. Ueb. iii. 46 ; Bp. Consp. p. 205.

Myioturdus tetema, Max, Beitr. iii. 1038 ; Ménétr. Mon, Myioth.
p- 166.

Myrmothera fuscieapilla, Vieill. Nouy. Dict. xii. p. 112; Ene.
Méth. p. 681.

Myjiothera ruficeps, Spix, Av. Bras. i. p. 72. pl. 72. fig. 1.

Myrmothera tetema, Vieill. Enc. Méth. p. 683,

Myrmothera colma, Vieill. ibid. p. 682.

Myjiothera colma, Schomb. Guian. iii. p. 686; et Bp. Consp.
p- 205.

Rufous-naped Thrush, Lath. G. H. v. p. 167.

Olivaceo-brunneus ; loris et gutture nigricantibus ; fronte
pileoque castaneis.
Long. tota 6°5, alee 3°5, caudee 2°0.
Hab. Cayenne; Brit. Guiana; North and South-eastern Brazil.
Mus. Brit., P. L.S.
The ‘colma’ is the young of this species, the ‘ tetema’ the adult.
T have seen intermediate stages,

+2, FoRMICARIUS NIGRIFRONS.

Formicarius nigrifrons, Gould, Ann. N. H. ser. 2. xv. p. 344 ;
et P. Z.S. 1855, p. 69.

Precedenti simillimus, sed fronte nigra.

Long. tota 6°5, alee 3°5, caudee 2-0.

Hab. New Granada; Eastern Peru, Chamicurros (Zauawell).

Mus. Brit., P. L.S.

I am far from being satisfied as to the real distinctness of this
species.

+3. FoRMICARIUS ANALIS.

Myiothera analis, D’Orb. & Lafr. Mag. de Zool. 1837, p. 14;
D’Orb. Voy. Amér. Mér. p. 191, pl. 6. fig. 1 ; Schomb. Guian. iii.
p- 686; Bp. Consp. p. 205.

Formicarius analis, Gray, Gen. i. p. 211.

Rufous-naped Thrush, var. B, Lath. G. H. v. p. 168.

Rufescenti-olivaceus, subtus magis grisescens, gutture nigrican-
tiore ; crisso vivide rufo.
Long. tota 6°8, alee 3-6, caudee 2°2.
Hab. Bolivia (D’ Orb.) ; River Amazon, Para (Wallace) ; Cay-
enne; Trinidad; Brit. Guiana, Roraima Mountains (Schomd.).
Mus. Brit., P. L. S.

278

4>> FORMICARIUS MONILIGER.
Formicarius moniliger, Sclater, P. Z.S. 1856, p. 294.

Brunnescenti-olivaceus, pileo nigricantiore ; macula in loris alba ; :
gutture nigro, infra rufo cincto; abdomine nigricanti-griseo,
lateraliter olivascente.

Long. tota 6°5, alee 3°5, caudze 2°2.

Hab. Southern Mexico, prov. Vera Cruz (Sallé); Mosquito

coast (Bell).

Mus. Brit. et Paris.

5. ForRMICARIUS TRIVITTATUS.
Formicarius trivittatus, Sclater, P. Z. S. 1857, p. 46.

Supra flavo-cinnamomeus, subtus elarior, gula pallidiore ; alis
caudaque nigris cinnamomeo tinctis, illis albo trifasciatis.

Long. tota 7:0, alee 3°4, caudee 2°5.

Hab. Upper Amazon.

Mus. Brit.

Genus VII. CHAM2ZA.

Chameza, Vig. 1825 ; Zool. Journ. ii. p. 395 (1826).
Chamezosa, Cab. Orn. Not. 1847, p. 204.

Rostrum brevius quam caput, compressum: ale brevissime, remi-
gibus tertio quarto et quinto equalibus, secundarias via exce-
dentibus: tarsi modice longitudinis, acrotarstis et paratarsiis
divisis ; ungue postico brevi, valido: cauda modica parum ro-
tundata.

1. CHAM#ZA BREVICAUDA.

Turdus brevicaudus, Vieill. Nouv. Dict. xx. p. 249; Ene. Méth.

645.
F Myiothera campanisona, Licht. Doubl. p. 43 Pipes

Chameza meruloides, Vigors, Zool. Journ. ii. p. 395 (1826) ;
Jard. Selby, Ill. Orn. i. pl. 11.

Myioturdus marginatus, Max, Beitr. ii. 1035 (1831) ; Ménétr.
Mon. Myioth. p. 465, pl. 1.

Grallaria marginata, Gray, Gen. i. p. 213.

Chamezosa brevicauda, Cab. Orn. Not. p. 218.

Grallaria brevicauda, Lafr. R. Z. 1842, p. 334.

Chamezosa marginata, Burm. Syst. Ueb. iii. p. 47.

“ Myiothera strigilata, Cuv.”’ ; Puch. Arch. d. Mus. vii. p. 335.

Cinnamomeo-brunnea, pileo rufescentiore: subtus pallide ochracea,

a ee ee eT

eo ee

gutture toto et ventre medio albis ; plumis pectoris et ventris
laterum nigro late marginatis et punctatis ; caude apice albo, :
fascia subapicali nigra. ¢
Long. tota 7°75, alee 3-4, caudee 3:0, tarsi 1°4. £
Hab. South-eastern Brazil, Bahia. ‘,
Mus. P.L.S., Brit. a

A so

‘Das!

Bee

279

2. CHAM2®ZA OLIVACEA.

Chameza olivacea, Tsch. Consp. Av. in Wiegm. Arch. 1847, p.
2/9 ;/1ech. F, P. p. 178.

Grallaria olivacea, Gray, Gen. i. p. 213.

Chamezosa olivacea, Cab. Orn. Not. p. 218.

Similis speciei precedenti, sed pileo dorso concolore, colore subtus
magis albo et plumarum marginibus multo latioribus ; cauda
breviore, ‘

Long. tota 7°5, alee 3-6, caudze 2°5, tarsi 1°4.

Hab. Eastern Peru; New Granada, Bogota; Venezuela, Ca-

raccas.

I have seen Tschudi’s type of Chameza olivacea, which is but
slightly different from C. brevicauda. The characters above are
taken from a Venezuelan specimen in my own collection, which I
think is probably the same as Tschudi’s bird.

3. CHAM2ZA NOBILIS.

Chameza nobilis, Gould, Ann. N. H. ser. 2. xv. p. 344; P.Z.S.
1855, p. 68.

Supra cinnamomeo-brunnea: subtus alba; pectoris, ventris et
laterum plumis utrinque nigro marginatis, tanquam squamatis ;
gutture et abdomine medio albis ; caude apice albo, vitta sub-
apicali nigra.

Long. tota 9:0, alee 4°3, caude 2°5, tarsi 1°5.

Hab. Eastern Peru, Chamicurros on the Huallaga (/Tavawell) ;

S. Maria on the Ucayali (Cast. et Dev.).

Mus. Brit., Paris.

4. CHAMZZA MOLLISSIMA.

Chameza mollissima, Sclater, P. Z. 8.1855, p. 89, pl. 96 et p.145 ;
List Bog. B. p. 17.

Supra brunneo-castanea, remigibus rectricibusque intus nigrican-
tibus ; capitis lateribus et corpore toto subtus nigris, albo con-
fertim transvittatis.

Long. tota 5°75, alze 3-2, caudze 2-4.

Hab. New Granada, Bogota. °

Mus. Brit., Paris,

Genus VIII. GRALLARIA.

Grallaria, Vieill. 1816; Analyse, p. 43 (1816).
Myioturdus, Boié, Isis, 1826.

Myjiotrichas, Boié, Isis, 1831.

Colobathris, Cab. Orn. Not. p. 216 (1847).
Hypsibemon, Cab. Orn. Not. p. 217 (1847).

Rostrum validum, modice elongatum, compressum, culmine multum
incurvo : ale breves, remigibus quarto quinto et sexto longissimis

280

et tertium superantibus: tarsi longissimi, acrotarsiis divisis,
paratarsiis plerumque integris.

1. GRALLARIA VARIA.

Le roi des Fourmilliers de Cayenne, Pl. Enl. 702.

Formicarius varius, Bodd. Table d. Pl. Enl.

Turdus rex, Gm. S. N. i. p. 828, et auct.

Turdus grallarius, Lath. Ind. Orn. i. p. 361.

Grallaria fusca, Vieill. Gal. Ois. pl. 154 ; Tsch. Faun. Per. p. i81.
Myioturdus rex, Ménétr. Mon. Myioth. p. 462.

Grallaria varia, Gray, Gen. i. p. 213.

Colobathris rex, Cab. Orn. Not. p. 217.

Grallaria rex, Lafr. R. Z. 1842, p. 333; Bp. Consp. p. 204.

Olivacea, pileo plumbescente, plumis omnibus nigro marginatis :
loris et striga rictali utrinque albis : regione auriculari et gula
nigricantibus : macula cervicali media alba: abdomine cinnamo-
mescenti-albido, plumarum parte mediali alba, nigro marginata ;
tectricibus subalaribus pallide cinnamomeis.

Long. tota 7:0, alee 4:6, caudee 1°7, tarsi 1-8.

Hab. Cayenne ( Buff.) ; Para; Eastern Peru (Tsch.).

Mus. Brit.

2. GRALLARIA IMPERATOR.

Myioturdus rex, Max, Beitr. iii. 1027.

Myiothera grallaria, Licht. Verz. d. Doubl. p. 43.

Grallaria imperator, Lafr. R. Z. 1842, p. 333; Gray, Gen. i.
p- 213,

Grallaria rex, Burm. Syst. Ueb. ii. p. 50.

Similis speciei precedenti sed abdomine fasciis obsoletis nigris om-
nino transversim radiato ; maculis in scapis plumarum nullis.

Long. tota 7°5, ale 4°6, caudee 1°7, tarsi 1°9.

Hab. South-eastern Brazil ; 8. Paolo (Licht.).

Mus. Brit., P. L.S.

3. GRALLARIA GUATIMALENSIS.

Grallaria guatimalensis, Prev. Voy. d. 1. Venus, Ois. t. 2; Sclater,
P. Z. S. 1856, p. 294; Gray, Gen. 1. p. 213.

Olivacea, plumis late nigro marginatis ; pileo cinereo: loris albis :
alis extus rufescentibus : cauda rufa: subtus saturate ferruginea,
macula in collo medio alba.

Long. tota 6°8, ale 4:5, caudee 1°7, tarsi 2°05.

Hab. Guatemala; 8. Mexico, Cordova (Sailé).

Mus. Brit., Derb.

4. GRALLARIA SQUAMIGERA.

Grallaria squamigera, Prevost, Voy. Venus, Ois. t. 1; Lafr. R. Z.
1842, p. 338; Bp. Consp. p. 204; Gray, Gen. i. p. 213; Selater,
P. Z. 8. 1855, p..145; List Bog. B. p. 17.

281

Obscure plumbea, subtus fulva, vittis et punctis nigris omnino trans-
Sasciata, ventre imo et gula media immaculatis,

Long. tota 8°5, alee 6-0, caudze 2:0, rostri a rictu 1°4, tarsi 2°4.

Hab. New Granada, Bogota.

Mus. Brit., P. L.S.

5. GRALLARIA HYPOLEUCA.

Grallaria hypoleuca, Sclater, P. Z. S. 1855, p. 88, et 1856, p. 145;
List Bog. B. p. 17.

Supra ferruginea, loris albidis : subtus alba, lateribus magis cineras-
centibus ; tibiis et hypochondriis brunnescentibus.

Long. tota 6-5, alee 3°5, caudee 1°8.

Hab. New Granada, Bogota.

Mus. Paris.

6. GRALLARIA MODESTA.

Grallaria modesta, Sclater, P. Z. 8S. 1855, p. 89. pl. 94, et 1856,
p- 145; List Bog. B. p. 17.

Supra intense brunnescenti-olivacea, alis caudaque nigricanti-brunneis
olivaceo tinctis : subtus olivacea, flavescenti-albido, nisi in ventre
medio, flammulata ; tectricibus subalaribus pallide castaneis.

Long. tota 6°2, alee 3:2, caudee 1°8, tarsi 1°75.

Hab. New Granada, Bogota.

Mus. Brit.

7. GRALLARIA MONTICOLA.

Grallaria monticola, Lafr. R. Z. 1847, p. 68; DesMurs, Icon.
Orn. pl. 53; Gray, Gen. i. p. 213.

Chameza monticola, Bp. Consp. p. 204.

Grallaria quitensis, Less. Echo d. M.S.?

Olivaceo-brunnea, subtus fulvescenti-albida ; loris, gutture et ventre
medio albescentibus.
Long. tota 6°4, alee 3-9, caudee 2-0, rostri a rictu 1°15, tarsi 2-0.
Hab. New Granada, Pasto (Lafr.); Bogota; vicinity of Quito
(Jameson).
, Mus. Brit., Paris., P. L. S.

8. GRALLARIA BREVICAUDA.

Le grand befroi, Buff. Pl. Enl. 706. fig. 1.

Formicarius brevicauda, Bodd. Table d. Pl. Enl.

Turdus tinniens, Gm. 8. N. i. p. 827.

Grallaria tinniens, Bp. Consp. p. 204 ; Burm. Syst. Ueb. iii. p. 51 ;
Lafr. R. Z. 1842, p. 334; Tsch. Faun. Per. p. 182.

Grallaria brevicauda, Gray, Gen. i. p. 213.

Colobathris tinniens, Cab. Orn. Not. p. 217.

Myjioturdus tinniens, Mén. Mon. Myioth. p. 469.

Cinnamomeo-brunnea, subtus alba, pallide grisescenti-olivaceo flam-

282

mulata, gula et ventre medio puris, immaculatis : tectricibus sub-
alaribus pallide rufis.

Long. tota 5:0, alee 3°3, caudee 1-3, tarsi 1°8.

Hab. Cayenne ; Ecuador, Rio Napo.

Mus. Brit., P. L.S.

9. GRALLARIA MACULARIA.
Pitta macularia, Temm. in Pl. Col. sed fig. nulla.
Colobathris macularia, Cab. Orn. Not. p. 217; Schomb. Guian.
il. p. 685.
Grallaria macularia, Lafr. R. Z. 1842, p. 334 ; Burm. Syst. Ueb.
iii. p. 50; Gray’s Gen. i. p. 213; Bp. Consp. p. 204.
Olivaceo-brunnea, alis extus rufo variis, remigibus extus rufis: sub-
tus alba, pectore confertim nigro maculato, lateribus ochraceis: |
regione oculari nudiuscula : ungue postico brevi et valido:
Long. tota 5°4, alee 3°4, caudee 1°3, tarsi 1°4.
Hab. British Guiana (Schomb.).
Mus. Derbiano.

10. GRALLARIA OCHROLEUCA.

Myioturdus ochroleucus, Max, Beitr. iii. p. 1032; Ménétr. Mon.
p- 464.

Similis speciet precedenti, sed rostro multo angustiore et compresso ;
maculis externis tectricum nullis: maculis solum in lateribus
pectoris et ventris et his minoribus et rotundis: ungue postico
gracili, elongato ; oculorum ambitu vestito.

Long. tota 5°5, alee 3-0, caudze 1°5, tarsi 1°4.

Hab. South-eastern Brazil, prov. Bahia (Maz),

Mus. Lugd.

The above are my notes taken from a specimen in the Leyden
Museum, which is labelled “ Myiot. marginatus.’ This is certainly
an error ; and I think in all probability the bird is referable to this
species.

11. GRALLARIA FULVIVENTRIS.

Grallaria fulviventris, Sclater, P. Z. 8. 1858, p. 68.

Olivaceo-brunnea, pileo obscuriore, alis extus magis rufescentibus,
loris albidis : subtus gula et abdomine medio albis, pectore, ven-
tris lateribus et crisso cum tectricibus alarum inferioribus saturate
fulvis, pectore lineis quibusdam nigris variegato : rostro superiore
nigro, inferiore, nisi apice, flavo: pedibus pallide brunneis.

Long. tota 5:5, alee 3°2, caude 1°4, tarsi 1°5, rostri a rictu 0°95.

Hab. Eastern Ecuador, Rio Napo.

Mus. P.L.S.

12. GRALLARIA RUFICAPILLA.

Grallaria ruficapilla, Lafr. R. Z. 1842, p. 333; Gray’s Gen. 1.
p- 217; Sclater, P. Z. S. 1855, p. 145, et List Bog. B. p. 17.

Hypsibemon ruficapillus, Cab. Orn. Not. p. 217; Bp. Consp.
p- 204.

283

Olivaceo-brunnea, pileo toto et capitis lateribus castaneo-rufis : sub-
tus alba, pectoris et laterum plumis utrinque nigro-brunneo mar-
ginatis, quasi striatis ; tectricibus subalaribus pallide rufis.

Long. tota 8-0, alee 4°0, caudee 2°0, tarsi 1°9.

Hab. New Granada, Bogota ; Ecuador, vicinity of Quito (Jameson).

Mus. Brit., P. L.S.

13. GRALLARIA RUFULA.

Grallaria rufula, Lafr. R. Z. 1843, p. 99 ; Gray, Gen. i. p. 213;
Sclater, P. Z.S. 1855, p. 145; List Bog. B. p. 17.
Hypsibemon rufulus, Cab. Orn. Not. p. 218; Bp. Consp. p. 204.

Castaneo-rufa, subtus dilutior : ventre medio flavicanti-albido.
Long. tota 4°75, alee 2°9, caudee 1°5, tarsi 1°7.

Hab. New Granada, Bogota.

Mus. Brit., P. L.S.

Genus IX. GRALLARICULA.

Rostrum breve, basi dilatata, rictu parum setoso : ale breves rotun-
date: cauda brevis: pedes debiles: tarsi graciles, breviusculi ;
acrotarsiis divisis, paratarsiis integris, unguibus brevibus.

These birds are diminutive Grallarie, but distinguished by their
shorter, feebler bill, the indications of rictal bristles, and short slender
tarsi and toes. They appear to form a transition between Grallaria
and Conopophaga. The woodcut represents (fig. 2) the tarsus of
Grallaricula flavirostris, which may be contrasted with that of
Conopophaga lineata (fig. 3) and Grallaria rufula (fig. 1).

1. GRALLARICULA FLAVIROSTRIS.
Grallaria flavirostris, Sclater, P. Z. 8. 1858, p. 68.

Brunnescenti-olivacea, loris et capitis lateribus rufescentibus : sub-
tus alba, pectoris medii et lateralis plumis pallide rufis, utrinque

284

nigro late limbatis, quasi squamatis ; gule lateribus rufo tinctis,
fascia nigricante intus marginatis ; tectricibus subalaribus pal-
lide rufis ; rostro flavo ; pedibus clare brunneis.

Long. tota 4°2, alee 2°7, caude 1:1, tarsi 0°9, rostri a rictu 0°7.

Hab. Ecuador, Rio Napo; New Granada, Bogota.

Mus. Brit., P. L. 8S.

2. GRALLARICULA LORICATA.
Grallaria loricata, Sclater, P. Z.S.1857, p. 129.

Supra olivacea: pileo castaneo: oculorum ambitu, loris et gula
tota albidis, fulvo tinctis: stria duplici gutturis utrinque nigra :
pectoris et ventris lateralis plumis omnibus medialiter fulvo-
albidis, undique late nigro marginatis: ventre medio et crisso
albis, hypochondrits brunnescentibus : rostro clare brunneo, basi
flavida: tectricibus subalaribus pallide brunneis.

Long. tota 4:0, ale 2°8, caudze 0°8, tarsi 1°6.

Hab. Venezuela, Caraccas (Levraud).

Mus. Paris.

3. GRALLARICULA FERRUGINEIPECTUS.
Grallaria ferrugineipectus, Sclater, P. Z.S. 1857, p. 129.

Supra pallide brunnea, olivaceo induta: loris et regione oculari et
auriculari fulvo tinctis : subtus flavicanti-ferruginea, collo antico
medialiter et ventre toto cum crisso albis : alis nigricantibus pal-
lido brunneo limbatis, tectricibus alarum superioribus omnino
nigricantibus, inferioribus autem cum campterio ochraceis : rostri
nigri basi flavicante : pedibus pallidis.

Long. tota 3°8, alee 2°6, caude 1°2, tarsi ‘85.

Hab. Venezuela, Caraccas (Levraud).

Mus. Paris.

4. GRALLARICULA NANA.

Grallaria nana, Lafr. R. Z. 1842, p-. 334; Gray’s Gen. 1. p. 213.

Chameza nana, Bp. Consp. p. 204.

Conopophaga nana, Sclater, P. Z. 8. 1855, p. 145; List Bog. B.
eal.

Brunneo-olivacea, pileo schistaceo, loris et corpore subtus intense
Serrugineis, abdomine medio albicante.

Long. tota 4:0, alee 2°7, caudee 1°5, tarsi 1:1.

Hab. New Granada, Bogota.

Mus. Brit.

Genus X. ConoPporpHaGa.
Conopophaga, Vieill. Analyse, p. 39 (1816).
Myiagrus, Boié, Isis, 1826.
Rostrum breve, tumidum, latum, rotundatum : ale subbreves, remige
tertio quartum quintum sextum et septimum equales et longissimos

subequante : tarsi longi, acrotarsiis vix conspicue divisis, para-
tarsits integris, ungue postico subbrevi et multum arcuato.

ee ee)
w

285

a. Fasciculo postoculari elongato.
1. CoNOPOPHAGA AURITA.

Turdus auritus, Gm. 8. N. p. 827.

Pipra leucotis, Gm. 8. N. p. 1003.

Fourmillier a oreilles blanches, Buff. Pl. Enl. 822.

Conopophaga leucotis, Vieill. Gal. Ois. pl. 127; Ménétr. Mon.

Myioth. p. 532.
Conopophaga aurita, Gray, Gen. i. p. 255; Bp. Consp. p. 203 ;
Burm. Syst. Ueb. iii. p. 52.

Supra olivaceo-brunnea, pileo rufo ; fronte, capitis lateribus, et gula
nigris ; plumarum fasciculo elongato post-oculari albo ; pectore
castaneo, ventre medio albescente, lateribus olivaceo-brunneis.

Long. tota 4°0, alee 2°5, caudee 1°3, tarsi 1°05.

Hab. Cayenne (Buff.).

Mus. P.L.S.

2. CoONOPOPHAGA MELANOGASTRA.

Conopophaga melanogaster, Mén. Mon. Myioth. p. 537. pl. 15.
fig. 2; Burm. Syst. Ueb. iii. p. 53; Bp. Consp. p. 203.
Castanea, fasciculo postoculari albo: capite et corpore subtus
nigerrimis : crisso grisescenti-ferrugineo.
Hab. Interior of Brazil, Cuyaba (Langsdorf) .
Mus. Petropolitano! (Non vidi.)

3. CONOPOPHAGA LINEATA.

Myiagrus lineatus, Max, Beitr. iii. p. 1046 (1831).

Conopophaga vulgaris, Ménétr. Mon. Myioth. p. 534. pl. 14. fig. 1
(1832).

Conopophaga lineata, Gray, Gen. i. p. 255 ; Cab. Orn. Not. p. 215;
Bp. Consp. p. 203; Burm. Syst. Ueb. iii. p. 52.

$. Supra olivaceo-brunnea, subtus ferruginea, gula et ventre medio .
albescentibus ; plumarum fasciculo elongato postoculari albo.

?. Mari similis, sed coloribus dilutioribus.

Long. tota 5-0, alze 2°8, caudze 1°7, tarsi 1°1.

Hab. South-eastern Brazil.

Mus. Brit., P. L.S.

4. CoNOPOPHAGA TORRIDA.
Conopophaga torrida, Sclater, P. Z. 8. 1858, p. 68.

Clare brunnescenti-olivacea, dorsi plumis nigro partim variegatis ;
capite supra, alis et cauda ferruginescenti-brunneis ; tectricibus
alarum et secundariis extus macula apicali fulvo-flavida ornatis ;
plumarum fasciculo postoculari albo; subtus clare ferruginea,
gula et ventre medio albicantibus, hypochondriis et ventre imo
magis fulvis.

Long. tota 4°6, ale 2°8, caude 1°2, tarsi 1°0.

Hab. Ecuador, Rio Napo ; Chamicurros (Haurwell).

Mus. Brit., P.L.S.

286

5. CoNOPOPHAGA CASTANEICEPS.

Conopophaga ardesiaca, Tsch. Faun. Per. p. 179; Sclater, P. Z.S.
1855, p. 145.
Conopophaga castaneiceps, Sclater, P. Z.S. 1857, p. 47.

Supra brunnescenti-olivacea, pileo castaneo, frontem versus letiore :
capitis lateribus et gula nigricanti-cinereis plumarum penicilla
postoculari alba: subtus cinerea, abdomine medio albescentiore,
lateribus olivaceo indutis : rostro superiore nigro, inferiore flavo :
pedibus brunneis.

Long. tota 4:4, alee 2°9, caudee 2°7.

Hab. New Granada, Bogota ; Eastern Peru (Tsch.).

Mus. Brit., P.L.S.

6. CONOPOPHAGA PERUVIANA.

Conopophaga peruviana, DesMurs, Voy. Casteln. Ois. p. 50. pl. 16.
fis
Olivaceo-brunnea, dorsi pennis nigro marginatis ; tectricum alarium
apicibus clare fulvis ; pileo castaneo, penicilla postoculari alba:
subtus plumbea, gutture medio et ventre medio albescentibus ;
hypochondriis et crisso rufescentibus.
Long. tota 4°5, alee 2°5, caudze 1°3, tarsi 1°0.
Hab. Upper Amazon, Pebas and Nauta (Cast. et Dev.) ; Ecua-
dor, Rio Napo.
Mus. Paris., P. L. S.
I think that this is an immature bird, perhaps the young of C.
ardesiaca.

7. CONOPOPHAGA ARDESIACA.

Conopophaga ardesiaca, D’Orb. & Lafr. Syn. Av. in Mag. de Zool.
1837 ; D’Orb. Voy. p. 188.

Fusco-olivacea, fronte et corpore subtus ardesiaceis, penicilla post-
oculari alba: abdomine medio albicante, hypochondriis parum
olivascentibus.

Long. tota 5:0, alee 2°8, caudze 1°8, tarsi 1°2.

Distinguishable from C. castaneiceps by the cinereous front, and

by the head being of the same brown olive as the back.

Hab. Bolivia (D’Orod.).

Mus. Paris., P. L.S.

b. Fasciculo postoculari nullo.

8. CoNOPOPHAGA MELANOPS.

Platyrhynchus melanops, Vieill. Dict. dH. N. xxvii. p. 14; Ene.
Méth. p. 837; Puch. Arch. Mus. Par. vil. p. 359.

Myiothera perspicillata, Licht. Doubl. p. 43.

Myjioturdus perspicillatus, Max, Beitr. iii. p. 1042.

Conopophaga perspicillata, Cab. Orn. Not. p. 215; Bp. Consp.
p. 203; Burm. Syst. Ueb. iii. p. 54.

287

Conopophaga nigrogenys, Less. Trait. @Orn.i.p. ; Ménétr. Mon.
Myioth. p. 536. pl. 15. fig. 1.

Conopophaga ruficeps, , Sw. Orn. Draw. pl. 67 (2), 68 (2);
Nat. Lib. x. pl. 52.

Conopophaga dorsalis, Ménétr. Mon. Myioth. p. 533. pl. 14.
fig. 2( 2); Bp. Consp. p. 203; Burm. Syst. Ueb. iii. p. 53.

3. Olivaceo-brunnea, dorsi medii plumis nigro marginatis ; pileo
castaneo ; capitis lateribus nigris : subtus plumbea, gula et ventre
medio albis.

Q. Olivaceo-brunnea, dorsi medii plumis nigro marginatis ; pileo
brunnescenti-castaneo ; tectricum apicibus pallide fulvis: subtus
clare brunnea, gutture et ventre medio albidioribus.

Long. tota 4°5, alz 2°5, caude 1°3, tarsi 1-0.

Hab. South-eastern Brazil, prov. Rio (Meénétriés, Burm., Maz).

I believe Ménétri¢és and Burmeister are in error in considering

C. melanops and C. dorsalis as specifically different. Prince Max
(who found them breeding) describes them very clearly as being dif-
ferent sexes of the same bird ; and such would be the obvious deduc-
tion from an examination of specimens.

10. CoNOPpOPHAGA CUCULLATA.
Conopophaga cucullata, Sclater, P. Z.S8. 1855, p. 29. pl. 119.

Brunnescenti-olivacea, capite toto cum gula castaneis ; plaga cer-
vicali antica alba ; abdomine dilute cinereo ; rostro albo-flavo.

Long. tota 4:0, alee 2°7, caudee 1-1.

Hab. New Granada, Bogota.

Mus. P.L.S.

Genus XI. Corytuorts.

Corythopis, Sundeval, Vet. Acad. Handl. 1835, p. 93.

Rostrum debilius, elongatum : ale sublonge ; remige primo secunda-
rios, secundo sextum subequante ; tertio quarto et quinto longis-
simis : cauda sublonga, parum rotundata: tarsi sublongi, acro-
tarsiis integris aut extus obsolete divisis ; paratarsiis integris ;
ungue postico gracili, elongato.

1. CoRYTHOPIS CALCARATA.

Myjiothera calcarata, Max, Beitr. iii. p. 1101.

Muscicapa delalandii, Less. Tr. d’Orn. i. p. 392.

Corythopis calcarata, Cab. Orn. Not. p. 215 ; Bp. Consp. p. 203;
Burm. Syst. Ueb. iii. p. 58.

Viridescenti-olivacea, subtus alba: torque lata pectorali e maculis
magnis confluentibus nigra.

Long. tota 5:0, alee 2°6, caudze 2-0, tarsi 0°9.

Hab. South-eastern Brazil (Maz).

Mus. Brit., Paris.

288

2. CoRYTHOPIS ANTHOIDES.

Muscicapa anthoides, Cuv. in Mus. Paris. ; Puch. Arch. Mus. vii.
334.

Brunnescenti-olivacea, subtus alba; torque lata pectorali e maculis

magnis confluentibus nigra.

Long. tota 4°5, alee 2:5, caudee 2°0, tarsi 0°9.

Hab. Cayenne.

Mus. Paris., P. L.S.

Distinguishable from the Brazilian bird by the different tint of the
back, which is olive-brown, not green. I have not yet seen the
Bolivian bird (C. nigricincta, D’Orb.) nor the Peruvian (C. torquata,
Tsch.), and cannot say whether they are different or not.

List of species not recognized.

1. Myrmothera unicolor, Ménétr. Mon. p. 480. pl. 2. fig. 1, ex
Brasilia.

2. Myiothera ardesiaca, Max, Beitr. iii. 1055, ex Brasilia.

3. Formicivora atra, Tsch. F. P. p. 145 (Pyriglena picea, Cab.),
ex Peruvia.

4. Lanius funebris, Licht. Doubl. p. 47 (Pyriglena a
Cab.), ex Cayenna.

5. Myrmonaz lugubris, Cab. Orn. Not. p. 211, ex Guiana.

6. Thamnophilus axillaris, Tsch. F. P. p. 174 (Herpsilochmus
axillaris, Cab.), ex Peruvia.

7. Thamnophilus jani, De Filippi, Cat. Mus. Mediol. p. 32.

8. Thamnophilus afinis, Lafr. et D’ Orb. Mag. de Zool. 1837,
p. 12, ex Boliv.

9. Thamnophilus olivaceus, Tsch. F. P. p. 174, ex Peruvia.

10. Thamnophilus griseus, Spix, Av. Bras. ii. pl. 41. f. 1, ex fl.
Amaz.

11. Ramphocenus trinitatis, Less. Rev. Zool. 1839, p. 42.—
Lesson’s R. viridis is a Madagascar bird, the type of Prince Bona-
parte’s genus Bernierta (see Pucheran, Types, Arch. de Mus. vii.
p- 369).

12. Myrmothera melanoleucus, Vieill. Nouv. Dict. xii. p. 113, et
Enc. Méth. p. 682, ex Guiana.

13. Myrm. vittata, Vieill. Nouv. Dict. xii. 114, et Enc. Méth.
p. 683, ex Guiana.—Referred by Mr. Gray to Psilorhamphus ma-
culatus.

14. Myrm. rufa, Vieill. J. c., ex Guiana.

15. Myrm. leucophrys, Vieill. 7. c., ex Guiana.

16. Myrm. atricapilla, Vieill. Nouv. Dict. xii. p. 115, et Ene.
Méth. p. 683, ex Cayenna.—This is perhaps Cercomacra atrithoraz.

ean
a
”

17. Myrm. tessellata, Vieill. Enc. Méth. p. 684, ex Cayenna.

18. Myioturdus fuscater, Lafr. Rev. Zool. 1845, p. 341, is said to
be a Malacocichla (see P.Z. 8. 1858, p. 64).

19. Formicivora lafresnayana, D’Orb. Voy. p. 182, pl. 6. fig. 1,
ex Bolivia.

20. Drymophila ruficauda, Less. Rey. Zool. 1840, p. 226. Seems
to be the same as Myrmeciza ruficauda.

289

21. Formicivora guttata, Less. 1. c. p. 853, ex Brasil.
22. Myiothera yarrelli, Leadb. Trans. Linn. Soc. xvi. p. 87.

I do not think it necessary to repeat here the unrecognized syn-
onyms of Thamnophili, which I have given at full length in my
‘ Draft Arrangement’ of that genus, Edinb. Phil. Mag. n.s. vol. i.

2. AppitionaL Nore on THE Uptanp Goose (CHLOEPHAGA
MAGELLANICA). By Paizie Luriey Scuarer.

In my note upon this bird in last year’s ‘ Proceedings’ (p. 128), I
spoke somewhat doubtfully as to the brown bird figured by Buffon
(Pl. Enl. 1006), and upon which Gmelin’s term magellanicus was
founded, being really the female of the white bird. The legs of the
brown bird are yellow, and of the white bird black, a variation almost,
I believe, without precedent in sexes of the same species. I had hoped
that the question would have been settled by the pairing and breed-
ing of these birds this spring ; but this has not yet taken place, al-
though the Chloephaga poliocephala has bred freely for several years.
But the subjoined letter, which I have received in answer to an ap-
plication for information made to Mr. James Hunt, the intelligent
Head Keeper of the Gardens, seems to set -this question of their
being sexes of the same species quite at rest.

Zoological Gardens, Regent’s Park,

April 27th, 1858.
Sir, PL ee

I beg leave to inform you that the person who reared the four
Magellanic Geese presented to the Society by His Excellency Go-
vernor Moore, when in the Garden on the 5th of April last, stated
that these birds were hatched about Oct. 1856, from eggs taken
from the nest of the wild bird by Corporal Brown.

The eggs were set under a common hen, and four young ones
were hatched from them, one of which died quite young ; the other
three are the three at present living in these Gander. The fourth
one that arrived with these three had one of its wings injured when
it arrived here. This was a wild bird, taken when quite young ; and
the wing was injured in its capture.

He also stated that the black and white bird with the black legs
is the male, and the two that are with it with the yellow legs are
the females ; that they are all hatched with black legs, and remain
with the legs of that colour for some weeks after they are hatched ;

No. CCCLXV.—ProceepiInGs or THE ZOOLOGICAL Soctery.

290

and that the first indication of sex is the change of colour of the
legs from black to yellow, which change takes place earlier than the
change of plumage in the young birds.
This person was in the service of Governor Moore for some time
in the Falkland Islands.
I am, Sir,
P. L. Sclater, Esq., Your most obedient servant,
Se. Cs Se. James Hunt.

I may remark, that these birds are well represented as sexes on
the same plate in Mr. Cassin’s account of the birds procured by the
U.S. Naval Astronomical Expedition in Chili (see that work, pl. 24).

With regard to the ‘‘Ashy-headed Goose” which is figured in
Gray and Mitchell’s ‘Genera of Birds’ as Bernicla inornata, I am
enabled to confirm what I before stated, that King’s Anas inornata
is not the same bird. Mr. G. R. Gray has shown me the type of
King’s description, which is now in the British Museum ; and it is
clearly not our ‘ Ashy-headed Goose ”’ of the Gardens, but perhaps
hardly different from the true ‘‘magellanica.” The Ashy-headed bird
should therefore bear the name poliocephala given to it in the B.M.
Catalogue published in 1844.

Mr Gould exhibited to the meeting a specimen of the American
species Regulus calendulus, which was shot in a wood on Loch Lo-
mondside by Dr. Dewar about five years since.

He also exhibited a specimen of the Night Heron, which had been
shot at Combe Abbey, the seat of the Earl of Craven.

The following extract was read from a letter addressed to Mr.
Gould by his son Mr. Charles Gould, dated Eastbourne, May 3,
1858 :—

**In the course of my walk yesterday, I came close to a sand-pit
rather suddenly ; a number of Rabbits were playing about, who
scampered off as soon as they became aware of the dread proximity
of man, leaving behind them six or seven nondescript companions
about their own size, sedately playful, awkward, and grotesque ; at
the distance at which I first saw them I was quite at a loss to ima-
gine what they were. Finding they were curious rather than shy,
I approached nearer, and found them to be young Fox Cubs; they
allowed me to venture within about 15 yards of them, and then re-
tired, without any indecorous haste, one by one into their holes.”

Paw
eS

yi Pty Sate

ae
et

ae)

291

June 8, 1858.

Dr. Gray, F.R.S., V.P., in the Chair.
The following papers were read :—

1. On New Species or Birps From WESTERN AFRICA, IN THE
CoLLECTION oF THE British Museum. By Dr. Gusray
Hartvavus or Bremen, Foreign MemBeErR.

One of the principal reasons that made me anxious to visit Eng-
gland was the wish to increase my materials: for a second edition of
my book on the Birds of Western Africa. In this object I have been
most liberally assisted by Mr.G. R. Gray, who has allowed me every
opportunity of examining the specimens in the magnificent Collec-
tion of the British Museum. Besides some interesting novelties
which we found, and which I wish to describe in the ‘ Proceedings’
of the Society, among whose Foreign Members I have the honour
to be enrolled, I have had the pleasure of inspecting some very rare
species which I had not seen before. Among these I may mention
some of those rare types collected during the second Niger Expe-
dition by Mr. Louis Fraser,—as, for instance, the Sylvicola super-
ciliosa of that naturalist, which from a second and more perfect
Ashantee specimen I have found te be what I never expected, a
typical Camaroptera ; then the Coccothraustes olivaceus of Fraser,
a type most peculiar and unique amongst the great number of African
Fringillide. But by far the most interesting and most curious
African form which I have seen for the first time, is a little bird
hardly larger than the smallest Humming-bird, the Diceum Rushie
of Cassin, and the type of my genus Pholidornis. This minute and
very peculiarly coloured species is the only true African representa-
tive of the essentially Asiatic form Diceum, from which, however, I
hold it to be truly generically distinct.

The new species which I have observed, are the following :—
1. OnycHoGNnaTHuS HARTLAUBII, G. R. Gray, MS.

Minor, obscure violascenti-chalybeus ; capite toto et remigum mi-
norum marginibus externis in e@neum vergentibus ; scapularibus,
tectricibus alarum minoribus et subalaribus dorso concoloribus ;
rectricibus obscure chalybeis, margine cnescentibus ; remigum
nigrorum dimidio basali oblique rufo ; rostro nigro ; pedibus
fuscis. , capite et collo cinerascente striatis.

Long. tot. 103", rostr. a fr. 12", al. 43", rectric. intermed. 4}",

tars. 11'".

Hab. Fernando Po.

This bird is a second and very typical species of my genus Ony-
chognathus, the type of which, O. fulgidus, seems to be confined
to the Island of St. Thomas. The system of colouring is quite the
same in both species; but O. hartlaubii is a much smaller bird,
and has the bill much less hooked. One of the two specimens in

292

the British Museum is labeled ‘‘ Fernando Po;”’ the exact habitat
of the other one is not known. Onychognathus is a beautiful transi-
tional form, intermediate between dmydrus and Lamprocolius.

2. TELEPHONUS MINUTUS, Sp. nov.

Minor ; pileo toto nigro; striola superciliari gracili albida ; cervice
et interscapulio immaculate fulvis ; dorso medio longitudinaliter
nigro variegato ; tergo et uropygio fulvis; loris albidis; alis
rufis, remigibus primariis in pogonio interno nigricanti-fuscis,
tertiariis et tectricibus majoribus in medio longitudinaliter nigri-
cantibus ; subalaribus fulvis ; rectricibus fusco-nigris, duabus
externis fulvescente extus limbatis, extime apice latius pallido ;
corpore inferiore toto fulvo, gula pallidiore ; rostro valido nigro ;
pedibus fuscis.

Long, 7", rostr..a fr. 83!", al. 2") 7", cand: 3! tars. bers

fTab. Ashantee.

This is the smallest species of the exclusively African genus Tele-
phonus. It is, perhaps, not generally known in this country, that
the German traveller, Dr. A. Brehm, a very acute and scientific na-
turalist, who has explored the Ornithology of Spain better than
any person before him, most decidedly contradicts the occurrence
of Telephonus cucullatus or of any other species of this group in
that country. 'Temminck’s indication to the contrary appears to
be one of those many errors occurring in Part 3 and 4 of the ‘ Ma-
nuel d’Ornithologie ;’ at least it was regarded as such by ever
person in Spain who had paid any attention to the birds of the
country, and Dr. Brehm himself could not discover there the slightest
trace of this bird.

Another striking and interesting example of the incorrectness of
local indications in the ‘ Manuel d’ Ornithologie,’ is given in the total
absence of the Ivos obscurus from Spain or any other country in
the south of Europe.

Two specimens of 7’. minutus are in the collection of the British
Museum, which besides possesses a very complete set of all the
other known species of the genus.

3. ANDROPADUS ERYTHROPTERUS, G. R. Gray, MS.

Obscure olivaceus, alis totis et imprimis tectricibus distincte rufes-
centibus ; remigum marginibus internis pallidis ; subalaribus fla-
vidis ; cauda fusca; corpore inferiore pallidiore, flavescente ;
rostro fusco, apice et mandibula tota flavidis ; pedibus pallidis.

Long. tot. 6", rostr. 53", al. 2" 8!", caud. 2" 9!", tars. 8!"

Hab. Ashantee.

Another bird of one of those exclusively African genera which seem
to have their full development on the western coast. The other spe-
cies are 4. importunus from the Cape, A. latirostris and A. graci-
lirostris, both widely distributed along the western coast, and A.
virens of Cassin, discovered by Du Chaillu on the banks of the river
Muni. and near Cape Lopez. The colouring of all these species is

= =
e x
;

.
:
|

293

very much alike ; and clearer distinctive characters are much wanted
in this group.

4, TRICHOPHORUS CINERASCENS, sp. nov.

Supra olivaceo-viridis, plumis medio cinerascentibus, capite di-
stinctius cinerascente ; genarum plumulis stria mediana pallida
notati$; tergo et uropygio viridioribus ; remigum pogoniis ex-
ternis virentibus, internis nigricantibus ; rectricibus olivaceis,
scapis nigris ; subalaribus et subcaudalibus olivaceis : subtus oli-
vaceo et cinerascente variegatus ; gula flava; rostro plumbeo ;
pedibus nigricantibus.

Long. tot. 8}, rostr. 9'", al. 4", caud. 4", tars. 103!"

Hab. Ashantee.

This fine new species comes nearest to 7'r. flavicollis of Swainson,
but is easily distinguished by the much greater amount of grey in
its colouring. Nearly the whole of this group is distributed over
the western parts of Africa. We know only one southern species.
Not one has as yet been discovered in Abyssinia.

2. On some NEw OR LITTLE-KNOWN SPECIES OF TANAGERS
FROM THE COLLECTION oF M. VERREAUX OF Paris. By
Puiptie Lurvey ScuatTer.

I have just received from M. Verreaux of Paris specimens of five
Tanagride, part of a collection lately obtained from some district in
the interior of Peru—I have little doubt, from the neighbourhood
bordering on Bolivia, if not really within the limits of the latter re-
public. Two of them are certainly new species, and the others of
rare occurrence ; and I cannot avoid acknowledging my obligations
to M. Jules Verreaux, our Corresponding Member, to whose friend-
liness I am indebted for having the opportunity of first examining
these rare birds. The species are as follows :—

1.BuaRREMON RUFINUCHUS (Lafr. et D’Orb.), Sclater, Syn.
Av. Tan. p. 25, sp. 10.

Quite a distinct species from B. /atinuchus of Ecuador, and rea-
dily known by its black back, and the black chin and sides of the
throat. M. DuBus was perfectly right in separating them.

2. CHLOROSPINGUS ALBITEMPORALIS (Lafr.), Syn. Av. Tan.
p- 27; P.Z.S. 1856, p. 89.

This specimen confirms my separation of this species from the
Mexican C. ophthalmicus. I have already stated the grounds of
difference.

3. CHLOROSPINGUS CASTANEICOLLIS, Sp. Ov.

Supra olivascenti-fuscus, pileo saturatiore, alis caudaque rufes-
centioribus : capitis lateribus cum mento nigris, superciliis an-
gustis ad nucham protractis et macula parva suboculari albis :

294

subtus castaneus, pectore saturatiore, ventre medio dilutiore :
rostro nigro : pedibus brunneis.

Long. tota 5°4, alee 2°5, caudee 2°3.

In colour this apparently new species of Chlorospingus shows
most resemblance to C. melanotis (P. Z. 8. 1854, pl. 68), and it
may be conveniently arranged next to that species, and between it
and C. rubrirostris, with which it nearly agrees in the shape of the
bill. The dark chestnut colour of the breast, black chin, and white
superciliary stripe render it easily recognizable amongst its con-
geners.

4. CALLISTE CYANOTIS, sp. nov.

Metallice viridis, dorso summo obscuriore, pileo supero nigro ;
superciliis latis metallice viridibus : fronte ipsa cum loris nigris :
regione auriculari et vitta supra-frontali cerulescentibus ; alis
caudaque nigris cerulescenti-viridi limbatis : ventre imo cris-
soque pallide ochraceis : rostro nigro, pedibus brunneis.

Long. tota 3°8, alee 2°5, caudze 1°7.

Oés. Affinis CALLISTH LABRADORIDI, sed crassitie paulo minore,
vitta frontali et regione auriculari ceeruleis et colore corporis viridi
minus ceerulescente distinguenda.

Having recently completed a Monograph of the genus Calliste, it is
with no ordinary interest that [look upon the present bird,which seems
to be a new and hitherto unrecognized member of the group. A close
ally of Calliste labradorides of the New Granadian Andes, it doubt-
less represents that species in South-eastern Peru and Bolivia, just
as Calliste xanthocephala replaces Calliste venusta in the same lo-
cality. The single specimen sent by M. Verreaux is not in very per-
fect plumage; but its distinctness from its New Granadian repre-
sentative is easily seen on comparison. The whole of the fore part of
the head of C. labradorides is of a shining green, leaving the nape
and back of the neck black. In the present bird there is merely a
narrow post-frontal band, which, like the ear-coverts, is deeply
tinged with blue. The black chin of C. labradorides appears to be
absent in the present bird ; and the under surface is not tinged with
blue. In C. labradorides the small coverts on the bend of the wing are
of a bright shining blue, which is also absent im this new species.

5. CALLISTE XANTHOCEPHALA (Tsch.), Sclater, Mon. of Call.
pl. 44. fig. 1. p. 99.

Two examples of this scarce species of Calliste are in M. Verreaux’s
collection.

3. On aA CoLuLecTION oF BirDS RECEIVED BY M. AvGUSTE
SALLE FROM OAxAcA IN SOUTHERN Mexico. By Puixip
LuTLeyY SCLATER.

I have again the pleasure of bringing before the notice of the So-
ciety one of M. Sallé’s series of beautifully prepared skins of Mexican

295

birds. M. Adolphe Boucard— M. Sallé’s correspondent—who
formed the present collection, has lately changed his quarters from
Vera Cruz into the State of Oaxaca on the Pacific side of the divi-
ding range. The precise localities, where he has mostly worked, are
La Parada, a village situated at about six leagues from Oaxaca at an
elevation of about 10,000 feet in the cold region, and San Miguel de
las Peras, about two leagues from the same city, in the temperate
region. The species collected are over eighty in number ; and though
there are not many of them which I consider absolutely new to science,
there are several birds of very great interest, and which are to be
seen but rarely in the Museums of Europe. Comparing this collee-
tion with those which I have previously examined from Cordova and
the adjacent portion of the Atlantic slope, we notice considerable

differences. Taking, for example, the Wood-warblers from each, we
find from

Oaxaca, Cordova.
Dendroica auduboni. | Dendroica coronata.
nigrescens. pensilis.

townsendi. virens.
olivacea. olivacea.

This at once lets us into the secret that the western and eastern
Species descend respectively on their own side of the continent from
north to south—the first three birds from Oaxaca being all Califor-
nian species, and those from Cordova species which are found in the
Eastern States ; while D. olivacea, which occurs in both localities,
is not known to go further north than Texas, and its occurrence
even in that country may be considered questionable. There are
several other birds of different groups in this collection, such as Hel-
minthophaga celata,Vireo huttoni, Cyanocitta californica, &e., which
are exclusively western species. Altogether there are at least 35
species in this collection which I have not met with from the lo-
ealities on the eastern slope ; and I have thought it advisable to give
a list of the whole, so as to contribute something towards a knowledge
of the range of species.

1, UrvsBiTiNGA ANTHRACINA (Nitzsch), antea, p. 129.
$ juy., Parada, Oct. 1857.

2. Accrrirer Fruscus (Gm.).
é, Parada, Jan. 1858.

3. TINNUNCULUS SPARVERIUS (Linn.).
é, Parada, Oct. 1857.

4. Syrnrum NEBuLosuM (Forst.), Cass. B. Cal. p. 184.
Parada, Dec. 1857.

5. Nycrave acapica (Gm.), Cassin, B. Cal. p. 186.

dg, Cinco Senores, Oct. 1857.

The occurrence of these two owls so far south is very interesting,
and has not hitherto, I believe, been noted.

296

6. Scops Macca, Cassin, B. of Cal. p. 180.
3, Parada, Dec. 1857.

I cannot quite make this bird fit Mr. Cassin’s description ; but it
certainly has the general appearance of Scops asio, and is smaller,
measuring, whole length 7:0, wing 5:2, tail 2°8. There are traces
in the colours above of the lingering red plumage, which is said by
Mr. Cassin (in the General Report of the U.S. R. R. Expedition
and Surveys) to characterize the young of this species as well as of
Scops asio.

7. ANTROSTOMUS MACROMYSTAX (Wagl.) ?

Caprimulgus macromustaz, Waalen: Isis, 1831, p. 533 ; Cassin,
B. Cal. p. 240.

3. Parada, Oct. 1857.

I regard this Antrostomus as very likely to be Wagler’s 4. ma-
cromystax,—it agreeing with all the characters he gives of that spe-
cies, and several other birds noticed by Wagler in the same paper
being in this collection. The specimen bears a general resemblance
to A. vociferus, but is rather larger, and the wings and tail longer.
The rictal bristles are particularly stiff and long, the longest mea-
suring 1°8 inch in length, which is quite as long as the ‘head
without the bill.’ The plumage above is more closely freckled
than in 4. vociferus, particularly on the head (which is variegated
nearly the same as the back), and presents the black vertical line
much less distinctly. The wings and tail are coloured nearly as in
A. vociferus ; but the ground-colour is darker, being nearly black,
and the white tips of the outer tail-feathers are much broader, ex-
cept on the outer web of the outer feather, which the black ad-
vances far down, leaving only a narrow white termination. Whole
length of skin 9°7, wing 6°7, tail 5-0.

8. PrETROCHELIDON SWAINSONI.

Hirundo melanogaster (!), Sw. Phil. Mag. 1827, p. 366.

Nitenti-cerulescenti-nigra, fronte, lateribus capitis, cervice un-
dique cum gula et pectore antico lete rufis: macula pectorali
nigra: uropygio pallide rufescenti-fulvo: alis caudaque ob-
scure brunneis: abdomine albo, crisso rosacescente : rostro
nigro: pedibus brunneis.

Long. tota 5:0, alze 4°1, caudze 2°0.

Obs. Inter Petrochelidonem lunifrontem ex America Boreali, et
P. fulvam ex insula Jamaica media; huic fronte rubra, illi vero
uropygio pallidiore et macula pectorali nigra magis affinis !

3, Oaxaca, June 1857.

This interesting bird, which has now for the first time come under
my notice, is a close ally of P. fulva and P. lunifrons, and in some
respects intermediate between the two, as I have just pointed out.
The front is rufous, like the sides of the head and collar behind, and
shows no trace of the whitish mark which so eminently distinguishes
P. lunifrons. It is also inferior in size to my specimen of that spe-

—"

297

cies, but larger than P. fulva. I have little doubt it is Swainson’s
H. melanogaster, which I believe has remained unknown to naturalists
since the time he described it, though the name has been mixed up
by Audubon and Bonaparte with the synonyms of P. lunifrons.
But as it appears ridiculous to continue the use of this name to a
bird with a white belly, I have substituted Swainsoni as its specific
appellation, in conformity with the Rules for Nomenclature adopted
by the British Association.

9. PETASOPHORA THALASSINA (Sw.).

+10. CaLtigeNa FULGENs (Sw.).
11. DeLatrria HENRICI (Less.).
12. DeLatrria RHAMI (Less.).

+ 13. Devarrria CLEMENCIz (Less.).
14. AMAZILIUS ARSINOE (Less. ).

+15. Crrce vatrrostris (Sw.).—Trochilus latirostris, Sw. Phil.
Mag. 1827, p. 441.—Ornismya lessoni, Delattre, Rev, Zool. 1839,
p- 15?

16. SappHrrRonia Lucipa (Shaw).
+17. SeLaspHorus PLatycercus (Sw. ).
+ 18. SELAspHORUS RUBER (Linn.).

+19. TrypH@na HELOISH (Less. & Del.).

All these Humming-birds, except Circe latirostris, Sapphironia
lucida, and Selasphorus ruber, are included in the list of M. Sallé’s
collection from Cordova (see P. Z. S. 1856, p. 287 et seq.).

20. PicoLarrEes LEUCOGASTER (Sw.), Phil. Mag. 1827, p. 440;
Lafr. Rey. Zool. 1850, p. 150.
¢ et $similes, sed foem. paulo minor, Parada, Oct. 1857..

21, Cerruia mexicana, Reichb. P. Z.S. 1856, p. 290.

é et 2 similes, Parada, Oct. et Dec. 1857.

Easily distinguishable from C. americana, on comparison, by its
darker head, back, and wings, and dark chestnut-red rump. Long.
tota 5°0, alee 2°5, caudee 2°5, nearly the same as C. americana.

22. SALPINCTES MEXxICANUs (Sw.), P. Z, S. 1857, p. 212.
6, Oaxaca, May 1857.

23. TROGLODYTES BRUNNEICOLLIS, sp. nov.

é, Parada, Dec. 1857.

Supra terricolori-brunneus superciliis et capitis lateribus rufes-
centibus, regione postoculari nigricanti-brunnea, uropygio sa-
turatiore brunneo et hujus plumis quibusdam intus apicem
versus albo maculatis : alis extus, et cauda tota lineis angustis

298

nigris regulariter transvittatis : subtus clare fulvo-rufescens
abdomine medio albidiore, ventre imo, lateribus et crisso nigro
anguste transvittatis : rostro superiore nigricante, inferiore
cum pedibus pallide brunneis.

Long. tota 4°4, alee 2-0, caudee 1:7.

This little Wren is very closely allied to 7. aedon of the United
States, of which I have also specimens from Guatemala; but it is
readily distinguishable by its clear, rufous under surface, more distinct
supercilia, and rather darker upper plumage. On disturbing the
feathers of the uropygium, a small white medial spot is seen-in the
interior, as in 7’. aedon and several other species.

24. CAMPYLORHYNCHUS MEGALOPTERUS, Lafr. Rev. Zool. 1845,
p: 339 ; DesMurs, Icon. Orn. pl. 54.

3 et similes, Parada, Dec. 1857.

These specimens settle the locality of this bird, which was not
certainly known. I do not make the dimensions quite so large as
M. de Lafresnaye (these examples measuring, long. tota 679, alee
3°5, caudee 3°3), but I have little doubt the species is the same.

25. MNIOTILLA VARIA (Linn.), P. Z. S. 1856, p. 291.
3, Parada, Oct. 1857.

26. HeLMINTHOPHAGA RUFICAPILLA (Wils.), P.Z.S. 1856,
p. 291. S et $, Parada, Aug. 1857.

27. HeELMINTHOPHAGA CELATA (Say), Bp.Am.Orn. pl. 5. fig. 2.

Parada, Dec. 1857.

Rather larger in dimensions than a Californian specimen in my
collection, but apparently hardly distinct.

28. DENpRoIcA AUDUBONI (Townshend), Aud. B. Am.ii. pl. 77.
3 et 2, Parada, Oct. 1857.

29. DenpRoIcA TOWNSEND! (Nuttall), Aud. B. Am. ii. pl. 92.
—Sylvia melanocausta, Licht. MS.

3 et 9, Parada, Oct. 1857 and Jan. 1858.

Of this rare and beautiful species the Bremen Museum (as I am
informed by Dr. Hartlaub) possesses specimens (as also of D. nt-
grescens) collected by Wahlberg near Sitka in Russian America in
57° N.L., Oaxaca being in 17° N. L. nearly! This gives a distance
of no less than 40° of latitude to the range of the migration of this
species.

30. Denproica oxivacea (Giraud), P. Z.S. 1856, p. 291.
do, Parada, Jan. 1850.

31. DenpROIcA NIGRESCENS (Townsend); Aud. B. Am. ii.
pl: 94.—Sylvia halseii, Giraud, B. Texas, pl. 3. fig. 1( ¢ ).

3 et 2, Parada, Dec. 1857.

There can be no doubt, on comparison, that M. Giraud’s plate is
intended for the female of this species. Mr. Cassin informed me
that this was likely to be the case. All these three species of Wood-

299

warblers are in fine plumage. I have already adverted to the interest
of their occurrence here.

32. ParuLa suPERCILIOSA (Hartlaub).—Sy/via mexicana, Licht.
in Mus. Berol.—Parula mexicana, Bp. Consp. p. 310.—Compso-
thlypis mexicana, Cab. Mus. Hein. p. 21.— Conirostrum superci-
liosum, Hartlaub, Rey. Zool. 1844, p. 215.

é et 2, Parada, Oct. 1857.

The female (so marked) of this pretty species only differs from
the male in its less bright colouring, and the cervical spot not being
so distinct. I have examined the type of Dr. Hartlaub’s description,
which is in the Museum at Bremen, and can vouch for its identity
with this bird. In M. Sallé’s former collections from the eastern
coast we had Parula americana. See P. Z.S. 1857, p. 202.

33. Myirprocres pusiiius (Wilson), P. Z.S. 1856, p. 291.
@, Parada, Jan. 1858.

34. BAsILEUTERUS RUFIFRONS (Sw.), P. Z. S. 1856, p. 291.
g, Parada, Oct. 1857.

35. SeropwacGa pict, Sw. P. Z. S. 1856, p. 292.

g, Parada, Jan. 1858.

A young bird of this species, before the first moult, is of a uni-
ey slaty-brown, with the wing-coverts and outer tail-feathers
white.

36. SeropHaGa MINiATA, Sw. P. Z.S. 1856, p. 292.
@, Parada, Oct. 1857.

37. CARDELLINA RUBRA (Sw.), P. Z.S. 1856, p. 292.
é et 2 similes, Parada, Dec. 1857.

38. CARDELLINA RUBRIFRONS (Giraud).—Muscicapa rubrifrons,
Giraud, B. Texas, pl. 7. fig. 1 (1840).—Cardellina amicta, Bp.
Consp. p. 312, ex Dubusi icon. inedit.—Parus erythropis, Licht. in
Mus. Berol.

: $, Parada, Dec. 1857.

39. S1axi1a witsont (Sw.), P. Z. S. 1856, p. 293.

‘ ¢, Parada, Oct. 1857.

’ 40. Parus MeRIDIONALIS, Sclater, P. Z. S. 1856, p. 293, et

1857, p. 81.
é, Parada, Dec. 1857.

41. LopuorHanes wottwesert (Bp.), Compt. Rend. xxi.
p- 478; Cass. B. Cal. p. 19.—Parus annerus, Cass. Pr. Ac. Phil. v.
p- 103.—Lophophanes galeatus, Cab. Mus. Hein. p. 90.

é adult. et juv., Parada, Jan. 1858.

42. Psatrriparus MELANOTIS (Sandb.).— Parus melanotis,
Sandbach, Pr. Brit. Ass. vi. p. 99 ; Hartl. R. Z. 1844, p. 216 ; Cass.

300

B. Cal. p. 20; Westerm. Bijdr. tot de Dierk. pt. 2.—Psaltriparus
personatus, Bp. Compt. Rend. xxi. p. 478.
3 et 2, Parada, Dec. 1857, et Jan. 1858.

43. Sirra CAROLINENSIS, L. ?

g et 2, Parada, Oct. 1857.

M. Salle’s collection contains examples of both sexes of a Nuthatch
similar to S. carolinensis of the United States, but of inferior dimen-
sions; and, as regards the bill, remarkably smaller. Mr. Cassin
has lately separated the Californian representative of S. carolinensis
from its eastern prototype, under the name S. aculeata; but this
is distinguishable ‘“‘by its longer and more pointed bill’’—the very
reverse of the variation in the Mexican birds. The dimensions of
this species are as follows :—

3. Long. tota 4:9, alee 3°4, caude 1°8, rostri a rictu 0°8.

2. Long. tota 4°8, ale 3°35, caudee 1°75, rostri a rictu 0°65.

As far as I recollect, the specimens of this bird from Vera Cruz,
there, were of the ordinary size.

44, REGULUS CALENDULA.
Parada, Nov. 1857, juv.

45. Turpvus mieraTorivs, Linn. P. Z. 8. 1856, p. 294.
Parada, 9 juv.

46. Turpus siLens, Sw. Phil. Mag. 1827, p. 369 ; North. Zool.
ii. p. 186.

3 et 2 similes, Parada, Jan. 1858.

This is evidently the true 7’. silens of Mr. Swainson, and agrees
with his detailed description in the ‘Northern Zoology.’ Professor
Baird has given an excellent account of this puzzling little group of
Thrushes in his General Report on North American birds, the first
sheets of which he has been so kind as to send to me by post: He
was, however, unacquainted with this bird, and seems inclined to refer
the name to a Mexican variety of Turdus pallasi. The upper sur-
face of this bird is paler and more greyish than that of 7’, swainsont.

From that bird, however, it may be readily distinguished by its |

yellowish-brown tail—which, however, is not nearly so deeply tinted
as in 7’. pallasi.

47. FoRMICIVORA BOUCARDI, Sp. nov.

Nigra: interscapularium basibus, carpo summo, tectricibus
alarum inferioribus, maculis parvis in tectricibus alarum supe-
rioribus et caude rectricum lateralium apicibus albis: rostro
et pedibus nigris.

Long. tota 4°3, alee 1°9, caudze 1°8.

3, Acatepec, April 1857.

This is the first bird of the subfamily Formicivorine I have seen
from the north of the isthmus of Panama; and I call it by the name
of its discoverer, M. Adolphe Boucard, whose collections of. beauti-
fully prepared skins have much increased our knowledge of the

Pay ae

301

Southern Mexican Avi-Fauna. It is most nearly allied to Formici-
vora quixensis of my lately published ‘Synopsis of Formicariidee ’
(vide antea, p. 241), but may be distinguished by its smaller size,
shorter wings, and the small size of the white wing-spots, which in
F’. quizensis are much more prominent.

48. Muscrvora MEXICANA, Sclater, P.Z.S. 1856, p. 295.
3, Acatepec, April 1857.

_ The crest of this specimen is of a bright blood-red tipped with
glancing purple ; but the longer bill at once distinguishes it from the
two South American species. The length of the bill from the gape
is 1:3, in my example of M. regia only 1:0.

49. Conrorus BorEALIS (Sw.).—Tyrannus borealis, Sw. N. Z.
pl. 35.—Tyrannus cooperi, Nuttall.

dg et 2, Parada, Oct. 1857.

This Tyrant is distinguishable by its very long wings, which ex-
tend two-thirds of the way down the tail. C. virens, the type of
Cabanis’s genus Contopus, has also long wings, but is remarkable for
its diminutive feet and short tarsi. In this bird the tarsi are pretty
strong, and the hind claw rather elongated.

50. EmprpoNAx BAIRDI, Sp. noy.

Supra pallide olivaceus, capite subcristato ; loris et regione ocu-
lari flavescentibus: subtus sulphureo-flavus, ventre imo satura-
tiore, pectore et lateribus corporis magis virescentibus : alis
brunnescenti-nigris, tectricum alarium apicibus latis et secun-
dariarum marginibus externis ochracescenti-flavidis ; itaque
alis bifasciatis : cauda brunnescenti-nigra, pallido olivaceo extus

_ marginata : rostro superiore nigricanti-brunneo, inferiore flavo ;
pedibus nigerrimis.

Long. tota 5-3, alee 3-0, caudee 2°6.

I have been unable to identify this bird with any of the described
species of this genus, and accordingly propose to call it after my friend
Prof. 8. F. Baird of Washington, who is particularly well-acquainted
with the group to which it belongs, and has the merit of being the
original discoverer of two of the North American species. Were it
not for the full information as to the other species which I have derived
from the pages of his new Report upon North American Ornithology,
I should have feared to characterize the present bird as new.

The Empidonaz bairdi may be placed next to the FE. flaviventris,
Baird, with which it agrees in the colouring of the lower surface,
though perhaps a shade more creamy yellow on the belly. Above,
however, it is not of the same full olive, but more rufescent in tinge ;
besides, the head is somewhat crested, the beak is longer and nar-
rower, the general dimensions are larger, and bands on the wings are
buffy yellowish instead of being white or yellowish white.

51. Emprponax rutvirrons (Giraud).—Muscicapa fulvifrons,
Giraud, B. of Texas, pl. 2. fig. 2.
M. Sallé’s collection contains a single specimen apparently refer-

302

able to this species, of which I have likewise an example from Texas
or Northern Mexico. The dimensions of these birds are slightly in-
ferior to those assigned by M. Giraud; but his description agrees,
and the species seems to be the same.

52. EMpIpONAXx ?

2 et ¢ similes, Parada, Oct. 1857.

A species very closely allied to the last, but larger and deeper
ferruginous below, of which I have likewise examples in my own
collection from Orizaba.

53. TyRANNUS INTREPIDUS (Linn.) ; Wils. Am. Orn. ii. pl. 13.
fig. 1.
Acatepec, March 1857.

This is the first occasion on which I have seen specimens of this
bird from Southern Mexico. Its occurrence has, however, been al-
ready noted by Swainson (Phil. Mag. 1827, p. 368).

54. VirEo HuTTONI, Cassin, Pr. Ac. Se. Phil. v. p. 150, pl. 10.
fig. 1.

Bey Cinco Sefiores, Oct. 1857.

This specimen seems to agree with Mr. Cassin’s figure and de-
scription of the Californian Vireo huttont. It is not more surprising
. to find it here so far south, than to meet with the Californian Den-
droice and Cyanocoraces, which is the case in this collection.

55. Vireo citvus (Vieill.).—Vireosylvia gilva, Cass. Pr. Ac. Se.
Phil. v. p. 153; P.Z. 8. 1856, p. 298.

2, Oaxaca, June 1857.

As this species possesses the first spurious primary (always ab-
sent in Vireosylvia), ought it not to be referred to the genus Vireo?

56. AMPELIS CEDRORUM, Vieill. P. Z. S. 1856, p. 299.
¢ juv., Parada, Jan. 1858.

57. PriLOGONYS CINEREUS, Sw. 1856, p. 299.
do, Parada, Oct. 1857.

58. My1aprecres onscurus (Lafr.), P. Z. 8. 1857, p. 213.
3, Parada, Dec. 1857.

59. CYANOCITTA CALIFORNICA (Vig.).—Garr. californicus, Vig.
in Beachey’s Voy. pl.5; Bp. Consp. p. 377.

do, Parada, Dec. 1857.

Not quite mature ; but the white eyebrows, which distinguish the
species, are sufficiently noticeable to betray its identity with this Ca-
lifornian species.

60. Cyanocitra coRONATA (Sw.).—Garr. coronatus, Sw. Phil.
Mag. 1827, p.437; Jard. Selby. Ill. Orn. pl. 64.
6, Parada, Oct. 1857.

a ee

. , :

61. IcreRus pARisiorvM, Bp. P. Z. 8. 1837, p. 110.—Icterus
scottii, Couch, Pr. Ac. Se. Phil. vii. p. 66.

g adult. et juv., Parada, Oct. et Dec. 1857.

I have specimens of this bird in my own collection from Northern
Mexico. The female, which I believe has not yet been noticed, is
greenish-brown above, with darker centres to the back-feathers, and
the coverts and secondaries of the dull black wings margined broadly
with white. Below yellowish-olive, brighter in the middle of the
body.

62. Icrerus pustuLatus (Wagl.), Bp. Consp. p. 435.
Parada, Oct. 1857, juv.

303

63. HepyMELES MELANOCEPHALUS (Sw.), P. Z.S.1856, p. 213.

64. SPERMOPHILA TORQUEOLA, Bp. Consp. p. 495.

@, Oaxaca, June 1847.

Supra nigra, dorso postico pallide rufo; speculo alari albo:
subtus pallide rufa, gutture albicante, torque pectorali lato
nigro : rostro et pedibus nigris. ,

Long. tota 4°0, alee 2°1, caudze 1°9.

This is the only Spermophila which I have yet met with occurring
northward of Panama besides Sp. moreleti. The latter bird was in
M. Sallé’s former collections.—See P. Z.S. 1856, p. 302. I have
specimens of the present species in my collection from Northern
Mexico.

65. BuARREMON BRUNNEINUCHUS (Lafr.).
‘6, Parada, Oct. 1857.

66. PyranGa HeEPATICA (Sw.).
g et $, Parada, Oct. 1857.

67. EvpHONIA ELEGANTISSIMA (Bp.).

$, Parada, Oct. 1857.

I have already noticed all these three Tanagers in the collections
from Vera Cruz.

68. Curysomitris NoTATA, DuBus.—Carduelis magellanica,
Aud. ed. 2. pl. 182; P.Z.S. 1856, p. 304.
get 2, Parada, Dec. 1857.

69. Curysomitris MEXICANA (Sw.), P. Z. 8S. 1856, p. 303.
g et 2, Oaxaca, June 1857.

‘ 4, Oaxaca, June 1857.

71. Passercuvus ALAupinus, Bp. P. Z. 8. 1856, p. 305.

‘
*
“
:
70. Carrpopacus H#MoRRHOUS (Licht.), P. Z. S. 1856, p. 304.
a $, Parada, Oct. 1857.

72. Passercuus Lincouni (Aud.).—P. zonarius, Bp. P. Z. 8.
1856, p. 305, ¢.

304

73. SPIzELLA sociALis (Wilson), P. Z. 8. 1856, p. 305.
get 9, Parada, Jan. 1858.

74. JUNCO CINEREUS (Sw.); Bp. Consp. p.486; P.Z.S. 1856,
p- 306.

3, Parada, Oct. 1857.

Professor Baird informs me that I was in error in identifying this
bird with Struthus caniceps of Woodhouse (which I have done in
P. Z.S.1857, p. 7), the latter bird, from New Mexico, having the
red colour confined to the interscapularies, and not extending over
the wing-coverts as in the present bird.

75. ATLAPETES PILEATUS, Wagl. Isis, 1831, p. 526; Bp. Consp.
i. p. 486.

9, Parada, Dec. 1857.

This curious bird is placed by some authors in the Tanagrine
series near Buarremon. It is, “however, remarkable for its short
bill and short wings, the primaries only extending 0°3 inch beyond
the secondaries, and in this latter respect comes nearer to Eméer-
nagra rufivirgata of Lawrence. The hind claw is very short, and
the structure quite different from that of typical Embernagra.

76. Pip1Lo ALBICOLLIS, sp. nov.

Supra grisescenti-fuscus unicolor, alis caudaque saturatioribus :
loris et tectricum minorum apicibus albescentibus : subtus
griseus, collo antico et gastreo medio pure albis, gula et ventre
imo cum crisso rufis : rostro plumbeo, mandibule inferioris basi
brunnea : _pedibus pallide brunneis.

Long. tota 7°6, alee 3:4, caudze 3°6, tarsi 1°075, rostri a rictu 0°6.

San Miguel de las Peras, May 1857, ’s.

This bird belongs to the same group as P. fuscus, Sw., P. meso-
leucus, Baird, and P. aberti, Baird, but seems specifically distinct
from all of them. Its clear white throat at once distinguishes it
from the former and latter, while from P. mesoleucus (as described
by Baird, and as shown by a specimen in my collection, which I
refer to that species) it differs in the entire absence of any rufous
colouring on the head, the whole upper surface being of a perfectly
uniform greyish brown.

77. Pirro macuatus, Sw. Phil. Mag.1827, p.434; Jard. &
Selb. Il. Orn. pl. 316, 322.
3 et 2, Parada, Oct. and Dec. 1857.

78. CHAM£osPIzA TORQUATA (DuBus).—Pipilo torquatus, Du
Bus, Rev. Zool. 1848, p. 246; Bp. Consp. p. 487.
?, Parada, Jan. 1858.

Chameosp’za, gen. novum.
Rostrum Piritonts, sed brevius et magis crassum: ale breves,
rotundate, remigibus quarto, quinto et sexto equalibus et lon-

a er eg

ETP OMS ye

> he
wae

305

gissimis : pedes maximi, fortissimi ; tarsis crassis, unguibus
elongatis, horum postico longissimo.

The enormous size of the feet and length of the hind claw of this
bird render it easily distinguishable from any other of the American
Ground-finches, and seem to necessitate its generic isolation. The
plumage, moreover, is exactly that of the Buarremones !

79. CoLapTEs MEXICANUsS, Sw. P. Z.S. 1856, p. 307.
8, Parada, Oct. 1857.

80. MELANERPES FORMICIVORUS, Sw. P. Z. S. 1856, p. 307.
$, Parada, Oct. 1857.

81. Picus varius, Linn. P. Z.S. 1856, p. 308.
Parada, Oct. 1857.

82. Grococcyx AFFINis, Hartl. Rev. Zool. 1844, p- 215; Gray,
in Mitch. Gen. of B. pl. 114.

6, Durasnal, Sept. 1857.

Dr. Hartlaub has correctly pointed out the differences between
this species and G. mexicanus, which, as he rightly observes, is the
only other known species of the genus; and the figure in the “ Ge-
nera of Birds” is good. It is certainly curious that Geococcyx
nexicanus, which is common in California, should cross the centre
of the continent (occurring in New Mexico and Texas), and pass
down the eastern slope into Vera Cruz, while in the southern part
of the western slope and in Guatemala, this bird appears to take its
i. Dr. Gambel has some excellent remarks on these birds in the

ansactions of the Academy of Philadelphia, i. p. 217.

83. CuLtora@nas FAsciATA (Say), P. Z. S. 1856, p. 309.
Oaxaca.

84. ZeNAIDA LevcopTerRA (Linn.), P. Z. 8. 1856, p. 309.
Parada, Jan. 1858.

85. ZENAIDURA CAROLINENSIS (Linn.).

@, Parada, Jan. 1858.
; This appears to be identical with the bird of the United States. I
d have never seen the (so-called) second species Z. marginella (Wood-
house).

86. Cyrtonyx MASSENA (Less.); Cassin, B. of Cal. pl. 4;
Gould, Mon. Odontoph. pl. 2.
é, Parada, Aug. 1857.

Cae SAT es

No. CCCLXVI.—Proceepines or THE ZOOLOGICAL Society.

306

4. On ELecrRA VERTICILLATA, WITH A NOTICE OF ITS DIF-
FERENT FORMS OF GROWTH. By E. W. H. Ho.tpsworrtna,
F. LS. F.Z.5., Eve:

(Radiata, Pl. XIII.)

The fact that but little attention has been given to a remarkable
variety of growth in Electra verticillata must be my apology for
bringing before this Society an animal that was first noticed more
than seventy years ago. Ellis described this species in 1786, under
the name of ‘‘ Flustra verticillata,” or the “‘ Basket-work Sea Matt,”
from a specimen that he received from the Mediterranean ; and he was
followed by other naturalists, who retained the same title for it. In
1824 Lamouroux’s translated work ‘Corallina’ was published in
England, from which it appears that, observing the branched poly-
pidoms and verticillate arrangement of the cells in this species, he
proposed a genus for its reception under the name of Electra; and
in this he was supported by many subsequent writers, including
Risso, Cuvier, and Blainville,—the last-mentioned author, however,
stating that Electra could hardly be separated from Flustra.

Its true position appears to be close to Membranipora, but distinct
from it on account of the regular transversely linear arrangement
of the cells under all its varieties of growth; this will especially
distinguish it from Flustra, and in a less degree from Membranipora,
where the quincuncial disposition of the cells is not so uniformly ob-
served, and their arrangement is more frequently irregular. I am
inclined to consider Lamouroux’s view of the case correct, and shall
therefore retain the name that he proposed for the genus.

Several naturalists have mentioned the occasional growth of
Electra in subcompressed linear fronds; but the only published
figures of the species that I know—those of Ellis, Lamouroux, and
Blainville—are all taken from the cylindrical variety, which appears
to have been considered as typical. My own experience of Electra
rather points to this encrusting of slender branching sea-weeds as
exceptional, and the suberect ribbon-shaped fronds as being the most
common form. I have only observed the species in one locality
however—on the northern shore of Portugal, near Oporto, where
the free compressed variety is abundantly met with in a dried state
on the beach ; fourteen specimens were obtained of this shape, and
only one was found of the cylindrical form usually described. The
early growth of the polypidom, however, is undoubtedly encrusting,
and generally on Fucus ; but after the formation of a few cells on
the surface, the erect form is assumed, and dense clusters of narrow
ribbons spring up, with occasional branches budding from their edges,
each ribbon being composed of a double layer of connected opposite
cells, placed in transverse parallel rows of 10 or 12 in each. The
cells are compressed and cup-shaped, with the walls minutely punec-
tured, and have the margin surmounted by several irregularly
placed erect denticles, and a long curved vibraculum inserted a little
below the anterior edge. In the ribbon-shaped variety, these vi-

ee Re nT ORES ake poem

Proc. Z. S. Radiata ee

ELECTRA VERTICILLATA , Lamourouz
l¥ree ribbon-shaped var

u 2ijree and encrustimg forms

Pe) Hdge of ribbon,magnilied 4 Do side view

We Went img

307

' bracula are generally aborted on alternate rows ; but in such eases the
external cells are protected by the development of the denticles into

i conspicuous spines.

; The variety of Mectra usually described and figured consists sim-
ply of the disposition of the cells over the cylindrical branches of
some sea-weed, and not, as has been stated by one author, “ around
an ideal centre.” ;

According to Lamouroux, the polypidom in a living state is of “a
red-violet colour ; but when exposed to air and light, it becomes an
earthy white.”’ The polypes are probably the same as in Membrani-
pora.

Electra appears to be widely distributed ; for it is said to be ecom-
mon in the European Seas, and I believe Prof. Busk has received it
from the Cape of Good Hope.

5. On tHe Reeropvuction or Nemertes Boruassit. By
WixiiamM Beatriz, Honorary SECRETARY OF THE Mon-

TROSE Naturat History Society. (In a Nore to Dr.
Gray, V.P.Z.S.)

“On the last week in February, Commander Lysaght, of the
Coast Guard, brought me from one of the fishermen on the coast a
very long specimen of Lineus longissimus (Nemertes Borlassii) ;
after keeping the animal alive four days, it produced a young one
18 inches long and about 2rds of a line or ~,th of an inch in dia-
meter, of a cream-colour. Both lived for nearly a week ; but in con-
sequence of my illness the water was not changed, and the little
creature died and was considerably decomposed before I knew. I
have the remains in spitits. At first we fancied it must be an in-
testinal worm ; but its habits were the same as the supposed parent.”

Dr. Baird has examined the specimen produced by the Nemertes.
It is not in a good state ; but he is satisfied that it is not an Ascaris
or Filaria, and thinks it very probably the true young of the Ne-
mertes.

a te ee

= wd oe oS) eel pe el a i

6. ON tue Famities or ASPERGILLID®, GASTROCHENID&,
anp Humpureyiape. By Dr. J. E. Gray, F.R.S., V.P.Z.8.,
Pres. Ent. Soc., Erc.

In the ‘Synopsis of the British Museum’ I referred Aspergillum,
Clavagella and Gastrochena to the same family, under the name of
Gastrochenide. A further study of the ceconomy of the animal and
the development of the shells have induced me to divide them into
two families, and to add to them a third, founded on a recently dis-
covered Mollusca brought by Mr. Strange from Australia, which
differs from the other two in habits and ceconomy.

308

Fam. I. ASPERGILLID.

The animal living sunk in sand, or holes in rock, or shells, enclosed
in a shelly tube, the adult animal imbedding one or both of its valves
in the shelly tube in which it resides, and emitting from the front of
its mantle a number of tentacles which are enclosed in ¢ubuli radia-
ting from the edge or disk of the base of the enclosing tube.

This family may be divided into two, according to the adhesion
of one or both valves on the substance of the tube*.

Subfamily 1. PENICILLINA.

Both the valves of the adult animal imbedded in and forming part
of the shelly tubular sheath. The valves of the young animals
are early united into one plate.

Aspergillum, Lamk. Hist.

The umbones of the valves are always, and a considerable part of
the valves is sometimes, to be seen on the outer surface of the tube;
and in the inside of the tube the united valves are to be observed
extending almost two-thirds of the circumference of the cavity,
and separated from the surface by a distinct groove, and marked
by a large submarginal scar left by the attachment of the adductor
muscles.

The tube in which the animal lives is sunk in sand or mud, and
has its surface often covered with a thin coat of sand, small
stones, or shells; but otherwise they are free and easily removed
from this locality, and, except when they are distorted by some
larger stone or coralline, they are of a regular symmetrical shape.

The older authors figured two or three kinds of these shells. Hum-
phreys, Favanne, and Bruguiére, describe two species—one “ furbe-
lowed,” and the other “‘ unmargined,”’ as Humphreys defined them.
Dillwyn, in his ‘ Recent Shells,’ united these kinds as varieties of his
Serpula aquaria, he still regarding them as Serpule fixed by the
smaller end of their shell. Lamarck describes two fringed—4. ja-
vanum and A. vaginiferum, and two unfringed species—A. Nove
Zelandie and A. agglutinans; the two latter appear to be varieties
of the same species f.

In the ‘Annals of Philosophy’ for 1825, I divided the “ unruffled ”
kinds into two species, 4. javanum and A. Listeri.

Chenu, in ‘Illustrations Conchyliologiques,’ gives a monograph of
a new species of this genus, figuring a number of specimens from the

* When it was believed that the Aspergilla, or Watering-pot Shells, were affixed
by the smaller end of the tube, with the disk upwards, these tentacles were sup-
posed to be used to collect food. Thus Humphreys observes, “the tentacles or
feelers which the animal of this curious species puts forth from the perforations
of its furbelow or border to catch its food, are here artificially represented.”—
Colonne Cat. 2.

+ According to Favanne, the lower part, by which it adheres to the rock, is
flexuous and twisted ; and the upper part, which is straight, proceeds from it nearly
at right angles (Recent Shells, 1084). See Favanne, t. 5. f. B, where the shell
is represented so attached, the specimen being evidently formed of an Aspergillum
and Serpula united together.

309

British Museum collection ; but he appears to have elevated several
distorted specimens into the rank of species, and, like most modern
French authors, describes his species as they came to hand, without
paying any regard to the characters which separate them into na-
tural groups.

Having had occasion to examine these specimens afresh, I propose
to divide those in the British Museum into the following genera
or subgenera.

As the names Penicillus, Aspergillum, Clepsydra, and Arytene
have been given to this genus, I have used them for the subgenera
rather than create new names. At the same time it must be observed
that all these names were applied to a single species, and to quote
them as the genera of the authors who first used these names would
produce a very false impression ; but this is an error that is con-
stantly committed *.

I. The umbo and a considerable portion of the valves exposed on
the outer surface of the tube. Fringe distinct, of one series
of tubes.

1. WARNEA.

The edge of the tip of the siphon periodically expanded, the umbo
and great part of the valves exposed. Tube cylindrical, the siphonal
end furnished with expanded plaited ruffles. Fringe distinct, of a
single series of thick simple tubes. The animal unites sand, Forami-
niferous shells, and even stones to its tube.

I have named this genus in honour of my friend Miss Elizabeth
Warne, who translated, at Dr. Leach’s recommendation, Lamouroux’s
‘Polypiers flexibles,’ and in 1824 published it at her own expense,
under the title of ‘ Cora/lina,’ and who from that time to the
Seta bas been an industrious student and collector of natural pro-

uctions in various parts of Europe and Africa.

1. WARNEA VAGINIFERA. B.M.

A. vaginiferum, Lamk. no. 2; Savigny, Egypt. N. Ilist. t. 70.
f. 91-99; Riippell, Atlas, t. ; Sow. Genera, f. 12; Chenu, t. 1.
f. 1, var. small, and t. 4. f. 9.

A. Delessertianum, Chenu, t. 1. f. 2, var. ruffles far apart.

Red Sea.

Miss Elizabeth Warne has most kindly sent me a series of twelve
specimens of Aspergillum vaginiferum from the Red Sea for exami-
nation.

They are all adult, and very nearly of the same diameter, and
the difference in the height of the tube between the basal fringe and
the first ‘“ruffle’’ is very slight, varying between 8} and 9 inchest.

* See paper ‘On the Development of the Shell and Tube of Aspergillum.”
(Ann. and Mag. N. H., June 1858, p. 423.)

+ “M. Lamarck,” observes Savigny, ‘en a recueilli de grandes portions de la

ie antérieure du tube. II doit avoir plusieurs pieds de longueur (Lamk, Hist.
no. 2). The largest I have seen is about 13 inches.

310

The tubes of the fringe and the holes in the disk are of the same
diameter ; and the holes in the disk are all more or less tubular.

The valves of the nucleus are very distinct, and uniform in shape
and size, in all the specimens. They are oblong, with the apex ra-
ther behind the middle of the shell ; and the hinder end is obliquely
truncated. They resemble in form the outline of Thracia declivis.

They differ among themselves in the following particulars :—1.
In the size and form of the exposed part of the valves, some having
this part much shorter from back to front, and broader from side
to side, than others. In one the valves are even longer than broad.
2. In the number and in the distance between the “ ruffles”’ at the
siphonal end, this peculiarity producing the chief difference in the
length of the specimens. In general the base of the plaited part of
the ruffle commences a little above the apex of the expanded part
of the former ruffle ; and of the nine shells agreeing in this parti-
cular, one has 3, three 4, two 5, two 6, and one 8 rufiles.

In one specimen which has four ruffes, which are not so much
expanded as the average in the other examples, there is a consider-
able space between them, and the space increases in length as they
are formed, so that the tube of the shell is much elongated ; but one
specimen is intermediate in the length of the interspaces and in the
more expanded form of the ruffles.

M. Chenu, in his Monograph, considers a specimen with elongated
interspaces between the ruffles a different species, under the name of
A, Delessertianum.

One specimen has a much more slender, rather tapering, shorter
tube than the rest; and it is evident that this specimen has been
broken off at the apex, and a new series of ruffles have been formed
on the broken apex : the first or lowest ruffle is irregular in form,
to adapt itself to the broken edge; the rest are regular ; and they are
all closer together than usual.

2. WARNEA AUSTRALIS. B.M.

Asp. australe, Chenu, t. 3. f. 1.
A. incertum, Chenu, t. 4. f. 6, a fragment.
A. Cumingianum, Chenu, t. 3. f. 4, variety ?

Australia, Swan River.

Aspergillum incertum, Chenu, t. 4. f. 5, is probably the same as
A. australe, as it is said (but on what authority I know not) to come
from the same locality; but it is so distorted by the stones in the
sand in which it lived, as to render it almost impossible to determine
it with certainty. This specimen has been broken in the middle of
the tube when the animal was alive ; and it has been repaired by the
animal, part of the broken part of the tube forming a kind of sheath
to the repaired portion.

The specimens of Aspergillum Cumingianum in Mr. Cuming’s
collection appears to be only a very distorted specimen of Warnea
vaginifera or W. australis, without any marginal fringe. The tube
is very irregular, with scattered moderate-sizetl stones and impressed
grooves in every direction, as if it had lived where the animal must

sg
a ia ae

ea:

311

have been much pressed on by surrounding bodies; and this has
probably prevented the proper development of the fringe of tentacles
to the edge of the mantle. The valves are of the same form, and
exposed as in that genus. In one of our specimens of Warnea
vaginifera from the Red Sea, sent with the others by Miss Warne,
the fringe is very imperfectly developed, and forms a passage to the
shell in Mr. Cuming’s collection.

2. ASPERGILLUM.

The edge of the top of the siphon not expanded. Umbo and great
part of the valves exposed. Tube conical, tapering to a simple,
rather compressed siphonal end. Fringe distinct, formed of a single
series of elongated united tubes that are repeatedly forked. The
tubes smooth externally.

1. ASPERGILLUM LISTER]. B.M.

A, Listeri, Gray, Ann. Phil. 1825.

Phalus testaceus, Lister, Conch. t. 548. f. 3, distorted.

A. javanum, Lamk,?, Chenu, t. 2. f. 1 (not 5).

Penicillus ambiguus, Desh. MS.

Serpula harpagium major. The Furbelowed Watering-pot,
Humph. Calonne Cat. ii.

Penicillus. - The Watering-pot, DaCosta, Elem. t. 2. f. 8, im-

_ perfect.

The perforated Serpula (Serpula perforata), Shaw, Nat. Misc.
vi. t. 188.

Exposed part of valves distinctly marked.

Singapore.

2. ASPERGILLUM PULCHELLIUM. B.M.

A, pulcheilum, Desh.
A, javanum, Chenu, t. 2. f. 2.

Exposed part of the valve indistinctly marked.

Mozambique.

Perhaps not distinct from the former.

Penicillus javanus, Bruguitre (Aspergillum javanum of Lamk.
and Deshayes), included all the Watering-pot shells with a distinct
frill and without any ruffles at the siphonal aperture.

Dillwyn observes, “This shell when perfect is nearly a foot long,
and more than an inch in diameter at the dilated summit.” This
is far larger than any Aspergillum Listeri 1 have seen: it fits better
Warnea vaginifera; but that species was not known until the
French expedition into Egypt.

Gumner (in the Drontheim Gesellsch. Schrift. iv. t. 4. f. 9-11)
figured the perforated terminal disk of this shell as a Millepore,
under the name of M. causia. Guettard (Mém. iii. 558. t. 70. f. 1)
figured the tube of a species as a kind of Bunode.

312

3. ASPERGILLUM ANNULUS.

Aspergillum annulus, Deshayes, MSS. ; Mus. Cuming.

Tube tapering ; valves very short and broad ; tubes of the fringe
very slender, numerous, and close, forming a thin expanded lamina.

Hab. 2

4, ASPERGILLUM PULCHRUM.

Aspergillum pulchra, Deshayes, MSS. ; Mus. Cuming.

Tubes of fringe and disk very long and slender ; valves moderate.
Hab. ?

Il. The umbo or nucleus of the valves alone exposed on the outer
surface of the tube, and often more or less covered with an an-
terior protuberance, but distinct on the inner surface. The edge
of the top of the siphon not expanded.

3. PENICILLUS.

Umbo or nucleus of the valves alone exposed on the outer surface
of the tube naked ; fringe, of a single series of once-forked elongated
thick tubes; disk with scattered pores ; tube smooth externally.

1. PENICILLUS AQUARIA. B.M.

Serpula Penes, Linn. S. N. 1267.
Serpula aquaria, Burrows, Elem. t. 22. f. 3.
Asp. javanum, Gray, Ann. Phil. 1825 ; both from Martini, t. 1.
a
Asp. dichotomus, Chenu, t. 2. f. 6. Disk, holes few; fringe
perfect.

Asp. semifimbriatum, Chenu, t. 3. f. 5. Disk, holes few; fringe
imperfect.

A. sparsum, Sow. Genera, f. 3,4,5. Disk, holes more numerous ;
fringe perfect.

A. javanum, var., Chenu, t. 2. f.5. Fringe-tubes perfect, elon-
gate, flexuous.

Hab. Red Sea?

2. PENICILLUS RADIX.

Aspergillum radix, Deshayes, MSS. ; Mus. Cuming.

Tubes swollen, subglobose above or behind the valves; nucleus
only exposed, small.

Hab. ?

4. CLEPSYDRA.

Umbo or nucleus of the valves alone exposed on the outer surface
of the tube naked ; fringe formed of two or three series of crowded
once or twice forked tubes; disk with numerous small tubes; si-
phonal end of the tube compressed and with a central impressed
groove on each side. The animal unites sand to its tube.

313
1. CLEPSYDRA STRANGULATA. B.M.

Aspergillum strangulatum, Chenu, t. 2. f. 4.
N.E. coast of Australia.

5. ARYTENE.

Umbo more or less covered with a swollen prominence in front ;
the whole of the valves except the nucleus or umbo enclosed in the
tube ; fringe distinct, of a single series of numerous elongated once-
forked tubes ; disk with tubular holes: The animal unites sand and
stones to its tube.

1. ARYTENE TUBERCULATUM. B.M.

Aspergillum tuberculatum, Chenu, t. 2. f. 3.

A. ornatum, ibid. t. 4. f. 3.

A. clavatum, ibid. t. 4.f.4. All having lived in very fine sand.

A. incrassatum, Chenu, t.4.f. 2. Having lived in coarse sand.

A. Recluzianum, Chenus, t. 4. f.1. Having lived in coarse sand,
stones, &c.

Hab. Indian Ocean.

See also Asp. Nove Hollandie, Chenu, t.4.f. 8; very like A.
Recluzianum, from gravel, with the fringe destroyed.

The Aspergillum zeluensis (Chenu, t. 3. f. 3), in Mr. Cuming’s
collections, has the tube covered with fine sand, and it is nearly
allied to 4. clavatum; but the disk has only two or three large
tubes on each side of the central slit.

See also Aspergillum gracilis, Deshayes, MSS. ; Mus. Cuming.

6. Foreta.

Umbo more or less covered with a swollen prominence in front ;
the whole of the valves except the umbo or nucleus enclosed in the
tube ; fringe indistinct, formed like the hole in the disk, of short
thick separate tubes. The animal unites sand, stones, &c. to its
tube.

1. FoEGIA AGGLUTINANS. B.M.

Aspergillus agglutinans, Lamk., Chenu, t. 3. f. 2.

A. Nove Zelandie, Gray, Chenu, t. 3. f. 6, 7, distorted.

Serpula harpagium minor, The Unmargined Watering-pot, Humph.
Cat. Calonne, ii.

Serpula aquaria, var., Dillw. R. 8. 1084.

Hab. Australia, Cape York (Jukes), in fine sand ; Swan River.

A. philippinense (Chenu, t. 4. f. 7), which I have not seen, ap-
pears to be allied to the above. Chenu figures the umbones as ex-
posed ; but he does the same with 4. agg/utinans and Nove Zelan-
die, which are covered in the specimens from which he took his
figures, so that I cannot depend on his accuracy in this respect.

The Penicillus Nove Zelandia of Bruguitre was established on a
very bad figure in Favanne, 642. t. 70. f. E, copied in Chenu, pro-
bably taken from a specimen of this genus.

314

In Mr. Cuming’s collection there is a specimen of this shell which
has had its tube destroyed just above the valves. The animal has
formed a new tube of a small size and irregular form, flattened be-
neath, subcylindrical, but of a smaller diameter in the middle, and
compressed at the end.

Subfamily 2. CLAVAGELLINA.

Only one valve of the adult animal imbedded in the shelly tubular
sheath, the others free and moveable in the cavity of the tube.

Clavagella, Lamk.

I. Some, like the Aspergilline, appear to have lived sunk in sand,
and are symmetrical in shape: these are only known in the
fossil state.

1. CLAVAGELLA.

The end of the siphon simple; tube free, elongate, clavate, com-
pressed; base with diverging tubes. Living sunk in sand or gravel.

* Base convex, with scattered tubes.—Bacilia, Valenc.
1. CLAVAGELLA ECHINATA. B.M.

C. echinata, Lamk., Desh. Coq. Paris. 1. 9.t. 1. f. 788; ed. 2. t. 2.
f=.

C. cristata, Lamk., Desh. Coq. Paris. ed. 2. t. 1. f. 16-20, junior ?

C. lagenalis, Desh. Coq. Paris. ed. 2. t. 2. f. 4-6.

Glycimeris margaritaceus, Lamk., shelly valve.

Hab. Fossil, Paris.

** Base flat, with a fringe of branched tubes.—Clavagella.

2. CLAVAGELLA CORONATA. B.M.

C. coronata, Desh. Cog. Paris. i. 8. t. 3. f. 9, 10; ed. 2. t. 1.
ee all Ty

C. caillate, Desh. Coq. Paris. ed. 2. t. i. f. 1-4.

Hab. Fossil, Paris.

Il. Others now existing in the sea, inhabit holes in rocks or between
barnacles and other fixed bodies ; the tube is irregular, and
modified in form by the cavity it inhabits and lines.

2. Bryopa, Gray, 1840.

The edge of the top of the siphon periodically expanded; tube
shelly, base enclosed in a hole in the rock in which the animal re-
sides, siphonal end of the tube expanded, ruffled ; the inner sur-
face of the tube, round the valves, is pierced with small holes.

1. BryYopPA APERTA. B.M.

Clavagella anerta, Sow. Genera Shells, no. 13. f. 1-4.
Clavagella melitensis, Broderip, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1834, p. 116 ;
Trans. Zool. Soc. ii. p. 265, t. 35. f. 58.

5s a
in re

315

Clavagella vivens, Audouin, Rang, Man. Moll. p. 342.
C. Mammoi, Maltese dealers.
Hab. Malta, in calcareous tufa.

2. Bryopa? LATA.

Clavagella lata, Brod. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1834, p. 116 ; Trans. Zool.
Soc. ii. 265, t. 30. f. 8-10, shell ; Owen, Trans. Zool. Soc. ii. 267,
t. 30. f. 11-16, animal.

Hab. Pacific Ocean.

See also Clavagelle Rape, Rang, Man. Moll. 339, from the Isle of
Bourbon.

3. Dacosta.

The siphon not expanded at the top; tube shelly, cylindrical ;
base enclosed in a hole in the rock in which the animal resides ;
siphonal apex of the tube simple, circular, not expanded ; the inner
surface of the tube, round the valves, is pierced with small holes.

[ have named this genus after E. M. DaCosta, a conchologist of
considerable talent in a time when the science was greatly depressed.

1. DAcosTA AUSTRALIS. B.M.

Clavagella australis, Stutchbury, Catal. t. .f. .

Clavagella elongata, Brod. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1834, p. 116; Trans.
Zool. Soc. ii. 265, t.35.f. 1-4? Deshayes, in B.M.

Hab. Australia, Port Jackson (Brit. Mus.); New Zealand (Lady
Grey) ; Bow Island or Hao, Pacific Ocean (Stutchbury).

Fam. II. Gastrrocu £NID&.

The animal living sunk in sand or holes in rock and shells, en-
closed in a shelly tube. The adult animal, as well as the young, free
in the tube. The front of the mantle not provided with any ten-
tacles. The tube of the adult animal closed at the base, and desti-
tute of any slit or tubes. The siphonal end of the tube not ex-
panded.

Subfamily 1. Cu anarna.

The tube symmetrical, clavate, free. The animal living free, sunk
in sand,

1. CH2NA.

Valves linear, elongate, ‘truncated at the ends ; tube free, cylin-
drical, close, larger end closed with a regular convexity at the base ;
siphonal apex simple, compressed ; cavity with two imperfect septa
over the upper part of the valves.

1. CH#NA TESSELLATA. B.M.

Chena tessellata, Gray, Proc. Zool. Soe. 1858.
Fistulana clava, Lamk.
Hab. Philippines (Cuming).

316

2. CHENA ANNULATA. B.M.

Chena annulata, Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1858.
Hab. Mozambique ; Mauritius.

Subfamily 2. GasTROCHENAINA.

The tube irregular, attached. The animal living in holes in rocks,
shells, and other marine bodies.

Lamarck described the shells of these animals as Gastrochena,
and the tubes mixed with the tubes of a species of Pholadide as
Fistulane. The shape of the tube is modified by the substance in
which they happen to be imbedded or attached. Sometimes the
animal attaches itself to a thin marine body which does not admit of
the animal burying itself into it ; it then forms a tube on the surface,
to cover the part of the body which would be exposed.

2. GASTROCHANA.

Valves ovate, ends rounded ; tubes enclosed in a cavity, or attached
to the surface of shells, irregular, retort-shaped ; siphonal aperture
compressed, simple ; cavity simple.

1. GASTROCH ENA HIANS. B.M.

Pholas hians, Chemn. x. t. 172. f. 1678.
Gastrochena Sprenylex, Nov. Acta Dan. i. f. 8, 11.
G. cuneiformis, Lamk. no. 1 ; Sow. Gen. f. 3-5.
Hab. Isle of France.

2. GASTROCHENA MODIOLINA. B.M.

Gastrochena modiolina, Lamk. no. 3 ; Sow. Gen. f. 1, 2.
Mya dubia, Penn, B. F. iv. t. 44. f. 17.

There are many other species in the British Museum and other
collections which want to be specially studied.

Fam. II]. HumPHREYIAD.

The animal at first free and covered with two shelly valves, which
become united into a single plate, which expands on the sides and in
front, forming a bag-like cavity, which is attached by its outer
surface to shells or rocks, and as the animal increases in size is ex-
panded behind into a shelly tube with a circular aperture. The front
of the mantle is furnished with scattered tentacles, which are emitted
through tubular pores on the upper part of the front of the tube and
round the circumference of the part by which it is attached.

The shells are attached to the surface of shells or rocks, and not
sunk into their substance ; nor do the animals live sunk in the sand
like Aspergillide and Gastrochenide.

HuMPHREYIA.

The character of the family.
I have named this genus after Mr. George Humphrey, the con-

317

chologist and shell dealer who published the Catalogue of M. de
Calonne’s collection in 1797. This catalogue is arranged in natural
groups, and foreshadowed many of the genera afterwards established
by Lamarck and other conchologists. I recollect him well, and was
strongly impressed with his knowledge not only of the species of
shells, but also of the affinities which the groups bore to each other.
Though comparatively an uneducated person, he was far in advance
of the state of natural history in his time.

1. HumMpuREYIA STRANGEI.

Aspergillum Strangei, A. Adams, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1852, p. 91,
Moll. pl. 15. f. 5.

A. (Foegia) Strangei, A. & H. Adams, Genera Moll. p. 339.

Humphreyia Strangei, Gray, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. July 1858,

pao. f. 1, 2.

; Hab. New South Wales, Sydney Bay (Strange).

These shells have been confounded with Aspergillum ; but the
have a very distinct appearance and mode of living, and the shell
must be formed in quite a different manner.

. In Aspergillum the shelly tube in which the animal lives is ana-

Fig. 1.

Humphreyia Strangei.

us to the shelly tube of Chena, Gastrochena and Teredo, as
I have shown in my paper on the development of this genus, in the
Annals and Magazine of Natural History for June 1858; but in
Humphreyia* the tube at the end of the shell is an extension of the
normal shelly valves of the animal itself, which is formed after the

* See paper “On the Structure of Humphreyia” (Ann. and Mag. N. H. July
1858, p. 16).

318

shell has become attached to the surface of some marine body, for
the protection of its siphons, and, like the usual part of the valves,
the tube is coloured and covered with a thin periostracum.

The two specimens in Mr. Cuming’s collection are very different
in external appearance. In the larger one (figured in the ‘ Proceed-
ings,’ 1852, Moll. pl. 15. f. 5) the valves after they become united are
expanded considerably, forming a large irregular-shaped shield ; and
then they extend suddenly behind into a tube which is separated from
the shield by an impressed line and the front bag-hke projection fill-
ing up the gap between the front of the valves, which is irregularly
wrinkled and scattered with small rather prominent perforations, evi-
dently formed for the protection of the cylindrical tentacles on the
surface of the mantle ; and the edge of the expanded part of the base,
by which it is attached to the shell on which it lived, is furnished with
similar projecting perforations, often placed in pairs. The entire shell
is covered with a thin periostracum. The posterior tubular part of
the shell is marked with a succession of rings, showing the period-
ical interruption in its growth, the prominent longitudinal limes
on its outer surface being continued, from one to the other, showing
that the siphons of the animal must be constantly becoming longer

and longer as the animal grows, and is marked also by four equi- _

distant prominences on its edge, which give the tube its regular
subquadrangular appearance.

In the smaller specimen, which was attached to a stone, the small
valves, as soon as they were united, seem to have expanded behind
and on the sides into a continuous subquadrangular tube, with scarcely
any projection in front of the valves ; there is a small tube arising
in front and behind the dorsal edge of the valves, and curled over
their back. There are only a few tubular projections on the left
side of the attached part of the shell, instead of the number found
on the front and sides of the other specimens.

In both the specimens the interior surface of the cavity is. quite
smooth and continuous, and entirely destitute of the definite line
which defines the form of the proper valves of the shell, and separates
them from the tube, which is always so distinctly marked in the
Aspergilla.

The valves of the young shell appear to be rather unequal in size;
that is to say, the apex of the right valves in both the species is situ-

ated rather under that of the left, as if the right valve were rather ©

the flattest and smallest ; but the difference is not very defined.

7. Nove oN THE Ecaoes oF THE FRIGATE BirD AND CROCODILE
oF Jamaica. By E. Cavenpisu Taytor, M.A.

The eggs of the Frigate Bird (Fregata aquila), which I now ex-
hibit, were taken by my brother, Mr. J. C. Taylor, on the Ist of
January 1858, at Fonseca Bay, on the Pacific coast of the Republic of
Honduras. They are of a pure white colour, and measure 2? inches
in length by 13 in breadth.

319

Although the species of Fregata are not as yet very accurately
determined, it is believed that the same species (Fregata aquila) is
found on both the Pacific and Atlantic shores of Central America.

The eggs of the Crocodile of Jamaica (Crocodilus acutus) were
also obtained by my brother early in the present year, on that island.
They present the elongated oval form peculiar to the Crocodilians.
They are of a shining white colour, and measure 3} inches in length
by 2 inches in breadth.

8. On CHARADELLA AND LICHENELLA, NEW FORMS OF PoLyzoa
FROM AUSTRALIA. By Dr. J. E. Gray.

The first coral which I wish to bring before the Meeting is nearly
allied to the genus Amathia—indeed some naturalists may be inclined
to regard it only as a section of that genus ; but as it presents a dif-
ferent mode of growth and habit, I think it is desirable that it should
be distinguished by a distinctive name.

I may premise that the name of the larger group to which it be-
longs is the subject of a very unpleasant discussion. Lamouroux and
Lamarck both published the genus in the year 1812 under two dif-
ferent names, the first calling it Amathia and the second Serialia,
as is also the case with many other genera established in the same
works. .

There can be no doubt that these authors studied their subject,
and found out what they considered natural groups, and named them,
independently. Lamouroux presented his memoir on the subject to
the Institute in 1810, and Lamarck was named one of the Commis-
sioners to report on his paper; so that he had the opportunity of
knowing what Lamouroux had done two years before the publication
of his own work ; and this has given rise to Lamarck being charged
with pirating the labours of Lamouroux.

But I think any one who has known anything of the character of
Lamarck must consider such a charge as groundless ; and I merely
cite this as an instance of the very unpleasant position in which a
naturalist is placed by being called upon to examine and adjudicate

‘on an unpublished paper of another author engaged on the same

branch of study; and an opinion on such a subject by one not so
engaged is generally worse than useless. I consider this one of the
great objections to the system of reference which is so commonly
adopted in this country, France, and America.

In France and America they do their best to obviate the evil, by
making the names of the referees public, and requiring them to send
in a written report, while here the referee is often only known to
the officers of the society. Neither system obviates the evil which
laid Lamarck open to the unpleasant, and, I believe, ungrounded
charge, which has been brought against him, and which may be made
against any scientific man who is called upon to read the MSS. com-
munication of another labourer in the same field of study.

Lamouroux named one of the species of dAmathia, cornuta,

320

because the end of the stem beyond the cluster of cells is produced
into two setaceous filaments or tags. If these tags are examined, it
will be found that the cells are gradually developed upon them, and
they are only the commencements of the next articulations which are
to bear the cells. They are to be observed, more or less developed,
on all the species I have examined ; and when the stem is simple, as
in A. lendigera, there is a single tag ; and when the coral is repeatedly
forked, then there are two tags at the end of the last cell-bearing ar-
ticulation, as is also the case in A. lendigera, where a branch is
going to be formed. In the genus now noticed, as the branches
arise in three, it has three such tags.

CHARADELLA.

Polypidom tree-like, branched ; stem formed of numerous tubes,
forming at the base an expanded mass of tubes ; branches numerous,
pinnate or bipinnate, formed of uumerous articulations, each articu-
lation throwing off, at its point of junction, two opposite branches
formed of a single joint, each joint furnished on its upper edge with
a series of small subequal tubular polype-cells.

1. CHARADELLA TRIFIDA. B.M.

Pale brown; the branches furnished at the end with trifid tags,
being the commencement of the branches in process of formation.

Hab. Australia, Portland (Mrs. Maccloud).

The coral form a bush 8 or 10 inches high.

The genus Amathia of Lamouroux and Serialia of Lamarck forms
avery natural group, which may be divided into the following genera
or subgenera.

]. Cells simple, in a straight cluster on the joints.

1. AMATHIA.

Coral creeping ; stems rarely forked; joints filiform, the upper
half covered with one or two series of cells, terminal joint or tag
simple or rarely bifid.

1. AMATHIA LENDIGERA. B.M.

2. AMATHELLA.

Coral arborescent, erect, repeatedly forked; joints short, rather
incurved, covered with one or two series of cells; terminal joints or

tags bifid.
* Cells in two series.

1. AMATHELLA BISERIALIS, Krauss. B.M.
Hab. 8. Africa.

** Cells in one compressed series.

2. AMATHELLA UNISERIALIS. B.M.

321

3. CHARADELLA,
Coral arborescent, erect, repeatedly trifid ; joints moderate, rather

incurved, upper side covered with one or two series of cells ; ter-
minal joint or tag trifid.
C. rrirripa. B.M.

Hab. Australia.

II. Cells simple, disposed spirally on the articulations. Coral

. arborescent, forked.

4. SeriAcia.

, Coral arborescent, forked ; articulation elongate, naked at the tail;
cell-bearing above, subspiral ; terminal joint bifid.

1. SERIALIA CONVOLUTA. B.M.
Hab. Van Diemen’s Land.

5. SPIRALIA.

Coral arborescent, forked ; articulations short, covered with
crowded cells, forming together a nearly continuous spiral series of

;
4
}
:
F cells on the stem ; tags indistinct.
| 1, SprraLta sPrRALis. B.M.,

2. SpPrRALIA UNISPIRALIS.
S. unispiralis, Holdsworth, MSS.

i Ill. Cells with an elongated horny process on each side, and
7 disposed spirally on the articulations.

6. CoRNALIA.

Coral arborescent, forked ; articulations elongate, upper end with
a crowded spiral series of cells, each armed with an elongated horny
process on the side.

1. CornatiA AUSTRALASLE. B.M.
Hab. Van Diemen’s Land.

In 1850 Mr. Francis Brent sent me a Coralloid from Western
Australia, which is exceedingly peculiar in its character ; for though
it is evidently allied to F/ustra, it is so unlike, both in substance and
form, any that I have before seen, that I feel assured it must form a
distinet genus.

The specimen is not in as good a state as I could wish, I therefore
placed it on one side for a time in hope that I might procure other
_ examples that might more completely illustrate its structure; but as
they Reve not occurred, | am now induced to bring it before the
Society.

No. CCCLXVII.—Procrepines or Tur ZOOLOGICAL Society.

322
It may be thus described:— -

LICHENELLA.

Coral frondose, erect, branched, hard, calcareous, and brittle ; the
stems and branches are convex on one side, and flat or rather con-
cave on the other; the stem is broad and flat ; the branches are nar-
row, with a more or less expanded thinner margin, which is dilated
into broad foliaceous expansions at the tip, which are sometimes pro-
liferous, giving out at the top a thin branch bearing an expanded
tip.

phe concave surface of the stem and branches are marked with
the remains of squarish cells. The expanded ends of the branches
are sometimes smooth on both sides ; but generally they are marked
externally with longitudinal grooves, and on the upper side fur-
nished with longitudinal series of thin, rather calcareous, cells, which
are each furnished with a regularly circumscribed roundish mouth
closed by a thin membrane marked with a central longitudinal de-
pression. The smooth surface of the coral under the microscope
is marked with closed transverse punctated undulated cross lines.

This coral has much more the appearance of a Lichen than of a
Flustra.

1. LicHENELLA BRENTII. B.M.
Hab. W. Australia (F. Brent, Esq., 1850).

The coraloid is so very like the calcareous Alga named Masto-
phora Lamourouaii by Descaine, from the same locality, that 1 am in
doubt if it should be regarded as distinct from it. It differs from
the usual specimens of that Alga in the leaf-like expansions being
covered with cells on the upper surface, and longitudinally grooved on
the under surface, the grooves forming the ridge between the cells on
the upper side, while in the Alga both sides of the leafy expansions
are smooth like Pavonia ; but I must at the same time own that there
are one or two of the expansions at the top of one or two of the
branches that are smooth like the Alga.

Can it be a specimen of Mastophora Lamourouwii in which the
form of the leaves is changed by a parasitical coral, which causes
the leaves to be longitudinally radiately grooved ?

9. A MonoGrapH OF THE GENUS KERIVOULA.
By Rosert F. Tomes.

(Mammalia, Pl. LXVI.)

The following monograph is one of a series which I have prepared,
having for their object the definition of groups or genera rather than

the description of the species of which they are composed. This has
been done with a view to render less difficult the determination of

the species, which difficulty is chiefly felt from the indiscriminate
manner in which they are thrown together by some zoologists; the

ole,‘

323

descriptions of the species themselves being often quite sufficient,

supposing that they had been more carefully divided into groups.
Two principal works which demand study in working out the spe-
cies of Vespertilionide—Temminck’s Monograph, and Wagner's
_ Supplement to the work of Schreiber—are of this description.
Whilst giving a pretty complete account of each species, the generic
definition is, in consequence of the great disparity in the characters
of the different species, necessarily so vague as to be nearly useless.

Searcely more valuable to the investigator are lists of genera and
species without accompanying descriptions, or having these so ex-
cessively brief as to be wholly unavailable in distinguishing species.

I have therefore, while bringing together species which fall easily
under a generic definition, considered it advisable to add also a de-
scription of each, although they may have been before described, or
be even well-known species.

By adopting this method I am enabled to give much more com-
plete descriptions than have hitherto appeared, because they are of
a more comparative nature, and are therefore more serviceable in the
discrimination of allied species.

With regard to the synonymy of the several groups, it is as com-
omy as I have been able to make it, but is I believe very imper-

sct. In all instances care has been taken to exclude such names
and references as I could not either personally test by the examina-
___ tion of unquestionable species, or by the comparison of figures and
____ deseriptions agreeing with such accuracy as to leave no reasonable
doubt as to their identity.
This explanation appeared necessary previous to bringing before
___ the Society successive papers in which but very few of the species
“ni new, and many old and well-known ones are described at some

The name of Kerivoula was first given by Boddaert * to a species
of Bat which had before been described by Pallas+ by the name of
Vespertilio pictus—a name singularly appropriate for an animal with
the bright red fur and membranes, and the peculiar distribution of
the colour on the latter, which characterizes the species.

Boddaert’s specific name having given way to that of Pallas, has
been taken up by Dr. Gray ¢, and used in a generic sense, he ~
___ having perceived that the species differed considerably from most
_ other representatives of the genus Vespertilio. But Dr. Gray,
& placing great reliance on the importance of a single character, has
_ arranged with it some species, the affinity of which the subsequent
_ €xamination of a greater number of species has not corroborated.
__ In these investigations others have been discovered which bear very

generic resemblance to the original one, V’. pictus, whilst
some of those which have been associated with it prove, on the
_ contrary, to be by no means closely aftined.

ss yee

* Elenchus Animalium, vol. i. sist. Quadrup. p. 70, No. 10, 1785.
t Spicilegia Zoologica, iii. p. 7, 1774.
} Annals and Mag. Nat. Hist. 1842, p. 258.

324

I have in a previous communication to the Society removed one
of these species—V’. formosus—from the present genus, and placed
it in the group with the members of which its characters most closely
agree. After describing the species which I consider referable to
the genus Kerivoula, I shall enumerate such others as have been
called by that name, but which I consider as appertaining to other
groups.

Fam. VESPERTILIONIDS.

Genus Kertvouta, Gray.

Vespertilio, Pallas, Geoffroy, Desmarest, Fischer, Schreiber,
Wagner, Temminck.

The top of the head is very much elevated, but not so much so
asin Furipterus, Natalus, and Miniopteris. The face is depressed ;
and the muzzle is of moderate length, and somewhat pointed. The
nostrils, which are near together, open sublaterally, and have an
emarginate space between them. The lower lip has a tolerably well
defined naked triangular space in front. The ears are broad, with
the outer margin so much developed near the base as to form a com-
plete dobulus, which however is not separated from the upright part
of the ear by a notch or hollow, as in some species. The ear may,
indeed, be described as extending along the side of the face for some
distance, and in a line with the corner of the mouth, not as a narrow
strip of membrane, as in the generality of species, but ascending at
once from its most anterior point, and forming what is called the
ear-conch. Its inner margin is very convex, and curves off to the
tip of the ear, which terminates in an angular point not very acute.

In all the species there is a notch or hollow of more or less extent
in the outer margin, very near to the tip.

The ear bears great resemblance to those of Furipterus and Na-
talus, especially to those of the latter. The tragus is long, nearly
three-fourths the length of the ear, excessively narrow and pointed,
and a little curved outwards. Its outer margin near the base is
furnished with a projecting point or tooth. =

The tail is rather long, in some species as long as the head and
body. The wing-membranes extend to the base of the toes. The
feet are of medium size; and the toes occupy a little more than
half the length of the foot. The thumb also is moderate; and the
basal phalange, which is enclosed in the membrane, is shorter than
the remaining part. 4

The membranes and ears of all the species are more or less dia-
phanous, and rather conspicuously marked with glandular dots ar-
ranged, on the former, in lines. =

The fur is of a fine woolly texture, in the Asiatic species without
lustre; but in the African ones the hairs have shining tips.

The skull does not, as might have been expected, exhibit any of
those peculiarities which are observable in the high-crowned genera,
such as Furipterus, Natalus, and Miniopteris. In its general ap-
pearance it somewhat resembles those of Vesp. mystacinus and

“a
a,

Vesp. Nattereri, but the central region is much more inflated —~indeed
in the African species almost as much so as in Furipterus. Besides
this point of difference, the following peculiarities require mention.
The facial region is very much depressed, and also compressed ; and
the notch in the fore part of the palate is much deeper than in any
other genus, but varies considerably in the different species. This
appears to be due chiefly to the straightness of the intermaxillary
bones, their development in a forward direction affording space for
the incisors to range in a line with the other teeth, instead of being
placed more or less across the opening between the two canines.
This is best seen in the K. picta.

The bony palate extends nearly as far back as to the condyloid
fossa, and narrows considerably after leaving the posterior boundary
of the molar range. In no other Bat which I have examined has
the palate extended further back than to the middle of the zygo-
matic arch.

325

Dentition.—In. a, Can. =; Premol. —; Mol. =

The upper incisors are slender, conical, and pointed, with a slight
accessory cusp behind the base ; the anterior ones are the longer.
The canines are long and pointed; and in most of the species the
cingulum is amply developed. Between them and the incisors the
interval is very small. The next two teeth are very simple in form,
conical, and pointed. Following these is the carnassier or sectorial
tooth, in form as in the ordinary Vespertilionide ; and the molars are
of the ordinary form and proportions.

In the lower jaw the incisors are small and trilobed, those
contiguous to the canines having their central lobe very much deve-
loped, and of a blunt conical form. The canines require no parti-
cular notice. Following these, the premolars present the appearance
of three very regular and pointed cones, each with a small but
distinet spur on its anterior and posterior surface near to the base.
The molars are of the form so constant in the Vespertilionide.

1. Kerivouna pica.
Vespertilio pictus, Pallas, Spicil. Zool. in. p. 7, 1774; Erxl.
Syst. p. 150, 1777; Linn. Syst. Nat. ed. Gmel. i. p. 49, 1788;
Geoff. Ann. du Mus. viii. p. 199, pl. 48 (cranium), 1806; Desm.
Mam. p. 141, 1820; Schreib. Siugth. Th. i. p. 170, 1826 ; Lorsf.
Zool. Research. Java, viii. p. 6, 1821-28; Fisch. Synop. Mam. p.106,
1829; Temm. Mon. ii. p. 223, pl. 56. f. 1, 2, 3, 1835-41 ; Blasius,
Wiegm. Archiv, Bd. vi. p. 2, 1840 ; Wagn. Supp. Schreib. i. p. 517,
1840 : Schinz, Synops. Mam. p. 174, 1844; Kelaart, Faun. Zeylan.
p- 25, 1852.
Vespertilio (Kerivoula) pictus, Horsf. Cat. Mam. Mus. E. Ind.
Comp. p. 40, 1851.
Pipistrellus pictus, Less. Nouv. Tab. Régne Anim. p. 29, 1842.
vs Kerivoula picta, Gray, Ann. and Mag. N. H. p. 258, 1842; Cat.
Mam. B. M. p. 27, 1843; Kelaart, Faun. Zeylan. p. 25, 1882.

a
x4

326

Although I have given to this species the most prominent posi-
tion, I do not regard it as the most typical of the genus; but the
generic name having been borrowed from it, it appeared desirable to
mention it first, and those afterwards which are less known, but per-
haps more characteristic.

The top of the head is very much elevated, but not quite so much
so as in some of the other species of Kerivoula; and the muzzle is
a good deal depressed, and of medium length.

All the face is very hairy, the fur of the forehead extending nearly
to the end of the nose, and filling up the concavity of the face. The
upper lips are furnished with fine longish hairs of the same texture
as those of the rest of the body.

The ears, as already mentioned in the generic description, are
broad, and when seen in front appear like two rather broad recesses,
in the further end or bottom of which the tragus takes its origin.
They are rather more pointed than in some others, owing to a
shallow notch immediately below their tip, in the outer margin ; and
the inner margin becoming more convex as it approaches the tip,
assists in giving to the latter an outward direction.

The tragus has been already described sufficiently.

The wing-membranes extend precisely to the base of the toes.

The tail is as long as the head and body, is composed of six joints,
and has its tip enclosed in the membrane.

The fur of the back extends sparingly on to the mterfemoral mem-
brane, for half its length ; and all its transverse lines are studded with
very short and fine hairs, scarcely visible without the assistance of a
lens. The upper surface of the tail itself, and of the legs and feet,
are sparingly, but visibly, clothed with fine hairs, most conspicuously
on the latter. The whole of the margin of the interfemoral mem-
brane, inclusive of the os calcis, is fringed with fine hairs, those on
the os calcis being adpressed and similar to those of the feet, whilst
those on the edge of the membrane are projecting and bristle-like.

On no other part of the membranes does the fur of the body en-

croach ; but that of the head extends for half the length of the ears, —

on their hinder surface.

The fur of the body is very fine, but without gloss, and nearly
unicoloured. That of the upper parts is buff for two-thirds of its
length, the remainder a bright and lively rust-colour. Beneath, it is
uniform whitish buff, tinged with rust-colour on the humeral region
and along the sides of the body.

All the bones of the limbs in the dried specimens are of a light
yellowish-brown ; and the interfemoral and interbrachial mem-
branes are of the same colour. A part of the wing-membranes con-
tiguous to the sides of the body, from the foot to the elbow, and
from thence along the under side of the fore-arm to the wrist, is
of a similar colour; and it passes from the wrist along each finger,
margining it on each side, and leaving three triangular imterspaces
between the digits, of a deep chocolate-brown colour, which in many
places is elaborately marked with dotted lines of the same light
colour as that which accompanies the wing-bones.

327

The above description having been taken from dried specimens,
I copy the following description of the colour of this species from
the excellent account given of it by Dr. Kelaart in his ‘ Fauna Zey-
lanica.’

* Body above, yellowish ferruginous-brown, or, as artists would
call it, yellowish crimson-brown. Below, fulvous whitish, with a
dark yellowish tinge on the sides. Alar membranes black and bright
yellow or citron-coloured. The former colour (black) confined to
triangular spaces between the citron rays along the digits, and on a
large triangular space between the last digit and body; the alar
membrane adjoining the latter being also citron-coloured. Inter-
femoral membrane wholly citron-coloured ; above and below the
arms also, the same yellow colour prevails, as through the other parts
of the membrane already mentioned.” ‘Tips of toes brown, the
rest yellow.” “Ears yellow.’’ ‘Sexes alike in colour.”

As Dr. Kelaart is speaking of the species in its native country,
and from personal observation when in a fresh state, the foregoing
account is doubtless the correct one, and the comparatively dull co-
lour which pervades all the specimens in our Museums is due to a
change having taken place after preservation.

The following dimensions are taken, (1) from a Javanese speci-
men very kindly given to me by Dr. Horsfield, (2) from a specimen
from Amboyna, and (3) from the specimen mentioned in Mr, Water-
house’s Catalogue of the Mammalia contained in the Museum of
the Zoological Society, No. 138.

1. 2 3.
Length of the head and body, about .. 1 9 ae La
TE OEE NS EE De a! ae L--6 LyiG
0 Es ie Se ee ae Qs 7 0 7% O 73
of the ears . se. 0 6 a. > 0 5
Breadth of the ears.......... 0-5 0 5 0 5
Length of the tragus ...... 0 3} O 3 0 3
MEGHe SPCR. ssc. cscs, ss ol 4 Li Gh. ab 3
of the longest finger ........ 2 11 2 10 3.0
of the fourth finger 229) L. 13 21
of the thumb ......... 0 3 0 3 0 3
le ee | ef 0 7 0 73
of the foot and claws ........ 0 4 0 3 O 3}
of the os calcis ............ 0 64. A.6 0 6}
Expanse of wings........ 10,6, 210: Qaer Ein 0

Hab. The Continent of India ; Ceylon; Java ; Sumatra ; Borneo.

2. KeRIVOULA PAPILLOSA.

Vespertilio papillosus, Temm. Mon. de Mam. li. p. 220, 1835-41 ;
Wagn. Supp. Schreib. Saugth. i. p. 515, 1840; Schinz, Synops. Mam.
i. p. 173, 1844; Blasius, Wiegm. Archiv, Bd. vi. p. 2, 1840 ; Gray,
Zool. Voy. Samar, no. 5. p. 10, 1549.

328

The present species, although not placed first on the list, is, I
believe, quite as typical of the genus as the one preceding it. The
top of the head is quite as much elevated as in that species ; and the
face is similarly depressed, and densely hairy ; the nostrils, too, pre-
sent precisely the same form and position. The ears are somewhat
longer in relation to their breadth and to the size of the animal, than
in K. picta, and have their points less acute and directed upwards,
instead of outwards as they are in that species. They are thickly
and conspicuously dotted with glandular dots. The tragus is fully
two-thirds of the length of the ear, is narrow, and tapers evenly to a
very acute point. Tt has a very slight outward curvature for its
whole length, and has a projecting point on its outer edge, close to
its base.

The body of the animal is small, and all the membranes very much
developed, nearly as much so as in Nutalus.

The thumb is rather long, and the basal phalange less than half
its entire length; the feet are rather large, with the toes taking up
half of their length, and the outer one a little shorter than the others,
as it is also in K. picta and K. Hardwickii. The wing-membranes
extend exactly to the base of the toes; and the os calcis is two-
thirds of the length from the foot to the end of the tail.

The hair of the face presents some differences from that of the
last species. In K. picta that which borders and fringes the lips is
of the same peculiar soft and woolly texture as the rest of the fur
of the head and face ; that of K. papillosa, on the contrary, is strong
and bristle-like. Over the eyes is a tuft which is nearly four lines in
length, and is very straight ; and above the nostrils is a similar fringe
of straight strong hairs, whilst the upper lips are margined similarly
with hairs which have a downward curvature and almost conceal
the mouth when it is closed.

The upper surfaces of the ears are hairy only near the base; and
the fur of the upper parts of the body does not encroach noticeably
on to the wing-membranes ; but the base of the interfemoral mem-
brane is a little hairy, and fine short hairs are scattered along the
upper surfaces of the tail, tibia, and feet. The free portion of the
edge of the interfemoral membrane, between the os calcis and end
of the tail, is also slightly fringed with fine short hairs.

The fur is fine and woolly in texture, and very long, that of an
example in the Museum of the East India Company, from Calcutta,
attaining as great a length as four lines on the dorsal region. It is
bicoloured both above and beneath. On the whole of the upper
parts it is dusky at the base for nearly two-thirds of its length, with
the terminal third brown (nearly of the same tint as the back fur of
Vesp. Daubentonii, but a little more tinged with rufous). Beneath,
it is dusky at its base, tipped with yellowish-brown. Such is the
colour of the specimen alluded to, presented to the Company’s Mu-
seum by Mr. Pearson. A specimen in my own collection, taken in
Ceylon by Mr. Thwaites, appears to exhibit the usual differences
which exist between the animals of that island and the mainland of

329

India. It is smaller and darker in colour, but is otherwise similar
to the Calcutta specimen. The membranes are of a medium brown
colour, darker in the Ceylon specimen.

Dentition.—In. — ; Can. = ; Premol. — ; Mol. —=->.

I can detect no difference in the position or proportions of the
teeth in this species from those of K. picta.

No. | of the following table refers to the specimen from Calcutta,
and No. 2 to the one from Ceylon.

1s 2.
Length of the head and body ........ ths i 9
So SETS Re a || ia
TET Sa 0 734
PET ge dense’ Z, wl odhms vis = 0 44
SIRS RIE a his ale de 00, = 0 Riiins 0 35
STR ENS a 1 64 1 4
of the longest finger ...... ere eT 1 10
of the fourth finger .......... 2 3 me
SU ID righ iis: Sips si « alg 0 32
TES oT na eee 0 9 O.8
of the foot and claws ........ 0 4 0 4
BE EOD IOS, COCR 55 75-5 6 x cinyniey v0 fate 0 6
SN SE ae ee i nth oh tA ee

Hab. India; Ceylon; Java, and Sumatra.

3. Kerrvovuta Harpwickil.

Vespertilio Hardwickii, Horsf. Zool. Research. Java, no. 8, 1821—
28; Cat. Mamm. E. Ind. Comp. Mus. p. 39, 1851 ; Temm. Mon. ii.
. 222, 1835-41 ; Wagn. Supp. Schreib. Saugth. i. p. 516, 1840;
Blasius Wiegm. Archiv, Bd. vi. p. 2, 1840; Schinz, Synops. Mamm.
i. p. 173, 1844.

Kerivoula Hardwickii, Gray, Ann. Mag. N. H. x. p. 258, 1842;
Cat. Mamm. B.-M. p. 27, 1843; Zool. Voy. Samar. no. 5. p. 7,
1849.

Vespertilio pellucidus, Waterh. Proc. Zool, Soc. pt. xiii. p. 3 et 6,
1845

Vespertilio? pellucidus, Gray, Zool. Voy. Samar. no. 5. p. 7, 1849.

The following description has been taken from the original spe-
cimens in the Museum of the East India Company and in the British
Museum, and from the one which furnished the description of V.
pellucidus of Mr. Waterhouse, now also in the National Collection.

The examination and comparison of these has proved beyond ques-
tion the identity of the latter species with K. Hardwick. As the
Javanese specimens are preserved in skin, and the one from the
Philippines in spirit, they may be supposed, taken together, to fur-
nish a tolerably accurate description of the species.

The elevated form of the head, the concavity of the face, and the
shape of the muzzle and nostrils are so much like the same parts in

330

K. picta and K. papillosa, as to require no further mention. The
ears, although in general form very similar to those of the former of
these species, differ in being a little longer, and in having their tips
less acute and not so much directed outwards; in fact, they very
closely resemble those of K. papillosa, and, as in that species, are
thickly studded with glandular dots. The tragus is nearly two-
thirds of the length of the ear, is narrow, excessively acute, and
curved outwards in the dried specimens, but perfectly straight in the
one in spirit.

The wing-membranes extend a little further than the base of the
toes, almost to the middle of the outer one, which however is shorter
than the others, and consequently the membrane does not reach as
far as to the middle of the other toes, which may be said to con-
stitute the foot. ‘These remaining toes are of equal length, and are
about half the entire length of the foot, which is rather large in re-
lation to the size of the animal. The os calcis is long, and occu-
pies two-thirds of the distance between the foot and end of the tail.
The interfemoral membrane has about 18 or 19 transverse dotted
lines.

The fur of the upper part of the body extends on to the wing-
membranes for a little distance, and on to the interfemoral membrane
in a similar manner. Beneath, the fur encroaches on the membrane
similarly, but in a less degree. The upper surfaces of the tibiee are
fringed with fine bristly hairs; and the dots on the interfemoral
membrane have each a bunch of very fine short bristles on the upper
surfaces, and the glandular dots of the ears are similarly provided on
their hinder surfaces. Also the free portion of the mterfemoral
membrane, between the os calcis and tail, is frmged with fine short
hairs.

The fur is long, very fine and woolly ; that of the upper parts of
the body is grey at the base, which is succeeded by pale brown, and
tipped with a slightly darker tint of the same colour. These shades
are not sufficiently distinct to give a tricoloured appearance to the
fur, the general appearance of which is buffy-brown. This is the
colour of the type-specimen, which has probably faded considerably.
That of the specimen in spirit appears (as far as can be seen of the
colours in spirit) to be of a reddish cinnamon-brown colour.

The membranes and ears are of a pale reddish-brown colour, and
translucent. “I could,’ says Mr. Waterhouse, “read this writing
through the wing-membranes, moistened as they were with the spirit,
at a distance of more than a quarter of an inch.”

The dentition, according to Mr. Waterhouse, is—In. =; Can.
eas
(aa

The two inner upper incisors are, as in K. picta and K. papillosa,
in advance of the others, long, curved, and pointed ; whilst the outer
two are placed considerably behind them, and are smaller.

Those of the lower jaw are trilobed and small.

The following dimensions have been taken (1) from the original
specimen of V. Hardwickii, and (2) from the type specimen of V.

The molars have not been examined.

331

pellucidus. Those of the second column will appear at first sight
to differ a good deal from those of the first, but probably the latter
may be considerably altered from its real size by the state of pre-
servation. Such parts as could not be altered by this means, as
the bones of the wings, do not differ materially, as may at once be

seen by reference to the table.
I.

“

Length of the head and body........ 1
oe | EGE aera |
Se er 0
ONT ia sds Deus. ve
Breadth of the ears............. ..
Length of the tragus)...5..........
ofthe forearm. 86. ose eee ]
——— of the longest finger ........ 2
——— of the fourth finger.......... 1
— ofthe thumb .............. 0
Botnet seta. =O
0
0
9

~
=
=
=
>

mae Sw AND ©

Qi &

CSCwnNr Coo O et
wi

-_
—

a
_—

of the foot and clave wean de.
of the 08 calcis. oo. eee
Bmpanve of wiligsieie. c's. F. .

Hab. Java; Philippine Islands.

ao NT tO Ob’

_
~_
—
~
~

4, KerrvovuLa LANOSA.
Vespertilio lanosus, Smith, Ill. Zool. S. Africa, pl. 50.

This species presents precisely the same generic peculiarities which
characterize the foregoing ; and they are quite as typically developed.
It possesses the same elevated crown and small muzzle, and has ears
and tragi of a similar shape, the differences being s»ch only as are
purely specific ; but these differences, taken in the ..er sense, are
very conspicuous. Whilst the fur is relatively as long as that noticed
of K. papillosa, it is, in addition to that, very thick and-eurly, with
the tips very glossy.

But it is necessary first to notice some other slight differences
which exist in the form of the ears and the distribution of the fur.
The ears, although of the same general form as those of K. picta
and the other species here treated of, yet differ in being more deeply
notched externally towards the tip.

The tragus is of the same tapering and pointed form observable
in the other species.

The face is very hairy, in some examples excessively so, the fur
of the forehead almost concealing the ears ; and it is of the same soft
quality as that on the top of the head and on the back, a small
quantity only in front of the eye assuming a more bristly appear-
ance. ‘The ears have their hinder surfaces clothed with hairs, and
when seen from behind are scarcely visible. The fur of the back
does not encroach on the membranes of the wings, but extends on
to the base of the interfemoral membrane for nearly half its length,

332

and, thinning out, leaves the hinder half naked. The upper sur-
faces of the tail, feet, tibize, forearms, and thumbs and index-fingers
are garnished with short and shining hairs of a silvery or pale
golden-yellow colour.

The hinder margin of the interfemoral membrane, between the os
calcis and tail, is furnished with a very remarkable comb-like fringe
of prominent thick-set hairs, which, curving downwards, have their
points directed towards the belly of the animal. On all the upper
parts the fur is tricoloured, with a faint indication of a fourth colour.
At the root it is blackish-grey for nearly half its length, which is
succeeded by palish-brown, and this again for a very short length of
a darker tint, and finally tipped with sulphur-yellow. The latter
colour is on the head, neck, and shoulders so pale as to give a silvery
appearance to the tips of the hairs, which is heightened by their
being curly, somewhat as in the fur of the common hare. Towards
the hinder parts they are less curly, and more yellow in colour,
especially those which grow on the legs, tail, and interfemoral mem-
brane. The same may be said of those on the upper surface of the
forearms, thumbs, and index-fingers.

Beneath, the fur is bicoloured, dark at the base, with the terminal
fourth whitish-grey, very much as in the common Vespertilio mysta-
cinus ; but the light-coloured tips are more shining than in that
species.

The membranes are of a medium brown colour, somewhat diapha-
nous, and have their veins thickly marked with glandular-looking
dots.

The description of the cranium will be given in connexion with
that of the skull of the next species, the better to illustrate by im-
mediate comparison the difference between the two.

In the following table of dimensions, the first column are those of
a male and the second those of a female, both from the same
locality :—

i 2.

Length of the head and body, about. . To 2 0

Lap To ieee at eae RR 1g

1 Ss i ei ete en | ear Onn

OA GG OAR is Soo a a cio oe So QO 44 0 a

PCC RCE Ol ERG CAR on. soto ence at ee 0 5
Weneti Ot the Grasse oe bind a ak 0 3h 0 35
ORC AOR CMUID acu o ooo in Wi tceee Me ee 1 28

of the longest finger ........ 2 9 PA
—— — of the fourth finger ........ 1 1 103

’ Ol, Che Winans bys ew ie age 0 3 0 3

——of the tibia .............. 0 6 0 6
——- of the foot and claws ...... 0 34 0 32

— Of TNE G8 COLES i. si iss vm ima ea 0 8

ESpaNSE OF WERE cS. cess cen ey 10 3

Hab. South Africa, the eastern coast.

333

5. KERIVOULA ZROSA, D. 8.

This species, from the same locality as the last, resembles it in the
long and curly nature of the fur, but is larger and differently coloured.
The ears, too, are larger, with the ends more rounded, and less deeply
notched externally.

The top of the head, although much elevated, is scarcely so much
so, relatively, as in K. /anosa, and the muzzle is proportionally
longer; but the nostrils and snout are shaped as in that species.
The ears have their ends rounded, quite as much so as in the Noteh-
eared Bat and Natterer’s Bat of Europe; and the hollow in the
outer margin near to the end scarcely deserves the name of notch.
It is in fact a mere indentation, shallow, but regular, and occupying
nearly one-third of the outer margin. In all other respects the ears
resemble those of the foregoing species, and indeed those of the
other representatives of the genus. The tragus offers no deviation
in form from that of the species already described ; it is long, taper-
ing, and pointed.

The membranes are similar to those of K. /anosa, excepting that
they are not quite so distinctly marked with dotted lines as in that
species.

The fur of the head is only of medium length, and does not ob-
scure the ears, nor extend so far along the face as in HK. /anosa. The
face is in fact moderately hairy, with a woolly moustache on the
upper lip, and a naked space between the eye and ear. The chin
also is nearly naked.

On no part of the membrane does the fur of the back extend, and
that of the under parts only to a very trifling extent on the base of
the interfemoral membrane ; but the upper surfaces of the legs, feet,
and heel-cartilages, of the tail, forearms, thumbs, and index-fingers,
and of the two terminal phalanges of the longest fingers, beyond the
extremity of the index fingers, are more or less clothed with short
adpressed shining hairs, thickest on the forearms and tail, but no-
where so thick as in the last species. The edge of the interfemoral
membrane, between the heel-cartilage and tail, is spuringly furnished
with short bristly hairs, very unlike the thick comb-like fringe of K.
lanosa.

The fur of all the upper parts is long, thick, and curly, and nearly
uniform in colour over the whole of the back, varying only in be-
coming a little darker towards the rump. It is of four colours,—
dark grey-brown at the base for nearly half its length, succeeded by
yellowish-brown, then by deep umber-brown, and tipped with shining
bronzy yellow; that which is spread over the upper surface of the
limbs, tail, &c. wholly of the latter colour.

Beneath, the fur is of a dark sepia-brown colour, tipped with
brownish-bronze colour.

In no other Bat have I seen fur at all resembling that of the pre-
sent species. It is not difficult to attain a tolerably correct idea of
its general appearance, by supposing a small species with fur of the
quality and texture of that of the common hare, but of a dark brown

334

colour, and with the light tips observable in the fur of that animal,
changed to a shining golden-bronze colour.
Ls

—~
>
>
=

Length of the head and d body, a about. .
of the tail . 4 ;
of the head te aera i re. 0
af the ear oe Pr ey 0
Breadth of the ears 0
henetivot the Wristie. eee ee
of the forest ts. Ss sk... 1
of the longest finger........ 2
——— of the fourth finger ........ 2
0
0
0
0
1)

— et

bolene|

OL the thumbs.) ee ee
oF the Ciba” hor PR pe
of the foot and claws ......
of the os calcis.. . hi 2:
Hixpaiase Of wimesie hs toes ]

toler
ble

ON OWeRKOoOLhOOOAS

Sooo OoNntNrooocor wt
—

On P ORR OUoOhanagwte

—

Hab. South Africa, eastern coast, the same locality as the prece-
ding species.

On comparing the skulls of three of the foregoing species, K. picta,
K. lanosa, and K. erosa, 1 find their general form to be pretty
similar, but yet presenting some slight modifications which require
notice. Of these, K. lanosa has the cranium proportionally the
shortest, and with the cerebral region most elevated, closely approach-
ing Furipterus in this respect. It also has the facial portion more
depressed, and the notch between the intermaxillary bones less deep
than in K. picta; and these bones are not so much separated at their
anterior extremities as in that species, so that the incisors which they
bear are less separated also, and have an inward deviation from the
line of the other teeth, contrary to what has been stated in the generic
description. However, in this species, the upper incisors by no
means approximate each other closely as they do in Furipterus. In
other respects the crania of K. picta and K. lanosa do not differ
materially ; and the dentition is also so similar as to present scarcely
any differences worthy of notice. The outer incisor in the lower
jaw has precisely the same central elevated cusp already noticed, and
is similar in both species ; but the skull of the third species, K. erosa,
has, on the contrary, the top of the skull less elevated than in K.
picta, and the facial depression scarcely so deep, owing chiefly to the
hinder extremities of the nasal bones having a somewhat inflated
form. The facial portion of the skull is rather long in proportion to
its entire length ; and the bones of which it is composed are much
thicker than in the other species, giving support to much longer and
stronger teeth. Indeed the whole skull and teeth are much more
substantial than the other and more typical species of the genus.

The lower jaw, with its teeth, is of proportionate strength, and is
rather thick at the symphysis mentt, where it has a slight descending
process.

335°

In number the teeth resemble those of the other species, but differ
somewhat in their form. The outer lower incisors, although they
have the central principal cusp already mentioned, yet have it so little
developed that it would scarcely be regarded as singular if previous
notice had not been called to it*. The upper incisors present a re-
‘markable deviation from what appears typical: instead of two pairs
of well-developed teeth, we find instead that the inner ones are long
and pointed, but the outer ones merely rudimentary, so that they
ean scarcely be seen without the aid of a lens. The upper canines
are long, strong, and angular; and the premolar next to them is
also long and pointed. These differences in the teeth are alone suf-
ficient to distinguish this species.

The following are the dimensions of the crania of these three
species :—

“ “i “a “

K, picta. K. lanosa.| K. erosa.
“a “ 4

Entire length of the skull exclusive of the

SIMIBORA I ek sancuvccskss. do asec vorw oust Musee alle 0 6
Greatest breadth across the zygomatic

BTCHEB.. +2... .ceceseereeseenes tovesrecesesereees| O 4 0 3} O 4}
Breadth of the skull behind the zygomatic

arches...... Wee dasa se sicuecchecdaccuneswsuek 0 33 0 33 0 3%

Length from the posterior root of the zy-
goma to the anterior point of the inter-

HAMA AEY, DONEH GF .vecssecse asc ueuwaeZeys os 0 4% | 0 4 0 5
Length of the zygomatic arches ............ OF ae 0. 2 0 24
Length of the bony palate ...............06 0 3 0 23
Length of the dental series in the upper

MAGMA GATT cD Cait abc codec teveatiestiven ses 0 33 0 23 0 3
Breadth between the outer cusps of the

two posterior molars.......0+...+e+0e- seeees 0 23 0 23 0 2%
Breadth between the tips of the upper

canines ....... Marat dardaica cakes SCyuseereas 0 14 0 14 0 Wy
Length of the lower jaw, exclusive of the

PICIBONH cua Siik ve deceses pabinucls wusdepplevecs 0 5 O 43 0 54
Elevation of the condyle above the lower

Pig Of the TAMUS,, to.0>. 050-0405 s0> Se 0 12 01 0 ik

_ Length of the dental series in the over
SS ar eae Ra eae ee 0 33 ' 0 33 0 33

The following species, having the wing-membranes attached as far
along the foot as to the root of the toes, have been placed by Dr.
Gray in this genus ; but their similarity to the species of other genera,

* It is curious and interesting to note the very slight outward deviation from
the more typical forms, exhibited by this species, and to find on examination that
it possesses also an internal departure from the same typical standard; and it is
satisfactory to find that these differences are such as accord well with each other,
externally and internally. The slightly more bulky appearance of the animal, ac-
companied by membranes of less delicate nature, and more imperfectly marked
with the veins and papillae which are so characteristic of this and the allied
genera, is associated with an osseous system of greater solidity, and with upper
incisors which approach in their inequality of size those of many of the species
of the robust genus Scofophilus. if we examine, for instance, the upper incisors
of the Noctule or the Hairy-armed Bat, we shall perceive at once that the inner
ones are much the largest, just as they are in AK. @rosa; and in those stout species
of the genus Vespertilio which have a near affinity with Scofophilus, the same
thing is observable.

336

or minor groups, has induced me to leave them out of the present
monograph. Kerivoula formosa I have already separated from it,
and placed in company with the Vespertilio emarginatus of Europe,
and some other species. K. Sykesii is a small species, closely allied,
if not identical, with Scotophilus coromandelicus ;-and K. poensis and
K. grisea are both referable to the same subgeneric division of the
genus Scofophilus, all having characters pretty similar to those of
the S. pipistrellus, S. Kuhlii, and S. marginatus. K. trilatoides is
a true Vespertilio, having the same generic forms as Vesp. mysta-
cinus. K. brasiliensis I have not seen.

I have taken the occasion in a former monograph to give a few
notes on the classification of some of the species of Vespertilionide ;
and I seize the present opportunity of adding such others as bear on
the same point, which have arisen during the examination of the
species comprised in the present memoir.

The observations I made were something to this purpose,—that
after eliminating such easily recognizable genera as Plecotus and
Barbastellus from the genus Vespertilio, as given by M. Temminck,
there yet remained a large number of species differing greatly from
each other, but the most diverse of which were so connected by
intermediate species as to be with great difficulty brought under
generic definition. The common Noctule Bat and the Whiskered
Bat were given as familiar examples of the desired genera, the first
being considered as typical of the stout species which are organized
for strong and rapid flight in exposed situations, and for capturing
and masticating the larger species of Coleoptera ; and the latter was
given as an example of the light and comparatively fragile species
which take their minute food amongst the foliage, or in other con-
fined situations. But the Whiskered Bat is by no means the most
typical of the slender species. The genera Furipterus, Natalus, and
Hyonycteris are the most so, and Kerivoula immediately after them,
and before Vespertilio, in which genus, in its restricted form, the
Whiskered Bat, with many other species, takes its place.

Assuming that Kerivoula is a more typical genus than Vespertilio,
we should expect its habits to be in accordance with its structure,
and to differ somewhat from those of Vespertilio ; and the following
(all that I can gather which appears authentic) will throw some light
on this point. In vol. xiv. of the ‘Annals and Magazine of
Natural History’ the following notice of one of the species, K. picta,
appears, from the pen of Capt. R. C. Tytler : “‘ This elegant Bat is
found in thick jungle, and is only observed when disturbed by sud-
denly flying out of its retreat and taking almost immediate shelter,
like a moth, amongst the bushes.’ Dr. Kelaart, after observing
that there are no Bats in Ceylon called “ Kerivoulha,” says ‘“ Kehil-
voula is the Cingalese name for the yellow Bats found on plantain
trees,—‘ Kehil’ in Cingalese meaning plantain, and ‘ Voulha’ a bat.
We have never obtained the Kerivoulha from any other places than
plantain groves, where they are generally found clinging to the
fruit.”

From the observations of these gentlemen it would appear that

7
x
|

337

the Kerivoula picta is an arboreal species, certainly resting during
the day among dense foliage, and more than probably taking its
food in similar situations. It would be interesting to know if those
which Dr. Kelaart has seen clinging to the plantain fruit had chosen
that as a resting place, or were in search of insects which might feed
on the fruit; for we cannot suppose that the Bats would be feeding
on the latter: they are too purely insectivorous in their structure.

Of another species inhabiting South Africa, A. /anosa, Dr. A.
Smith says that it frequents “a wooded district stretching along the
sea-shore about 200 miles from Cape Town. Like other species of
the genus, it appears as night sets in, and may then be seen flitting
from spot to spot along the open spaces which exist here and there
in different parts of the forest.”’

These short extracts comprise all that I can learn of the habits of
the genus under consideration; but such as they are, they tend to
corroborate my previous supposition, derived from observing the ob-
vious similarity of the organs of flight to those of some of the Rhz-
nolophi, one species of which I have observed in a state of nature.

When we look at the considerable development of the cutaneous
system, and its delicate nature, and the ample organs of flight with
their slender digits, in the genus Kerivoula, we can readily perceive
that they are not well-suited for exposed flight, but that they would
be admirably adapted for flitting amongst the boughs and leaves of
trees; and the existence of numerous lines and papilla, probably
nerves of sensation, in the membranes, would render them highly
delicate organs of touch, and a safe protection against the injuries
which their slender members might otherwise sustain in such places.
All the membranes of this and the allied genera Furipterus, Natalus,
and Iyonycteris are elaborately veined and dotted, just as in the
Horse-shoe Bat ; and 1 have had a good opportunity of witnessing
the extraordinary powers of flight of the latter.

On one occasion I had liberated from a box in my usual sitting-
room a Pipistrelle and a Lesser Horse-shoe Bat. The former flew
directly against the glass of the window, just as a bird does, and re-
peated the attempt to escape several times. The /Zorse-shoe Bat,
instead of doing this, although it approached very near to the glass,
never even so much as touched it with the tips of its wings; and I
could distinctly see it pass in front of each pane so near as almost
to touch it, but at the same time avoid the prominent wood-work of
the window. Under and amongst the tables and chairs it passed
with perfect ease, touching nothing, and behind the window curtains
in a similar manner, although there was*searcely an inch of space
between them and the wall: At length, when flitting in front of
some book-shelves from which I had just removed an octavo volume
(Temminck’s Birds of Europe), it seemed, if I may use the expres-
sion, to feel the vacant space, and passed in and out again without,

I believe, even so much as touching the volumes on either side,

Mr. Blyth has observed of Nafterer’s Bat that it occasionally
“flapped against a glass case”’ while flying round a room. I have

No. CCCLXVIII.—PgrocrrpinGs or THe ZOOLOGICAL Society,

338

often seen various species of Vespertilionide do the like against the
walls and furniture of a room, but have never seen the Horse-shoe
Bat do so.

Now, although speculation in zoological science is scarcely admis-
sible, yet I am tempted to suggest, from the general similarity of
the organs of flight in the genera Furipterus, Natalus, Hyonycteris,
and Kerivoula with those of Rhinolophus, that they may have pre-
cisely the same function to perform; and I should entertain but
little doubt of this, were not the latter provided with very singular
cutaneous expansions, as nose-leaves and facial crests. These have
by some observers been considered as organs of touch, performing in
tact the office of eyes. But this latter suggestion is at best a mere
suggestion, since we find amongst the Rhinolophide some species
which, while they possess all the other peculiarities of Rhinolophus,
are destitute of what may properly be called a nose-leaf, having in
its stead grooves and hollows not likely to be highly sensitive organs
of touch. This is the case with Rh. aurantius of Australia, and
with Nycteris, which is simply a modified Rhinolophus.

Without further pursuing these suggestions, I may state my belief
that it is in the whole expansion of the cutaneous system that the
singular sense with which these animals are endowed exists, and
that this, if properly investigated, will afford one of the most certain
indices to the natural classification of the Vespertilionide.

Before concluding, I wish to add a suggestion relative to the pro-
bable habits of Hyonycteris, derived from the examination of spe-
cimens. As the creature is destitute of claws to the feet, which
could be used as instruments of support, and has suctorial disks in-
stead, it appears probable that it would be capable of traversing such
surfaces only as were sufficiently even for the action of the disks, and
that suitable surfaces might be furnished by the fruit or leaves of
many of the trees of tropical America, from which the pig-like snout
of the animal would be well adapted for taking minute insects, in a
state of rest.

339

June 22, 1858.
Dr. Gray, F.R.S., V.P., in the Chair.
The following papers were read :—

1. On tue Systematic ARRANGEMENT OF THE TAILLESS Ba-
TRACHIANS AND THE STRUCTURE OF RHINOPHRYNUS DOR-
satis. By Dr. ALBertr GUNTHER.

The organ which in the tailless Batrachians offers the most re-
markable character, and which is most closely connected with the
mode of their life, is the tongue. Wagler has already separated from
the other Ranide a group without tongue, dy/osse, comprising all
other Ranide under the name Phaneroglosse, which have a tongue
entirely adherent in front. This division was also afterwards accepted
by Bibron, who changed the name of Aglosse into that of Phryno-
glosse. 'The separation of the first group appears the more justifi-
able, as Miiller came to the same result by another principle.- I
now add a third form, hitherto very imperfectly known, and the
tongue of which is not yet described. Rhinophrynus dorsalis is the
only Batrachian which has a tongue free in front, with the anterior
tip capable of being stretched out of the mouth. The details are as
follows :—The base of the cavity of the mouth is occupied by the
tongue. The front part of this organ is rather narrow and cylindrical,
with an obtuse rounded tip, of a similar shape to that of one of the
small Rodentia ; the front part is quite free ; somewhat anterior to the
middle of its length it is fixed to the base of the mouth by a frenn-
lum ; behind this it becomes gradually broader, and is fixed on each
side by a muscular pad. The hinder edge is rounded, not notched,
entirely adherent, and exhibiting only a transverse slightly prominent
swelling. The tongue is entirely soft, with a velvet-like surface,
covered with papille filiformes, which gradually become longer
behind. And whereas the front tip of the tongue is again capable
of being stretched out of the mouth, both halves of the musculus
genioglossus are well developed, forming the very base of the cavity
of the mouth. |

I propose to divide the Batrachia anura into three groups :—

A. Aglossa: B. a. without tongue.

B. Opisthoglossa: B. a. with a tongue adherent in front, and
more or less free behind.

C. Proteroglossa: B. a, with a tongue free in front and adherent

behind.

We find by far the greatest development and the greatest variety
of forms in the second group; and therefore I prefer to consider the
principles of further division first in this group, hoping to obtain in
this way points of view according to which we may characterize and

340

divide the few known forms of the other groups. Those characters
which are generally considered as the most important, and which
always command a separation of two Batrachians, are :—

1. The presence or absence of the maxillary teeth.

2. The dilated or cylindrical form of the transverse process or dia-
pophysis of the sacral vertebra.

3. The dilated or not dilated tips of the fingers and toes.

When we consider that the lower jaw of the tailed Batrachians is
provided with a series of teeth, and that these are wanting in the same
bone of all the tailless Batrachians, we are obliged to acknowledge
the importance of this character,—the more so as this difference is
followed by a difference in the mode of life, as far as I have been
enabled to observe it in European forms. In the former the teeth
are the organs for seizing the food; in the latter, as well in those
with maxillary teeth as in the toothless, it is the tongue. The
former seize the prey in the same way as the Saurians do, and hold
and press it with the teeth; the latter seize it with the clammy
tongue, either filliping it out of the mouth as the frogs, or only turn-
ing it out, as the toads do, with broad and fixed tongue: the mecha-
nism of seizing is the same as in Myrmecophaga, Picus, or Chame-
leon. On examining the recently swallowed animals out of the sto-
mach of a lizard or newt, we shall find them always in a more or less
dilacerated condition; whilst those taken from the stomach of a
toothed or toothless frog or toad are constantly uninjured. This is
even the case with Ceratophrys and Cystignathus, which are provided
with the strongest dentition among all the Batrachians. The prey
when seized is held and pressed by the tongue against the upper
part of the cavity of the mouth; and though there are in a part
of the species maxillary teeth, they appear to be entirely without
function, and palatine teeth alone give assistance to this second part
of the action. Therefore, not being able to consider the character
of the dentition among the tailless Batrachians as one intimately con-
nected with their mode of life, I think it right to subordinate it to
another character which does correspond to this pretension. In a
similar way the value of dentition is disregarded in the Edentata,
which contain the toothless Myrmecophaga and Manis, and on the
other hand the Dasypus gigas, which exhibits more teeth than any
other mammal except some Cetacea. So also the Salmonidee contain
the nearly toothless Coregoni and the strongly-armed Sulmones, &e.

What influence the dilated or more cylindrical form of the process
of sacral vertebra has upon the mode of life is difficult to explain,
as it does not absolutely correspond with other physiological or ana-
tomical characters. The pelvis obtains by the dilatation of these
processes much more firmness ; and a lateral motion is more or less
entirely impeded. We should therefore expect to meet with this
character in those Batrachians which are provided with the longest
and most powerful hind legs, according to the physical problem,
that the longest lever requires the strongest centre. But on the
contrary, the Batrachians with the shortest legs exhibit a much-dilated
sacral vertebra, whilst on the other hand the long-legged Hylide

et Pat

SS TE nh igles

yah ane
ae

ddI

show the same peculiarity. In fact, this osteological form seems to
be connected with none of the modifications of locomotion; tor we
find among these Batrachians good swimmers as well as bad, tree- as
well as earth-frogs, those which always hop as well as those which
often crawl ; finally we are unable to refer to it a peculiarity of any
part of the propagation. Generally, I can only state—

1. That all the Batrachia anura without mazillary teeth exhibit
dilated processes of the sacral vertebrae, except the Uylapleside ;
but that, on the other hand, the Batrachia anura with maxillary
teeth may have this bone sometimes dilated, and sometimes cylin-
drical in form.

2. That all the Batrachia anura with paratoids exhibit dilated
processes (without any exception at present) ; but that, on the other
hand, the Butrachia anura without paratoids have either this bone
dilated or cylindrical in form.

From the above inquiries it is evident that I do not think this
anatomical character fit for separating the whole group of the Opis-
thoglossa, so as to form two natural divisions ; and there remains only
the third of the above-mentioned characters,—the dilated or not di-
lated tip of the fingers and toes.

This natural character is connected with a strongly marked di-
stinction in the mode of life, with climbing trees, which peculiarity
is justly considered as one of the most important characters among
the Vertebrata. No frog or toad without dilated toes is known to
climb trees; and although our knowledge of the mode of life of
the tropical forms is very limited, I have no doubt that the tooth-
less Batrachians with dilated toes, of the tropics (Hylaplesia, Hy-
ledactylus, Brachymerus, &e.), are enabled to climb trees, walls,
&e., some being active during the day, others during the night.
I am well aware that there are forms having the toes so slightly di-
lated that it is difficult to say to which part they belong; but in
such instances the question will be decided either by observation of
the living animals or by the more distinguishable form of closely
allied species, as for example in the genus Hylodes. The objection
to separate in this way the toothless Batrachians, which it was till
now the custom to consider as a natural one, I get over by the fact
that my two proposed series are parallel, and their members nearly
corresponding ; and I trust that at a not far distant time some of the
wanting forms will be found. Therefore I divide the Adnura opistho-
glossa into two series :—

1. Opisthoglossa oxydactyla: Opisthoglossa with cylindrical or
pointed tip of the fingers and toes.

2. Opisthoglossa platydactyla : Opisthoglossa with dilated tip of
the fingers and toes.

Among the animals of both series we find that the same characters
recur ; and so we are enabled to apply in both series the same fur-
ther division. I have already mentioned what value I am disposed
to attribute to the dentition ; and by co-ordinating with it the strue-
ture of the ear, I think we may obtain natural and scientifically-

342

established groups. Especially I think we can thus satisfy the long-
felt necessity of separating the Bombinatores in a strictly cireum-
scribed group. Now-a-days a group, defined as Tschudi does the
Bombinatores, “‘ Body and extremities short, head rounder than in
the Rane, skin generally warty,” is not fit to form a part of the
natural system. Huschke was the first who directed the attention
of naturalists to a peculiarity in the ear of Bombinator igneus,
stating, in the ‘ Beitrage zur Naturgeschichte und Physiologie,’ p. 39,
** Not much of a cavum tympani is to be seen in Bufo tgneus, whereas
muscles of the ossicula auditus appear to fill up the whole space.”
This information was not much enlarged by the inquiries of Geoffroy,
Scarpa, and Windischmann ; but Johannes Miller, having found a
similar structure in the ear of the Pelobates of France (P. cultripes),
with his anatomical ingenuity applied this character for a distribu-
tion of the Tailless Batrachians into three groups :—

1. Anura with an entirely bony cavum tympani, with a cartilagi-
nous cover of this cavity instead of a membranaceous tympanum,
with the Eustachian tubes united into a single aperture: Dactyle-
thra and Pipa.

2. Anura with a partially membranaceous cavum tympani, with a
membranaceous tympanum and the apertures of the Eustachian tubes
separated: the greater part of the Azura.

3. Anura without tympanum, eustachian tubes, or cavum tympani,
and with the cover of the fenestra ovalis cartilaginous : Bombinator
igneus and Pelobates cultripes.

In rejecting this systematical arrangement of the whole suborder,
I agree so far with Tschudi, not, however, “ because the anatomist
ought not to prescribe divisions to the zoologist,’ but rather because
the Batrachians with imperfectly-developed ear would form together
an unnatural group, and would be separated too far from other allied
forms, if we tried to apply this character as that of a section. On the
other hand, it is much more important than Tschudi supposes, because
it proves to be of absolute value, as always indicating the total ab-
sence of the tympanum. Batrachians with well-developed ear exhibit
sometimes a conspicuous, sometimes an indistinct, sometimes a hidden
tympanum, which differences may offer in some cases a generic, in
others only a specific character ; even in many instances the appear-
ance of the tympanum is variable in the individuals of the same
species, beg more or less conspicuous. The tympanum is hidden
in those Batrachians where it is formed by a transparent membrane ;
but the skin of the body, not modified and not adherent, equally
covers the tympanic region, and the tympanum becomes visible only
after the skin is removed. The tympanum is ¢ndistinct m those
Batrachians where the skin of the body is firmly adherent to the
tympanum, covering more or less of its surface. But in all these
Batrachians the tympanum is present ; and it is a great mistake to
confound the characters of a hidden and of an absent tympanum ;
and much trouble and much misunderstanding would be saved to
naturalists, if a more precise mode of expression were introduced

Se oe ae

new.

j
s

343

into the descriptions. Secondly, we are obliged to acknowledge the
value of the development of the ear in systematical arrangements,
when we consider that this organ gradually returns to simplicity in
the series of the Vertebrata, and that especially in the next class, of
Pisces, it obtains systematical importance again. Therefore, though
not accepting the structure of ear as the first principle for the divi-
sion of those animals, I shall combine it with the dentition.
Tschudi discredited Miiller’s observation, vindicating for all Anura
Eustachian tubes and a cavum tympani, and only referring variations
of the aperture of the Eustachian tube in the cavum tympani to the
age of the individual (Bombinator igneus). Besides he mentions
frequent examinations of the structure of the ear, according to which
this organ, especially among the “‘ Bombinatoride,” is liable to great
variations, nearly in every genus, as regards the form and situation
of the ossicula auditus, the chorda tympani, the tympanum, the tuba
Eustachii, &e. It is a great pity that Tschudi never published
these examinations ; but in those which he has published I cannot
quite agree with him.

The imperfect development of ear I have found or recognized in
Bombinator igneus, Pelobates fuscus and cultripes, Alsodes monti-
cola (Wiegmann in Telmatobius peruvianus), Mierhyla achatina*,
Phryniseus nigricans, levis and cruciger, Brachycephalus ephippium,
Hemisus guttatum (Engystoma guttatum, Rapp.), and finally in RAi-
nophrynus dorsalis, which, although not belonging to the Opistho-
glossa, may be mentioned on account of the structure of the ear.
In all these Batrachians, tympanum and cavum tympani are entirely
absent ; the Eustachian tube either is entirely deficient, as I found it
in Phryniscus cruciger and Rhinophrynus (and according to Miiller’s
observations, perhaps in some specimens of Bombinator igneus and
Pelobates cultripes), or it is only a blind tube without osteum tym-
panicum. Although I always found in some specimens of the same
species the same development of the Eustachian tubes, I do not ven-
ture to contradict other observations, according to which these tubes
were found more or less accessible ; and Tschudi may be right in
stating a variation to occur with the age. But such a variation as
regards abolition certainly would not reach the cavum tympani or the
tympanum ; and therefore I hold to the truth of the fact that in the
aforesaid Batrachians this part of the ear is wanting. In Bombinator
and Pelobates { have always found the osteum pharyngeum of the
Eustachian tube open. It is situated quite on the side of the pharynx,
is very small and narrow, and accessible only to a thin bristle ; the
tube passes near the united os sphenoideum and petrosum inwards
and towards the back, crossing the carotis and the nervus vagus.
The membrane by which it is formed becomes gradually excess-
ively thin, and is closed without an aperture near the fenestra
ovalis vestibuli. This aperture is really oval, closed by a cartilagi-
nous cover and in direct contact with muscles; the nature of the

* Cf. Tschudi’s ‘ Batrachia,’ p. 14.

344

vestibulum is proved by the soft white calcareous concrement. Such
I found to be the structure of ear in Hemisus guttatum and Mi-
erhyla. In Phryniscus levis and nigricans and in Brachycephalus
the osteum'pharyngeum of the tube is more open. Rhinophrynus
dorsalis exhibits the following details :—After removing the skin, an
aperture of the ear is no more to be observed than a tympanum ex-
ternally, the whole region being covered with muscles. The most
accurate and repeated examination of old and young individuals did
not enable me to find any osteum pharyngeum of the tube; there,
where it might be supposed to be situated, on the sides of the pala-
tum molle, I found only a very short and flat groove, perhaps the
same seen by Bibron, who describes the Pastachiin tubes as ex-
cessively small. After removing the muscles, the external entrance
in the ear becomes conspicuous ; Tit is the fenestra ovalis vestibuli,—a
large opening with rounded outlines, formed by swollen edges of the
os petrosum. This opening is closed by a cartilaginous operculum,
internally concave, externally convex, and so inserted by a membrane
in the bony ring as to be rendered moveable. Round the bony ring
arise some muscular fibres, which continue to the front edge of the
shoulder blade. Other muscular fibres, having arisen from the centre
of the operculum, join them ; and their function is, by moving the
operculum outwards, to enlarge the cavity of the vestibulum. The
vestibulum itself is spacious, quite bony, and forming an externally
conspicuous, thin, flat du//a. In the interior is enclosed in the
saccum vestibuli,—a large, rounded, white and soft calcareous concre-
ment. Besides the fenestra ovalis are to be observed 3-4 minute
openings, through which a bristle can reach immediately the cavity
of the skull, and a larger one, oval, near the canales semicirculares.

Thus we find in these duura slight modifications in the type of the
structure of the ear, as it is found in the Cecilie and Urodele (Am-
phiuma, Menopoma, Siredon, Proteus, Triton, Salamandra),—a cir-
cumstance, which directs us not to neglect it as a character for
systematical arrangement; and thus I divide the Opisthoglossa owy-
dactyla and platydactyla mto the following sections :—

I. Opisthoglossa oxydactyla.

1. With maxillary teeth and pertectly-developed ear: Ranina.

2. With maxillary teeth and imperfectly-developed ear: Bom-
binatorina.

3. Without maxillary teeth, and with imperfectly-developed
ear: Brachycephalina.

4, Without maxillary teeth, and with perfectly-developed ear :
Bufonina.

Il. Opisthoglossa platydactyla.

1. With maxillary teeth and pertectly-developed ear: Hylina.
2. With maxillary teeth and amiperisee -developed ear: Mz-
erhylina.

a ee
at i ,
|

4 ;

345

* (3. Without maxillary teeth, and with imperfectly-developed
ear: not known.)

4, Without maxillary teeth, and with perfectly-developed
ear: Hylaplesina.

For the division of these sections into families I use :-—

|. The absence or presence of paratoids.
2. The form of the diapophysis of sacral vertebra.
3. The absence or presence of a web between the toes.

I consider the latter character as the most subordinate of the three,
and I have used for the systematical arrangement only those ag-
gregates of erypte, which are found on the shoulder and generally
are called paratoids. Similar glandular aggregates are found on
other parts of the body ; and having had the opportunity of exami-
ning some new examples of such large glands, I think it useful to give
an account of them in all the species.

In the genus Pleurodema a large gland is situated on the loins, in
the males of Pe/obates on the upper arm, in Limnodynastes dorsalis*
and Bufo calamita on the calves.

In other Batrachians the glands are situated on the shoulder, being
either prominent and conspicuous, or hidden.

1. Anura with prominent paratoids are—Alytes, Scaphiopus,
Uperoleia, Bufo, Otilophus and Phyllomedusa.

2. In other dnura the crypte are accumulated on the shoulder,
but do not form a prominent gland, and the aggregate becomes vi-
sible only by an incision in the skin, the structure of the paratoid
being the same: as in Heleioporus, Pelodryas, and Rhinophrynus.
It is far more peculiar in Kalophrynus, which offers quite a smooth
surface of the skin ; and not only onthe shoulders, but on the whole
surface of the back, the skin is densely crowded with large erypte,
together forming a large dorsal paratoid.

Having now gone through the most important characters upon
which I base the division of the Opisthoglossa, I add the following
tabular arrangement, which will show at once the families thus
created, their natural relationship, and the parallelism of more remote
families and characters of forms which may be discovered. The ver-
tical divisions show their agreement in the anatomical, the horizontal
ones in the zoological characters.

* In this species I have only had the opportunity of examining the males.

episadertyy | aeprAgoeparsyy| seers . aepryAquorpy apse} — @pepadayo

epriiaud orig

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‘ 3
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a
——————— ee a © }
epruoyng epydty ee iy
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Pea} Se
eeprypo1od 83 | *
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eee ee a a SE a a ANU 2 Ss (Ee
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Qu :
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= *paytTp ION “para “power *pere] tp JON “pared “paid ‘porn 3on |
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xs “qoograd ey “qoayaodunt eq ‘qoojiadurt weg : *qoajiod seq
* "yq903 Areypixeut ony *yqooy Areyprxe |
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OT Aw oe) ae ee we Pa y . - pt =e) oe , So AN esa ater te as

347

Both the series of Opisthoglossa are not to be considered as form-

ing one continued series between the Aglossa and Proteroglossa ;

they do not form one series of animals, descending from the most

highly organized form to the lowest one: such a gradation is equally

found in both series ; and one is at once struck with the identity of

the chararacters in the single families, if brought side by side in two
parallel series.

OPISTHOGLOSSA.
OxyYDACTYLA. PLATYDACTYLA.
Ranide. Polypedatide.
Cystignathide. Hylodide.
: Discoglosside. Hylidae. Iya
Ranina. Asterophrydid®@.°~ .. .ese. sees Hylina,
| Uperoliide. Phyllomeduside,
\ Alytidee. Pelodryadide,
Bombinatorina. Bombinatoride. Micrhylide. Mierhylina.
d d Ted renigiltu lites geetiame Lie MROMGe ot Rises
Brachycephalina, Brachycephalidz. ==... saesaeaee
Rhinodermatide. Hyledactylide. |
: Engystomatide. Brachymeride. d
peenins. Be gues iss Mekeins a ; ay inplesing,
Saédasepades Hylapleside.

I am always afraid of admitting teleological principles into natural
science ; the most important results of truth are gained by adhering
to objective facts, and by inquiring into them. Each system should
be adapted only to the present state of our knowledge of animals ; but
at last we must come to that point where analogies will enable us to
look further, and the future will show (if it is allowed to presume
so far) that, among the forms which hereafter may be discovered,
there will be found correspondents to the Asterophrydide, Phry-
niscide, Brachycephalide, Bufonide, and Hylapleside, viz. :—

1. Hylina, without paratoids, with dilated sacral vertebra and free
toes.

2. O. platydactyla, without maxillary teeth and with imperfectly
developed ear.

3. Bufonina, without paratoids, with not dilated sacral vertebra
and webbed toes.

4. Hylaplesina, with paratoids, with dilated sacral vertebra, and
webbed toes.

Only three genera are known belonging to the first group of

Anura, to the Aglossa,—Dactylethra, Pipa and Myobatrachus, the

) latter of which is imperfectly known to myself from a short notice of
Dr. Gray in the ‘ Proc. Zool. Soc.’ All these three genera offer such
| characters as to become the types of as many families. But as I do not
know whether the star-like configuration of the toes in Pipa, or the
____ horny claws of the toes of Dactylethra, have the same functional im-
portance as in the Oxydactyla and Platydactyla, or whether the
two horizontal fangs in the intermaxillary bone of Myobratrachus are
true teeth, or only apophyses (as in the lower jaw of Tomopterna),
I am at a loss which of these characters must be subordinated to the

348

other ; and therefore I refer first to the more-known structure of ear,
and propose for the present the following division of this group :—

I. Aglossa with united Eustachian tubes and entirely bony cavum
tympani.
a. With maxillary teeth : Dactylethride.
6. Without maxillary teeth: Pipide.

II. Aglossa with separated Eustachian tubes; cavum tympani?
a. With two horizontal fangs in the intermaxillary bone:
Myobatrachide.

Finally, of the last group of ProrERoGLossa only one genus is
known, forming the type of a family—Rhinophrynide, the com-
plete characters of which would be—

Proteroglossa without maxillary teeth, with imperfectly developed
ear, paratoids, dilated diapophysis of sacral vertebra, and
webbed toes.

Bibron has given the only published description of Rhinophrynus
dorsalis; but having had only a single specimen in an imperfect
condition, he was not enabled to point out all its peculiarities. I
therefore finish this paper with a full description of it.

The body being of an oval depressed shape, appears to be broader
than it in reality is, because the skin is too wide for the cireum-
ference of body, forming on each side a broad longitudinal fold. It
is rounded on all sides, the belly being rather more flat ; the whole
surface smooth, only on some places finely granulated. The head is
confounded with the body, situated on the same level, and appears
to be only the tapering front part of it ; being somewhat depressed, it
tapers conically, and ends suddenly with the obtuse, truncated top of
the muzzle. The front part of the muzzle forms, if closed, a flat round
disk, somewhat similar to the snout of a pig, but differing by being
separated by the cleft of the mouth into an wpper smaller and a lower
larger half. The mouth itself is so peculiarly formed as to be unlike
that of every other Batrachian. The cleft is situated in one plane,
not on the lower side of the muzzle, but above the middle ; and if the
snout be imagined to be a truncated cone, the cleft splits it by a ver-
tical cut going from the truncated plain to the base; the cleft there-
fore does not form a convex line, but three sides of the vertical cut
of a truncated cone. Being of itself not small, and reaching nearly to
the anterior angle of the eye, it does not allow a considerable widen-
ing of the mouth, as is necessary where a sling-tongue is present ;
and when we consider this configuration connected with the plump
figure of the animal, we may conclude that its food consists only of
small and slow animals. The nares are situated on the upper side
of the head, at some distance from the end of the snout; they are
formed by a small oval opening, surrounded by a low cutaneous fold,
aud can probably be closed. The eyes are situated but little fur-
ther behind the nares, but rather more outwards; they are small,
and placed behind a narrow cleft formed by the swollen external
eyelids.

349

The posterior parts of the animal are very large and muscular.
Just in the centre is the anus, situated in the upper end of a deep
longitudinal furrow, which, formed by two thick cutaneous folds, ex-
tends along the lower part of the belly ; probably it serves for con-
ducting the products of generation. Each of the folds is in connexion
with a broad musele, destined for removing them one from the other ;
along the middle of the bottom of this furrow is a raphe, as in the
perinzeum of man. The extremities are short ; and the single mem-
bers are not conspicuous, on account of the wide and enveloping skin ;
the anterior ones are enveloped to the middle of the forearm. The
fingers are four, quite free, ending in a blunt tip without being di-
lated ; the thumb is the shortest, the second and fourth are nearly
of equal length, the third much longer. There are callosities on
the inner and outer side of the carpus. The hinder legs become
more conspicuous from the articulation of the knee; the lower
leg and tarsus are short; but notwithstanding the bluntness
of the extremities, a free motion is allowed by the wide-folded
skin. The planta is very broad ; and the toes are joined by a web,
which, deeply notched between the toes, reaches the extreme pha-
lange as a narrow fold. The os cuneiforme forms a high, elongated,
elliptical prominence, not as hard and sharp as in Pelodates, the
integument of which may be separated from the bone together with
the skin, and exhibits a surface with transverse grooves, a cirecum-
stance which affords a firmer hold when in locomotion. Immediately
before this prominence is situated the rudiment of the first toe, mo-
dified into a perfectly similar and also striated but smaller promi-
nence. This must support locomotion, the more as its surface is
sometimes injured and lacerated. The four other toes end with
a small round knot, the second being the shortest, the fourth the
longest, the third intermediate between the second and fourth, the
fifth rather longer than the second.

On the back, on the head, and round the snout, the skin is firmly
adherent, all other parts being enveloped by it as by a too wide sac.
It appears to be smooth on the back, but is pierced on all parts
with innumerable minute pores. On the head appear scattered very
small warts, becoming gradually more crowded towards the end of
the snout; they are not glandular in structure, perhaps bearing
organs of feeling. The disk-like end of the snout is entirely smooth,
polished and soft, but of a firm structure. There are whitish pro-
minences on the neck, the belly, and on the under sides of the legs ;
ah obtain, especially on the latter place, the cireumference of fig-
seed, and are glands without ductus excretorius. There is externally
nothing of a parotis to be seen; but by an incision is found a thick

te of glands, as above mentioned, situated above and behind
the shoulder-blade, and of the same circumference as the skull: the
duetus excretorii of the single glands are not different from those
seattered on the other parts. In the subcutaneous tissue a black
pigment is thickly deposited: the colour of the upper part is dark
bluish-olive, either uniform or with yellowish spots along the verte-
bral line, sometimes confluent into a streak ; spots of the same

350

colour are sometimes seen on the shoulder, and especially on the
sides and on the upper parts of the extremities. The snout and the
under parts are paler, and the disk of the snout is colourless.

The eye is protected by two external swollen eyelids, but the
lower eyelid forms a double fold, the external of which is merely a
fold of the cutis, the internal being transparent and representing an
internal eyelid. There is no membrana nictitans; the pupil is
round; the dens round, somewhat compressed; no pecten. The
small size of the eye evidently shows that the animal is nocturnal.

There are no teeth ; the edge of the jaws is obtuse and truncated,
especially that of the lower jaw. Upon examination of the cavity of
the mouth, it is found as spacious as the natural entrance is narrow.
Behind the articulation of the mandibula, and on the side of the
hinder insertion of the tongue, opens a large cavity, covered inside
with a strongly-folded mucosa, and outside with a stratum of mus-
cular fibres; the end of the bottom of this extends behind the head,
and is situated near the insertion of the musculus supraspinatus at
the shoulder-blade. Supposing this cavity to be a vocal sac, I do not
think that it will be found in females; and it is a peculiarity of this
animal that the vocal sac is covered by a muscular stratum, thus
being quite separated from the skin; nor am I acquainted with any
other instance in which the vocal sac reaches so far behind. The
entire upper part of the cavity of the mouth is very concave, and co-
vered by such a thin mucosa as to render the whole configuration of
the bone transparent. Near the middle of the palate, and somewhat
laterally, the inner nostrils are situated, being roundish-oval and of
moderate size. The anterior part of the pharynx is separated from
the hinder part by a cartilaginous transverse pad; and the latter
part deserves the name of a palatum molle, masmuch as it is pro-
vided with a soft body covered with a mucosa, as a similar one is
found at the same place in the Cyprinide. Between the tongue and
cartilago thyreoidea is situated a spacious cavity, as is generally
found in Anura beneath the tongue ; it is quite closed. I think it is
a bursa mucosa.

Concerning the situation of the intestines, the following is to be
noticed. The heart is situated somewhat towards the right side of
the medial line; and it is a highly interesting fact that it is sur-
rounded by the liver in a similar way as in higher animals, as iu
other Batrachians it is surrounded by the lungs. The stomach is
quite on the right hand, and partly covered by the left hepatic flap,
separated from the heart only by a part of the peritoneum: it is
on its left side. The right lung is behind the liver; the left lung
is larger and is placed behind the liver and stomach. The situation of
the other intestines is the same as is generally found in the dnura.

The glottis is a simple cleft; the /arynx and trachea are conspi-
cuously separated by a pair of excessively large, thick, and soft liga-
menta vocalia. The larynx itself is very spacious, and forms nearly
the cavity of a globe; the trachea is of a similar form, separated
from the lungs only by a slightly produced fold of the mucosa.
The lungs and the vascular system do not differ from those organs in

a
7

351

the other Adnura, except in the situation, as mentioned above. There
is a single ventriculus and two separated atria; from the former
rises a very short bulbus arteriosus, the interior of which and of the
other vessels could not be examined on account of their condition.
The bulbus is soon divided into two strong stems, each of which
emits three branches, ascending together for a short distance,—
namely, an arteria pulmonalis, a carotis descendens, and a united
stem of the a. cerebralis and a. lingualis. The right atrium receives
the blood of the veins of the body ; the left one that of two vene
pulmonales.

We find more peculiarities in the tractus intestinalis. The ceso-
phagus is very strong, its circumference equal to that of the stomach;
the mucosa is provided with very long villi, projecting nearly 1 mill.
into the cavity ; the next outer stratum is thick and of tendinous
texture, thickest in the anterior and posterior medial line, and form-
ing two very strong tendinous bands. These serve for the insertion
of transverse muscular fibres, going from the anterior medial line to
the posterior one, and forming two very strong constrictores, each
surrounding one half of the cesophagus. If they co-operate, they
then string the cesophagus as circular fibres would do; but by the
separation into two parts the effect is rendered more powerful. The
entrance from the cesophagus into the stomach is marked externally
by the absence of the muscles, internally by the beginning of the
mucosa veutriculi, which is deeply and longitudinally folded and
wants the long villi. The stomach is short, ovoid, and gradually
lost in the smaller intestines without pylorus; the latter are 34 as
long as the body, and suddenly open into the excessively wide rectum.
The pancreas is large, and joined with the intestine by a wide ductus
Wirsungianus ; about half an inch below the stomach three or four
smaller branches open into the intestine, separated from the chief
ductus ; probably this is the place for the mouth of the ductus cho-
ledochus, which I could not find. The /iver is large, and at the first
glance it appears to be separated into a right half and a larger left
one ; but both parts are joined by a very narrow bridge, passing
behind the heart: the left flap has a deep incision. Both flaps sur-
round the heart, and the left one also the stomach. The gall-
bladder is situated just in the medial line, beneath the uniting bridge,
not in direct contact with the hepatic parenchyma, but fixed to it by
the peritoneum ; from each flap of the liver one ductus hepaticus
opens separately into the bladder. The organa uropoetica do not
offer any remarkable differences, at least not in the male. The tes-
ticles oval; kidneys elongate, cylindrical; corpora adiposa formed
by long appendages; the bladder enters the cloaca on the anterior
part, the urethree on the posterior one.

The osteological peculiarities only consist in differences of form ;
and as far as they can be made out in a single coherent skeleton,
they are the following. All the external bones of the skull are en-
tirely ossified ; the cranium is flat, depressed, very broad, without
crest, and with a sharp not prominent lateral edge. The foramen ju-
gulare is very large, but closed by a fibrous membrane pierced by

352

the nervus vagus and glossophargyngeus. The os petrosum is di-
stinguished by a spheroid flat bulla ossea, which is quite different
from that in some Mammals, being there the ossified cavum tym-
pani, here a part of the vestibulum ; it is very thin and transparent,
so that the caleareous concrement may be seen. ‘The upper part of
the cranium is as broad as the os basilure is expanded; from the
broad united ossa parietalia and frontalia suddenly projects a narrow
long bone, situated between the nostrils, parallel with the ascendent
processes of the intermaxillary bone, and nearly reaching the sym-
physis of the intermaxillary bones. This is formed by the frontalia
anteriora ; and there is in front a vestige of a suture, perhaps of for-
merly-separated nasal bones. The edge of the maxillary and inter-
maxillary bones is sharp ; and the latter are provided with very long
and narrow ascending processes. There are nine vertebree, the second
with hammer-like, the third and fourth with long cylindrical diapo-
physes ; that of the sacral vertebra is moderately dilated, triangular,
and flat, and joined with the ossa ilea by a much-developed cartila-
ginous symphysis. The scapula is not notched on the inner edge ;
the bones of the extremities are distinguished by their shortness
and by the large size of their condyles. ‘There is no processus
xiphoideus.

The contents of the stomach consisted of a great many excessively
small beetles, some lumps of earth, and small pieces of stick. I
suppose that the animal catches those insects by stretching out the
tongue, as some other animals do. In this action small particles
of earth, &c. adhere to the tongue. The lumps of earth found were
balled together only in the stomach, being too large to have passed
the narrow cleft of the mouth*,

2. A FEW REMARKS ON THE HABIT AND ECONOMY OF THE
Brown-Carrep Pomaroruints (P. ruriceps, HARTLAUB).
By G. Krerrr.

The range of this bird does not appear to be a very extensive one ;
it was first discovered in the Polygonium Flats bordering the Murray
River and its backwaters ; but on the Darling they were not found
so plentiful. Their favourite haunts are clusters of dead box timbers,
and serubby flats studded with salt bush, &e.

This bird is remarkably shy, and so cunning, that in almost all eases
it will evade pursuit by running into some scrubby bush, and hide
there till the danger is over. Its power of flight is exceedingly mo-
derate, and closely resembles that of the brown Tree-creeper.

* M. Sallé, to whom science is indebted for the discovery of this strange animal,
writes in a letter, ‘ Je sais bien peu de choses sur le Rhinophrynus dorsalis; il
vient des terres chaudes et tempérées de l’Etat de Vera Cruz; on le trouve dans
la terre et assez profondément enfoneé, quelquefois 4 un pied on deux; il parait
y vivre, ila des mouvements trés lents et il est trés mou, ce qui fait, que les in-
digénes le désignent dans des endroits sous le nom de Sapo sin hueros (Crapaud
sans 0S) ; je ne sais pas comment il peut s’enterrer ni de quoi il se nourrit.”

— “a

353

These birds are always found in flocks of from four or five to twenty
and more. They keep a good look out ; and as soon as they suspect
danger, they will rise with a sharp whirring noise, and seek shelter
among the foliage of another tree, or run at a quick pace along the
geen They are very restless, and keep constantly moving up and

own the branches and in the shade of the foliage ; so that it is very
difficult to obtain a shot at them.

Different kinds of insects appear to be their principal food, as I
have found the remains of grasshoppers, &c. in their stomach.

Their nests are very remarkable structures, and about 30 to 36 in.
long by 2 feet in circumference ; the entrance is at the top, and pro-
tected by overhanging sticks. The whole fabric is very strongly
constructed of dry branches, and at first appearance would never be
taken to be the work of such a small bird. ‘The inside of the nest
is very small, consisting of a tunnel of about 14 or 15 in. in depth by
3 or 4 in. indiameter. The roof-like sticks covering the entrance are
a good protection against the depredations of the spotted Dasyurus
and other enemies to the eggs and young brood, showing the deep
sagacity of this singular bird.

Travelling along the banks of the Murray, and now and then cut-
ting off a bend of the river by crossing through the scrubble, the
traveller cannot help noticing a great many of these nests buried be-
tween the forked branches of Lucalyptus dumosa, or into the very
crown of the Huon pine. Whenever I asked my native companions
to which birds these nests might belong, they would tell me their
native name for it, which is Tannekun, but which left me as wise as
before, as no Brown-capped Pomatorhinus was to be met with. It
was not until Mr. Blandowski had returned to Melbourne, leaving
me in charge of the expedition, that I was informed by that gentle-
man that this bird was not described by Mr. Gould, urging me
to procure every information about its habits and economy ; but
very soon after this a splendid life-like representation appeared in
the Supplement to the ‘ Birds of Australia.’

Measurements : — Weight hardly 2 oz. ; between wings 11" ;
length 94".

t was not so easy as I thought, to procure the eggs ; and for two
days I was unsuccessful—not one nest of more than a score which
were searched contained any eggs; but on the 20th of September
an inhabited nest was found in the top of a pine tree, which con-
tained five fresh eggs of a light greenish-blue colour, with a few very
indistinctly marked darker spots, and divided in the middle by a
band paler than any other part of the egg.

When the nest was first seen there were about ten or fifteen birds
hopping about it, by which and by the size of the nest I should sup-
pose that more than one female deposits her eggs in it. The eggs
which the natives brought in after this were almost all set upon: at
the same time they brought some young birds ; and about a fortnight
later I shot several young birds on the wing.

No. CCCLXIX.—ProcerpincGs or THE ZOOLOGICAL Soctery.

354
July 13, 1858.
Dr. Gray, F.R.S., V.P., in the Chair.
The following papers were read :—

1. On a New Species oF Prarmican. By Jonn Gou_Lp,
F.R.S., V.P.Z.S., ETC.

Everything which tends to increase our knowledge of so important
a group of birds as the Tetraonide must be regarded with especial
interest ; and hence I have great pleasure in exhibiting to the meet-
ing a skin, imperfect though it be, of what I believe to be a new
species of this family. I may remark that, while many specific
names have been given to some species of this group, others appear
to have been passed over unnoticed, of which latter the bird now
before us is an instance in point, for I believe that it has not as yet
received a specific appellation. It is to be regretted that the speci-
men is not in a better state of preservation; it furnishes, however,
sufficient materials for a good description. Its native habitat is
Spitzbergen, where I believe it is plentiful. It was brought to this
country by Edward Evans, Esq., of Neath, who shot it during a visit
to that part of the world in the summer of 1856; the specimen,
which is that of a female, is of course in its summer plumage, as at
no other season are these high northern lands visited’ by travellers.

“In size it considerably exceeds our Common Ptarmigan, from which
it differs very remarkably in the colouring of the tail; the basal half
of nearly all the feathers being white and the apical half black, nar-

rowly fringed with white at the extreme tips. As is the case with

all other Ptarmigans in their summer plumage, the primaries are
white ; in this species most of the secondaries and the wing-coverts
are also white ; the remainder of the plumage is rayed with black
and ochreous yellow, the black predominating on the upper surface,
while the feathers of the flanks are beautifully and equally barred
with these two colours; the feet are white, the nails jet-black, and
the bill brown. The total length of the bird is about 16 inches, of
its wing 83 inches, tail 53, tarsi 13. I propose to call this species
Lagopus hemileucurus.

‘With much kindness Mr. Evans sent me the only skin he pro-
cured, accompanied by permission to describe and make any other
use of it I pleased, and the following note respecting it :—

** The skin sent is the only one I have from Spitzbergen, though
I shot many. The bird was so plentiful, that, thinking I could
always procure examples, I neglected to preserve any at the time,
and was obliged to come away at last with only this one. The hen
birds had all assumed their summer plumage; but the males had
not changed a feather, though the old ones, which had become very
ragged and dirty, would almost fall off on being touched. I started
one hen from her nest, or rather from the little dry hollow where

7 ar

355

she had collected a few stems of grass, and found two eggs; these
were all we met with ; the nest was placed in the high fields where
in the dry parts scarcely any vegetation is to be seen, while the
swampy portions where the snow had melted were covered with
coarse grass and the dwarf willow, which is the only thing approach-
ing to a shrub on these barren treeless islands. The specimen sent
was shot on the 27th of June on the south shore of Ia Sound in
about 772° N. lat.

“The neighbouring country consisted of a belt of swampy ground
covered with rank grass, with high, rugged, and barren mountains
rismg behind, covered with snow, except on their sharp ridges and
steep sides ; these mountains, which are interspersed with vast snow-
clad plains, stretch away for miles inland, and rise into beautiful
cones in the distance ; here and there in a few sheltered spots a
scanty supply of small flowers were to be found, mostly belonging to
the following families: Draba, Ranunculus, Saxifraga, &c. The
dark grey rocks were covered with lichens in great variety, but of a
gloomy and sombre hue, in strict keeping with the wildness of the
scene ; here too the reindeer moss grew in great abundance. I may
remark that the Ptarmigans were so tame, that we could easily have
knocked them down with a long stick, doubtless from being so un-
accustomed to the intrusion of human visitors.”

I cannot conclude without expressing a hope that some person
visiting the country, such as the noble Lord Dufferin, will think of
our museums as well as of gratifying their palates, and send us spe-
cimens of this new species, which would be highly prized.

2. Descriptions or Two New SPeEciEs OF THE Fami.y H1run-
DINIDZ. By J. Goutp, F.R.S., V.P.Z.S., etc.

One an Afticora from Guatemala, the other a Chelidon from
Cashmere.

ATTICORA PILEATA, Gould.

Size of the Sand Martin (Cotyle riparia) ; crown of the head,
ear-coverts, and back of the neck black, with bluish reflexions ; back
deep brown, becoming darker on the upper tail-coverts; wings
blackish-brown, darkest on the shoulders; tail moderately forked,
and of the same colour as the wing ; throat mottled with dark brown
and greyish-white ; breast white, blending into brown on the flanks ;
under tail-coverts largely developed, and of a dark purplish-brown ;
a and feet dark purplish-brown; thighs brown, gartered with
white.

Total length, 54 inches; wing, 34; tail, 2}; tarsi, 2.

Hab. Guatemala.

Remark.—This bird is much smaller, but is of precisely the same
form as the Atticora fasciata. Science is indebted to George Ure
Skinner, Esq., for the introduction of this new and interesting
Swallow.

356

CHELIDON CASHMERIENSIS, Gould.

Considerably smaller than the common species Chelidon urbica,
but of precisely the same form and colour, except that the axillaries
and under part of the shoulder are dark brown instead of greyish-
white ; the feathered tarsi occur in both species; crown of the
head, back, and shoulders black, with steel-blue reflexions; tail
brownish-black ; throat, under surface, and rump white, stained with
brown on the flanks.

Total length, 42 inches ; wing, 32; tail, 2; tarsi, 75.

Hab. Cashmere.

Remark.—For our knowledge of this species we are indebted to
Dr. A. Leith Adams of the 22nd Regiment; several of whose dis-
coveries in ornithology have already been recorded.

3. DESCRIPTION OF A NEW SPECIES OF THE GENUS BUTEO
FROM Mexico. By Puinie Lutiey Scuater, M.A., F.L.S.,
ETC.

Mr. J. H. Gurney has requested my attention to a specimen of
a species of the genus Buteo belonging to the Norwich Museum,
which I now exhibit. It was formerly in the collection of this
Society, and was originally received along with other birds from the
State of Tamaulipas, in Northern Mexico, by Mr. Gould. I have
never seen any other bird quite resembling it—the nearest ally known
to me being the Buteo albonotatus of G. R. Gray ; from which, how-
ever, On comparison, it appears to be perfectly distinct. I agree
with Mr. Gurney in considering it as probably undescribed ; and in
allusion to its nearly uniform sooty black plumage, propose to cha-
racterize it as

BUTEO FULIGINOSUS, sp. nov.

Saturate fuliginoso-brunneus unicolor ; capite, dorso medio et
alarum primaris extus paulo nigricantioribus : primariorum et
secundariorum vewillis internis subtus albis, sex aut septem
vittis ngris transversim notatis ; tectricibus alarum infe-
rioribus nigro-brunneis : cauda supra fuliginoso-brunnea, vittis
quingue aut sex nigris obsolete transfasciata et nigro late
terminata; cauda subtus alba et vittis dilutioribus: rostro
nigro, pedibus flavis.

Long. tota 15°5, ale 12°0, cand 6:5, tarsi 2°6.

Hab. In Mexico Boreali.

This paper will be printed in the ‘ Transactions,’ and illustrated

with a plate.

4. List or Birps coLuectep sy Gro. CavenpisH TAYLor,
Esa., IN THE RepusLic or Honpuras. By Puirie
Lutyey Scuater, M.A., F.L.S., etc.

A small collection of Birds, some of which I now exhibit, was

357

made by my friend Mr. George Cavendish Taylor during his route
across the Republic of Honduras in the beginning of the present
year. Mr. Taylor landed in Fonseca Bay on the Pacific side, and
pursued the route of the proposed “ Honduras Interoceanic Rail-
way’ to Omoa, at the extremity of the Bay of Honduras on the
Atlantic side. There is nothing of very striking novelty in the col-
lection, though a Motmot (Prionirhynchus carinatus) and one of the
blue Jays, allied to Cyanocitta coronata, are of much interest. But
wherever localities are accurately marked on specimens (as is here
the case), I think the knowledge of them is worth preservation ; and
I have therefore drawn up the subjoined list of the present collec-
tion.

1, Sprzarrus TYRANNUS (P. Max).
Near Potrerellos, Atlantic side.

2. TINNUNCULUS SPARVERIUS (L.).
Tigré Island, Bay of Fonseca.

3. Scoprs rricuopsis, Wagler ?

4. Nyctipromus —— ? ——.
Tigré Island.

5. Nycripromus ——? ——.

Tigré Island.

Two species of this difficult genus of Caprimulgide, which in the
present state of our knowledge of the group it is impossible to de-
termine accurately.

6. TROGON MELANOCEPHALUS, Gould, 2?
Tigré Island.

7. TROGON ELEGANS, Gould, °.
Plain of Comayagua.

8. GALBULA MELANOGENIA, Sclater, Contr. Orn. 1852, p. 61,
pl. 90.

Omoa.

9. PRIONIRHYNCHUS CARINATUS (Du Bus) ; Sclater, P. Z. S.
1857, p. 257. pl. 128.

** Near the Lake of Yojoa.”’

This bird agrees well with the Plate given in the Proceedings for
last year. The figure was reduced from a copy of a plate originally
intended for publication in the ‘ Esquisses Ornithologiques,’ and
kindly sent to me by the author of that work in reply to an appli-
eation for information concerning this species. The present is the
only example of the bird which I have yet seen. It has not yet
occurred in the collections lately made in Western Guatemala by

358

Mr. Skinner, and I am inclined to think that the Atlantic slope of
Honduras is more likely to prove its true habitat.

10. AMAZILIUS CORALLIROSTRIS (Boure.) ; Gould, Mon. Troch.
xiii, pl. 194.
Tigré Island.

11. THAUMANTIAS CANDIDUs (Bourc.) ; Bp. Consp. p. 78.

* Near Potrerellos.”’
Mr. Taylor states that these were the only two Trochilide he met
with in the country.

12. CeRYLE AMERICANA (Gm.).
** Lake of Yojoa.”

13. My11piocrEes MITRATUS (Gm.).
Comayagua.

14. Mitvuus TyRANNUS (L.).
Lake of Yojoa.

15. SCAPHORHYNCHUS MEXICANUS, Lafr.
Tanlavi.

16. SALTATOR ATRICEPS (Less.).
Comayagua.

17. Pyranea azstiva (L.), 2.
Comayagua.

18. TanaGra aBsas, Licht. ; Sclater, Syn. Ay. Tan. p. 61.
Lake of Yojoa.

19. Sprza crris, (L.).

Comayagua.

20. SruRNELLA LuDovicIANA (L.) ?

Equalling in size the true /udoviciana of the United States. In

Mexico a smaller species (?) occurs, which is generally referred to
Wagler’s S. hippocrepis.

21. QuiIscCALUS MACRURUS, Sw. An. in Men. p. 299.

Comayagua.

22. Icrerus GuLARIS (Wagl.); Bp. Consp. p. 435.

Comayagua.

23. Cacicus MONTEZUM (Less.), Cent. Zool. pl. 7.

Tanlavi, 2.

24. CaLociTra BULLOCKItI (Wagl.).
Comayagua,

359

25, CyANociTTa coronatTa (Sw.); Jard. & Selby, Til. Orn. pl.64?

Near Siguitepeque.

This bird agrees perfectly with an example in my own collection
from Guatemala, which I have always considered to be Swainson’s
Garrulus coronatus. But on referring to the figure given in the ‘ Il-
lustrations of Ornithology’ and accompanying description, it appears
that the head and crest of that species are of a “ deep bluish black.”’
Now the sides of the head of the present bird are certainly nearly
black, but the crest is of a fine blue—not much darker than the
back ; and knowing well how closely allied some of the species in
the family are, I should wish to compare it with Mexican specimens
before I assign it unhesitatingly to Cyanocitta coronata.

26. CyANOCORAX MELANOCYANEUS, Hartlaub.
Near Siguitepeque.

27. Picus sarpinut, Malherbe.
Near Tanlavi.

28. CeLeus castaneus (Wagler).—Pieus castaneus, Wagler,

Isis, 1829, p. 515 ; Celeus badioides, Sclater, P. Z. S. 1857, p. 229.
Potrerellos.

29. CENTURUS SANTACRUZI (Bp.), 2.
Comayagua,

30. Dryocopus GuaTIMALENs!s, Hartl. P. Z.S. 1857, p. 229.
Near Omoa.

31. Dryocopvus scaputaris (Vig.).—D. leucorhamphus, Reichb.
Handb. d. Sp. Orn. p. 393.

Island of Tigré.

32. PreroGLossus roraquatus (Wagl.); Gould, Mon. Trog.
ed. 2. pl. 20.

Near Omoa.

33. CHRYSOTIS ALBIFRONS (Sparm.).
Near S. Pedro.

34. Praya MExicana (Sw.); P. Z.S. 1857, p. 308.
Comayagua.
35. CROTOPHAGA RUGIROSTRIS, Sw.

Comayagua.

36. CHAM#PELIA RUFIPENNIS. — Talpacotia rufipennis, Bp.
Consp. ii. p. 79.

Comayagua.

37. TIGRISOMA TIGRINUM.

Tigré Island.

360

38. Parra GyMNostTomA. Wagler.
Tigré Island.

39. DeENDROCYGNA AUTUMNALIS (L.).
** Lake of Yojoa.”’

5. On THe Genus Synapra. By S. P. Woopwarp aAnp Lucas
Barrett. (CommunicaTep By J. S. Gaskxoin, Esa.)

(Radiata, Pl. XIV.)

The marine animals allied to the Sea Cucumbers, forming the
genus Synapta, possess a peculiar interest for that large class of
persons who study Natural History with the microscope, because
they afford the miniature Anchors, of which a hundred may be
shown in the field of the ‘‘ inch object-glass,’’ and thousands some-
times exist in the space of a square inch—each elegant in form and
perfectly finished, and articulated to an anchor-plate whose pattern
(as well as that of the anchor itself) is characteristic of the species
to which it belongs.

Curiously enough, these anchors were unknown to all the earlier
writers, and most of the moderns. Forskal, who had the merit of
describing two species of Synapta so long ago as 1775, remarked
that they “adhered to the finger by glutinous papille invisible to
the eye.’ O.F. Miller called the Northern species Holothuria in-
herens for the same reason. And Eschscholtz, who met with several
species at Tahiti and on the coast of Russian America, concluded
that they ought ‘‘ to form a class apart, not having tubular feet, but
adhering, by means of their sharp skin, to extraneous objects, on
which account they might be called Synapta *.”

Only five years ago (in 1853) Mr. Cocks of Falmouth described
two British species, and gave a magnified figure of the skin without
seeing the anchors. And still more recently Mr. Gosse was unable
to find them, even with the aid of a microscope +. However, they
are present in all the examples that have come under our notice, and
they can always be seen with a common pocket lens. Indeed the
larger anchors of Synapta digitata are nearly half a line in length,
and visible to the unassisted eye.

Jeeger says that all the anchors of his Synapta Beselii are 19d of
a line in length, and can be seen without a glass. This great Synapta

* Appendix to Kotzebue’s Second Voyage, 8vo, Lond. 1830, p. 338. Van der
Hoeven makes Eschscholtz say the Synapta adheres ‘‘ by means of small hook-
lets ;”’ but this expression (der sie iiberall wie Kletten anhangen) is employed in
the introductory paragraph. In the special description of Synapta he only speaks
of ‘small roughnesses (Rauhigkeiten) invisible to the naked eye.” And he de-
scribes Chiridota verrucosa as, “corpore undique verrucis rubris adhzrentibus
obsito.”—Zool. Atlas, fol. Berlin, 1829.

t+ Aquarium, p. 243.

- 2

Spicula of Synapta & Cluridota

| 117 Synapta digitata. 18.22. Synapta mharens. 23.25 S bident-ta ion D4
Bhi» 26. Chindota Jeevis, 2241 Mynotrochus Riki m4

= &
Fat ae a
* =

~~ =
a era
rT

‘

’

»
<
4

361

of or velsuen is a yard long, and called a ‘‘ sea-serpent”’ by the na-
tives !

Two other large species, described by Lesson, were said to create a
burning sensation when handled; but it is not clear whether this
was caused by the anchors, or by urticating organs, like those of
the Actinia and Holis. No such phenomenon could be detected by
Quatrefages or other observers who have handled the smaller Synapte
when alive.

The anatomy of these creatures appears to have been first in-
vestigated by Leuckhart +, who examined the Synapta vittata of
Forskal, and ascertained that it had no internal respiratory organs
like the Holothuria. ’

Anchors and plates attributed to this species, which comes from the
shores of the Red Sea, near Suez, are to be found in the cabinet of
every microscopic observer. The slides are prepared in Paris, and
extensively re-manufactured in this country. The anchor-flukes are
plain and simple, and the articular end of the shank is deeply subdi-
vided. The plates are furnished with a raised arch at the smaller
end, forming a sort of cavity for the reception of the anchor-stock.
They are exactly like those figured in Miiller’s article, “ Uber den
Bau der Echinodermen” (Berlin Trans. 1854, t. 6. f. 17), under the
name of S. serpentina. There is a woodcut of them in Carpenter’s
work on the Microscope ; and figures are also given in the Micro-
graphic Dictionary. Mr. Wm. Griesbach has a slide with the mi-
liary plates, which are oval and granular, very numerous, and all alike.

Prof. Forbes was unacquainted with the anchors of the British
Synapte, and Dr. Carpenter in his last work (1857) says it is not
known whether they have anchors, or wheels like Chiridota.

We have obtained evidence of both the European Synapte from
several British localities ; and as the published notices are scattered
in many works, we propose to give some account of them, with figures
of their spicula, and also to describe a new species from China.

1. Synapra picirara (Hototuurtia), Montagu. (Pl. XIV.
figs. 1-17.)

The earliest account of this species appears to have been given by
Montagu {, who discovered it on the coast of Devonshire, and cor-
rectly observed its affinity with the Holothuria inherens of the
Zoologia Danica, but pointed out its characteristic difference by the
epithet “digitata.” It has four fingers to each of the twelve ten-
tacles, and a minute thumb which has been overlooked by all ob-
servers except J. Miiller. It was again found, prior to 1818, by
Cranch (the Naturalist to the Congo Expedition), whose specimens
are preserved in the British Museum§. In 1844 Mr. Joshua Alder
discovered it on the west coast of Scotland, the most northern lo-

* Dissertatio de Holothuriis, 4to. Turic. 1833. + Isis, 1831.
t Linn. Trans. xi. p. 22. t. 4. f. 6.
§ Gray, Catalogue of British Radiata, p. 12.

362

cality yet known. He says in a letter :—‘‘I dredged the true digi-
tata of Montagu in Rothsay Bay in 1844. At that time I could
have got any number of specimens, though it was confined pretty
nearly to one spot in shallow water. They broke themselves up so
that it was impossible to keep them entire; I, however, made a
drawing of one at the time, which I now send for your inspection.”
Mr. Alder further states that he had received specimens from Mr.
Barlee, dredged in Birterbuy Bay and at the Arran Isles, on the
west coast of Ireland.

In 1845 Mr. Alder again met with this species in Torbay; and

in January 1854 the Rev. Charles Kingsley ‘ eollected many living
specimens on the beach, near Torquay, washed ashore after a heavy
gale.”
” Tn the ‘Contributions to the Fauna of Falmouth’ for 1853, by
Mr. W. P. Cocks, this Synapta is figured and described, but not
very minutely. ‘The specimens procured measured from 23 to
4} inches in length, and about + inch in diameter. Found in the
blue mud and sand, Helford ; plentiful in particular localities ; Fal-
mouth, very rare.”

The Synapta digitata ranges southward to the Mediterranean,
and seems to be very common on the shores of the Adriatic near
Trieste, since J. Miller speaks of finding the ‘‘ molluskigerous sacs”
in upwards of 70 individuals *. By the kindness of Dr. Hartmann
of Berlin, we have received examples from the same locality. It was
not found by Prof. Edward Forbes in the Agean; the specimens
distributed by him were taken by Mr. MacAndrew in Vigo Bay, on
the north-east coast of Spain, in the year 1849. Last year (1857)
we accompanied Mr. MacAndrew in a second dredging excursion to
the same coast, and obtained numerous examples of the Synapta in
10-fathom water, a few miles below the town of Vigo; they had been
previously found in shallow water, on the quarantine ground, about
twelve miles higher up the bay. The specimens were small, none
exceeding 6 inches in length and 1 inch in diameter. In colour
they were dull purplish red, slightly darker in front and on the back,
and marked with five pale bands, indicating the longitudinal muscles
which answer to the lines of suckers (or améulacra) of the other
Echinodermata. The skin was also mottled with minute red spots,
produced by epidermal papille. We preserved every specimen we
could find, hoping to detect the ‘‘ molluskigerous sacs”’ in some new
phase of their development ; but in this we were entirely disap-
pointed. The intestines of the creature were filled with morganic
mud, in which we detected an occasional Diatom or Rhizopod, but
nothing more. When placed in basins of sea-water, they showed
their tentacles freely, and. most of them remained expanded when
preserved in spirit. They were very sluggish, and did not evince
much disposition to vomit their interiors or to break up into frag-

* U. S. pigirara und iber die Erzeugung von Schnecken in Holothurien.
4to. Berlin, 1852.

363

ments. We readily detected them in the dredge, even when obscured
with mud, by their clinging to the fingers, as described by Esch-
scholtz.

In some examples the anchors are very few, and ranged in a double
line along the muscular bands. They vary from about twenty-five
in the field of the inch object-glass to three times that number.
Their length averages about the ;};th of an inch. The anchor-
flukes are sometimes plain, and sometimes barbed with three to five
serrations (figs. 6-16). The anchor-plates are oval and leaf-shaped,
having a process (or stalk) at the end to which the anchor is articu-
lated ; the disk is perforated by four large simple holes surrounded
by an irregular series of smaller openings ; the articular process has
a slit like the eye of a needle (fig. 15). In the northern specimens
these plates are rounded and rather ‘ obcordate,”’ but in those from
the southern locality they are longer, less regular, and somewhat
contracted in the middle ; the perforations also are larger in propor-
tion, and more angular.

Some specimens possess a few great anchors, four times as long as
the rest, and with large flukes, lying with great regularity in the
interspace of the muscular bands; their plates are correspondingly
large, and irregular in outline (fig. 16).

All the anchors are fixed transversely to the /ength of the animal,
some being turned one way and some the other.

Besides these, the skin contains innumerable smaller particles, or
miliary plates, which are especially crowded over the muscular bands.
They are oblong, or hour-glass shaped, and about 1th to 1th the
length of the anchor-plates, or, from ;,),5th to =4;th of an inch
long (fig. 17).

By far the greater number of the anchors are imbedded in the
skin; only a few rise above the surface or swing freely on their
pivots. They are developed beneath the epidermis, become liberated
by the wearing of the surface, and are themselves broken by use and
worn away and replaced by others. The anchors are developed
before the anchor-plates. First, we find a simple, slender spiculum
(fig. 1); then another (fig. 2), longer and expanded at one end;
those only which have attained their full length begin to develope
flukes (figs. 4, 5); and it is not until the anchors are completely
grown that we detect any trace of the anchor-plate. This also makes
its appearance as a straight needle lying beneath the middle of the
shank ; in the next stage it is forked at each end; these branches
grow and divide again, until the plate is all sketched out, the margin
being added last, and the whole becoming more solid (figs. 7-14).
We have not met with any figure of the spicula of S. digitata, ex-
cept the bad one given by Miiller, whose work we have only been
able to see in the Library of the Museum of Practical Geology.

' 2. Synapra 1nueRENS (Hotoraurta), O.F. Miller. (PI. XIV.
figs. 18-22.)

The second European Synapta was discovered at Christiansand,
on the coast of Norway, and figured and deseribed in the ‘ Zoo-

364

logia Danica’ (1781). The anchors and plates are also figured
in the admirable Memoir of Duben and Koren*. The ana-
tomy of this species is described at some length by M. Quatre-
fages t, who regarded it as a new species, and called it S. Duvernea.
These specimens were obtained on the coast of Britany, at the Isles
Chaussey near St. Malo, where they were very abundant in the mud
near low water, and attained a length of 10 to 18 inches, with a dia-
meter of 5 to 12 lines.

The anchor-plates of this species (fig. 19) more nearly resemble
those of the Red Sea S. vittata than the last. They are oval, with
no arch or process at the articular end, and the disk is perforated
by six oval cells surrounding a central opening each with a scolloped
border, as in S. vittata.

The anchors have serrated flukes, the serrations varying from 3
to 7; and the anchors are sometimes shorter than the plates, some-
times considerably longer (figs. 18, 21).

The miliary granules are few, and confined to the muscular bands ;
they are only half as long as in S. digitata, and rudely crescent-
shaped (fig. 20).

A specimen of this Synapta was obtained by Mr. Henslow at
Aberystwith, and communicated in 1819 to Dr. Leach, who labelled
it “ Jemania Henslowana.”’ It is a small individual with imper-
fectly developed spicula, but showing the characteristic pinnate ten-
tacles.

In June 1856 Mr. J. W. Wilton, of Gloucester, found another
example at Criccieth, on the same coast of Cardigan Bay. It was
discovered under a stone, at low water, and presented the appear-
ance of “a clear pinkish waving worm, about 3 inches long, with a
number of little papillee all over it, and five faint longitudinal bands
from head to tail. It had twelve tentacles, with five digits on each
side. It was perpetually waving and swelling in one part, contract-
ing in another. It lived but a short time, and finally constricted
itself and broke up into half a dozen fragments.”

In February 1856 Mr. E. C. Buckland obtained a finer specimen

under similar circumstances, in Lihou Bay, Guernsey. A micro- —

scopic preparation of the skin of this specimen shows 150 anchors
in the field of the inch object-glass (+ inch diameter) ; and the an-
chors are more than half as long again as the plates §.

Mr. Cocks, who met with Synapta inherens on the coast of Corn-
wall, regarded it as a variety of S. digitata. He describes it as
having ‘‘ 13 digitated pinnze on each tentaculum. Length of speci-
mens procured from 1 to 2} inches by ;},th to th of an inch. Found
in hard and stony soil; Helford, scarce ; Falmouth, very rare. I
have kept them alive for months in sea-water procured from Helford

* Proceedings of the Royal Academy of Sciences, Stockholm, 1846.

+ Annales des Sciences Nat. 2 sér. t.17. Zool. p. 19.

t Forskal named one species Synapta reciprocans, on account of these remark-
able muscular movements.

§ “Slides ” of this specimen are in many cabinets, with a red label, but with
no specific name or locality.

365

or Gwyllyn-vase, but they invariably broke into fragments as soon
as water from Green Bank was thrown into the glass.”

Lastly, two small specimens were dredged by Mr. MacAndrew in
Bantry Bay, in August 1857.

Synapta Bipentata, W. & B. (Pl. XIV. figs. 23-25.)

The new species which we have now to describe was presented to
the Zoological Musewin of the Cambridge University by the Rev.
G. Vachell, who brought it from China. There is also a specimen
in the British Museum presented by Mr. Reeve. In its contracted
state it measures only 2 inches in length and 5 lines in diameter.
The skin is unusually thick, much corrugated transversely, and
thrown into five deep longitudinal folds. It is almost devoid of
colour, but the ventral band may be distinguished by its breadth,
the lateral being rather less wide, and the dorsal muscles narrower
still. The twelve tentacles are each furnished with four lobed digits
surrounded with a sheath.

The anchors are short and stout (rather shorter than those of S.
digitata), with straight projecting “‘beams’’ ; the flukes are smooth
and bifid. From 50 to 70 occur within a radius of jth of an inch
(fig. 23).

The anchor-plates are obovate, truncated at the articular end, and
pierced by very numerous circular holes, which diminish in size from
the centre to the circumference. The margin is never completed
(so far as we have seen), but the boundary of the external perfora-
tions is broken, like that of a wire-gauge (fig. 24).

The miliary granules are rather large, very numerous, and resem-
ble cruciform fragments of the anchor-plates. Near the bases of
the tentacles, they become still more numerous, larger, and more
complicated (fig. 25).

Monstrosities.—As might be expected of minute organs indefi-
nitely multiplied, monstrosities are not unfrequent. Mr. Hislop has
a slide of Synapta vittata in which two of the anchors have double
shanks, and we have seen S. didentata with three flukes.

Genus Curriporta, Esch. Fig. 26.

This genus was proposed by Eschscholtz at the same time with
Synapta. It was defined as having digitate tentacles, whilst Syn-
apta had pinnate tentacles,—an unfortunate definition, as all the
species figured in the ‘ Zool. Atlas’ are represented with pinnate
tentacles ; and of the two other examples of Chiridota quoted, viz.
Holothuria inherens and H. levis, the first is a Synapta according
to the author’s own definition. It was on this account that Prof.
Forbes referred our digitate species to Chiridota.

However, subsequent authors have agreed to apply the name
Synapta to the species with anchors, which consequently adhere to
the finger * ; and to call those Chiridota which are ornamented with

* The name Fistularia, given by Forskal, has been abandoned, partly because

the author included under it some true Holothuria, and chiefly because Lamarck
employed it for these latter instead of the Synapte.

366

microscopic wheels. In C. levis these wheels are very minute and
clustered in little groups beneath the epidermis, and when the sur-
face is raised with a needle point they are set free. In Chiridota
violacea, figured by Miller in the Berlin Transactions, and again in
Dr. Carpenter’s ‘ Microscope,’ the wheels are attached to a common
connecting thread.

Prof. Steenstrup has formed a genus (or subgenus) for another
Greenland species—Myriotrochus Rinkii (figs. 27-31), m which
the wheels are larger and scattered over the skin, each having its
own stalk. These wheels first appear as little stars, with rays or
spokes of various number (18 to 25), which increase until they
attain their normal length, and then expand at their ends until they
join and form a rim (or ¢ire) to the wheel. A ring of spines is
afterwards formed on the thickened margin ; the spines are pointed
towards the centre of the wheel, and are as numerous as, or rather
more numerous than, the spokes. As the wheels only occur on the
three dorsal inter-muscular bands, they can scarcely assist in locomo-
tion, and must be regarded as ornamental characteristics, such as
nature loves to bestow for us to marvel at.

Synaprta, Eschscholtz, 1829.

1. S. vittata (Fistularia), Forskal, 1775. Suez, Red Sea.

2. S. reciprocans, Forsk. Suez, Red Sea.

3. S. inherens (Holothuria), O. F. Miller, 1781 (=Holothuria
flava, Rathke ; Jemania Henslowana, Leach; Synapta Duvernea,
Quatr.). Christiansand og Kragerde; Aberystwith and Criccieth,
North Wales (Henslow and Wilton); Falmouth, Cornwall (W. P.
Cocks); Bantry, W. Ireland (Macdndrew and Barrett); Guernsey
(E. C. Buckland) ; Wes Chaussey, near St Malo (Quatrefages).

4. S. digitata (Holothuria), Montagu. Devonshire (Mont.,
Cranch, Alder, Kingsley) ; Falmouth (Mr. Cocks) ; W. Ireland (Mr.
Barlee) ; Rothesay, Bute (Mr. Alder) ; Vigo Bay, N. Spain (Mae
Andrew) ; Trieste (Joh. Miiller, Dr. Hartmann).

5. S. mamillosa, Esch. Tahiti.

6. S. maculata, Chamisso & Eysenh., Act. Nat. Cur. x. p. 1. t. 25.

7. S.? verrucosa (Chiridota), Esch. Sitcha, Russian America.

8. S. Beselit, Jager, 1833. Celebes. Berlin Trans. t. 6. f. 15.

9. S. radiosa, Reynaud (teste Jager). Coromandel.

10. S. didentata, W. & B. 1858. China.

11. S. lappa, Mill. Berlin Trans. 1854, t. 6. f.16. W. Indies.

12. 8. serpentina, Mill. Id.f.17. Celebes.

Cuiripota, Esch.

C. levis (Holothuria), O.Fabr. Greenland,
. C. violacea, Peters. Mozambique.

. C.? purpurea, Less. Falkland Islands.

. C. lumbricus, Esch. I. Radak, Coral Sea.
C. discolor, Esch. Sitcha, Russian America.

Oo ® b=

|
3

367

Myrtiorrocuus, Steenstrup.
1. M. Rinkii, Stp. Greenland.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE XIV.

Figs. 1-17. Spicula of Synapta diyitata, Mont., magnified 125 diameters.
Figs. 1-16. Anchors in various stages of growth.
Figs. 7-14. Anchor-plates in various stages of growth.
Fig. 15. Dwarf anchor and plate, close to fig. 16.
Fig. 16. One of the larger anchors.
Fig. 17. Miliary plates from one of the muscular bands.

Figs. 18-22. Spicula of Synapta inherens, Miill., magnified 125 times.
Fig. 18. Long anchor and plate, from the Guernsey specimen.
Fig. 19. Anchor-plate more fully formed, from the Guernsey specimen.
Fig. 20. Miliary plates, from Bantry specimen.
Fig. 21. Anchor and unfinished plate, from Bantry specimen.
Fig. 22. Anchor and plate in use, seen obliquely.

Figs. 23-25. Spicula of Synapta bidentata, W. & B., magnified 125 times.
Fig, 23. Anchor of Chinese Synapta.
Fig. 24. Anchor-plate ; the anchor thrown out of focus.
Fig. 25. Miliary plates ; the more complex from near the head.

Fig. 26. One of the wheels of Chiridota levis, O. Fabr., Greenland, magnified
160 diameters.

Figs. 27-31. Wheels of Myriotrochus Rinkii, Stp., Greenland, magnified
100 diameters. ’
Figs. 27, 28. Young wheels, with unfinished spokes.
Fig. 29. Wheel with the spokes full-grown and expanded at the ends.
Fig. 30. Wheel with the spines beginning to appear on the tire.
Fig. 31. Finished wheel of rather unusual size.

6. ON THE VESPERTILIO SUILLUS OF TEMMINCK, THE TYPE OF
THE GENERA Murina (Gray), AND Ocypreres (Lesson).
By Roserrt F. Tomes.

Contemporaneously with the adoption of Kerivoula as a new

us, Dr. Gray gave the name of Murina* to the species which

Temminck had long before described under the name of Vespertilio

| suillus. During the same year, M. Lesson bestowed on it the generic
appellation of Ocypetes +.

The departure in some of its external characters from the more
ordinary species of Vespertilio was noticed by the original describer ;
but as his genus Vespertilio was a very comprehensive one, no
generic separation was attempted. At a later date, but before the
appearance of the names proposed by Dr. Gray and M. Lesson,

unt Keyserling and Prof. Blazius, in the arrangement of the Ves-
pertilionide appended to their paper on European Bats published
in the fifth volume of Wiegmann’s Archives, had placed this species
by itself, immediately following their second group of the genus

espertilio, as an aberrant form, but without any name.

* Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist. vol. x. (1842), p. 258.
+ Nouy. Tab. Reg. Anim. p. 30 (1842).

368

Dr. Gray and M. Lesson, as above noticed, have made it the type
of a new genus, for which each has advanced a name; but the ap-
pearance of these names in one year, renders it difficult to ascertain
which claims the priority—supposing that a name is required, which
is by no means certain. As the name imposed by Dr. Gray has the
advantage of that given by M. Lesson, in having an accompanying
generic description, I should choose, if a name be required, to give
it the preference, believing that the practice of making new genera
by the mere alteration of a name, done in some instances in antici-
pation of the investigations of others, or on the mere chance of its
turning out a genus, and without perhaps ever having seen the spe-
cies, is a habit that cannot be too carefully avoided by the truth-
seeking investigator.

At one time I was much disposed to adopt one of these names for
the species under view; but a more intimate examination made me
pause. I found that the external peculiarities on which the genus
was founded were not supported by such characters in the cranium
as I deemed essential to generic independence. But, at the same
time, as I have been able to examine a limited number only of spe-
cimens, and all of them in the state of skin, I scarcely hold myself
qualified to determine this point with certainty, and therefore shall
content myself with giving what I believe will be found a more com-
plete description than has yet appeared, and with pointing out some
affinities with other species, which have been overlooked, —believing
that this species, like many others, is one of those that are ever and
anon appearing, to warn the scientific zoologist that while he con-
structs generic and other divisions, and expands or contracts them
here or there, moulding them to what he thinks they should be,
nature, working to her inscrutable ends, presents such an infinite
vaviety of forms, as, in their numberless and complicated affinities, to
baffle and perplex the most determined systematist.

In proceeding to give the characters of this species, I shall first
give those which may be supposed to be of generic or subgeneric
value, followed by a list of synonyms, and these again by the notice
of such peculiarities, as appear purely specific. This paper will, by
this arrangement, take the form of the other monographs which I
have communicated to the Society.

The top of the head is but very little elevated above the facial line,
just as in the group containing the Vespertilio formosus, V. emar-
ginatus, V. rufo-pictus, and V. Pearsonii; and the muzzle is pro-
duced in about the same degree as in V. formosus. It has also about
the same vertical thickness in relation to its breadth as in that spe-
cies. The mouth and the end of the nose are also pretty much as
in the examples of that group ; but the nostrils have their margins so
much produced as to have the appearance of two tubular excrescences,
which, however, differ from the same parts in the Chinese examples
of V. formosus (with which only I have compared it) in degree ra-
ther than in actual difference of form. The ears are rather large
for the size of the animal, and are of a roundish oval form, with a

epi
i”

369

‘regular outline, and without trace of external basal lobe. In this
respect they differ from those of the group above alluded to; but
in the form of the tragus there is but a slight difference. It is
straight, narrow, and pointed, but not so long; nor is the tip so
acute,

The organs of flight are rather broad in relation to their length,
aud are furnished with a long and strong thumb having a very short
basal phalange enclosed in a narrow piece of membrane extending
from its joint along the upper surface of the index finger. Its se-
eond phalange is long, as in V. formosus, V. emarginatus, &e. The
wing-membranes are said to extend the whole length of the foot,
quite to the claws, which they certainly do in the specimen in the
British Museum ; but in a specimen in my own collection they do
not reach to the claws ; scarcely further than to the middle of the
toes *. This I have been able to ascertain by softening the speci-
men ; but one in spirit is required to determine this point with ac-
curacy. The feet themselves are rather long, and have the toes of
two-thirds their entire length.

The tail is a little longer in relation to the size of the animal than
it is in the species of the group with which I have found it most
nearly allied, ¢. e. the group containing the before-instanced species,
V. formosus, &ce.

All the membranes are somewhat translucent ; those of the wings
are rather distinctly veined ; and near to the sides of the body and
legs they are marked with dotted lines, as is also conspicuously the
ease with the interfemoral membrane. The ears are faintly marked
with small dots, but not nearly so much so as in Kerivoula.

The fur of the head extends uninterruptedly to near the end of the
‘nose, in precisely the same manner as it does in /’. emarginatus ; and
there is a similar naked space around the eye. All the upper sur-
face of the interfemoral membrane is hairy, and the upper surface
of the wing-membranes near to the body; but everywhere else the
membranes are naked. On the back the fur is tricoloured ; on the
under parts it is bicoloured.

In general form the cranium very much resembles that of /,
emarginatus ; and in form and relative proportion the teeth are also
similar, but differ in numbering one more premolar in the upper jaw,
and one less in the lower. ‘Their number may be thus stated :

In. >; Can. = ; Prem. ae Mol. —=—

Those of the upper jaw are arranged i: two straight lines, which are
nearly parallel ; and across the front opening of these the incisors
are placed in pairs, of nearly uniform size, close together, with a very
adeiate interval on each side between them and the canines, and a
moderate central opening. They are simple in form, with their cutting
edges somewhat flattened. The canines are short and stout, somewhat

* This specimen is one I purchased with other Indian mammals, which formed
part of the collection made by Capt. Boys.

No. CCCLX X.—Proceepineos or THE ZOOLOGICAL Soctery.

370

conical, without accessory cusp or point, and with a feebly developed
cingulum inside the tooth. Following these are two premolars, short
and stout, and somewhat pyramidal in form, without internal lobe
or projection. The following two molars are of the form so common
in all the Vespertilionide; but they, like all the other teeth, have
their cusps less acute than is usual, and the inner ones rather less
extended towards the central part of the palate. The last molar is
of small size, and transverse in form.

In the lower jaw the teeth are, as may be inferred from those in
the upper, arranged in two straight lines, a little narrower in front
than behind. The incisors are of the ordinary form, and trilobed ;
but the canines are very short and rather stout, and are furnished
with an obtuse lobe on their inner surfaces sufficiently prominent to
occupy a space equal in breadth to the two outer incisors on each
side, behind and above which it may be seen when looking at the
jaw in front. The same peculiarity occurs, but in a less degree, in
the canines of the common Noctule Bat. The two next teeth are
triangularly pyramidal in form, short and blunt, with faint indica-
tions of inner accessory cusps. Following these are the three true
molars, requiring only to be noticed as having their cusps less acute
than is usual.

VESPERTILIO SUILLUS, Temm.

V. suillus, Temm. Mon. ii. p. 224. pl. 56. f. 4, 5, 6, 1835-41;
Wagn. Supp. Schreib. Saugth. i. p. 512, 1840; Keys. et Blas.
Weigm. Archiv, vi. p. 2, 1840.

Murina suillus, Gray, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. v. 10. no. 65.
p- 258, 1842; Zool. Voy. Samar. no. 5. p. 9, 1849 ; Gervais, Voy.
Castelnau, Mamm. p. 78, 1855; Horsf. Proc. Zool. Soc. pt. 24.
p- 394, 1856.

Ocypetes suilla, Less. Nouv. Tab. Régne Anim. p. 30, 1842.

Noctulinia lasyura, Hodgs. Journ. A. S. Bengal, no. 182. p. 896,
1847.

On all the upper parts, with the exception of the interfemoral
membrane, the fur is tricoloured, brown at the base, succeeded by
pale rufous, and with the ends of the hairs of a brighter and deeper
tint of the same colour ; and in the specimen in the British Museum
the extreme tips are a little paler, giving an indication of a fourth
colour. The hair on the interfemoral membrane is of a uniform
light brownish rufous colour. Beneath it is bicoloured, dark brown
at the base, with its terminal third brownish cream-colour, but
rufous on the humeral region. The specimen in the British Museum
(included in Dr. Gray’s Catalogue) has the fur much more distinetly
marked with the different tints than the one in my own collection,
in which they are very faint. The specimen in the Museum of the
Hon. East India Company, collected by Mr. Hodgson in Nepal, and
forwarded with the name of Noctulinia lasyura attached, has the
colours well-marked. This, with the one in the National Collection,
is decidedly smaller than the one in my own collection. M. Tem-

371

minck’s specimen would seem to be smaller than either; but I can-
not find any other disparity, excepting that of size, sufficiently
marked to establish the existence of a second species. Probably the
smaller island example, from which M. Temminck took his descrip-
tion, may hold the same relation to those from the continent of India,
which the smaller specimen of 7”. Pearsonii from Amboyna does to
those collected by Dr. Pearson at Darjeeling, of which I have spoken
in a previous communication.

In the following Table the dimensions of column No. 1 are those
of the specimen in the British Museum ; those of No. 2 are from the
one in my own collection (collected by Capt. Boys) ; No.3 from M.
Temminck’s description, but reduced to English measure ; and No. 4
from Mr. Hodgson’s description of Noctulinia lasyura. A specimen
bearing the latter name having been forwarded by that gentleman to
Dr. Horsfield, has enabled me to identify it with the 7”. suil/us of
M. Temminck.

1 2. a. 4.

} in. lin, | in. lin. in. lin. | in. lin.
Length of the head and body... 2 2 | 2 O LD 2 6
———- of the tail ............... BMOTEO Cy. 786 ; O 8%; 1 9

of the head............+ Bae poo) | .:.,, 0 114
GE RUE PANS. wns cupsceccey ae hae oe 0 84
Breadth of the ears............00, seevee | 0 52 |
Length of the tragus ............ 0 34; 0 4
——— of the fore-arm ......... SR bb, ol rs
BE IWIN deck eds zs vee, Tepe <n Seer ec | resaarad 1 1%
—— ofthe longest finger... 2 4 | 2 9 | wu... 3 3
——— of the fourth finger ... ...... |} 2 2
- ofthe thumb ...........- Orbe} Os 5
3g 11729 10) eee ee ORAS So Oe>8
of the foot and claws... 0 34) O 43
Expanse of wings.................. rt ee fe I Vita na) a Ss

Hab. Java, Sumatra, and the continent of India.

Although Mr. Hodgson has forwarded an unquestionable example
of this species under the name of Noctulinia lasyura, yet the dimen-
sions which are appended to his description are more nearly those of
V. Pearsonii. It is quite possible that the two may have been con-
founded.

During the examination of this singular species, its affinities with
the group consisting of /’. formosus, V. emarginatus, V. rufo-pictus,
and V. Pearsonii become sufficiently manifest. The general form
of the head and face, of the tragus, of the organs of flight and the
members of support, the quality and distribution of the fur, but,
more than all, the general conformation of the cranium and the short-
ness of the teeth, are points of essential resemblance,—whilst the
differences are, with the exception of that in the number of the pre-
molars, purely external. So external are they, that a neat hand,
with the assistance uf a pair of scissors and a sharp knife, might
speedily, with very slight alteration, remove all the external peculiari-
ties of Murina. If a very small piece were scooped out of the outer
margin of the ear, it would resemble that of /. Pearsonii; if the

372

prominent rim of the nostril were reduced a little, the nose and face
would precisely resemble the same parts in V’. formosus; and it a
mere scrap of membrane were taken from the margin of the wing
near to the toes, reducing it to the base of the latter, the change
would be complete.

The more important difference therefore consists in the presence
of an additional premolar in the lower jaw, and the absence of one
in the upper jaw.

Mr. W. H. Flower exhibited a flying fish (Zvocetus volitans), to
which was attached a specimen of Penellus Blainvillii (Milne-
Edwards, Nat. Hist. des Crustacés)—Leoneopenna Blainvillii of
Lesueur. The latter was 2} inches long ;. the head and three horn-
like processes were buried in the muscular mass on the right side of
the spinal column of the fish, and the whole of the exposed part
gave lodgment to a colony of little Cirripeds—Conchoderma virgata,
Spengler, sp. (Darwin’s Monograph of Cirripedia) ; these were of
various sizes, the largest measuring 9 lines in length.

When first caught they were all living, and being placed in a basin
of sea-water, exhibited beautifully the characteristic motions of the
Cirri; while a circulation was also observed in the Lerncead.

The specimen was taken in the Atlantic Ocean, about 5° 17! south
latitude, and brought home by Mr. Walter Crisp, Surgeon to the
‘Monarch,’ East Indiaman.

July 27, 1858.

Dr. Gray, F.R.S., V.P., in the Chair.

Mr. Gould exhibited a drawing of a very remarkable Bat which
had lately been transmitted to him from Melbourne, Victoria, by
Dr. Ludwig Becker, under the impression that it was a new and unde-
scribed species, but which proved to be identical with the Molossus
australis of Dr. Gray, characterized more than twenty years ago from
the unique example contained in the Museum of the United Service
Institution. Mr. Gould remarked that the receipt of this drawing
was of especial interest, inasmuch as it proved that the animal is a
native of Australia, a fact which, from the circumstance of no other
example than the one referred to having been hitherto found in that
country, had been disputed; the form being Brazilian.

O73
The following papers were read ;—

1. On THE GEOGRAPHICAL DistrRipuTION OF REPTILES.
By Dr. ALBert GUNTHER.

It was with great pleasure I read Mr. Sclater’s paper ‘ On the
Geographical Distribution of the Members of the Class Aves,’ pub-
lished in the ‘ Proceedings of the Linnzean Society,’ February 1858.
And again, in personal interviews with my friend on similar subjects
I had often the satisfaction to agree with him in results he had gained
from another part of the animal kingdom. But such gratifying re-
sults as we find in the aforesaid paper can only be obtained, not
merely by an extended knowledge of the whole animal kingdom, but
by a complete knowledge of the details of a separated portion of it ;
and the reason why all the attempts at a general account of the geo-
graphical distribution of animals are not satisfactory enough for the
naturalist, is to be found in the circumstance, that the authors were
not acquainted in the same degree with every part of the subject
treated, as also in our limited knowledgeof zoology. Thus I may follow
the example of Mr. Sclater and give for the present only an account
of the geographical distribution of those animals, to the knowledge
of which especially I have latterly devoted myself; and often refer-
ring to that paper, I shall show how far I can agree with the general
views contained therein, and whether these parts of the natural
kingdom give us a division of the earth’s surface into the same
natural provinces.

Part I.

On THE GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION OF THE SNAKES.

Schlegel, as he first founded philosophical views in the knowledge
of Snakes, first gave an essay on their geographical distribution,
showing the then most possibly exact locality of the species. He
however only pointed out the geographical areas over which the spe-
cies extends,— certainly the first basis upon which a knowledge of the
geographical distribution of the families and genera can be founded.
But at that time the much more limited knowledge of specific forms
obliged him to establish genera of too great extent ; and in conse-
quence he could not bring, in a more or less accordant correspondence
with a certain province of the earth’s surface, those genera which are
really peculiar to such a separated district. And although that
sketch, by which the first volume of Schlegel’s ‘ Essai’ is concluded,
deserves the more admiration, as this part of the science, not pre-
viously cultivated, was raised by him at once to a degree of phi-
losophical view adequate to his system: it must share the destiny
of every such attempt, when our knowledge of the fauna as well as
of the geography is more advanced: many stated truths will hold
good—a part or all the principles applied before will form the basis
of the next attempt ; but many other points will appear to be modi-
fied or wrong, and will be placed with other results. For a better

374

understanding, one may compare my view of the geographical dis-
tribution of Reptiles in Africa with that of Schlegel. In this at-
tempt I have maintained his idea of species, but I think I have
gained more general and more true results by more limited genera
(far different from those ‘“ subgenera,’’ which are in fact species)
and by a modified view of the geographical regions. But we now
also want far more correct information concerning the genera and
families, before we arrive at very satisfactory conclusions.

There is, in the first place, a much greater disproportion in the
distribution of Reptiles over the different regions, with respect to the
number of genera and species, as well as to individuals. Amphi-
bian life is entirely different from that of the higher animals, being
exposed to the slightest modifications of external physical influ-
ences; and there are again great differences among the Reptiles
themselves. Let us compare some of our Snakes with Batra-
chians, in a few instances only. Frogs and Toads are found on the
Shetlands, whilst Vipera berus, the most northern Snake, is already
scarce in the north of Scotland. Rana temporaria is met with in
the Alps round lakes, near the region of eternal snow, which are
nine months covered with ice; whilst Vipera berus reaches only to
the height of 5000 feet in the Alps, and of 7000 in the Pyrenees.
A Triton or a Frog being frozen in water will awake to its former
life, if the water is gradually thawed ; I found myself that even the
eggs of Rana temporaria, frozen in ice during seven hours, suffered
‘no harm by it, and afterwards were developed. A Snake can only
endure a much less degree of cold: even in the cold nights of sum-
mer it falls into the state of lethargy; it awakes late in the spring,
when some Frogs and Tritons have already finished their propaga-
tion ; it retires early into its recess in harvest while still the even-
ings resound with the vigorous croaking of the Tree-frogs and the
bell-like clamour of Alytes obstetricans. Our European Snakes die
generally, in captivity, during the winter, partly from want of food,
partly by the cold nights. ‘The eggs of our oviparous species are
deposited during the hottest part of the year, requiring a high tem-
perature for development. Further, though some accounts of Ba-
trachians enclosed in cavities of the earth or trees may be exag-
gerated, the fact is stated by men whose knowledge and truth are
beyond all doubt, that such animals live many years apparently
without the supply of food necessary for preserving the energies of
the vital functions *. Dr. A. Smith himself was an eye-witness how
several specimens of Brachymerus fasciatus were found in a lethargic
state in a hole of a tree, completely closed, conspicuously open before
and grown together afterwards. Such a tenacity of life is never to
be observed in a Snake: the higher the temperature the greater is
the need of food; and a Snake having endured fasting during six or
nine months always dies. Moreover, the tenacity of life in the Ba-
trachians is proved by their power of reproduction, which never has

* Cf. “ Observations on the Common Toad, and on its long abstinence from
food,” by John Brown, Esq. (Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. 1842, vol. x. p. 180).

379

been observed in a Snake. If we add the fact that Snakes do not
produce many eggs or young ones, that they are able to propagate
only when several years old, that they incur continual dangers by
their numerous enemies, and that they are deprived of the means of
performing distant journeys, we must consider it as the natural eon-
sequence, that no species will spread so far as Batrachians. These
are enabled to endure temporary physical disadvantages, to traverse
localities without the regular supply for their life, and to make up
yearly for the lost number by a numerous offspring. More or less
confined to a fluid element, they are favoured by another agency for
an easier spreading. But these facts are really applicable to a com-
paratively small number of species only ; and the question why we
do not find all these peculiarities equally exhibited in all the Batra-
chians or in a great part of them, is as difficult to be answered as
why one species is richer of individuals than the other: but it is
remarkable that just those species which are spread over the widest
range are also those distinguished by an intensity of individuals.

On the other hand, we find Snakes almost entirely limited to the
original locality of the individual: but if the individuals are restricted
to the soil which gave them birth, the whole group, formed by such

individuals, is likewise stationary ; and if there be different creations,

corresponding to the different natural divisions of the earth’s sur-
face, such a group as the Snakes must be best adapted for proving it,
because here the agencies are wanting by which a species or a genus
1s spread over a larger part of the globe in the course of time, thus
becoming mixed with foreign forms.

After these preliminary remarks, I proceed to the special objects of
our inquiry ; and we shall then see what conclusions can be formed
in comparison with those of the ornithologist*. According to the
above-stated peculiarities of the life of Snakes, there is no cosmopo-
litan species, and we can find only a few examples where one and the
same species extends over the borders of the neighbouring region
(cf. p.378, Naja haje, Echis carinata, Zamenis ventrimaculatus, and
p. 385-386, some species ranging from the Nearctic region into the
Neotropical, and vice versa). Among the genera we do not find one
true cosmopolitan genus. Tropidonotus is one ot those which have the
widest range, a genus containing about thirty well-known species,
each of which bears natural characters so conspicuous, that its posi-
tion in the system is not to be mistaken: they are not to be found
in the Athiopian region only; they are truly called freshwater
Snakes, following the course of the rivers and the borders of lakes.
Some of the species (7'. natrix, hydrus, quincunciatus, ordinatus,
fasciatus) have a very wide range within the borders of its peculiar
region. A few of the Asiatic species exhibit slight modifications of
the general appearance of the genus (7'. cerasugaster and vibakari).

* As for the systematical denominations adopted, I refer to the ‘ Catalogue of
Snakes’ (Crotalide, Viperide, Hydride, Boide) vy J. EB. Gray, London, 1849,
and to my Catalogue of Colubrine Snakes in the Collection of the British Museum,

London, 1858.

376

The second genus, which may be almost called a cosmopolitan, is Co-
ronella, being spread over the whole globe except the Indian region,
where it is replaced by such modifications of the characters as to
justify the separation of them into new genera—Simotes and dblabes,
sp. The latter, closely allied to Coronell/a, accompanies this genus,
extending over all the regions, except over the Australian one. Thus,
if I speak hereafter of cosmopolitan genera of Snakes, they are to
be understood with the restrictions mentioned. The families of
Snakes in the different systems are at present founded upon such
general characters, that in most of them genera of some or of all
the geographical regions are comprised ; perhaps at some later period
they will be limited to more contracted boundaries of less general
characters, thus approaching more to the borders of the geographical
regions. But for the present we cannot derive from them our de-
ductions as to the primary creation of the natural regions of the
earth’s surface, as the ornithologist does ; and we are obliged to con-
fine our views to the genera: we have not even such families of
Snakes as are peculiar to one of the two great geographical divi-
sions, either to the old world or to the new, except those in which
the characters of the family are identical with those of the single
genus. This discrepancy between Ornithology and Herpetology may
be caused by a different systematic treatment of the characters, and
may be more reconciled together by time ; but there will always re-
main forms common to the new and old world. Therefore it is not
possible to give a list of Familia Neogeane and Familie Paleo-
geane (cf. Sclater, 1. c. p. 133). :

But I may here give an account of such genera as, I think, will
still long remain examples of forms common to the new and old
world (cosmopolitan genera excepted): they are Rhabdosoma, Co-
luber, Spilotes, Coryphodon, Cyclophis, Philodryas, Dipsas. I could
add as many other genera; but I think such genera as Rhinostoma,
Dryophis, &c. will be subdivided hereafter into two. Further, with
regard to the aforesaid genera, the same observation as in Ornitho-
logy cannot be made, viz. that these are invariably genera belonging
to temperate regions, disappearing entirely before we reach Tropical
and Southern America. A part of the members of these genera
are peculiar to Neotropical (Tropical America) Ophidio-fauna ; a part
reaches the Tropics in the old world, and a third part belongs to the
temperate portions of both hemispheres.

Taking the amount of similarity or dissimilarity of ornithic life as
a guide, Mr. Sclater states the following primary divisions of the
earth’s surface :—

I. Palearctic Region (Regio Palzearctica).

Extent.— Africa, north of the Atlas; Europe; Asia Minor ;
Persia and Asia generally, north of the Himalaya Range, upper part
of the Himalaya Range (?); Northern China, Japan, and the Aleutian
Islands. Approximate area of 14,000,000 square miles.

377

Il. £thiopian or Western Paleotropical Region (Regio
JEthiopica).
Extent.—Africa, south of the Atlas Range ; Madagascar ; Bour-
bon; Mauritius ; Socotra, and probably Arabia up to the Persian

Gulf, south of 30° N. lat. Approximate area of 12,000,000 square
miles.

Ill. Indian or Middle Paleotropical Region (Regio Indica).

Extent.—India and Asia generally, south of the Himalayas; Cey-
lon; Burmah, Malacca, and Southern China ; Philippines; Borneo ;
Java; Sumatra, and adjacent islands. An area of perhaps 4,000,000
square miles.

IV. Australian or Eastern Paleotropical Region (Regio
Australiana).

Extent.—Papua and adjacent islands ; Australia; Tasmania and
Pacific Islands. An area of perhaps 3,000,000 square miles.

V. Nearetic or North American Region (Regio Nearctica).

Extent.— Greenland and North America, down to centre of
Mexico. Area of perhaps 6,500,000 square miles.

VI. Neotropical or South American Region (Regio Neotropica).

Extent.— West India Islands ; Southern Mexico ; Central Ame-
rica, and whole of South America; Galapagos Islands; Falkland
Islands. Estimated area of about 5,500,000 square miles.

The notices devoted to each region will show how great the con-
formity is, which this most natural division and the definition of the
limits of the regions find in Herpetology.

I. Palearctic Region (Regio Palearctica).

Characteristic forms.—(Calamaria’?) coronella, (Tachymenis?)
vivar, (Simotes?) diadema, Rhinechis, Zamenis, Chorisodon, Celo-
peltis, Eryx, Pelias, Vipera, Echis, Verastes.

Form common with India.—Trigonocephalus.

This region is at once distinguished by the small number of generic
forms and of species ; great variety of amphibian life is produced only
by the sun of the Tropics, and dependent upon a similar variety of
the vegetative world. Where the soil is covered with social plants,
either trees or grasses, there we find an equal uniformity in the life
of Reptiles, which uniformity is still more manifest in temperate
zones.

North of the 62° N. L. no Snake has hitherto been found; and
thus the forty species which live within the boundaries of this region
are very unequally distributed over an area of 14,000,000 square
miles. We have on the average a single species to each 350,000
square miles. All species are of a small size, dusky colour, and of
a timid disposition ; far the greatest part belongs to the Coludrina ;

378

their ratio to the Botna being that of 20: 1, and to the Viperina of
4:2>17

The identity of the creation in the different provinces of this re-
gion may be represented by the following examples, which will for-
cibly show the reason why I unite the AZthiopian shores of the Medi-
terranean especially with this region, instead of considering Spain and
Portugal as a part approximate more to Africa than to Europe, as
Schlegel did. - Lryx jaculus may be traced from the eastern half of
the shores of the Mediterranean, through the temperate part of Asia,
into the south of Siberia; Ta achymenis t vivax from Egypt northwards
to Hungary. Further, the genus Zamenis is one of the most cha-
racteristic types of this region,—Z. atrovirens being spread along the
northern shores of the Mediterranean, Z. Cliffordii along the southern
ones, Z. hippocrepis and dahlii going entirely round this inland sea,
Z. ventrimaculatus reaching from Egypt through Kurdistan to the
south of the Himalaya, and, finally, Z. caudolineatus being a native
of Kurdistan. Coronella austriaca, more common in the parts north
of the Alps, is replaced in the south by C. girundica, m the north
of Africa by C. cucullata. Tropidonotus natrix, reaching into the
heart of northern Asia, is represented in North Africa by Trop. vipe-
rinus. Trop. hydrus appears to range still further towards the west
of Asia. Coluber quadrilineatus, common on the northern shores
of the Mediterranean and on its eastern islands, is again found in the
north of China. Celopeltis, a true native of northern Africa, is
found in the Pyrenean peninsula. Pelias berus inhabits Ireland,
Scotland, England, Norway, Sweden, and all the central parts of
Europe, and is again found on the shores of the Lake of Baikal.

The viperine snakes of this region exhibit generic differences on the
north and south of the Mediterranean,—on the former being found
Pelias and Vipera, on the latter Hchis and Cerastes. But the
above-stated facts sufficiently show that the lower part of Egypt
is to be united with this region as well as Algiers; and I wonder
that Mr. Sclater leaves it uncertain whether he includes that part of
Egypt or not. A few true African forms intrude themselves into the
African parts of the region; EHehidna atricauda and mauritanica are
found in Algiers, and Naja haje, following in many varieties the
course of the African rivers, comes down with the Nile and reaches
the Delta. That Lchis carinata, more frequently met with in the
East Indian continent, is also found in Egypt, is a curious fact stated
by Duméril and Bibron (vil. p. 1448) ; and as Schlegel mentions it
as being found also in the deserts south of the Caspian Sea, it quite
corresponds to the aforesaid range of Zamenis ventrimaculatus.

The genus Trigonocephalus, which has its focus in the Indian re-
gion, is “curiously enough represented by a single species (7. halys)
in the southern parts of Siberia, reaching into ‘the north of the Cas-
pian sea. Thus of all the genera peculiar to the Indian region,

Trigonocephalus advances furthest northward, emitting moreover
another species (7. Blomhoffii) to Japan.

Japan, that outpost of the paleearctic region, is not in the same
way peopled with palzearctic snakes as we find it with palearctic

379

forms of other parts of the animal kingdom. As for the Herpeto-
logy in general, it is truly a debateable ground between Palzotro-
pical and Indian Amphibio-fauna: but as for the Ophidii, it be-
longs entirely to the Indian region ; for the present, at least, we do
not know one Japanese snake found also in the Palearctic region, or
even only belonging to one of its peculiar generic forms.

Il. £thiopian or Western Paleotropical Region.

Characteristic forms.—Hortulia, Sanzinia, Pelophilus, Casarea,
Calabaria. Homalosoma, Psammophylax, Heteronotus, Prosymna,
Meizodon, Psammophis, Dasypeltis, Bucephalus, Hapsidophrys,
Langaha, Simocephalus, Lamprophis, Alopecion, Lycophidion, Me-
toporhina, Boodon, Holuropholis, Naja haje, Cyrtophis, Elaps?
hygie, Dendraspis, Causus, Sepedon, Atractaspis, Clotho.

Forms common with other regions.—Philodryas, Chrysopelea,
Ahetulla, Dryophis, Leptodeira, Dipsas, Dipsadoboa.

. We now enter a tropical region, and immediately find forms of
gigantic magnitude, variety, and vivacity of coloration, and a great
multiplication of the number of generic forms and of species, al-
though only the southern part of this truly continental region has
been examined in a satisfactory manner ; it is not many years since
the borders of Western and of part of Eastern Africa were searched
through ; and the great enrichment of zoological knowledge, produced
by this first progress, promises the most extensive results to those
daring attempts to cross a continent which, instead of being a con-
tinuous buruing desert, contains a new world of vegetable and animal
life. An enumeration of the reptiles of Western Africa, by Dr. Gray
(see ante, page 155 et seqg.), shows how greatly our knowledge of
the Herpetology of that country has been enlarged in the lapse of
a few years. Thus I hope that the ratio here given of the geogra-
phical area and distribution of the OpAidians will only be a proof
of the distance between our present knowledge and that of the coming
decennium. Taking the area of this region at 12,000,000 square
miles, and the number of species of Snakes contained therein at
80, we have on the average a single species to each 150,000 square
miles, or 24 species to the same area for which we found only one in
the paleearctic region.

The number of Coludrina is again predominant, but is to that
of the Boina only as 8: 1, and tothat of the Viperina as 11:1; the
proportional number of the Boina therefore is enlarged, that of the
Viperina diminished. We must observe, first, as a peculiarity of
this region, that at present there is not one species known of the
genus Tropidonotus. Schlegel believed he found its representative
in Dasypeltis scaber ; but a snake living on trees, devouring eggs of
birds, the shells of which it breaks by gular teeth, with irregular ar-
rangement of the lateral scales, is a form quite peculiar in itself, and
quite peculiar to this region. Highly interesting is the fact, that
more than one-third of the genera live on trees; which ratio is
never met with in any of the other regions : there we find a member

380

of the family of Lycodontida, a family which contains either Ground-
snakes, or forms only slightly approaching to that structure which
indicates the capability of climbing trees, entirely transformed into a
very Tree-snake (Simocephalus). There we find Tree-snakes with
perforated fangs in front (Dendraspis). The African species of Naja
(N. haje), so closely allied to the Indian Cobra de Capello, is to be
considered as a Tree-snake as well as Ground-snake, whilst NV. ¢ripu-
dians never appears to climb trees. But the Indian and the African
species offer a similar series of varieties, and it would be, in many
cases, very difficult to assign one of those varieties, if of unknown
origin, to the right species, without the single character of the sixth
upper labial shield. The question whether those varieties really are
species is not yet decided. Every large collection should gather of
both forms as many specimens as possible, with the most accurate
accounts of their localities. There are about 70 specimens in the
collection of the British Museum ; but even by this number I was
not enabled to distinguish separate species within accurately limited
boundaries.

Another peculiarity of this region is the abundance of Snakes pro-
vided with longer front teeth, or Lycodontide ; and it agrees also in
this respect with India: in fact, the western and middle palzeotropical
regions equally partake of this family, each region producing a form
with entire subcaudal plates. Venomous Colubrina occupy here a
great part among the Ophidia, a greater one than the true Viperina ;
and they also exhibit quite a peculiar group, namely such Colu-
brina as are provided with permanently erect and perforated fangs
(Dendraspis, Atractaspis). As our knowledge of the whole region
is very limited, so also is the case with the large island connected
with it, Madagascar. The following Snakes are known belonging to
its fauna :—

Sanzinia. Pelophilus.

Heterurus gaimardii and arctifasciatus.
Psammophis sibilans, var.

(Herpetodryas bernierti. Isle de France).
Herpetodryas quadrilineatus.
Enicognathus rhodogaster.

Philodryas miniatus and goudoti.
Ahetulla lateralis. Langaha.

None of these Snakes, except Psam. sibilans, have been found on
the continent of this region, or in any other part of the globe ; and
it may be a question, as already suggested by Schlegel, whether such
a separate and peculiar fauna as that of Madagascar might not form
ground for establishing a separate region, small for the geographical
area, rich for its animal and vegetative life, if the still hidden parts
should prove to be as peculiar as that which we know. Sanzinca,
Pelophilus, Langaha form genera not represented by other species
in other provinces.—If we Jook at the forms common with other
regions, we find them all to be Tree-snakes, having the allied species
spread over the tropical regions in the west or east.

THES

381

IIL. Indian or Middle Paleotropical Region (Regio Indica).

Characteristic forms.—Chersydrus, Acrochordus, Xenodermus,
Python, Cliftia, Cusoria, Gongylophis, Clothonia, Cylindrophis.
Calamaria, Rhabdion, Brachyorrhos, Aspidura, Haplocercus, Ela-
poidis, Trachischium, Oligodon, Simotes, Ferania, Homalopsis, Phy-
tolopsis, Tropidophis, Hypsirhina, Fordonia, Raclitia, Miralia,
Xenodon (with keeled scales), Gonyosoma, Euophrys, Psammody-
nastes, Passerita, Leptognathus? indicus, Amblycephalus, Pareas,
Hologerrhum, Lycodon, Tetragonosoma, Leptorhyton, Ophites,
Cercaspis, Cyclocorus, Hamadryas, Bungarus, Naja tripudians,
laps (with thirteen rows of scales). Hyprip#, Trimesurus, Parias,
me” Atropos, Trigonocephalas, Daboia (except D. xanthina,

ray). i

Forms common with other regions.—Rhabdosoma, Cerberus, Co-
luber, Elaphis, Spilotes, Coryphodon, Chrysopelea, Dendrophis,
Dryophis, Eudipsas, Dipsas, Dipsadomorphus, Echis,

Whether the Indian region really is richer in peculiar generic
and specific forms than the African one, or whether this difference
is caused only by our more extended knowledge of the former,
the future will show; for the present it is not even rivalled by
the South American region: for taking the area of the Indian
region at 4,000,000 square miles and the number of species of
Snakes at 240, we have on the average a single species to each
17,000 square miles, or 21 species to the same area for which we
found only one species in the palzearctic region, and 9 for the same
area in the Athiopian. The ratio between the different sections of
the Snakes, shows that, in comparison with Africa, the relative
number of Boina is diminished, their ratio to the Colubrina being
=1:12, but that of the Viperine Snakes has as much enlarged as
the absolute one: each seventh species belongs to this truly venom-
ous section (1: 6). Quite a new form of snakes enters into this
fauna—the Hydride : organized for living in the sea, they are
seldom found on the coasts, and we do not yet know whether they
approach the beach occasionally, or when obliged by certain physio-

’ logical functions. But being constant inhabitants of the sea, they are

endowed with active as well as with passive locomotion, to enable
them to traverse greater distances than the snakes living on dry
ground ; and therefore it is not to be wondered at that we find not
only the section in general, but the single species spread far beyond
its actual native ground—namely the sea between the southern coast
of China and the northern one of New Holland—and extending to
the south of the Australian region, and far between the tropical
islands of the Pacific. A certain proximity to land appears to be
necessary for their life, as they are never found in those wide marine
spaces which are void of islands, not being able by traversing them
to spread into the Neotropical or Ethiopian regions * ; and thus they

* During the printing of this paper, I first heard of Sea-snakes seen near the
western shores of America. They were observed in considerable numbers by M.
Sallé and Mr. Salvin, at different times, from steamers crossing the Bay of

382 a

may be brought as properly as marine birds into the statement of the
ratio between the number of species and the area of dry land. A second
form, quite peculiar to this region, are Snakes covered with granular
tubercles, Chersydrus, Acrochordus, Xenodermus ; without being ve-
nomous, they approach to the Hydrid@ by the genus Chersydrus, an
inhabitant of rivers and their mouths, and with an organization like
that of true Sea-snakes. As the family of the Lycodontide is to be
assigned to the Indian and African region, each exhibiting different
genera, so that of the Ca/amaride is divided in the same way between
the neotropical and this region ; whereas Homalosoma and two species
of Rhinostoma perhaps afterwards may be separated from this family.
The above-mentioned genera of Calamaride are very characteristic,
and the very aberrant forms which abound in India are here repre-
sented by a genus of this family having no palatine teeth. Those
intermediate forms between the well-proportioned structure of the
family of Colubrid@ and the excessively slender one of the true Tree-
snakes, which I unite in one family of Dryadide, and which are so
common in the Neotropical region, are scarcely represented by some
species of Cyclophis and Gonyosoma. The genus dhetulla is here
represented by Dendrophis—in one species (D. picta) extending to
New Guinea, in another (D. punctulata) to Australia. Dryophis is
found in the Neotropical region as well as in the Indian one, but
the species of both regions differ in dentition; the African species
(D. Kirtlandii) agrees with the South American ones ; finally, Pas-
serita is only limited between the boundaries of the East Indies. If
we exclude the Hydride, the number of venomous Colubrine is
far surpassed by that of the Viperina, and all the latter exhibit the
peculiarity of having a pit on the side of the face, which is also found
in the representatives of the New World, not in those of Africa.
Ceylon offers a remarkable exception, producing a form without such
a pit.

Tasioie those large islands which are connected with the Middle
Palzeotropical region, none offer forms so different from those of
the continent and the other islands as Ceylon: it might be considered
the Madagascar of the Indian region. We not only find there pecu-
liar genera and species, not again to be recognized in other parts,
but even many of the common species exhibit such remarkable va-
rieties, as to afford ample means for creating new nominal species.

1. Calamaria and Elaps are not represented in this island.
2. The following species are common to Ceylon and the other

parts of the region, the Ceylonese specimens exhibiting no remark- _

able variation :—Simotes russellit, Coryphod. blumenbachii, Ablabes
collaris, Chrysopelea ornata, Dendrophis picta, Tropidonot. stolatus,
Lycodon aulicus, Naja tripudians. '

3. Ceylonese specimens of the following species always exhibit
one and the same variation :—Simotes purpurascens, Tropidonotus

Panama, and were about the size of an eel. I have not the slightest reason to
doubt the credibility of the observers ; but as long as we have not obtained them,
it will always be a question whether the animals seen are Snakes or not.

383

quincunciatus (two Ceylonese varieties), T'ropidonotus chrysargos,
Passerita mycterizans, Bungarus fasciatus. ;

4. The following species are peculiar to Ceylon, but representatives
of the genera are found in other parts of this region :—Cylindrophis
maculata, Oligodon sublineatus, Cynophis helena (appears to be the
representative of Hlaphis subradiatus), Cyclophis calamaria, Dipsa-
domorphus ceylonensis (is the representative of D. trigonatus), Tri-
mesurus ceylonensis and nigro-marginatus, Megara trigonocephata,
Trigonocephalus hypnalis, Daboia elegans.

5. Finally, the following genera, exhibiting entire subcaudal plates,
are peculiar to Ceylon :—Aspidura, Haplocercus, Cercaspis.

If we look at the forms of this region, common with other ones,
we see that most of them belong to the two genera of Schlegel’s Co-
luber and Dipsas. The separation of the former into smaller na-
tural genera has not yet been effected in such a way as to satisfy the
systematist ; and therefore it is the less fit for a consideration of its
geographical distribution (genus Zamenis excepted). Nearly the
same is the case with the genus Dipsas; and even if we separate
single forms more aberrant from the general type, there remain a
great many species which, comprised in one genus, do not give us
the idea of a cosmopolitan genus, but of a “ tropicopolitan.”” Spe-
cies of Rhabdosoma are found in the Neotropical, a single species of
Cerberus and Dendrophis in the eastern Paleeotropical region; the
geographical distribution of Dryophis and Echis has been stated
above.

I may add a few words to prove what I have before mentioned, viz.
that the Snakes of Japan belong to the fauna of the Indian region.
The following species are known from these islands * :—

1. Tropidonotus tigrinus, and
2. T. Vibakari belong to a cosmopolitan genus ; but the former,
being also found near Ningpo in China, belongs to a group of this
genus, which is formed solely by natives of India; and the second
species is the single type of another peculiar group (see Catal. of
Colubr. p. 60).
3. Coluber conspicillatus, -
4. Elaphis quadrivirgatus, and
5. Elaphis virgatus, exhibit not only a remarkable similarity in
neral habits, and in the system of coloration, with other true East
ndian Snakes ( L/aphis subradiatus, &c.), but the two latter are also
found on the Indian continent, in China, south of the Yellow River.
6. Trigonocephalus Blomhoffi belongs to a genus with four species
in the East Indies and one in the northern parts of Asia.
How greatly different the view gained by a consideration of the
graphical distribution of the Batrachians is, we shall see in the
econd Part of this paper. Our knowledge of the Herpetology of
Celebes is yet too limited to allow a satisfactory attempt to compare
its fauna with that of other parts.

* Cf. Schlegel, ‘ Fauna Japonica ’—* Reptiles.”

384

IV. Australian or Eastern Paleotropical Region (Regio
Australiana. )

Characteristic forms.—Morelia, Liasis, Nardoa, Enygrus, Bo-
lyeria, Myron, Glyphodon, Diemansia, Hoplocephalus, Pseudechis,
Pseudonaja, Brachysoma, Vermicella, Acanthophis.

Forms common with other regions.— Cerberus, Dendrophis, Dipsas,
Hydride.

What I have said in the beginning of my notices on the Aithio-
pian region I can as justly repeat respecting this part of the globe,
the borders only of which are known to us; so that the propor-
tionate numbers here given will be far from truth, and can be only
considered to be proportionate to our present knowledge. If we allow
50 species as peculiar to this region, and take the area of dry land at
3,000,000 square miles, we have on the average a single species to
each 60,000 square miles, or 23 species for the same area in the
AKthiopian ; but the Indian region is richer, giving 3} species for the
same area, in which we have only one in the Australian.

We find a peculiar character of this region in the ratio between
the numbers of species in the different sections of the Snakes. Two-
thirds are venomous snakes—a disproportion not again to be found
in any of the other regions, where the number of innocuous snakes
always far predominates ; secondly, two-thirds of the non-venom-
ous snakes are Boide; thirdly, there is only one genus (Acan-
thophis antarctica) belonging to the tribe of Viperina, the whole
number of the other venomous snakes being constituted by Colu-
brina with grooved fangs. We know only six non-venomous Colu-
brina from New Holland, two of which (Coronella australis and
Tropidonotus picturatus) belong to cosmopolitan genera, the third
(Dipsas fusca) to a tropicopolitan genus, the fourth and fifth (Den-
drophis punctulata and Cerberus australis) to Kast Indian ones ; for

the sixth (Myron Richardsonii) a separate genus was established,

but it is closely allied to the East Indian Hypsirhina. 'The genus
Elaps, represented by a different form, Vermicella, is so far from being
capable of being united with the East Indian forms, that it is nearer
to those of the Neotropical region. Thus if we except three species
and the Hydride, which are subjected to quite other physical con-
ditions, we have in the Eastern Palotropical region a fauna of Ophi-
dians as widely different from the nearest one of the East Indies as
from all the other ones. It must be mentioned, that there is no snake
known for the present from New Zealand. I say, for the present ;
for not many years since a total absence of Serpents in all the nume-
rous isles of the Pacific Ocean was believed in.

V. Neuarctic or North American Region (Regio Nearctica).

Characteristic forms.—Charina, Wenona, Conopsis, Conocephalus,
Carphophis, Osceola, Ninia, Lodia, Sonora, Rhinochilus, Tantilla,
Simotes ? coccineus, Ischnognathus, Helicops, Farancia, Dimades,

385

Abastor, Virginia, Contia, Pituophis, Cenchris, Crotalophorus,
Uropsophus, Crotalus.

Forms common with other regions.—Heterodon, Coluber, Cory-
phodon, Herpetodryas, Cyclophis, Elaps.

There is some difficulty in stating the southern boundary of this
region ; the Tropical fauna advances along the Isthmus of Panama,
and extending over the again expanding part of Southern Mexico, it
is gradually mixed with the Arctic fauna. And in these parts the
fauna of the same latitude is the more mixed on account of the great
differences of the elevation above the level of the sea, and the result-
ing great variety of climate in a small space; but as the climate gra-
dually assumes the tropical character, so do also the vegetative and
animal life. Nevertheless we have in the New World two quite dif-
ferent creations, radiating from the system of the Mississippi in the
north, and from that of the Amazon in the south; and in each of
those smaller provinces situated on the boundary between both regions,
it will be a question, whether the larger number of its species belongs
to northern or southern forms. As far as we are able for the pre-
sent to judge, the tropic of Cancer may be considered as the bound-
ary. No Snake is to be found north of the 60° N. lat., in a lati-
tude where in the Palearctic region Pelias berus exists. But taking
6,500,000 square miles as the amount of the whole dry land in this
region, and allowing seventy-five * species as peculiar to it, we have
one species to every 87,000 square miles, or four species to the same
area, for-which we found only one in the Palearctic region. Thus
this region indicates a much greater degree of intensity of species
than the Palzearctic region ; but if it be stated that it surpasses also
the Ethiopian region, this I consider as not an established fact, but
only an appearance caused by the circumstance that North America
has been much more fully explored than Africa. Even then, if we
consider (according to Dr. Gray’s system) Charina and MWenona to
be Boide, the ratio of this section to the number of Colubrina is very
small (1 : 18), the ratio between Viperina and Colubrina being large
(1 : 5); in this respect this part of the fauna quite agrees with the
same part of the Old World.

Among the non-venomous Colubrina the two families of Calama-
ride and Natricide offer the most generic and specific forms. The
type of Heterodon is a North American form ; but there is also one
species to be found in South America. ,

Colubrina with grooved fangs in front can hardly be considered as
pertaining to this region, only two species of Z/aps reaching into the
most southern parts, ‘The Viperine Snakes are represented by most
peculiar forms, all belonging to the family with a pit on each side of

* Without summing up the number of all the North American species de-
seribed since the publication of the ‘ Catalogue of North American Reptiles’ by
Baird and Girard, 1853, | only mention that they describe therein 119 species.
What I think of such species is shown by the synonymy of the North American
Snakes in my catalogue.

No. CCCLXX1.—Proceepines or THE ZOOLOGICAL Society.

386

the face: they exhibit all entire subcaudal shields (at least on the
anterior part of the tail).

VI. Neotropical or South American Region (Regio Neotropica).

Characteristic forms.—t{ Zpicrates, Xi iphosoma, + Corallus, +Boa,
Eunectes, *Chilabothrius, *Ungalia, Tortriz, Streptophorus, Homa-
locranion, Elapomorphus, Elapocephalus, * Arvhy yton, Liophis, Ste-
norhina, Erythrolamprus, *Hypsirhynchus, Xenodon (with smooth
seales), Uranops, Hydrops, Hygina, *Gerarda, *Hipistes, Ficimia,
+Dromicus, Psammophis? lineatus, Thamnodynastes, Dipsas? cenchoa,
Rhinobothryum, Leptognathus, Tropidodipsas, Scytale, Oxyrhopus,
* Flaps (with fifteen rows of scales), ~Craspedocephalus, Lachesis.

Forms common with other regions.—Rhinostoma, Rhabdosoma,
Tachymenis, Tomodon, Heterodon, Spilotes, Coryphodon, +Herpeto-
dryas, +Philodryas, +Ahetulla, +Dryophis, Leptodeira, Eudipsas,
Dipsadomorphus, Dipsadoboa.

If the number of species duly attributable to this region be rec-
koned at about 150, and its geographical area at 5,500,000 square
miles, we have a single species to every 36,000 square miles, or
nearly 23 species to the same area, for which we found in the northern
region a single one. As for intensity of species, this region is far
surpassed by the East Indies, exhibiting only half as many species
for the same area, and therefore showing itself proportionally far less
productive of snakes than of birds. This fact will be very near the
truth, as we know nearly equal parts of both regions. In the ratio
of the different sections of snakes, South America does not agree with
any other region, showing a ratio between Boia and Colubrina=1 : 8,
and between Viperina and Colubrina=1:15. All the Botna have
only a single row of subcaudal plates, whilst the other tropical re-
gions exhibit such species with entire subcaudals as well as with two-
rowed. Among the Colubrine Snakes, it is rich especially in those
intermediate forms without prominent characters, the systematical
arrangement of which is far from being complete.

Another character of the Region is; that true Lycodontide are
wanting : they are replaced by Scytale and Oxyrhopus, in many re-
specis similar to the East Indian Lycodontide, and forming a con-
necting link between these and the Dipsadide. All the venomous
Colubrina belong to the genus laps, different from the East Indian
species by having fifteen rows of scales and another system of colora-

tion; one or two species range into the southern parts of the former

region. Finally, all the /iperina exhibit a pit on the side of the face,
two-rowed subcaudal plates, and the head covered with scales, thus
being more closely allied to the greater part of the. East Indian genera
than even to those forms which we meet with in North America.
One Viperine Snake with a rattle, Crotalus horridus, ranges into
this region; but being also found in the more northern parts, and
having the other relations in North America, it must be reckoned
among those of the latter region.

387

Of the forms common with other regions there are found :—

1. In the Athiopian region species of Rhinostoma, Philodryas,
Ahetulla, Dryophis, Leptodeira, Dipsadoboa—in fact all the species
belonging to these genera show severally, according to the different
region, such different characters as may be hereafter considered to
be generic characters, if they are again to be found in other species
of the same region ; and I wish therefore to point out a much greater
difference between both regions than might appear by the number
of forms mentioned as common. For instance, the South American
species of Rhinostoma exhibit a posterior grooved tooth ; in Rhino-
stoma cupreum of Africa I found the same tooth not grooved ; if Rh.
occipitale of Hallowell from Western Africa, or other species hereafter
to be discovered, should prove to have also smooth teeth, I should
consider it to be a character sufficient to separate the Neotropical
species from those of the Western Paleeotropical region, Not know-
ing the species of Philodryas from Madagascar, I retrain from giving
my opinion in that respect.

2. In the Indian region species of Rhabdosoma, Tomodon, Spilotes,
Coryphodon, Dryophis, Eudipsas, Dipsadomorphus,—l have already
pointed out that South America exhibits in more than one respect
similarities with the middle region of the Palzeotropical ones ; and
thus, except those forms which are represented in both regions by

_ different genera, we have two genera truly common to them, Ihad-

dosoma and Coryphodon. The other genera I reckon of the same
account as those mentioned as common with the Athiopian region.

3. In the Palzeotropical region one species of Tachymenis.

4. In the Nearctic region species of Heterodon, Herpetodryas,
Coryphodon. he first two genera-are limited to the New World,
one exhibiting more species in the northern part, the other more in
the south.

The Ophidians decidedly show that the West Indies are referable
to the Neotropical region only. Hardly one species* is common to
them and to the Nearctic region, and only the genus /lerpetodryas
might be considered such. On the other hand, many Southern con-
tinental species are again found in the West Indies ; and how many
generic forms are common to both, the number of genera marked
above with a cross (+) will represent. The genera peculiar to the
West Indies, and marked with an asterisk (*), do not express a
common peculiar character, and some of them are founded on rela-
tively slight characters.

* Hallowell mentions /schnognathus dekayi as found in Jamaica (Proe. Ac.
Nat. Sc. Philad. 1856, p. 237).

388

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389

The above Schema is brought to an accordance with Mr. Sclater’s
Schema of the geographical distribution of Birds; but in both
schemes the calculations made as to the number of square miles to
one species cannot be looked upon even as attempts at approxima-
tions in those regions, a part of which only has been explored
by naturalists. Thus the large space of central Asia, between 250°
and 300° W. long. and between 35° and 50°N. lat., is quite unknown
—a space of about 3,000,000 square miles, which cannot be justly
taken into account ; and then we should have a ratio of 1 : 275,000.
In the Athiopian and Australian region, at least two-thirds of the
area mentioned being unknown, we should have on the average a
single species to 50,000 square miles for the former, and to 20,000
square miles for the latter region. In this way we arrive at least at
a more accurate idea of the series in which the regions follow one
another, as to their respective richness in forms :—

1. Indian region 1 : 17,000.

2. Australian region 1 : 20,000 (instead of 1 : 60,000).
3. South American region 1 : 36,000.

4. Mthiopian region 1 : 50,000 (instead of 1 : 150,000).
5. North American region 1 : 87,000.

6. Palearctic region 1 :; 275,000 (instead of 1 : 350,000).

Thus by the consideration of the geographical distribution of
Snakes we are obliged to acknowledge the views of the primary divi-
sions of the earth’s surface given by Mr. Sclater as those most
natural. I have endeavoured always to state those facts which ap-
parently contradict this view, as well as those which favour it; but,
by stating the former, I intend rather to direct the attention of the
systematist to such less satisfying results of his exertions, than to de-
stroy the idea of primary ontological divisions. As, however, we do
not know one species of Snakes extending fully over two regions,
and as we find each region occupied by a majority of peculiar genera,
we come to the inevitable deduction that these different forms of
Snakes were created in the different parts of the world where they
are now found ; but it would be a too precipitate inference to
maintain the same for all other species of the animal kingdom.
As I said in the beginning of this paper, Snakes form a most sta-
tionary tribe among animals; but other animals are subjected to
internal or external agencies by which they are necessarily spread,
in a longer or shorter lapse of time, beyond their primary bound-
aries; and it is a great mistake, in such instances, not to admit the
identity of species, even though it be modified into a climatic variety.
How the Batrachians are related in this respect, and what are the
most natural divisions of the earth’s surface as to this part of the
Reptiles, will be the subject of the Second Part of this paper.

390

PaArr II.

On THE GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION OF BATRACHIANS.

In the accounts given of the geographical distribution of animals,
we find only a few general statements in which divisions of the earth’s
surface are characterized for their Batrachio-fauna. The presence of
tailed Batrachians in the northern parts of the globe, the scarcity of
Batrachians in Africa, gigantic forms between the tropics, and the
abundance of Tree-frogs in South America, form the general results of
those attempts. The faunas of some provinces were most accurately
composed ; but I am not aware that such an attempt has been ex-
tended through all the single parts of this suborder. The Batra-
chians are better adapted than are Snakes to range over large spaces ;
and this is especially observed with some Batrachians of the northern
temperate part of the globe. Rana esculenta, Bufo vulgaris, and
Hyla arborea are spread over the whole space of Europe and Asia,
belonging to the Paleearctic region ; Cantor found them again south
of Japan, on the Chinese island of Chusan. Rana temporaria
reaches beyond even these parts, being equally spread over the tem-
perate regions of the New World. But none of the species are to be
called cosmopolitan; and the differences between the different crea-
tions are such, that we have not even a true cosmopolitan genus.
In looking for genera with the widest range, we may mention Rana,
Bujo, and Hyla—the same genera which exhibit also the widest-
spread species.

Bufo is wanting only in Australia; the most numerous and largest
of its species are met with in Tropical America. Rana is entirely
wanting in Australia, and represented in the most northern parts of
Tropical America by a single species only ; the East Indies and Africa
produce most of the species, some from the former region being di-
stinguished by their gigantic size, but rivalled by R. mugiens from
N. America ; some from the latter region being peculiar on account of
very slender and long toes. Hy/la is entirely wanting in the Aithio-
pian and Indian regions, and in the Arctic regions represented by only
a few but widely-spread species, —Tropical America and Australia, on
the other hand, producing an exceedingly great number of specific
forms. Thus, in speaking of cosmopolitan genera in this paper, I
mean those three genera severally, with the restrictions mentioned.

Such a difference, between the animal life of the New World and
that of the Old, as pertains to other parts of the Animal Kingdom,
is not to be observed in the Batrachians. Dissimilarity and simi-
larity of the Batrachio-fauna depend upon the zones. Paleearetie
and Nearctic regions resemble each other more than any third; the
same is the case with Australia and South America ; the Athiopian
region exhibits similarities with South America as well as with the
East Indies, but more especially with the latter.

I. Palearctic Region.

Characteristic forms.—Pelodytes, Discoglossus, Alytes, Pelobates,
Lombinator, Salamandra, Seiranota, Pleurodes, Bradybates, Ellip-

391
soglossa, Geotriton, Onychodactylus, Triton, Euproctus, Sieboldia,
Proteus *.
Cosmopolitan genera excepted, we have only one genus common
with another region—Polypedates.

We may assign to this region 15 species of tailless Batrachians
and 30 of the Urodela, which gives on the average a single species
to each 300,000 square miles. The region is distinguished by the
production of a part of the tailed Batrachians, a group of the animal
kingdom which must be. considered peculiar to the Arctic regions
both of the New and Old World}; and although the species of Uro-
deles of the New World must be considered as types of different

enera, yet the families exhibit representatives in both the regions.

ome of the species of Batrachians are known to be extremely local
(Pelodytes punctatus, Pelobates cultripes, Sieboldia, Proteus) ; but
other species and genera are spread over the whole space of this
region, proving in the most striking way the natural extent of this
primary division. There is not a single tailed Batrachian known
from Tropical Africa; but north of the Atlas we find Sa/amandra
maculosa and Pleurodes waltlii, both inhabitants of Europe, and also
a peculiar species, Zuproctus poireti, As far as we know the west-
ern parts of Asia, belonging to this region, we meet species of Ba-
trachians with all the characters of the true inhabitants of Europe ;
and what forms we should find in the centre and in the eastern
parts by a better knowledge of these countries, is easily to be in-
ferred by a glance on the fauna of Batrachians of Japan. There we

find :—

Rana rugosa. LEllipsoglossa.
esculenta. Geotriton fuscus.
temporaria. Onychodactylus.

Bufo vulgaris. Triton subcristatus.

Polypedates schlegelii. Sieboldia.

Hyla arborea.

Of the twelve species of these islands, five are identical with species
in Europe, and one (Triton subcristatus) belongs to a European
genus. Three genera of Urodeles are peculiar to Japan, Sieboldia
being more closely allied to Menopoma from America than to any
other genus. Polypedates schlegelii is a single representative of an
East Indian genus, species of which, however, are also met with in
Madagascar. Thus we find in Japan a ground which is supplied from
a tropical region with Snakes, and from an arctic one with Batra-

chians.
Il. £thiopian Region.

Characteristic forms.—Dactylethra, Tomopterna, Heteroglossa,

* Respecting the new denominations, I refer to my * Catalogue of Batrachia
Salientia in the Collection of the British Museum,’ which will shortly be pub-
lished.

+ I quite agree with those naturalists who think the characters of Cecilia and
Lepidosiren sufficient for forming separate classes of Vertebrata.

392
Stenorhynchus, Arthroleptis, Schismaderma, IHemisus, Breviceps,
Chiromantis, Hyperolius, Leptopelis, Brachymerus.
Forms common with other regions.—Cystignathus, Hylarana,
Polypedates.

There are nearly 60 species known, all belonging to the Anura,
which number would give a single species for every 200,000 square
miles, or for each 70,000 square miles if we are allowed to refer
the number of species only to the area of the more- or less-known
parts,—a ratio which shows the great progress of our knowledge
during the last few years. This region was said to be especially
poor in Tree-frogs ; and the reason for this was an overstated po-
verty of trees. The genus Hyla is here replaced by Hyperolius—
as abundant in species as, or even proportionally more than Hyla:
one species, Hyla aubryi, was believed to be a representative of true
Hyla; but a closer examination has shown that even this species
differs from it by having cylindrical diapophyses of the sacral verte-
bra, forming a separate genus, Leptopelis. If we add the other Aithio-
pian Batrachians living on trees, we find the number of the Platy-
dactyla nearly one-half of that of the Orydactyla—quite in accord-
ance with the observation made on the Snakes of this region. There
are so very few species of Batrachians known from Madagascar, that
we are not yet enabled to compare its fauna of Batrachians with
that of the continent ; but, again, all are peculiar to this island.

III. Indian Region.

Characteristic forms.— Oxyglossus, Leptobrachium, Megalophrys,
Ceratophryne, Asterophrys, Uperodon, Diplopelma, Kalophrynus,
Ivalus, Rhacophorus, Micrhyla, Kaloula.

Forms common with other regions.—Hylarana, Polypedates,
Cornufer, Platymantis.

The Indian region, in comparison with the Athopian, does not
exhibit a greater abundance of Batrachians such as we found
to be the case with Snakes. The number of ‘species is nearly the
same. This is the more to be wondered at as the climate of the
East Indies might be supposed to be most adequate to the life of
Anura, and most productive of specific as well as of generic forms
and of individuals. Moreover, the East Indies are comparatively
well known; and the collection of the British Museum contains such
a complete series of East Indian Batrachians, as considerably to
increase the number of the species formerly known. But neverthe-
less the fact appears to be, that this region is excessively productive
of individuals (especially of certain species, as in Snakes), but that it
is not in the same way rich in generic, and still less in specific forms.
There is some resemblance in this respect to the Palzearctic region.
We may state 60 as the number of species, which gives a single
species to every 66,000 square miles.

All the Batrachians belong to the Opisthoglossa, not the half of
which are Platydactyla. The true Hyla are wanting, and, as in
Africa, replaced by genera without dilated processes of the sacral ver-

ial

393

tebra. Ceylon is comparatively rich in species ; but as in general
the Batrachians are adapted for spreading over a much greater
space than other reptiles are, we do not find such a peculiar fauna of
them in this island. The following species are known to be found in
Ceylon :—

Rana kuhlii. *[valus variabilis.
vittigera. * leucorhinus.

—— tigrina. * pecilopleurus.
hexadactyla. aurifasciatus.
malabarica. Polyped. microtympanum.

Bufo melanostictus. maculatus.

bs kelaartii. _ eques.
Kaloula pulchra.

Only those species marked with an asterisk are peculiar, the others
exhibiting not even remarkable varieties.

IV. Australian Region.

Characteristic forms.— Myobatrachus, Limnodynastes, Chiroleptes,
Heleioporus, Uperoleia, Pseudophryne, Chelydobatrachus, Litoria,
Pelodryas.

Forms common with other regions.—Cystignathus, Hylarana,
Cornufer, Platymantis.

Of thirty species which are known to belong to this region, we
have on the average a single species to each 100,000 square miles,
and therefore only to each 33,000 square miles of the known part of
Australia and its islands. Just the half of the species are Opistho-
glossa platydactyla.

Australia produces one Batrachian without a tongue ; and if there
should be known such a Batrachian from the Indian region, all the
dglossa would be equally distributed through the Tropical world, each
put producing a peculiar type, viz. Africa the genus Dactylethra,

uth America the genus Pipa, Australia that of Myobatrachus.
Secondly, this region is distinguished by the total absence of true
Ranide and Bufonide. Among other characteristic forms, Pelodryas
especially deserves to be mentioned, representing the genus Phy/-
lomedusa of the New World, but distinguished by a web between
the toes. Hylarana extends in one variety of H. erythrea to the
islands of the Pacific (S. Christoval); but the geographical distri-
bution of this genus is far from being known. On Cystignathus,
see the notice given in the sixth Region. Finally, Cornufer and
Platymantis respectively are known by two species, one of which be-
longs to islands of the Indian Archipelago, and the other to some of
the Pacific. Thus the Bratrachio-fauna of this region, though offer-
ing well-distinguished generic forms, does not exhibit characters so

neral that a peculiarity of the whole could be expressed as we found
it with Snakes. At present there is not one Batrachian known from
New Zealand.

394

V. Nearetic Region.

Characteristic forms.—Scaphiopus, Acris, Pseudacris, ‘Notophthal-
mus, Taricha, Xiphonura, Ambystoma, Cylindrosoma, Desmogna-
thus, Desmodactylus, Batrachoseps, Spelerpes, Gidipus, Ensatina,
Axolotes, Protonopsis, Amphiuma, Menobranchus, Siren, Pseudo-
branchus.

Forms common with other regions. —Cystignathus, Engystoma.

Schlegel, by trying to establish parallels between North and South
America, was, I think, unfortunate in looking for respective repre-
sentatives of both regions: parallels may be established between the
Palearctic and Nearctie region which are far more true and inter-
esting.

If we allow 20 species of Anura and 50 of Urodela for this
region, we have on an average one species to every 90,000 square
miles, or about three species for the same area for which we found
only one in the Paleearctic region. This greater abundance is due
to a greater number of Anura as well as of Urodela; but if the
Nearctic region has three times as many Anura as the Pale-
arctic in proportion to its area, it yet produces four times as many
Urodela.

By repeated examinations of a great number of specimens I have
convinced myself that the North American frog, called Rana sylva-
tica, does not form a distinct species from the Rana temporaria of the

Old World. Itis true that there may be found more differences than _

those of colour only, by examining a few specimens (for instance,
in the size of tympanum) ; but if we look to a greater number of
specimens, and compare them especially with those from the eastern
parts of Asia, even those differences will he found to be levelled.
Among those species which are the most common we always find
the greatest variations in form and colour. Among the European
specimens themselves were found greater differences than those be-
tween European and American ones; and naturalists were induced
to establish several species even for the European forms. The ex-
tremes of the variety Rana oxyrhina might be taken at the first
glance for Rana esculenta; but on comparing them with other spe-
cimens of the same locality, we soon come to the point where it
is impossible to decide to what form the specimen belongs. Like-
wise any naturalist, before whom might be placed one of the above-
mentioned specimens from Eastern Asia, would be at a loss to de-
termine whether it were from the Old World or from the New. But
are we at liberty to separate species or genera only according to the
soil where the beings are born, without finding sufficient external or
better anatomical characters? As the paleeontologist endeavours to
show what organic forms reappear in a stratum above or below an-
other, and where a new creation begins, so the zoologist must do in
the horizontal distribution of animals on the earth’s surface. Our
Rana esculenta is represented by Rana halecina: specimens of the
former exhibit sometimes quite the same coloration as that con-
stantly found in R. halecina ; but they invariably differ in the strue-

“es

a at er

395

ture of the vocal organs. Bufo vulgaris of the Old World is repre-
sented in North America by B. lentiginosus, in South America by
B. chilensis—all sufficiently distinguished by the structure of the
skull. Hyla arborea has its representative in JT. euphorbiacea from
the table-land of Central America. Thus we find one of our most
common Anura to be the same in the New World, and three others
represented by closely allied species. Our fifth’ common species,
Bombinator igneus, is amore local species, and has no representative
in North America. No species of the Urodela is common to both
regions, not even a genus; but in both we have not only such
genera as are assigned by their structure either to living in water or
on land, but also those intermediate forms which cannot be justly
brought to one or the other category. Among the Urodela with
free gills or gill-openings, Steboldia exhibits at least such similarities
with Menopoma, and Proteus such with Menobranchus, that they
may be well considered as representing one another in the two re-
ions. Thus we find the Nearctic and Palzarctie regions nearer
allied in respect to Batrachio-fauna than they are to any other.
Cystignathus and Engystoma severally exhibit one species in the
southern parts of North America, those genera belonging, in fact,
to the Tropics.
VI. Neotropic Region.

Characteristic forms.—Pipa, Pseudis, Calyptocephalus, Cyclo-
rhamphus, Pithecopsis, Limnocharis, Hylorhina, Pyxicephalus,
Ceratophrys, Leiuperus, Pleurodema, Alsodes, Phryniscus, Brachy-
cephalus, Rhinoderma, Atelopus, Engystoma, Otilophus, Elosia,
Crossodactylus, Phyllobates, Hylodes, Nototrema, Opisthodelphys,
Trachycephalus, Phyllomedusa, Hylaplesia, Rhinophrynus.

Form common with other regions.—Cystignathus.

There is on the northern boundary of this region the Batrachio-
fauna mixed with Arctic forms, which is also the case in other parts
of the animal kingdom, without taking into account those animals
which, living on mountains, find by this vertical elevation the con-
dition of a more northern climate. The absence of the genus Rana
may be pointed out as a character of this region ; one species, how-
ever, which I think I have recognized as R. Lecontii of Girard,
reaches, together with Hy/a versicolor, into the South of Mexico, and
is found in localities with Bufo granulosus, Hylaplesia, and Rhino-
phrynus. Bufo chilensis ranges along the western coasts to Califor-
nia. But putting aside these examples, we meet, on entering Mexico,
that Batrachio-fauna, by the abundance and peculiarity of which this
region is widely distinguished beyond all the others. There we
meet the greatest number of species of Bufo and Hy/a, and those
peculiar tree-frogs with a pouch on the back for their progeny ; and
there also we meet the single representative of the Proteroglossa.
This region is the most productive in Batrachians, as we find the
East Indies to be in Snakes. At least 110 species are known, giving
one species for every 50,000 square miles, rather more than one-
half of them belonging to the Platydaety/a. South America pro-

396

duces one peculiar form of the Batrachians without tongue, Pipa—
the more characteristic of this region, as it is, moreover, provided
with pouches on the back, which are never met with in animals of any
other part of the earth. If such a Batrachian were found in Au-
stralia (as I think will be realized), a strange point of analogy with
the distribution of the Marsupial Mammals would be afforded.

We find in several families genera which are distinguished by pe-
culiar development in the structure of certain bones of the skeleton,
especially of the bones of the skull: Calyptocephalus, Ceratophrys,
Cystignathus, Brachycephalus, Otilophus, Opisthodelphys, Trachy-
cephalus. Numerous are those forms of Oxydactyla as well as of
Platydactyla which have no web between the toes, and which are
in general peculiar to tropical regions. Two-thirds of the genus of
Ayla are found in Tropical America.

The genus Cystignathus, which I have mentioned as common to
several regions, has most of its species in South America. Tschudi
has separated a part of it by the name of Pleurodema, containing
only South American species ; I have done the same, uniting moreover
a part of the Australian species under the name of Limnodynastes,
whilst the other part, I find, has received a third generic name.
But there remain still for Cystignathus South American and A&thio-
pian species ; and these in fact, together with the separated species,
form a very natural group—of genus or family—which is spread
over the Tropics, but not met with in the East Indies. If, on re-
view, we ask to which of the other Tropical regions the Batrachio-
fauna of South America is the most closely allied, we find that re-
gion to be Australia. Both regions agree in producing severally one
Batrachian without tongue, and in producing Cystignathide, Hy-
lide, and Hylina with paratoids, which forms are all wanting in the
East Indies ; they also agree in the absence of the large genus Rana
and of the Polypedatide*. On the other hand, there is hardly one
point of view in which we could find a relation between the Au-
stralian and East Indian regions; and thus the fact appears to be
established, that Australia offers far more similarity in the Batra-
chio-fauna with S. America than it does with the East Indies, on the
western coasts as well as on the eastern, and also that the real in-
tensity of species corresponds more with that in South America.

The West Indies exhibit a Batrachio-fauna the character of which
quite agrees with that of S. America: there is, however, a greater
separation of the species, a few only being identical with those of the
continent ; and the genus Hylodes may be considered nearly as pecu-
liar to these islands.

I now give a Schema similar to that for the Ophidians.

* There is in each region a single species; in South America Elosia, in New
Guinea Cornufer unicolor.

397

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398

If we, finally, try to refer the number of species to the area of
each region according as it is more or less known, the regions, ac-
cording to their respective richness of forms, will stand thus :—

1. Australian region 1 : 33,000.

2. Neotropical region = 1 : 50,000.
3. Indian region = 1: 66,000.
4. Athiopian region = 1 : 70,000.
5. Nearctic region = 1: 90,000.
6. Paleearctic region = 1 : 250,000.

2. Descriptions oF MoNoHAMMUS BowrinGi, Batrocera Una,
AND OTHER LONGICORN COLEOPTERA, APPARENTLY AS YET
UNRECORDED. By ApAam Waite, Assistant, Zoou. Dr-
PART. Brit. Mus.

(Annulosa, Pl. LIII.)

One of the most interesting Beetles found by John Bowring, Esq.
in Hong-Kong is the very pretty species described below. Although
Mr. Bowring has been for nearly fifteen years in that Chinese Island,
and, as far as the management of immense commercial affairs would
allow him, has been an active collector, he has only twice seen this
curious Longicorn. It is somewhat allied to a small North Chinese
species (Monohammus luridus) described by Mr. Pascoe; and to a
North Indian species (Monohammus melanosticticus, White), in
which there are five transverse bars of small black spots; and to one
figured in ‘ Linn. Trans.’ vol. xviii. t. 40. f. 7.

Insecti hujus nomen specificum est in honorem Domini Johannis
Bowring, amici descriptoris, in Sinica insula Hong-Kong degentis.
Valde amat Coleoptera. Collectio sua magnifica fere nationalis est.

MonoHaMMUS BOwRINGII, n.s. (Pl. LIII. fig. 1.)

M. breviusculus brevipilosus, pilis caput, thoracem, elytra cor-
pusque subtus tegentibus pallide viridibus, suberuginosis ; oculis
nigerrimis ; thorace supra nigro trimaculato ; elytris maculis
plurimis nigerrimis depilatis subquadratis in quatuor series
transversas ordinatis, bast, inter humerum nigrum et scutellum
gibbere subverrucato nigro ; antennis nigris, articulis basi pilis
brevibus ceruleis annulatis, corpore subtus immaculato, pe-
dibus viridibus, tarsis tibusque pilis ceruleis indutis.

Long. lin. 7-83.

Hab. Wong-Kong.

Mononammus cHampionti,n.s. (Pl. LILI. fig. 2.) ‘

M. subelongatulus miniaceo-sanguineus brevipilosus ; thoracis
spina macula laterali strigaque media longitudinal nigerrimis ;
elytris singulis maculis 9-14 nigris pilosis disperse maculatis,
corpore subtus nigro in lateribus singulis miniaceo plagatis ;
antennis nigris, articulo primo (apice nigro excepto) miniaceo

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399

piloso, articulis ceteris basi subpubescentibus, pedibus ngris,
Semoribus pedum \-2 subtus miniaceis pilosis.

Long. lin. 103-11.

Hab. In China boreali (Shanghai).

Somewhat allied at first sight to Monohammus ruber, Wope, from
Silhet, described and figured in the ‘Linnean Transactions,’ and now
common in collections.

The present soldier-costumed species I have named after Colonel
Champion, who was mortally wounded at Inkerman, and died after-
wards at Scutari. The Gazette, that reached the Crimea after his
death, carried out the news of his promotion to Lieut.-Colonel, for
distinguished services in the field. Colonel Champion is known
to many a naturalist as one of the most amiable of men, and as an
excellent botanist and entomologist. His memoir on the Flora of
Hong-Kong, in the ‘ Botany of the Voyage of H.M.S. Herald,’ his
paper on Chinese Plants, in the ‘Linnean Transactions,’ and his
papers in the ‘ Entomological Magazine,’ under the name of “ loni-
cus,’ describing the habits of Insects noticed by him in Corfu, are
all much appreciated. I remember well his sober, but ever-constant
quiet enthusiasm, and his liberal donations of insects to the Mu-
seum Collection. We looked forward to our Turkish, Greek, and
S. Russian collections being greatly added to. But his allotted time
on this earth had come; and Major Champion fell on the field of
Inkerman, at the head of his regiment. Professor Lindley has pub-
lished a brief memoir of him, which I ounce saw for a few minutes,
and which gave some pleasing descriptions of his decision of cha-
racter and of his amiability. My excellent friend Mr. Murray pub-
lished a striking sketch of him in the ‘ Edinburgh New Philosophical
Journal’ for 1855, pp. 302-307. Colonel Champion studied wild
plants and insects in Corfu, Ceylon, and Hong-Kong, and was a
modest, retiring man, with keen powers of observation. It would be
well if other officers would follow his example in this respect.

Barocera una. (PI. LIII. fig. 6.)

B. pilis perbrevibus albidis submargaritaceis dense tecta, antennis
pedibusque obscurioribus ; elytris costulis duobus longitudina-
libus ante apicem coadunatis et desinentibus, parte basali ely-
trorum verrucis parvis dispersis, in lateribus crebrioribus.

Long. une. 23-3.

Hab. New Webrides (where it was collected by John Maegillivray,
Esq., the able naturalist who was out with H.M.SS. Fly, Rattle-
snake and Herald).

Closely allied to Batocera Hercules, figured by Boisduval in ‘ Voy.
Astrolabe.’ The joints of the antenne have a tendency only to that
seabrosity and spininess which gives the name of Batocera Rubus,
or the “ Bramble-branch Long-horned Beetle”’ to one of the species.
The specific name is from the heroine of Spenser's ‘ Faéry Queene,’
the “ woful,”’ gentle, white-clad Una.

400

ACMOCERA FERRUGINOSA, n.s. (Pl. LIII. fig. 8.)

A. ochraceo-grisea ferrugine tincta; fronte nigra; antennarum
articulo basalt nigro, crasse punctato ; thoracis lateribus sin-
gulis bituberculatis, dorso tuberculis duobus distantibus; elytris
singulis bast medio carina abbreviata supra tuberculata; hu-
meris scabriusculis ; elytris apice emarginatis, dorso lineatim
subtuberculato.

Densely covered with small hairs; an ochrey grey, tinged here
and there, especially on the elytra, with rust-like markings and stains ;
the front of the head is black; the basal joint of the antenne is
black and rather roughly punctured ; the fourth joint of the antennze
is longer than the third ; all the joints except the first are of an ochre-
ous grey at the base, and tinged with ferruginous at the tip; the
thorax is palest on the middle, the back of it has two tubercles which
are somewhat distant from each other; the sides have two tubercles
close to each other, the posterior the larger; on the back are two
longitudinal rusty lines: the sides of the scutellum are tinged with
rusty ; the elytra are each emarginated at the end, the surface has
many small tubercles arranged in lines ; the tubercles are larger on
the shoulders, and before it and between the shoulder and the suture
is an abbreviated considerably raised keel, which is tubercled on the
upper edge ; the legs and under side are ochrey-grey dotted with
brown; the sides of each segment of abdomen beneath with a large
rusty spot ; the tibize tinged with rusty behind.

Length 94 lines.

Hab. Port Natal (Coll. Gueinzius). In Coll. Brit. Mus.

ACMOCERA TRIANGULARIS, N. 8.

A. canescens; thoracis lateribus migris; elytris singulis bast
medio tuberculo elongato cristato; elytris lateribus macula me-
diana nigra triangulari postice albo-cincta et post mediam par-
tem fascia curtula nigra ad suturam; antennis cinereis nigro-
annulatis.

Hoary, a black band between the eyes with two white spots, side
of head behind the eyes black ; thorax above with three small tuber-
cles, two in front and one in the middle; each side with a largish
blunt tubercle, the sides black ; elytra in the middle at the base with
a longish tubercle, which is crested above ; down the middle is a
ridge ; the side about the middle has a large triangular black mark,
margined behind with white ; behind the middle across the suture is
a short black band, only separated from the side spot by a narrow

white line ; near the tip are two small black marks connected by the —

margin ; under side grey, sides spotted with black ; tarsi with the
two basal joints above cinereous; the other joints black,

Length 5+ lines.

Hab. Port Natal (Coll. Gueinzius). In Coll. Brit. Mus.

Be po DP
+h
red

’
he

401

APLOCNEMIA BISPECULARIS, N. 8.

A. obscure fusca ; thorace maculis duabus nigris rotundatis cinereo

cinctis ; elytris punctis paucis pallidis.

Of a dull brown; the thorax with two black rounded marks mar-
gined with cinereous; elytra punctured, and with a few palish dots
arranged in two indistinct transverse bands, and a white dot before ;
legs spotted with brownish.

Length 64 lines.

Hab. E. Indies. Coll. Brit. Mus.

In the general form allied to dA. nubdila rather than to A. curculio-
noides.

CACIA GRISELLA, 0. s.

C. cinereo-fusca punctata, sutura et margine elytrorum punctu-
latis, fascia grisea undata mediana antice et postice fusco mar-
ginata.

Of an ashy-brown, thickly punctured, the suture and margin of
the elytra punctulated with brown ; across the middle of the elytra
there is a greyish waved band, in front and behind margined with
brown. Head, in front and on the crown down the middle with an
impressed line ; legs and antennze brownish, base of the joiuts of the
latter greyish, the former with short greyish hairs.

Length 42 lines.

Hab. Hong-Kong (J. C. Bowring, Esq.). Coll. Brit. Mus.

CACIA ANTENNATA, D0. 8.

C. griseo-fusca, elytris fascia nigro-fusca ante et altera cinerea
post mediam partem ; antennis fuscis, articulis tertio, quarto,
sexto, octavo et duobus ultimis basi cinereis ; pedibus griseis
Susco maculatis abdominis segmentis pilis ochraceis ciliatis.

Greyish-brown, the elytra before the middle with a deep brown
transverse band somewhat contracted at the suture, behind it a greyish
band margined behind with deep brown, and punctulated in the
middle with brown; abdomen with the posterior segments ciliated
with ochreous hairs ; legs greyish spotted, especially on the femora,
with brown ; antennze brown, the basal joint slightly thickened at

+ the end, and on the outside somewhat ridged, the third, fourth, sixth,

.
2
i:

eighth, and two last joints cinereous at the base.
Length 7 lines.
Hab. Java. Coll. Brit. Mus.

CACIA LATIFASCIATA, 0. 8S.

C. nigra, capite thoraceque supra ochraceo lineatis ; elytris Sascia
mediana lata ochraceo-fusca cinereo-variegata ; basi et apice
ochraceo-punctulatis ; abdomine subtus medio nigro; pedibus
nigris, libiis medio ochraceo annulatis.

Brownish-black ; head in front ochraceous, dotted with black, an

4 impressed line down the front and over the crown ; top of head black,

No. CCCLXXII.—Procerpines or THE ZooLoGicaL Sociery.

402

with three ochreous lines ; thorax black, with five longitudinal
ochreous lines, the two on each side of the central one interrupted
with black; scutellum black, with an ochreous spot at the base and
another at the tip; elytra somewhat roughly and distantly punc-
tured, the base and apex black, spotted and marked with ochraceous ;
the centre with a wide ochreous-brown band varied with greyish, in
front and behind undulated and margined with black ; under side
black, spotted and varied with ochraceous ; hinder side of abdomen
black in the middle; tibize with a widish ochreous ring round the
middle; antenne, three first joints black varied with ochreous,
ciliated behind (the others are broken off ).

Length 7-9 lines.

Hab. N. China (Shanghai) (Coll. Fortune). Coll. Brit. Mus.

PHYMASTERNA LEUCOSsTICTICA, n. Ss. (PI. LIII. fig. 3.)

P. nigra ; elytris maculis plurimis parvis albis, singulis subqua- -

dricostatis mesothoracis lateribus pilis albidis confertis tectis ;
abdominis segmentis lateribus cinereo marginatis.

Black, head with scattered cinereous hairs ; thorax very smooth
above, sides below the recurved lateral spines varied with two or
three spots of greyish hairs; elytra at the base rounded and some-
what produced behind ; surface of each punctured and obscurely
four-ribbed ; the punctures behind the shoulders, running together,
cause the surface there to be somewhat rugose; black, with many
small white marks formed of hairs; sides of thorax beneath covered
with white adpressed hairs ; margins of abdominal segments behind
edged with cinereous hairs ; legs with scattered cinereous hairs.

Length 43 lines.

Hab. Sierra Leone (Rev. D. F. Morgan). Coll. Brit. Mus.

PHYMASTERNA SENILIS, Nn. 8.

P. nigra, pubes delicatula cinerea tecta; thorace levi, elytris
punctatis, humeris et basi profundis ; basi medio sinuato.

Black, covered with a slight cinereous pubescence ; cheeks ochra-
ceous; thorax very smooth; elytra punctured, more deeply at the
base, but more especially on the shoulders ; the base in the middle
sinuated ; abdomen down the middle black, the sides cinereous.

Length 8 lines.

Hab. Sierra Leone (Rev. D. F. Morgan). Coll. Brit. Mus.

DIASTOCERA CATHERINA,n.S. (PI, LIII. fig. 4.)

D. elongata, angusta, cinerascenti-nigra; thoracis marginibus
anticis posticisque purpureo-rufis ; elytris albido delicatulo
punctulatis singulis fasciis 7-8 purpureo-rufis angustis inter-
ruptis ornatis ; femoribus et tibtis purpureo-rufo vittatis; ab-
domine subtus purpureo-rufo transversim quadrifasciato.

Elongated, narrow, greyish-black ; head in front and margin of

eyes varied with purplish red ; antennz black, sprinkled with greyish
hairs; thorax in front wider than behind; the fore and hind edges

. =

403

margined with purplish-red, the rest black, rather thickly varied
with short grey hairs; the lateral margins with two slight plaits ;
elytra elongated, narrow, greyish-black, thickly iF the pune-
tures filled with small grey hairs, which give the elytra the appear-
ance of being thickly dotted with whitish ; across them are from
seven to eight interrupted narrow purplish-red or pinkish bands, the
apex margined with pinkish-red; the mesothorax with a large red-
dish patch coming down on each side ; abdomen beneath with four
transverse pinkish bands, one on each posterior margin of the seg-
ment; femora above with a longitudinal pinkish vitta and a smaller
one beneath ; tibize with a longish patch of pink.

Length 15 lines.

Hab. 8. Africa. Coll. Brit. Mus.

Dedicated to Miss Catherine Spooner, of Kentish Town, the ele-
gant and amiable artist who drew the Plate on which this insect is
figured.

CERATITES PIPERITA, 0. 8.

C. nigra, albido creberrime punctulata ; thorace transversim sul-
catulo: elytris rude punctatis, basi intus haud elevatis.

Purplish-black, the elytra very thickly punctulated with white ;
thorax with many transverse furrowed lines, having corresponding
ridges ; elytra rather roughly punctured, the base not ridged as in
C. jaspidea, nor having like it the portion at the base of the suture
somewhat elevated; under side with many small tufts of greyish
hairs, the posterior margin of abdominal segments rather thickly
ciliated ; legs rather thickly covered with short cinereous hairs.

Length 104 lines.

Hab. 8. Africa (Sir Andrew Smith). Coll. Brit. Mus.

CEROSTERNA JAVANA, N.S.

C. ferrugineo-fusca ; humeris excavato-punctatis, punctis postice
subtuberculatis.

Allied to C. gladiator, but of a brown approaching to ferruginous,
the apex of the joints of the antenne darker; middle portion of
thorax between the spines somewhat wrinkled ; elytra with the
shoulder and space about it covered with deep excavated punctures,
most of them somewhat tuberculated behind; elytra in some parts
varied with paler patches.

Length 13 lines.

Hab. Java. Coll. Brit. Mus.

CxeROSTERNA PLAGIATA, 0D. 8.

C. cervino-fusca sericea, antennarum articulis, a tertio, apice
nigro-fuscis, cervice nigro-punctata ; thorace supra pallido tri-
vittato ; scutello lateribus pallidis ; elytris singulis basi sub-
tuberculatis, plaga magna laterali subquadrata pallida, macu-
lisque variis parvis pallidis, una post mediam, majore.

Silky fawn-coloured brown ; the back part of head with two or

404

four brown spots, sometimes obsolete ; antennee with the joints from
the third to the end tipped with brown; thorax above with three
pale vittee, the sides of which are jagged ; on each side of the cen-
tral one, before the middle, there is a small round dot; the lateral
spine is sometimes surrounded by the side vitta; the scutellum has
the side margins pale ; the elytra are somewhat tuberculated at the
base ; there is a large pale squarish patch on the side of each elytron
‘before the middle, and several small scattered spots besides ; there is
a largish pale spot behind the middle, and two others between it and
the tip, but these spots vary in the specimen, and sometimes run
into each other; under side rather paler than the upper : each seg-
ment of the abdomen has a small brown spot on the side.

Length 9-13 lines.

Hab. KE. Indies (Walter Elliott, Hsq.). Coll. Brit. Mus.

CEROSTERNA TESSELLATA, N.S.

C. ochracea, sericea, antennarum articulo basali nigro; thorace
supra vittis duabus nigris distantibus strigaque nigra laterali,
elytris nigro maculisque ochraceis variegatis, scutello et spatio
triangulari ad basim communi suture ochraceo, elytris singulis
maculis tribus magnis subrotundis ochraceis ; pedibus corpo-
reque subtus ochraceis.

Ochreous yellow, sometimes of a lighter, sometimes of a darker hue;
head yellow, with a black mark behind the eye, connected with a
waved streak to the side of it; thorax above with two distant lon-
gitudinal vittee, widest in the middle; each side with a narrow black
streak running through the spines; scutellum and a triangular space
behind it at the base of the suture yellow; each of the elytra varied
with black and with small yellow spots, the tip yellow; there are
three largish somewhat round yellow spots, one placed before the
middle of each elytron, the second behind the middle, and the third
before the tip and received into a notch of the yellow space; legs
and under side yellow, femora slightly tipped with black; antennee
with the basal joint black, the other joints yellowish ferruginous ;
most of the joints tipped with dark brown.

Length from 73 to 93 lines. _

Hab. K. Indies. Coll. Brit. Mus.

CEROSTERNA IMITATOR, N.S.

C. nigra, antennarum articulis apice basique cinereo annulatis ;
thoracis dorso supra maculis quatuor subochraceis ; elytris
singulis basi levibus, maculis paucis depressis pilis subochraceis
teclis ; corpore lateribus subtus plagis magnis subochraceis
ornato ; pedibus pube carulescenti tectis.

A species allied to C. farinosa, but may at once be distinguished
from it by the following characters :—the front of the head is slightly
marked with white, a short white band on each side close to the eye ;
the lower part of the cheek has a patch of short ochrey-coloured
hairs ; the joints of the antennee, beginning with the third, are nar-

405

rowly ringed with ash-coloured hairs at the base and at the apex ;
the thorax above has four slight ochraceous marks, two in front and
two behind ; each of the elytra at the base is smooth, or with only
one or two instead of many as in the C. punctator; the surface has
a few depressed spots larger than in the other, and covered with
ochraceous hairs; the under side of the thorax and the abdomen
with large spots of ochraceous hairs; legs slightly bluish from a
delicate pubescence with which they are covered. ~

Length 16 lines.

Hab, N. China (Shanghai) (Coll. Fortune), Coli. Brit. Mus.

AnopLostHara JARDINE!, n.s. (PI. LIII. fig. 5.)

A. pilis fulvis densissime induta, thoracis dorso plagis duabus
magnis cretaceo-albis, plagis singulis marginibus nigris et ex-
terne (quoad situm) rectis, interne rotundatis ; elytris singulis
plagis tribus cretaceo-albis, basali subcordata lobo interno
cordis elongato ad basin; plaga mediana subtriangulari, plaga
apicali subelongato-trianguiari ; thoracis abdominisque lateri-
bus cretaceo distincte plagiatis.

Long. une. 1, lin. 1.

Hab. Africa mer. Coll. Plant. in Mus. Brit. Coleopteron hoc
pulchrum, Domini Gulielmi Jardine, Baronetti, de prisca gente Seo-
tica, nomen fert.

This fine, very distinctly marked, species of the genus was sent
to the Museum by the late Mr. Plant. I saw a specimen forwarded
to Dr. Baird by Sir William Jardine, Bart., the distinguished Scot-
‘tish naturalist ; I have named it in compliment to one who has la-
boured so long, so assiduously, and so successfully, in making his
fayourite subject popular. His edition of White’s ‘Selborne,’ in
*Constable’s Miscellany,’ made many a one who read, about 1830,
fam‘liar with that delightful observer. His ‘ Naturalist’s Library,’
and his more scientific Ornithological, Ichthyological, and Palonto-
graphical works are all highly appreciated. Of late years the Ba-
ronet of Applegirth (of that ancient family, the Jardines) has attended
much to Entomology.

This species has no inconsiderable resemblance to Cerosterna mar-
garitifera, Melly, an Indian species figured by Westwood.

MonNoHAMMUS ARMATUS, 0. 8.

M. nigro-fuscus, elytris singulis spinis 8 magnis suberectis, dor-
salibus antennis subferrugineis.

Of a deep blackish-brown, the elytra varied with many small dull
ochrey spots formed of short hairs ; head slightly punctured in front
at the base of the antennz; antenne with the basal joint above
slightly striated across, deep brown, the third and following joints
ferruginous, the tips dark brown ; thorax above somewhat rough
with three small tubercles, two transverse placed before the other ;
seutellum covered with ochreous hairs ; elytra with two or three small
spines about the shoulders, and with eight large strong outstanding

406

spines, arranged in four oblique lines, the first solitary, the second
(with two spines) before the middle, the third (with three spies) be-
hind the middle, the fourth (with two spines) a little behind the third
line ; legs deep brown, tibize rather paler.

Length 9 lines.

Hab. Silhet. Coll. Brit. Mus.

MoNOHAMMUS LARVATUS, 0. 8.

M. ater, capite lineis quatuor albis, in genis brevibus, in lateribus
Jrontis, elongatis, macula triangulart inter oculos et post basin
antennarum, antennis articulis 5-8 albis, quarto basi albo,
apice nigro, elytris punctatis ; maculis plurimis albis, humero
intus excavato et postice directo ; pedibus et abdomine subtus
pilis cinereis vestitis.

Black ; the head in front with two white lines widely separated
from each other, each cheek has a shorter white band; behind the
notch which separates the antennz there is a triangular patch of
white hairs divided down the middle by a slight raised line; an-
tennee have the first and second joints and the third at the base of a
reddish brown, the tip of the third joint is black, the base of the fourth
joint is white, the greater part of the joint being black; the fifth, sixth,
seventh, and eighth joints are white, the terminal joints are brown ;
the thorax is in front shortly ciliated with white, the back is co-
vered with very small tubercles, the hind margin, except in the
middle, is narrowly margined with white ; the sides of the scutellum
are margined with white hairs; the elytra have the shoulders fur-
nished with an abrupt knob, which extends backward and is hollowed
out on the inside ; elytra punctured, at the base slightly tubereu-
lated ; covered with short inconspicuous black hairs, and varied with
a great many small white spots formed by patches of short hairs ;
under side of body and legs with short greyish adpressed hairs; the
second, third, and fourth segment of the abdomen narrowed. The
sternum projects between the middle pair of legs.

Length 103 lines.

Had. India (Coll. Children). Coll. Brit. Mus.

MoNOHAMMUS STEPHANUS, 0. 8.

M. nigro-fuscus, capite punctato, vertice linea transversa sex
punctorum luteorum ; thorace supra vittulis quatuor longitu-
dinalibus luteis, medianis abbreviatis ; elytris singulis linea
obliqua alba, antice incrassata, apice subochraceo et linea
plagam magnam triangularem velutinam fuscam fere eingente.

This species is allied to M. crucifer, but differs from it somewhat
in form, the thorax and elytra being rather narrower ; it is of a
deep brown, the head and first jomt of the antennze are punctured ;
on the back part of the head is a transverse line formed of six small
yellowish spots, behind which is a black line indented in front ;
thorax above roughish, with points and with a few transverse wrinkles
in the middle, with four obscure longitudinal yellowish lines, one over

407

each spine, and two abbreviated in the middle ; seutellum with deep
yellow hairs; elytra at the base scabrous, with small tubercles and
with a few patches of deep yellow hairs ; on each elytron is a large
triangular deep velvety brown mark, the fore-edge with a transverse
white line, thickened at the end next to the margin, behind edged
with pale, and the space between the spot and the tip somewhat
ochraceous, varied with brownish ; legs and under side brown, with
distant scattered greyish hairs.

Length 11 lines.

Hab. E. Indies. Coll. Brit. Mus.

Mono#wAMMUS MELANOSTICTICUS, N. §8.

M. pallido cinereo-viridis ; articulis antennarum apice fuscis ;
elytris singulis lineis sex transversis macularum nigrarum.

Thickly covered with pale ashy-green pubescence, the antenna at
the apex brownish ; a black spot on the cheek to the side of the
eye; the thorax with three black spots placed transverstly ; elytra
rounded at the apex, each with six transverse rows of small squarish
black spots, the base somewhat tubercled and punctured. Under
side and legs covered with pale ashy-green pubescence ; the meso-
thorax with a blackish spot on each side.

Length 7} to 8} lines.

Hab, N. India. Coll. Brit. Mus.

MoNnoHAMMUS GEORGIUS, 0. 8.

M., cinereo-fuscus, sericeus ; capite inter antennas fisso, antennis
subochraceis, articulis apice fuscis ; thorace lineis quatuor ob-
scuris longitudinalibus ochraceis, sulcis duobus transversis ;
scutello ochraceo in medio linea levi; elytris apice rotundatis,
basi tuberculatis, singulis costis quatuor obsciris, spatiis inter
costas punctatis, et variegatis nigro et ochraceo ; fascia trans-
versa quatuor guttarum ochracearum ante apicem; apice
ochraceo maculato et sublineato, abdomine subtus, latere sin-
gulo, lineis duabus macularum.

Of an ashy-brown, the elytra with a silky pile; head between the
antennz cleft; behind the cleft two ochreous bands; antenne
ochreous, the joints at the tip brown; thorax black, varied with
ochreous and with four rather obscure ochreous bands, two in the
middle and one on each side over the spine, with two transverse
shallow grooves; scutellum ochreous, with a smooth line down the
middle; elytra at the base tuberculated, each with four indistinct
coste, the space between punctured and varied with small ochreous
spots and a few velvet-like black spots; between the middle and
the tip there is an arcuated transverse line formed of three or four
longish ochreous spots; the front of each has a velvet-like black
spot; near the tip, where the costs: converge and are lineated with
ochreous, there is a hooked range of small ochreous spots often con-

408

verging ; the under part of abdomen with two lines of ochreous spots
on each side.

Length 9 to 132 lines.

Hab. Silhet.

MoNOHAMMUS FREDERICUS, Ui. 8.

M. nigro-fuscus, fronte ochraceo-maculato, vertice ochraceo bili-
neato ; thorace subangustato supra transversim aciculato, lineis
quatuor ochraceis interruptis ; elytris apice rotundato singulis
bast subtuberculatis, tuberculis in lineis tribus indistincte ordi-
natis ; lineis tribus valde interruptis macularum flavarum et
nigrarum femoribus ad apicem annulo ochraceo ; corpore sub-
tus nigro, flavo maculato.

Allied to M. Georgius, but may be distinguished by the thorax
being narrower and delicately aciculated across; the front is spotted
with ochreeus, and on the cheek is a short yellow band ; on the crown
of the head and between the notch are two slender yellow lines; the
elytra are, at the base, tubercles, the tubercles close to each other and
somewhat arranged in three lines; on each elytron are three lines of
distant velvet-black spots with occasional yellow marks, which, behind
the middle, are blotched together ; the antenne, elytra, and legs are
darker ; the femora have a ring of yellowish hairs just before the tip,
and the under side of the body is black and marked with yellow
spots, arranged on the abdomen in four lines. ~

Length 10+ lines.

Hab. Assam. Coll. Brit. Mus.

MoNOHAMMUS TESSERULA, 0. S.

M. ferrugineo-fuscus, capite, antennarum articulo basali pilis
ochraceis variegatis ; thorace supra medio vittis duabus dis-
tinctis fulvo-ochraceis ; elytris apice rotundatis lineis sex fer-
ruginers punctatis alternatim ordinatis cum lineis quinque albis,
maculis nigris tessellatis, corpore subtus subochraceo nigro ver-
miculato.

Ferruginous-brown, elytra tessellated with white and black and fer-
ruginous ; head and first joint of antenne varied with ochrey hairs,
the other joints at the base ashy-brown, at the tips dark brown;
thorax above somewhat rugose, with two wide and distinct tawny-
yellow bands down the middle; elytra at the base somewhat tuber-
cular; the surface of each with six ferruginous lines punctured with
black, and alternating with five greyish-white lines, which are tessel-
lated with black ; body beneath somewhat ochraceous and slightly
vermiculated with black.

Length 7 lines to 112 lines.

Hab. China (Hong-Kong) (J. C. Bowring, Esq. and Major Cham-
pion). Coll. Brit. Mus.

409

MoNOHAMMUS OFFICINATOR.

M. ferrugineo-fuscus, pilis densis vestitus, thorace medio nudo et
transversim striato, elytris apice rotundatis basi subtubercu-
lato, singulis maculis duabus pallide flavis, una ante, alia post
mediam partem elytri, elytris punctis parvis flavis et ochraceis ;
elytris post scutellum paullo depressis.

M. officinator, De}. MSS. Coll. Chevr.

Ferruginous-brown, clothed with a dense pile; thorax in the
middle with a slight bare space, transversely striated ; elytra at the
base covered with many small tubercles, behind the scutellum and on
the suture slightly depressed, with many small scattered yellow and
ochreous spots ; each elytron has besides two larger pale yellow spots,
differing in size in different specimens, surrounded with a darker
colour, the first somewhat oblique and before the middle, the second
behind the middle ; underside and legs uniform ferruginous-brown.

Length 11 to 12 lines.

Hab. Assam.

MoNOHAMMUS BRIANUS, Ii. Ss.

M. niger, thorace supra vittis tribus albis, una mediana ; scutello
albo ; elytris singulis apice truncatis, maculis 8 marginalibus
et suturalibus, plagisque quatuor albis in medio elytri, tertio
biangulato ; lateribus corporis subtus albo plagiatis, segmentis
abdominis postice albo ciliatis.

Black ; thorax above with three white vitte, one in the middle,
one on each side above the spine, the side below the spine with a
widish white band ; scutellum white ; each of the elytra truncated
at the tip, the margin with four white spots, the suture with three,
and one before the tip; down the middle are four largish white
patches, one at the base, the third shaped like a Z; under side of
thorax and body with a long white band.

(Head wanting in the specimen.)

Length of thorax and elytra 9 lines.

Hab. Nepal (B. H. Hodgson, Esq.). Coll. Brit. Mus.

MonoHAMMUS NIVOSUS, nN. 8s.

M. ferrugineo-fuscus, sericeo-velutinus, fronte et antennis ca-
nescentibus ; thorace subtuberculato ; scutelli lateribus nigro-
Suscis, apice truncato ; elytris sericeo-canis basi, et lateribus
Serrugineo-fuscis, apice fusco, vitta laterali intus bisinuata ;
corpore subtus et pedibus ferrugineo-fuscis, sericeis ; elytris
singulis apice rotundatis.

Of a ferruginous-brown, with punctured, almost foveolated, elytra;
front of head pale, whitest on the margins; antennme pale; thorax
somewhat tuberculated, punctured ; scutellum short, truncated, sides
very dark brown ; elytra of a satiny grey at the base, a slight patch at
the tip, and a’ widish band on the side (which is bisinuated on the
nner margin), ferruginous brown, and the apex of each elytron

410

rounded ; under sides and legs ferruginous-brown silky, the knees
greyish.

Length 9 to 10 lines.

Hab. Ceylon (F. Layard, Esq.), India? Coll. Brit. Mus.

MonoHuAamMMus SUBCRUCIATUS, Ni. S.

M. pallide fuscus, elytris griseo subcruciatis et punctatis ; tho-
race supra subtuberculato et punctulato, spina laterali subcur-
vata ; thorace medio postice pallide lineato, scutello pallido;
elytris apice intus obliquis.

Near M. obfuscatus, the head is shorter and the eyes are larger ;
the thorax above is somewhat tuberculated and punctulated, the
lateral spine on each side somewhat hooked backwards, a short palish
line on the back part of the thorax, seutellum pale; elytra pale
brown, punctured, with a large greyish cross-shaped mark, each of
the elytra at the apex obliquely cut inward.

Length 82 lines.

Hab. China (Hong-Kong) (J. C. Bowring, Esq.). Coll. B. M.

MonouAmMMUS SUBLINEATUS, Nl. S.

M. griseus fusco tinctus ; antennarum articulis apice fuscis, capt-
tis vertice linea levi; thorace supra lineis duabus nigro-fuseis
postice convergentibus ; elytris griseis, fusco longitudinaliter
sublineatis, plaga mediana nigro-fusca.

Griseous and tinged with brown; joints of antenne brown at the
tip, greyish at the base, the first jot brown speckled with greyish ;
head brownish, a smooth impressed line between the antennee and
extending to back part of head ; thorax above with two deep blackish-
brown vittze converging behind; elytra somewhat truncated at the
tip, greyish, and each with at least four longitudinal brownish lines,
at the base blackish-brown and tubercled, a large blackish-brown
silky patch touching the margin, but not the suture, transverse in
front and oblique behind ; legs and under side tinged with brown.

Length 9 lines.

Hab. Silhet.

MoNOHAMMUS SIERRICOLA, 0. 5S.

M. griseo-cinereus, capitis fronte et vertice ferrugineo tinctis ;
thoracis dorso plaga magna nigro-fusca, postice ferrugineo
maculata, spina supra ferruginea ; elytris elongatis macula
communi quadrata fusca ante mediam; ante apicem fascia
transversa nigro-fusca in suturam postice currente; elytris
singulis apice truncatis et ferrugineo ciliatis.

Of a grizzled grey ; the head in front and the crown tinged with
a yellowish ferruginous ; the front with a short brown line crossed
at the top by a wider line, sides of head grey; antenne with the
first joint grey on the outside, brown on the inside, and yellowish

411

ferruginous at the tip, other joints greyish ochreous at the base, brown
at the tip; thorax above inthe middle with a very wide dark brown
band occupying the greater part of upper surface ; it has a yellowish
patch on its hinder portion ; above the spine there is a short line of
a yellowish ferruginous hue, between that and the dorsal patch is a
narrow short obscure line ; the elytra are elongated and of a grizzly
grey; the shoulder is tinged with ferruginous; before the middle
there is a large squarish brown spot on the suture common to both
elytra, it is margined on the side with ferruginous ; before the tip
there is a transverse blackish-brown band, which at the suture ex-
tends to the tip: the under side is griseous, the abdominal joints
marked behind with blackish-brown ; legs brown and griseous, the
soles of tarsi and the joints tinged with ferruginous yellow.

Length 10} lines.

Hab. Sierra Leone (Rev. D. F. Morgan). Coll. Brit. Mus.

MoNnoHAMMUS OBFUSCATUS, 0. s.

M. fusco-griseus, antennis canescentibus, capite medio linea levi,
thorace medio linea levi abhreviata et vittis duabus nigro-
Juscis obscuris; elytris basi scabriusculis, singulis maculis
duabus nigro-fuscis una basali ad suturam recta, altera ad
mediam subcurvata sericea, apice subtruncatis et subemar-
ginatis ; corpore subtus pedibusque ferrugineo-cinereis.

Allied to H. sublineatus. The antenne are of a greyish hue ;
the thorax has an abbreviated smooth line down the middle, on each
side of it is an obscure vitta of a deepish brown ; the base of the elytra
is somewhat scabrous ; the apex is somewhat truncated and slightly
notched ; each has two dark brown marks, the first is straight and
rather near the suture, the other is silky and somewhat curved
near the middle; the legs and under side are of a greyish ferru-
ginous.

Length 10 to 11 lines.

Hab. China (Hong-Kong) (J. C. Bowring, Esq.). Coll. B. M.

MoNOHAMMUS ASPERULUS, 0.8.

M. griseo-fuscus, elytrorum humeris acutiusculis, basi medio
elevato, basi plaga magna fusca communi ; elytris post mediam
partem, macula sericeo-velutina fusca, antice fissa, pedibus et
corpore subtus nigro punctatis.

Of a greyish-brown ; head with scattered black punctures ; thorax

_ onthe upper side with five small tubercles, one in the middle larger

than the others, the front and back part of the thorax and two lines
on the back with black punctures ; elytra with a short longitudinal
elevation at the base, serrated on the top, a large triangular brown
mark at the base, common to both elytra, beyond the middle of each
a deep brown velvet-like mark deeply notched in front ; the suture
before the tip is bordered with deep silky brown; the general sur-
face is somewhat roughened and punctured ; the legs and under side

412

of the body are punctulated with black; the elytra are rounded at
the tip.

Length 93 to L1 lines.

Hab. Port Natal. Coll. Brit. Mus.

PrycHODES HONDUR&.

P. olivaceus, ore supra sulphureo marginato, capite vittis tribus
pallidé sulphureis, una verticali, una singulis lateribus ; thorace
vittis tribus pallide sulphureis, una dorsali, una lateribus sin-
gulis, dorso transversim striatulo ; scutello pallide sulphureo ;
elytris apice acuminatis spinosis; elytris vitta suturali com-
munt sulphureo ante apicem desinente ; elytris singulis vitta
laterali pallide sulphurea, mesothorace macula laterali sul-
phurea ; abdominis segmentis quatuor basalibus linea sulphurea.

Olive, punctured, face above the mouth margined with pale yellow ;
head with three pale yellow vittae, one on the crown and a wider
one on each cheek, a slight yellow mark at the bottom of the notch of
the eye; antennz ferruginous brown, the three basal joints darker ;
thorax above slightly striated across with three pale yellow vitte,
one down the middle, and one rather wider on each side, in the same
line with those on cheek and side of elytra ; scutellum pale yellow,
elytra with a narrow yellow band on the suture, but not extending
to the tip: the inner margins of it are toothed ; the sides of the
elytra have a rather wide pale yellow band, the margins are some-
what toothed; each side of the mesothorax has a pale yellow spot ;
the first four segments of the abdomen havea pale yellow line below ;
the last segment of the abdomen has a small slight spot on each side.

Length 12 lines.

Hab. Honduras. Coll. Brit. Mus.

CEREOPSIUS HELENA, White. (Pl. LILI. fig. 7.)

C. pilis brevibus creberrimis indutus, scutello, capite, thoracis
partibus, abdominis segmentorum marginibus subtus pilis pal-
lidioribus ornatis ; elytris singulis, plagis duabus magnis nigris,
plagulam elegantem irregularem sericeo-albidam, includen-
tibus.

Long. une. lin. 1.

Hab. Borneo (Coll. Horsburgh in Mus. Brit.).

Coleopteron hoe distinctum conjugis mez carissimee nomen fert ;

figura picturam pulchriter notatam entomologis monstrabit.

Thorax with lateral spines, not so far back as in Mr. Pascoe’s
pretty species Cereopsius exoletus, from Sarawak; the transverse
groove, behind front, rather deep and free from much pile, a de-
pressed space on the back between spine, narrower in middle in front,
and with a slightly emarginate protuberance behind; the elytra
deeply punctured at the base, with a few scattered punctures, a very
slight bulge at the base on each side of the pale hair-covered scu-
tellum ; each elytron has a large black patch, including the bulging,

“tt eS

413

but not very prominent shoulder, and passing from it to the suture
diagonally, so as to leave a broad, subtruncated, triangular brown
space at the base of both elytra, including the scutellum ; this black
space extends to before the middle, its hind edge is waved, a large

ale testaceous irregular patch is included in it, arising from lateral
edge, bnt not extending to the suture ; it is of a pale yellowish silky
white, and its well-defined edge makes the contrast with the black
background singularly pleasing ; behind the middle of each elytron
is an oval black patch, not extending to the suture, and at some
distance from the tip it has another white silky spot, well-defined ;
the elytra are somewhat truncated at the tip, the outer point of
truncature being slightly apiculated ; the hind margins of the abdo-
men beneath are edged with lighter-coloured pile.

A distinct species of the genus Cereopsis, whose name has been
changed by Mr. Pascoe to Cereopsius, that it may not be confounded
with Latham’s Cere-billed Goose from New Holland—Cereopsis.
As Mr. Pascoe has changed the name, I retain his modification, not
because I deem it necessary. The strong and long first joints of the
antennee, placed near each other at the base, and separated by a
notch, are well-marked ; they are of a rich brownish-red colour.

3. First Srers rowarps A MonoGRAPH OF THE C&CID&, A
-Famity or Rosrrirerous Gasreroropa. By Puirip P.
CARPENTER.

History of the Group.

The remarkable Mollusks here described long escaped observa-
tion, from their extreme minuteness. The Dentalium minutum ot
Linn. (ed. 12, no. 1264), described as from the Mediterranean, ‘testa
tam parva, ut genus nisi armatis oculis non conspiciatur,’’ may pos-
sibly be the Brochina glabra, as supposed by Hanl. (F. & H. Brit.
Moil. vol. iii. p. 181), though the same author prefers assigning
it to the young of Ditrupa gadus in his Ips. Linn. Conch. p. 439.
This is also supposed by Milne-Edwards (Lam. An. S. Vert. vol. v.
p. 599, no. 21). According to Dr. Fleming, ‘none of the shells
of this genus were known to Linnzus. Mr. Boys discovered the
Caecum imperforatum, which was inserted by Mr. Walker in the
genus Dentalium.”

The British species, supposed to be three in number, were described
(as Dentelia) by Montague, 1803, and by other writers on native
shells; but Dr. Fleming was the first to point out their generic pe-
euliarities. In the Edinburgh Encyclopedia, 1817, article ‘“* Con-
chology,” he characterized Caecum as “Shell tubular, cylindrical, sub-
arcuated, undivided, and closed at the apex.’’ This he placed between
Dentalium and Serpula, as the Sth genus of his Order I. Univalves,
Division I. Unilocula, citing three species, C. imperforatum, trachea
and glabrum. In his ‘ Philosophy of Zoology,’ 1822, he altered the

414

generic name to Cecalium, which was adopted by Macgillivray in
his Mollusca of Aberdeen.

Capt. Brown, in his Ill. Rec. Conch. Gr. Br., 1827, although
writing from Edinburgh, took no notice of his predecessor’s labours,
except to cite his figures, and proposed two genera—one, Brochus,
for the adult ; the other, Cornuoides, for the early state of the same
species. These are placed among Annelides as the third and fourth
genera of the family Maldanie, characterized as having the ‘‘ bran-
chiee of the animal intermediate; tube open at both ends.’ The
very loose descriptions and inaccurate figures of this work render
the identification of species extremely difficult ; nevertheless, as in
this British work is the first publication of foreign Ceca, it is ne-
cessary to analyse its contents. Aided by specimens of the supposed
British shells in the collection of Mr. Alder, and by a tolerably com-
prehensive series of known West Indian specimens, the following is
offered as a fair elimination of Brown’s forms :—

Genus Brochus.

Species 1. trachiformis, Brown,= Dentalium trachea, Mont.
British.

Species 2. striatus, Brown, (described as destitute of a knob,
but figured with one),—=Dent. imperforatum,
Mont.=ftrachea, var. British.

Species 3. reticulatus, Brown, =annulatus, adolescent. West
Indian.

Species 4. annulatus, Brown. A good species, but West
Indian.

Species 5. glabrus, Brown,= Dent. glabrum, Mont. British.

Species 6. /evis, Brown, (erroneously quoted as the Dent. im-
perforatum of Walk. and Mont.),? = Dent.
glabrum, var. British.

Species 7. arcuatus, Brown,=Dent. glabrum, Mont., ado-
lescent: v. infra. British.

Genus Cornuoides.
Species 1. major, Brown, ?=Cecum trachea, jun. British.
Species 2. minor, Brown,= Brochina glabra, jun. British.

There is no evidence that the author had himself seen the shells
he described from Walker’s figures as Cornuoides. The same errors
are repeated in the second edition (which is that cited in the follow-
ing pages), bearmg date 1844.

In 1828, Fleming in his Hist. Brit. An. p. 237, places his Ceca
(postea Cecalia) along with Foraminifera in the genus Orthocera,
under Mollusca Cephalopoda,—a proceeding which Philippi charac-
terizes as “ horribile dictu ;”’ but, without breaking up the tube, it
was not worse to regard the plug with its knob as a chamber and
siphuncle, than to disregard the plug altogether and treat the shell
as a Dentalium. The same species are again cited, but not the same
shells, the Orthocera trachea being the Brochus annulatus of
Brown.

In 1834 (according to Bronn, ‘ Lethzea,’ p. 985) Zborzewski de-

} bo
ner

415

scribed the Cecum trachea under the name Odontina, in the Mém.
Soc. Nat. Moscou, vol. iii. p. 310, pl. 27.f.5. This rare work had
not been seen by Philippi; nor have I been able to meet with a copy
containing the above citation.

In the celebrated Moll. Sic. Utr. vol. i. p. 102, 1836, Philippi
redescribes the Cecum trachea as Odontidium rugulosum, and assigns
his new genus a place among the Pteropods. This place is retained
in vol. ii. p. 73, where he cites the English synonyms, and quotes
Cantraine, who had previously figured the shell as a Creseis.

In 1842, Mr. Searles Wood catalogued four fossil species from
the Coralline Crag, in the Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., for the first
time directing attention to the shape of the plug as a guide in spe-
cific determination. In the Monogr. Crag Moll. (vol. i. of the im-
portant works published by the Palzeontological Society), 1848, the
species are further illustrated and figured, being arranged between
Vermetus and Litorina. The types were presented to the British
Museum, but without names.

Previously to the publication of Philippi’s views, W. Clark, Esq.,
in 1834, had discovered the animal of Caecum trachea, and ascer-
tained its true relationships. It was not, however, till 1847 that
he published his observations in the Ann. Nat. Hist. ser. 2. vol. iv.
p- 180. In his Moll. Test. Mar. Brit., 1855, pp. 322-331, he mi-
nutely describes the animals of the two British species, resigning his
MS. designation of Dentaliopsis, and inserting Fleming’s genus, with
Turritella, in the family Vermetide *.

In 1851, the British species were carefully described and the
animal of C. trachea figured in Forbes & Hanl. Brit. Moll. vol. iii.
pp- 176-183. Prof. Forbes placed the genus in Twrritellide, and
confirmed many of the observations of Mr. Clark. Mr. Hanley ex-
perienced difficulty in assigning Brown’s species, saying that ‘the

nus Cecum has not been studied with that due attention to its
oreign members which alone entitles us to pronounce upon what
are the permanent characters by which its species are determinable.”
This want it is the object of the present paper to aid in supplying.

In the same year (Oct. 15th, 1851), Mr. Stimpson presented a
Monograph of the species found in the United States, to the Bost.
Nat. Hist. Soc. It is published in their ‘ Proceedings,’ and contains
descriptions of the shells of two species from Florida, and one from
New England. In his ‘ Shells of New England’ is given a figure
of C. pulchellum, and an account of its animal (p. 36), agreeing in
the main with Clark’s observations on C. trachea.

In 1852, the late lamented Prof. C. B. Adams published his Mo-
nograph of the Shells of Panama in the ‘ Annals of the Lyceum of
Nat. Hist. New York. At pp. 160-163, 310, 311, eight supposed

* I have to record my greatest obligations to Mr. Clark for the kindness with
which he has supplied me with the records of his laborious researches, and fa-
youred me with perfectly fresh British specimens. A few of his observations (as,
@. g., that ?Skenea rota = Caecum trachea, jun. ; that the young Caca are fixed ; that
the operculum of Brochina glabra is analogous to that of Siliquaria) have not been
confirmed.

416

species are described and arranged in the family Litorinide, between
Turritella and Chemnitzia. According to the mode of diagnosis
here adopted, five of these species are resolvable into one. The types
are in the Amherst College Museum ; but duplicate types of six were
sent by the author to Mr. Cuming, and have supplied what was
wanting in the descriptions. Prof. Adams recorded that he had
found several species at Jamaica ; but he did not describe them.

In Woodward’s valuable ‘ Manual of Mollusca,’ 1851, p. 133, the
then accessible knowledge was condensed, and the genus placed in
Turritellide, between Aclis and Vermetus.

In Dr. Gray’s “ List of Genera,” P. Z. 8. 1847, p. 203, no. 775,
“? Cecum’’ appears with its synomymy in Family Cleodoride
(Pteropoda*). In the ‘Fig. Moll. An.’ p.85, the group first appears
as a family, between Scalariade and Truncatellide. In the ‘Guide
Syst. Distr. Moll.’ 1857, part i. pp. 100, 101, the family is placed
between Rissoide and Melaniada, and the genus Brochina is insti-
tuted.

In Messrs. H. and A. Adams’s ‘ Genera of Recent Mollusca,’ now
publishing, vol. i. p. 355, the family Ceczde is placed betwen Tur-
ritellide and Vermetide. In Philippi’s ‘ Handb. Conch. & Mal.’
p- 197, the Cecacea appear as a family between Vermetacea and
Siphonariacea.

The naturalists of France do not appear to have been acquainted
with these shells till of late years; neither in the works of Lamarck,
Cuvier, Sander Rang, D’Orbigny, nor Deshayes, is there to be found
any notice of their existence. This is the more remarkable, as
D’Orbigny paid no little attention to the minute shells of the West
Indies and South America. It is true that Chénu has copied Brown’s
figures of Cornuoides major and Brochus ‘‘ treechiformis”’ in his
‘Illustr. Conch.’ ; but itis hardly possible to recognize even the genus
in them.

In the ‘B.M. Cat. Maz. Moll.’ pp. 312-329, were described, in
August and September 1856, eighteen species of Caecum, grouped
under three heads according to sculpture, viz. Hlephantulum, Anellum,
and Fartulum. At the same time I prepared descriptions of the
remaining foreign species. The whole have now been subjected to
a rigid examination, after the study of about 1000 additional speci-
mens, principally from Mazatlan, the West Indies, and Teneriffe. The
best series of types of all the species at my disposal I have presented
to the British Museum. These will aid future students in correct-
ing the errors into which I have doubtless fallen, not from want of
patient care, but of materials and judgment. Other series of types
are prepared for public museums in America and on the Continent.

Station and Geographical Distribution.

The established European species are only two in number—Caeecum
trachea and Brochina glabra; but these have been found from Scot-
land to the Mediterranean. The living specimens have been taken

* See ‘ B.M. Cat. Pteropoda,’ p. 3, no. 7, where the error is corrected.

417

in the Coralline zone ; but their favourite haunts have not been made
known. Of these, the C. trachea is recorded as fossil in the Sub-
appenine beds.

On reaching the Canaries, we lose the European species; but at
the great depth of 50 fathoms Mr. M’Andrew dredged many hun-
dreds belonging to five species or varieties of the Anellum and Far-
tulum groups. They were all pure white and very fresh ; but most
were pierced by Proboscidifers, and not one was found with its
operculum. It is doubtful, therefore, whether the gravel-sand was
their place of residence. No species has yet been found either on
the Guinea Coast, at the Cape, or at Port Natal.

The tropical regions of America appear to be the head-quarters
of the group, both for the number of species and of indiviuals. The
only species which has been found living adheres to groups of Ver-
meti in the Laminarian zone. But the coarse sponge of commerce,
known to be from the West Indian region by the shells which are
found abundantly in it, as well as from the same Ceca being ob-
tained in shell-sand from the Antilles, has supplied the principal
part of the Atlantic species. Although most of the shells are dead,
enough have been found with their opercula to prove that they live
at no great distance. Here we find the handsome group Elephan-
tulum; here the most delicately sculptured forms in each division ;
and here the abnormal genus Meioceras, presenting in the mode of
growth a singular approach to Vermetus. It is remarkable that
the type of this genus is also found fossil in Barbadoes, both in its
young and adult state, in company with species still living in the
island, but now of smaller size (Dr. Cutting). The European types
are both found here sparingly ; but whether they are conspecific is
not yet decided.

On crossing the peninsula, we find eighteen species belonging to
the three groups of Ceca, all of which can be easily separated from
the (perfect) West Indian forms. Here again the “analogue” of
Brochina glabra occurs in limited numbers ; of its identity, even
anger it is vain to speak till the opercula have been found.

ost of the Mazatlan Ceca, to the number of at least 1200, were
found on breaking up the shells of large Spondyli, &c., where their
form is peculiarly adapted to traversing the numerous worm-eaten
passages in which they seem to reside *. Numbers were found in
every stage of growth (one only, however, with the nuclear coils,
which are extremely perishable), which materially aided in ascer-
taining the principles of specific variation ; and eleven species were
found with their opercula, of which some were nearly flat.

The Indo-Pacific fauna appears as bare of Ceca as the American
seasare rich. The C. annulatum reappears at Aden, and the C. re-
gulare from Singapore and Australia: from the latter country we
have a new species related to Brochina glabra; and Japan has re-
cently furnished us with two species, one at least distinet ; but

* A few, however, were found, with their opercula, among the sand from the

Olivellas, &c.
No. CCCLXXIII.—Procerpincs or THE ZOOLOGICAL Society.

418

among all Mr. Cuming’s dredgings at the Philippines, not a single
specimen has been found.

The earliest known appearance of Cecide on our globe was in
the Eocene epoch ; three species having been found in the London
clay, belonging to the remarkable type Strebloceras, which is as it
were a permanently undeveloped Cecum. In the Coralline Crag we
have three species which have since perished, while the recent B.
glabra appears to connect the ancient with the present condition of
our seas. No species have been found in the Eocene tertiaries of
the Paris basin (teste Deshayes, MS.) ; but one is said to have been
described by Grateloup from the middle epoch*. In Italy, species
have been found in the ?middle and later tertiaries ; one of which is
the C. trachea, now living in the same seas.

Specific Characters.

It is possible that all Czecids are smooth, or nearly so, in their «
nuclear and first tubular stage, assuming the characteristic sculp-
ture of the species either gradually or suddenly. The young shells
are much longer in proportion, and generally more bent, than the
adult ; the ribs and rings are either crowded or loose according to
circumstances ; and the mouth is often either sharp or thickened,
straight or slanting, according to age. ‘To found species on shape
and sculpture, therefore, is more hazardous than in most shells ;
but there is one character which, with certain slight exceptions, is
found generally reliable. This is the shape (not the mere amount of
prominence) of the plug, which, instead of being of homogeneous
texture and simply flat or convex as in other septa-making and de-
collated univalves, always presents, in every successive stage of in-
crease, the same marked peculiarities of form and the same striz of
growth. This character having been generally overlooked by pre-
vious authors, fresh diagnoses have been written for all the known
species, in order that, by the use of terms in the same sense, the
forms might be more easily compared together. The lire are
longitudinal riblets from apex to aperture, corresponding with spiral
sculpture in other shells; the annu/i form the concentric or trans-
verse sculpture. The sepfum is the plug covering the decollated
portion ; its margo lateralis, the profile when the shell lies on its
side. The plug itself is either wngulate, when the whole surface
rises gradually towards the back like a horse’s hoof ; or mucronate,
when it tapers to a point ; or mamillate, whenit is rounded, without
apex; or it is intermediate between these forms. The groups de-
scribed under Cecum can scarcely be regarded even as subgenera, 80 —
very gradually do _ pass one into the other; but they are found
convenient, to avoid the frequent repetition of characters, and to aid
in the identification of species.

* Teste Desh. in lit. But Dr. Gray, who has kindly consulted for me the Con-
chologie Fossile, 1840, is unable to find any allusion to the genus.

‘All our knowledge of the animals being in the papers of Clark and
Stimpson, it is not thought necessary to repeat their statements.
All the measurements are in decimals of an inch.

419

Family CAXCIDA, Gray.

Testa nucleosa spiralis, postea tubularis, regularis, haud affiva :
apertura orbiculari.
Operculum corneum, multispirale: margine haud fimbriato.

Turritellide, pars, Forbes, Stimps., Woodw.
Vermetide, pars, Clark. 2

Genus Cacum, Fleming.

Testa nucleosa planata : animal una in plana solute orbiculari
erescens : testa animali crescente iterum iterumque decollata,
septo regulari, varie constructo, partem decollatam teyente ;
superficie seu annulata, seu lirata, seu levi; apertura plerum-
que primum constricta, postea expansa.

Operculum concavum seu subplanatum ; sutura sepius linea ele-
vata instructa, interdum levi.

_ Syn. Cecalium, Macgil.—Brochus + Cornuoides, Brown.—Odon-
tina, Zborz.—Odontidium, Phil.—Cccum, Forbes & Hanl.—Denta-
liopsis, Clark, MS.—? Corniculina, Miinst.*—Dentalium, Orthocera
seu Creseis, pars, auct.

The distinguishing characters of the restricted genus are (1) the
frequently decollated, orbicular growth, the nuclear whirls being in
cant same plane as the adult; and (2) the concave or flattened oper-
eulum.

Sect. A. ELEPHANTULUM.

Ceca insigniora; t. tereti, elongata, regulari ; adulta liris lon-
gitudinaliter sculpta ; apertura parum declivi.

The shells in this group are like a minute Dentalium elephantinum,

and are distinguished by their (comparatively) large size, tapering

form, and longitudinal sculpture. They are for the most part rare.

1. Cacum sussPrIRaLe, Cpr.

C. (Elephantulum) t. maxime elongata, lentissime augente, tenuis-
sime lirata, liris parallelis ; juxta aperturam annulo subtu-
mente; septo mucronato, superficie subplanato, mucrone late-
rali, dextrorsum sito, parvo; apice rotundato, subspirali :

le i ee See Td

* The Corniculina Ehrenbergii of Miinster, ‘ Beitriige zur Geognosie und Pe-
trefacten-kunde des Siidéstlichen Tirols,’ 1841, pp. 118, 119. pl. 12. f. 3, a, 4, ¢,
is described and figured as a chambered Cephalopod, the siphuncle (? plug) seen
at the narrow end being also described and figured at the larger opening. It is
from the Middle Tertiaries of Castelurquato (Parma), and only half a line in
length ; and is supposed by Mr. Woodward, Man. Moll. p. 155, to be an imper-
fectly observed Caecum.

;

420

operculo concavo, tenui; anfr. plurimis, lira tenui spiraliter
ascendente.

Long. test. jun. °05, lat. °007—-01.

Long. test. adult. +155, lat. -025—-03 (aperturam versus).

Hab. Mazatlan, rare. Mus. Brit. &c.

Maz. Cat. p. 315.

This is the largest known Cecid, and easily recognized by the
shape and the very peculiar plug, the apex of which appears like a
minute Vitrinella set sideways on the otherwise flat surface. About
twenty specimens were found.

2. CacUM ABNORMALE, Cpr.

C. (Elephantulum) t. curtissima, valde arcuata, tenwore ; lrulis
tenuissimis circ. Xxx., aperture tumenti supereuntibus ; septo
mucronato, prominente ; mucrone obtusiore, omnino dextrorsum
sito; margine laterali (i. e. hac specie dorsali) concavo, rapide
ascendente: operculo’?...

Long. °06, lat. -023.

Hab. Mazatlan, three sp. Mus. Brit. &c.

Maz. Cat. p. 316.

The shells of this species are extremely short, and yet so bent
that the plug and the inside can be seen at once, while the apex of
the plug is on the extreme right, so that the front view of the shell
gives its profile.

3. CacumM INSCULPTUM, Cpr.

C. (Elephantulum) t. juniore vitrea, adulta solida ; liris validis
quadratis et interstitus profundis ornata; aperturam versus
haud tumente ; septo ungulato, subprominente, apice obtuso,
pauletues dextrorsum verso, margine laterali subrecto : oper-
culo?...

Test. jun. long. *053, lat. -013—-017.

Test. adult. long. -133, lat. ‘023—-028.

Hab. Mazatlan, extremely rare. Mus. Brit. &c.

Maz. Cat. p. 315.

Known by the square ribs with deep interstices, and the ungulate
plug.
4. Cxcum LaqueatuM, C. B. Ad. (diagn. auct.).

C. (Elephantulum) t. gracili; lirulis circiter xx. haud acutis,
interstitis haud profundis ; septo submamillato, submucronato;
mucrone parvo, obtuso, subsinistrali ; marginel aterali convexo :
operculo?...

Long. ‘11, lat. -028.

Hab. Panama, 2 sp. (C. B. dd.). Mus. Amherst, Cuming.

C. B. Ad. Pan. Shells, pp. 162, 311, no. 215.

Known by the remarkable plug, which appears mamillate, but has
a small apex projecting at the side.

421

5, Caecum osrusum, Cpr.

C. (Elephantulum) t. elongata, tenue lirata ; aperturam versus
haud tumente ; septo submamillato, parum tumente, apice ob-
tusissimo dorsum versus spectante : operculo? ..

Test. jun. long. *04, lat. -(01— 014.

Test. adult. long. *132, lat. ‘(017-—-026.

Hab. Mazatlan, rare. Mus. Brit. &c.

Maz. Cat. p. 317.

About a dozen specimens were found of this species. The plug
is mamillate in front, but ungulate behind.

6. Cacum PLICATUM, nN. s.

C. (Elephantulum) t. curtiore, longitudinaliter valde plicata ;
plicis xii.-xvi., acutis ; apertura t. adolescente stellata, ¢.
adulta annulata; interdum annulis indistinctis aperturam
versus ; plerumque superficie concentrice minutissime striata ;
septo mucronato, superficie subplanato, mucrone dactyliformi
subiter ascendente, apice obtuso: operculo?

Test. adol. long. -07, lat. -01—-017.

Test. adult. long. *105, lat. -017-0—28.

Hab. Sponge, W. Indies. Mus. Brit. &c.

Thirty-eight specimens of this species were found, of which some
were white; others orange, perhaps coloured by the sponge. It is
known by its strong plications and finger-shaped plug. Two young
specimens were found much straighter than the rest, and with the
plications finer, which may belong to a distinct species.

Three dead specimens, received by Mr. Bean from the Mauritius,
do not present any characters by which they can be separated from
this species, except that the mucro is shorter, which is probably due
to their being worn.

7. CZCUM LIRATUM, N.S.

C. (Elephantulum) t. “C. mamillato”’ simili, sed lirulis creber-
rimis subobsoletis ornata ; septo magis elevato.

Lat. 025.

Hab. Cor. Crag, Sutton. 1 sp. in Mus. Brit.

Only a fragment has been observed of this gy which is named
as being the earliest known Llephantulum. It is to be hoped that
those who are able to obtain access to the locality of Crag Ceca will
investigate the species.

?
ry

8. Cacum LiratocinctuM, Cpr.

C. (Elephantulum) t. tenue lirata, liris plus minusve acutis, con-
Jertis seu subdistantibus ; plerumque annulis obsoletis, sub
liris monstrantibus ; septo submucronato, subungulato ; mucrone
dactyliformi, apice prominente, laterali, acuto; margine late-

422

rali concavo: operculo valde concavo, anfr. circ. xii. ; lira pro-
minente spirali, marginem quasi duplicante.

Test. jun. long. 047, lat. -017.

Test. adult. long. *14, lat. -02—-032.

Var. tenuiliratum: ¢. liris crebris, tenuibus; apice parum pro-
minente.

Var. subobsoletum: ¢. alba, alabastro simili ; liris paucis inter-
dum vix monstrantibus.

? Var. subconicum: ¢. septo maxime elevato, subconico.

Hab. Mazatlan, rare. Mus. Brit. [? Singapore, 1 sp. Mus.

Brit. ]
Maz. Cat. p. 317.

Although about seventy specimens were found of this species (the
least uncommon of the Elephantula), I cannot fix definitely the limits
of the species, and one or more of the above varieties may prove
distinct. The principal feature is the appearance of rings under the
ribs.

A terminal fragment of an Elephantulum, picked out of mud in
the burrow of a Lithophagus in an E. Indian Plicatula received from
Singapore, presents no characters by which it can be separated from
this species. Perfect specimens will, however, probably prove it to
be distinct.

9. CacuM HEPTAGONUM, Cpr.

C. (Elephantulum) t. septangulata; annulis rotundatis confertis
cincta, angulos longitudinales supracurrentibus ; apertura pla-
nata, extus heptagonis forma, intus circulari, suleo concentrico
ornata: septo?....: operculo?...

Lat. -02.

Hab. Mazatlan. Mus. Brit.

Maz. Cat. p. 319.

Only a mouth-piece was found of this very remarkable species.

10. CacuUM IMBRICATUM, 0. s.

C. (? Elephantulum) t. haud parva, tereti; primum levi; dein
longitudinaliter multangulata, sulcis creberrimis, angustis con-
centrice quasi annulata ; adulta, liris longitudinalibus obtusis,
angulatis viil.—xiv. polygonata, a sulcis concentricis xxv.—l. ut
in adolescente interrupta ; apertura stellata; septo subungu-
lato, submucronato, plerumque valde prominente ; margine late-
rali subconcavo ; apice extante, latiore, marginibus dextrali et
sinistro declivibus : operculo? ....

Test. jun. long. -06, lat. -O08—-014.

Test. adol. long. :087, lat. ‘012—-023.

Test. adultee long. +11, lat. -(017—-027.

Hab. Sponge, W. Indies. Mus. Brit. &c.

This extremely beautiful species (like C. heptagonum) is exactly
intermediate between Llephantulum and Anellum. The sculpture

‘~*

‘resembles a number of polygonal flat tiles piled one on another. The
concentric sculpture is strongest in the young shell, the longitudinal
in the adult. ‘Thirty-three specimens have been examined.

423

Sect. B. ANELLUM.
Ceca typica; t. adulta annulata.

That this is the typical condition of the genus is shown by the
tendency that shells in the other groups have to assume the ringed
character, especially about the mouth.

11. Cacum aANNULATUM, Brown (diagn. auct.).

C. (Anellum) t. majore, elongata, solida; annulis validis xx.
xxx., rotundatis, extantibus, cincta, plerumque distantioribus,
presertim aperturam versus ; lirulis longitudinalibus crebris,
minimis, extantibus, et interstilia et annulos transeuntibus ;
septo mucronato, margine laterali concavo ; mucrone subiter
ascendente, valido, dactyliformi, subdextrorsum sito ; t. juniore
annulis acutioribus, lirulis obsoletis : operculo?

Test. jun. long. -053, lat. -(008—-014.

Test. adolesc. long. *108, lat. -016—-035.

Test. adultz long. -122, lat. ‘(022 —-035.

Hab. [South Coast of England (Alder) ; Killough, Lough Strang-

ford, Ireland (Brown)]; W. Indies, sponge of commerce; Aden
(Bean, MS.). Mus. Brit. &e.

Brochus annulatus, Brown, Ill. Conch. Gr. Br. 1844, p. 125.
pl. 56. f. 12. :
+ Brochus reticulatus, Brown, loc. cit. p. 124, pl. 56. f. 11.
Caecum annulatum, Forbes & Hanley, Br. Moll. vol. ili. p. 181.
pl. 88. f. 7.
| Orthocera trachea (pars), Flem, Hist. Br. An. 1828, p. 257
{mon Dentalium trachea, Mont.].

The name reticulatum would have been far more characteristic of
this beautiful species ; but as it was given to the adolescent state,
and annulatum to the adult, which is well figured in the Br. Moll.,
the latter is retained. Fifty-three specimens of various ages have
been examined from the W. Indian sponge, and have been carefully
compared with Mr. Alder’s supposed British specimen. This has the

posterior rings much closer than usual. The characteristic longitu-
dinal threads, which reticulate both the rings and the hollows, are
searcely seen in the young shell, which, even in the earliest stages
found, is distinctly and somewhat sharply ringed. In this state it
is known from C. regulare by the very prominent finger-shaped
mucro. Many adult specimens were found having an additional
ring remaining beyond the plug; but even then the mucro is con-
spicuous.

The Aden specimens are too much rubbed to determine with con-
fidence ; but in the most perfect the characteristic finger-shaped
mucro, the reticulated sculpture, and the thickened distant rings

424

near the mouth, will not justify specific separation merely on geo-
graphical grounds.

12. Cxcum ELoNGATUM, Cpr.

C. (Anellum) t. elongata, tereti ; primum levi, dein annulis ro-
tundatis parum extantibus instructa, interstitiis minimis ;
septo ungulato, apice parum elevato, subobtuso ; margine late-
rali subrecto: operculo?...

Test. jun. long. -06, lat. -008—-017.

Test. adult. long. *103. lat. °015—-023.

? Var. semileeve. T'. huc et illuc annulata; hue et illue levi.

Long. ‘112, lat. :025—-028.

Hab. Mazatlan, very rare. Mus. Brit. &e.

Maz. Cat. p. 319.

About a score of specimens were found, including the ? variety,
which may be distinct. The shape approaches Elephantulum.

13. Cacum suBIMPREssuUM, Cpr.

C. (Anellum) t. elongata, solidiore ; annulis creberrimis, rotun-
datis, haud extantibus, interstitiis subimpressis ; septo mucro-
nato; margine laterali vix concavo ; mucrone parvo, obtuso, ad
dorsum sito: operculo concavo, linea elevata suturam defi-
niente.

Test. jun. long. 058, lat. -(O08—-016.

Test. adult. long. +115, lat. -017—-03.

Hab. Mazatlan, very rare. Mus. Brit.

Maz. Cat. p. 320.

This species differs from C. elongatum in the narrow mucro.

About a dozen specimens were found.

14, Cacum PULCHELLUM, Sthmp

C. (Anellum) t. satis elongata, ane pallide fusca; t. ado-
lescente gracili, annulis paucis distantioribus; t. adulta an-
nulis circiter xxv. validis, rotundatis, interstitiis plus minusve
equantibus ; septo? mamillato, haud eatante ; margine lateral
parum convexo : operculo concavo, anfr. circiter viii.

Long. ‘1, lat. -025.

Hab. New Bedford Harbour, U.S., adhering to groups of Vermeti

in laminarian zone.

Stimpson in Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H. Oct. 1851; Shells N. Eng.
p- 36. pl. 2. f. 3.

The above description of the plug, which was not noticed by
Stimpson, is supplied from the figure. If correct, it is the only
Anellum known with a purely mamillate plug.

15. Cacum TRACHEA, Mont. (diagn. auct.)
C. (dnellum) t. haud parva, solidiore, rufo-fusca, haud opaca ;
t. guniore levi ; adolescente tereti; adulta cylindrica, annulis

425

creberrimis, xl.-l., viv expressis, contiguis cincta; interstitiis
parvis, minutissime longitudinaliter striulis ornatis ; apertura
acuta, vix declivi, viv contracta et postea expansa ; septo sub-
ungulato, submucronato; margine laterali recto; apice sub-
dextrorsum sito, obtuso, plus minusve elevato: operculo vix
concavo, linea spirali elevata, anfr. circiter xv., apertura
equante.

Test. jun. long. 076, lat. ‘(013—-018.

Test. adolesc. long. *128, lat. ‘(015—-03.

Test. adult. long. +128, lat. ‘(025—-032.

Variat margine laterali convexo, interdum tumente.

Had. British Seas, in coralline zone (v. Forbes § Hanl.); Mag-
nisi, near Syracuse, very plentiful in sand (Philippi); Piedmont
(Jeffreys); N. and S. of Spain and Mediterranean (M’ Andrew) ;
fossil at Palermo (Philippi) ; Subappenine beds (/Zorne).

Dentalium trachea, Mont. Test. Brit. vol. ii. p. 497. pl. 14. f. 10;
Maton & Rack. Linn. Trans. vol. viii. p. 239; Dillw. Rec. Shells,
vol. ii. p. 1068; Brit. Mar. Conch. p. 5. f. 61; Wood, Ind. Test.
ed. Hanl. p. 192.

+ Dentalium imperforatum, Ad. Mier. pl. 14. f.8; Mont. loc. eit.
p- 496: Mat. loc. cit. p.238; Turt. Conch. Dict. p. 39; Brit. Mar.
Conch. p. 4; Dillw. p. 1067; Wood, p. 192 (not f. 12).

=Orthocera imperforata, Flem. Brit. An. p. 237.

=Odontidium rugulosum (pars), Phil. Moll. Sic. vol. i. p. 102.
pl. 6. f. 20; vol. ii. p. 73.

= Creseis rugulosa, Cantraine, p. 32.

= Brochus trachiformis, Brown, Ill. Conch. G.B. p. 124. pl. 56.
{. 10 (male).

+ Brochus striatus, Brown, loc. cit. (male), pl. 56. f. 13.

Brochus trechiformis, Chénu, Ill. Conch.

Caecum trachea, Flem. Enc. Edinb. art. Conchology ; Clark, Ann.
Nat. Hist. series 2. vol. iv. p. 180 ; Forbes & Hanl. Br. Moll. vol. iii.
p- 178. pl. 69. f. 4, & pl. KK. f. 1; Clark, Test. Mar. Brit. Ins.
p- 327; Adams, Gen. vol. i. p. 355. pl. 38. f. 6, 6a; Jeffr. Mar.
Test. Piedm. (Ann. Nat. Hist. Feb. 1856), p. 30; M’Andr. Rep.
Moll. N. Atl. (Br. Ass. 1856) p. 149; Horne, Foss. Vien. & Sub-
appen. pl. 46. f. 19, a, 6, c*.

+Cacum imperforatum, Flem. loc. cit.; Gray, Guide to Moll.
B.M. part i. p. 100.

?jun.=Serpula recta, Walker, Flem. Enc. pl. 205. f. 8.

=Cornuoides major, Brown, loc. cit. pl. 56. f. 49 ; Chénu,

loc. cit.

Although the name ¢rachea was given to the tapering adolescent
state of this typical species, and imperforatum to the adult, the
former name has come into current use, probably because the other
represents the generic and not a specific character. It is one of the

* The Dentalium incurvum, Kenier, f. 39 a, 4, of the same plate, looks like a
rubbed Caecum; but neither figure nor description is sufficiently accurate for
identification.

426

largest species of the Anellum group, known by its very faintly ex-
pressed ribs, plug intermediate between the mucronate and ungulate
forms, and mouth not thickened, but with a slight contraction and
expansion like that of a preserve jar. The reticulating striule in
the interspaces are only seen in very fresh specimens. The shell is
then glossy, and to a slight extent transmits the light. The oper-
culum in well-preserved specimens is almost flat; but the drying of
the animal sometimes draws it into a concave form. The ten outer
volutions are conspicuously marked by a spiral rib. The shell in its
young state is quite smooth, and by no means accords with Mr.
Clark’s surmise, that ?Skenea rota may be the nuclear portion. At
this period it is known at once from C. glabrum by the sharply an-
gular plug. Whether the Oornuoides major and minor of Brown are
the young of the same species, or one of C. trachea and the other of
C. glabrum, cannot easily be ascertained, except from the compara-
tive size.

156. Cacum (?TRACHEA, var.) OBSOLETUM.

C. (Anellum) t. “ C. trachez ”’ simili ; sed multo minore, gracili ;
postice annulis distantibus, antice sublevi ; tota superficie mi-
nutissime longitudinaliter corrugata ; septo subungulato, mar-
gine laterali coneavo.

Long. -095, lat. -015—-02.

Hab. Salamis (Bean). 1 sp. Mus.

This solitary shell may be a starved form of the common species ;
but as it may belong to an Aigean type not yet investigated, it is
kept provisionally separate.

16. CacumM GURGULIO, 2 n. s.

C. (Anellum) t. parva, solida; annulis xxx.-xxxv. rotundatis,
subexpressis cincta; interstitis minimis: septo mucronato,
mucrone parvo, subdextrorsum sito, margine laterali recto:
operculo? ....

Long. *077, lat. °017—-02.

Hab. W. Indies, sponge of commerce. Mus. Brit. &e.

?= Odontidium rugulosum (pars), Phil. loc. cit.

The West Indian specimens quoted by Philippi probably belong
to this form, which may possibly prove to be a dwarf variety of C.
trachea. Seven specimens were found, one only of which was per-
fectly fresh. This displays no sign of the longitudinal corrugation
characteristic of C. trachea: moreover the plug is decidedly mu-
eronate, though very short ; and the rings are both fewer and
larger than in the European species.

17. CacCUM TUMIDUM, nN. s.

C. (Anellum) t. tereti, sublevi seu annulis obsoletis ornata ;
apertura haud contracta, annulo tumido cincta; septo mamil-

427

lato, plus minusve tumente ; margine laterali convexo, dorsum
versus subangulato : operculum ?—.
Long. *11, lat. ‘018-024.
Hab. Sutton, Cor. Crag. Mus. Brit. &c.
=C. trachea, Searles Wood, Crag. Moll. p. 115. pl. 20. f. 5
(? pars), non Mont. et auct.

It is with great hesitation that I venture to differ from so accurate
an authority as the author of the ‘Crag Mollusca:’ nevertheless,
having subjected all the specimens in the British Museum, as well
as some sent me by Mr. Wood, to a very rigid examination under
the microscope, I have not been able to find a single specimen that
can be strictly affiliated to C. trachea. Of the minute sculpture
in a crag shell, little can be said; the majority of specimens are
almost smooth. The recent species is, however, peculiar in the cha-
racter of the aperture, never showing even an approach to the swell-
ing mouth of the fossil; and the plug of the latter is completely
mamillated, though with a flattening and incipient apex at the dorsal
side. When compared with the swollen variety of the recent shell,
the front of the latter displays an irregularity of outline which con-
trasts strongly with the beautifully rounded fossil, and proves it to
be of abnormal growth. The B.M. specimens being somewhat mixed
on the tablets, it is probable that the magnified plug in the figure
of this species is really an individual of C. mamillatum, with the
mucro rubbed off.

18. Cazcum rirmatouM, C. B. Ad. (diagn. auct.)

C. (Anellum) t. robusta, satis tereti ; t. jun. primum levi, dein
annulis circ. Xxiil.—xxxill., primum acutioribus, dein parum
quadratis ; interstitiis subquadratis, interdum evanidis ; septo
subungulato ; apice parum prominente, subdextrorsum sito, ob-
tusiore ; margine laterali subrecto: operculo vix concavo, su-
turis minus definitis.

Test. jun. long. *067, lat. ‘(006—-012.

Test. adol. long. -063, lat. -013—-017.

Test. adult. +1, lat. -(016—-025.

Hab. Panama, common (0. B. Adams) ; Mazatlan, rare, off Spon-

dylus and among Olivelle. Mus. Brit.

Pars=Cecum firmatum, C. B. Ad. Pan. Shells, no. 213, pp. 161,

311.

+ C0. eburneum, C. B. Ad. no. 212. pp. 161, 311.

+ (adolesc.) C. monstrosum, C. B. Ad. no. 216. pp. 162, 311.

+ (adolese.) C. pygmeum, ©, B. Ad. no. 218. pp. 163, 311.

+ (jun.) C. diminutum, C. B. Ad. no. 211. pp. 161, 310,

Maz. Cat. p. 320.

Known from C. trachea by the stout subquadrate rings. If the
mode of specific diagnosis adopted by Prof. Adams had been fol-
lowed in this monograph, the number of species (wherever the spe-
cimens were sufficiently abundant) would have had to be increased

fivefold.

428

19. Czcum quapRatuM, Cpr.

C. (Anellum) t. parva, curta, solida, annulis quadratis xii.—xx.
cincta, interstitis profundis, quadratis ; apertura subcontracta,
annulis concurrentibus ; septo mucronato ; mucrone parvo, ex-
tante, angusto, subdextrorsum sito; margine laterali concavo :
operculo valde concavo, anfr. circ. x., linea spirali expressa.

? Var. compactum. T'. interstitiis parvis seu evanidis, annulis
maxime planatis.

Long. °072, lat. (interst.) ‘016, (annulis) :02.

Hab. Mazatlan, rare. Mus. Brit. &c.

Maz. Cat. p. 322.

The extreme forms are very different ; but no uniform character
has been observed by which they cau be separated.

20. CacuM CLATHRATUM, Cpr.

C. (Anellum) t. haud parva, solidiore, annulis valde distantibus,
acutioribus, extantibus cincta ; interstitiis concavis ; septo sub-
planato, mucronato ; mucrone minimo, obtuso, pene in dorsum
sito; margine laterali in adulto haud conspicuo, planato :
operculo? .

Test. jun. long. ‘057, lat. (007—-017.

Test. adult. long. *102, lat. (interst.) -026, (annul.) °03.

Hab. Mazatlan, very rare. Mus. Brit. &c.

Maz. Cat. p. 322.

An extremely beautiful species, remarkable for its size, nearly flat
plug, and distant rings with curved interspaces.

21. Cacum FLoripanvo, Stimps.

C. (Anellum) “t. valde arcuata, solida, alba, nitida; annulis
circa xxxil. acutis, elevatis cincta, interstitiis multo latioribus ;
apertura parum obliqua, haud contracta ; interdum annulo lato
aperturam superante ;”’ septo®?....: operculo?......

Long. °075, lat. -02, poll.

Hab. Florida.

Stimpson in Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., Oct. 15th, 1851.

22. CHCUM REGULARE, 0. S.

C. (Anellum) t. satis tereti, tenuiore, alba, subdiaphana ; annulis
subacutis, regularibus xx.-xxiv. cincta, interstitits conspicuis ;
apertura declivi, contracta, haud incrassata ; septo mucronato,
mucrone parvo, haud conspicuo, subdextrorsum sito ; margine
laterali parum elevato, subconvexo : operculo?

Test. jun. long. :04, lat. -(007—-014.

Test. adult. long. -U85, lat. -(018—-024.

Hab. W. Indies (Woodward) ; Singapore, 2 spec. from Litho-

phagus burrow in Plicatula ; Australia, 1 young sp. in Petalocon-
chus nerineoides. Mus. Brit. &e.

Twelve specimens of this species have been examined from the W.

429

Indies, and three from the Eastern Seas, as well as one pseudo-
British specimen from Mr. Alder’s cabinet*. They are all very
constant and regular in the arrangement of the rings, never present-
ing so many as are recorded for C. Floridanum, and further jisfering
in the contraction of the mouth. More exact information about the
Florida species may, however, prove them identical.

23. CmcuM GRACILE, N. s.

C. (Anellum) t.valde tereti, parva, annulis circiter xxiv. subdistan-
tibus, subacutis ornata ; apertura haud contracta, haud declivi,
annulo valido cincta ; septo?...... » margine laterali subpla-
nato: operculo?...

Long. ‘09, lat. -012—-017.

Hab. Japan (Stimpson). Mus. Smithsonian.

Dr. Gould, to whom is entrusted the duty of describing the shells
of the U.S. Japanese Exploring Expedition, has kindly allowed me
to include the Ceca brought back by Mr. Stimpson in the present
Monograph. They consist of but two specimens. One is a young
shell, with the plug broken off, closely resembling C. elongatum, var.
semileve, from Mazatlan. The other is the shell here described,
which, though dead and wornat the plug, is adult, and clearly distinct
from any other recorded species. It is much more slender even than
CO. elegantissimum, with the rings closer and not so sharp.

24. CxcuM ELEGANTISSIMUM, Cpr.

©. (Anellum) t. diaphana, vitrea, nitida, alba, arcuata, tereti,
subelongata ; apertura parum declivi, parum contracta ; t. jun.
levi ; t. adolescente et adulta liris concentricis distantibus
(xiv.—xviil.) acutis cincta ; interstitiis elongatis, elegantissime
arcuatis ; septo submucronato, subungulato ; apice obtuso,
parvo, haud valde prominente ; margine laterali concaro :
operculo?...
Test. jun. long. ‘042, lat. -006—-013.
Test. adult. long. ‘1, lat. ‘014—-023.
Hab. Teneriffe, in gravel sand, 50 fms. (R. M’ Andrew). Mus.
Brit. &c.
= Caecum trachea, M’ Andr. Geogr. Distr. Test., Liverpool, 1854 ;
B.M. List Canary Shells, p. 29 (non Mont. et auct.).
C. elegantissimum, Cpr. in M’Andr. Rep. Moll. N. E. Atl., Brit.
Assoc. 1856, p. 149.

More than 300 specimens of this exquisitely beautiful species were
dredged by R. M’Andrew, Esq., in company with C. vitreum and
C. pollicare. It differs from C. undatum in its glossy texture,
slender form, and very distant rings: also in the plug, which is in-
termediate between the mucronate and ungulate forms. The young
shell is quite smooth; and as soon as the rings commence, they
are distant as in the adult.

* See Note in Brit. Moll. vol. iii. p. 180. The other specimen on the same
eard was Meioceras cornucopia, also from the W. Indies.

430
24 6. Cxcum (? ELEGANTISSIMUM, var.) SEARLES-Wooptl.

C. (Anellum) t. parva, gracillima, elongata, alba, subdiaphana,
subvitrea; annulis subobsoletis, creberrimis, subacutis cincta,
seu interdum sublevi; septo ungulato, apice subdextrorsum
sito ; margine laterali subrecto: operculo?...

Test. adol. long. 046, lat. -(007—-012.

Test. adult. long. ‘068, lat. -008—-013.

Hab. Teneriffe, in gravel sand, 50 fms., very rare (R. MW’ Andrew).

Mus. Brit. &c.

= Cecum Searles-Woodii, Cpr. in M’ Andr. Rep. Moll. N. E. Atl.,
Br. Ass. 1856, p. 149.

Twenty-three specimens were found differing from C. elegantis-
simum as above stated. It is annulated from a very early stage;
the rings are closer (about twenty-four in the young shell), scarcely
sharp, and often obsolete ; the growth is scarcely tapering and very
slender; and the plug is ungulate, turned somewhat to the right.
Whether it prove to be a dwarfed condition of C. elegantissimum, or
a distinct species, it is named in remembrance of the author of the
invaluable Monograph of the Crag Mollusca, where the plugs of
Ceca were first described.

25. CCUM UNDATUM, ?n. 8.

C. (Anellum) t. obesa, curta; t. jun. levi; t. adulta annulis
x.-xv. acutis cincta; interstitiis concavis, undatis ; antice et
postice contracta, planis decollationis et aperture ad ang.
circ. 115°; apertura contracta, dein paululum reflexa, acuta ;
septo ungulato; apice acuto, elongato, prominente ; margine
laterali recto: operculo concavo, anfr. circ. xv., sutura distincta.

Variat ¢. minus obesa, annulis subobsoletis.

Test. jun. long. ‘042, lat. ‘01.

Test. adol. long. ‘067, lat. -01—-02.

Test. adult. long. :074, lat. :021.

Hab. Mazatlan, abundant in worm-eaten shells of Spondylus cal-
cifer, &c. (? Panama, 1 sp., C. B. dd.). Mus. Brit. &c.

Maz. Cat. p. 323; Brit. Ass. Rep. 1856, pl. 9. f. 4 a-o.

Test. adol. ?=C. parvum, C. B. Ad. Pan. Shells, pp. 163, 311:
“t. arcuata, gracili, vix tereti; albida; annulis xv. acutis, distan-
tibus, haud multum elevatis ; apice laterali, prominente. Long. -065,
lat. 019.’ Sp. un. Mus. Amherst.

At least 500 specimens have been examined of this species, in
almost every stage of growth ; both young and adults, to the number
of about fifty, containing their opercula. By this means the mode
and variation in growth were ascertained, and the knowledge gained
applied to the other species where connecting links were not ac-
cessible. The ‘“ monstrosum”’ stage, in which the tube hitherto
smooth and slender suddenly alters its angle of growth and diameter,
assuming sharp rings, is very remarkable. The posterior contrac-

= ai
p-
7

431

tion of the tube in the adult shell of this and some other species is
also well worth attention.

Sect. C. Farrutum.

Ceca levia: t. sepius utrinque contracta, apertura declivi.

In form and texture, some of the species approach the adult state
of Meioceras : others pass into the more typical groups. They are
named from their likeness in shape to a little sausage.

26. Cacum te&ve, C. B. Ad. (diagn. auct.).

C. (Fartulum) t. juniore “C. undatum”’ fere exacte simulunte,
paulum graciliore; t. adulta eidem simili, sed levi, nitida,
subdiaphana, brunneo tincta ; antice et postice minus contracta;
aperturam versus interdum tumente ; operculo concavo, suturis
minus distinctis.

Test. jun. long. *035, lat. -005—-01.

Test. adult. long. ‘07, lat. ‘018.

Hab. Panama, 2 sp. (C. B. Ad.) ; Mazatlan, not uncommon.

Mus. Brit.
C. B. Ad. Pan. Shells, pp. 162, 311; Maz. Cat. p. 325.

So like is this shell, even in many minute particulars, to C. unda-
tum, that a single specimen might have been taken for an extreme
variety of it. A careful examination of at least 200 specimens,
however, clearly proves their distinctness.

27. CZCUM BIMARGINATUM, 0. 8.

C. (Fartulum) t. “C. leve”’ fere exacte simulante ; planis trun-
cationis ad angulum 100° ; septo ungulato, apice minus elevato,
subdextrorsum sito; margine laterali recto seu paulum con-
vexo : operculo multispirali, subplanato, bimarginato.

Long. 078, lat. -(015—-022.

Hab. Singapore, nestling in Lithophagus burrow in Plicatula ;

Australia, nestling in Petaloconchus nerineoides. Mus. Brit.

The fortunate discovery of a specimen with the operculum in situ,
presenting a double rim round the edge, as in some of the Cyclosto-
mide, furnished a satisfactory character to distinguish the E. Indian
from the very similar Mazatlan species. The attempt to extract it
was, however, unsuccessful ; and the original specimen from Plicatula
perished after the description had been written. Five others from
the neighbouring seas, but without opercula, are provisionally allotted
to the same species. (See however note * to sp. 41, infra.)

* Two young specimens of uncertain locality (from shell-washings),
but probably from the E. Indies, are doubtfully referred to this
species on account of the similarity in the plug (Br. Mus.).

28. Caecum FraRCIMEN, Cpr.
C. (Partulum) t. “C. levi’? simili, sed albida, apertura minus

432

contracta ; annulis rotundatis paucis, subobsoletis, aperturam
plerumque precedentibus ; septo submucronato ; apice subpro-
minente, haud acuto; margine laterali subtumido: operculo
concavo, suturis distinctis, peripheriam versus linea elevata
instructis.

Long. ‘064, lat. -019.

Hab. Mazatlan, very rare in Spondylus; and living among Oh-

velle. Mus. Brit.
Maz. Cat. p. 326.

This species differs from C. /eve not only in the more slender
shape and submucronate plug, but also in the spiral rib round the
outer whorls of the operculum, which was found in four specimens.

29. Cacum virrevuM, Cpr.

C. (Fartulum) t. subelongata, vitrea, nitida; apertura parum
declivi, vix contracta et postea reflexa; aperturam versus tu-
midiore ; septo prominente, mucronato ; margine laterali recto
seu Paeleaess mucrone plus minusve obtuso, subdextrorsum
sito: operculo?..

Test. jun. long. ‘038, lat. °007—'011.

Test. adol. long. ‘073, lat. -(01—-018.

Test. adult. long. °107, lat. -(017—-023.

Hab. Teneviffe, 50 fms. gravel (MW? Andrew). Mus. Brit. Xe.

Caecum glabrum, M’Andr. Geogr. Distr. Test. 1854; B.M. Cat.

Shells Canar. p. 29 (non Mont.).
Cecum vitreum, Cpr. in M’Andr. Rep. Moll. N.E. Atl, Br. Ass.

1856.

More than 100 specimens were found of this species, which is:

characterized by its somewhat tapering shape, and obtusely mucro-
nated plug. The surface sometimes displays annular lines of growth.

29 6. Cacum (? vITREUM, var.) CLARKII.
C. (Fartulum) t. “C. vitreo”’ simili, sed minore, magis terett ;
septo ungulato; apice obtusiore : operculo?...

Variat margine laterali valde convexo, tumente.

Test. jun. long. ‘042, lat. -(008—-013.

Test. adult. long. *082, lat. -013—-015.

This is probably a ‘distinct species from C. ritreum; but as the

plugs in each form are more variable than usual, the species is not

binehicaied till more is known. About fifty specimens were found.
It is named after the first discoverer of the animal in this interesting

genus. 4
Hab. Teneriffe, 50 fms. gravel (M’ Andrew). Mus. Brit. &e.

30. CacuM POLLICARE, N. §.

C. (Fartulum) t. “C. vitreo”’ similt, sed plerumque magis terett ;
nitida, sed striulis minimis tota superficie longitudinaliter cor-

—
_

ee ee

ee a ea

le
424

Bee ee Pe es

aie ee

433 °

rugata ; septo ungulato, margine laterali recto, apiece oblu-
siore: operculo’?...

Test. jun. long. 055, lat. -006—-012.

Test. adult. long. -1, lat. .015—-023.

Hab. Teneriffe, 50 fms. gravel (M’ Andrew). Maus. Brit. &c.

On examining the smooth Teneriffe Ceca under a }-inch achro-
matic, thirty-six specimens were found, in shape agreeing with C.
Clarkii, but with the whole surface covered with irregular longitu-
dinal corrugations resembling thumb-marks, a sculpture entirely
wanting in the rest of the specimens. In the very young shells it is
searcely discernible.

31. ?Caxcum corRUGULATUM, Cpr.

°C. (Fartulum) t.**? Brochinee glabriformi’’ simili, sed tumidiore ;
superficie transversim tenuissime striata, striulis minimis irre-
gulariter corrugata ; septo *mamillato : operculo’?...

Long. ‘075, lat. -(017—-022.

Hab. Mazatlan, 1 sp., off Chama. Mus. Brit.

Maz. Cat. p. 327.

The only specimen found is dead and imperfect, but presents a
sculpture like that of C. pollicare, yet in the opposite direction. It
may be a Brochina.

32. CacumM pexTRoveRsuM, Cpr.

C. (Fartulum) t. tereti, satis elongata, tenui ; septo tumido, sub-
mamillato ; mucrone tumidissimo, dextrorsum versato ; margine
laterali valde convexo: operculo concavo, suturis vix definitis.

Test. jun. long. °023, lat. 008.

Test. adult. long. ‘092, lat. -024.

Hab. Mazatlan, rare. Mus. Brit. &c.

Maz. Cat. p. 328.

About thirty specimens were found, off Spondylus, and (living)
among Olivelle, of which six had their opercula. The knob on the
plug is frequently worn off in the adult, leaving a mamillate appear-
ance.

326. Cucum (? DEXTROVERSUM, Var.) ANTILLARUM.

One young specimen only was found in the W. Indian sponge, not
presenting any characters by which it can be separated from C. dex-
troversum. Additional materials, however, may prove them distinct ;
= it is kept provisionally separate. It measures long. °056, lat.
‘01— 012.

33. ? CzxcuM sUBQUADRATUM, DR. 8.

1C. (Fartulum) t. elongata, minima, levi, haud nitente ; aper-
tura haud contracta; septo submamillato, subungulato ; mar-
gine laterali extante, supra satis convexo, lateribus rectis, par-

No. CCCLXXIV.—ProceepiInGs oF THE ZOOLOGICAL Society.

434

allelis ; apice obtusissimo, lato, ad latus quadrato: oper-
culo? ...

Long. -068, lat. -009—-012.

Hab. Port Elizabeth (Bean). Mus. Brit.

Three specimens were found, differing from all other known
species in the shape of the plug. This, on a side view, has parallel
sides with a somewhat rounded top; the apex, however, is at the
end of one of the straight sides. The shell resembles B. glabra in
the non-contraction of the aperture. The texture is in some parts
slightly diaphanous, but opake behind the mouth. It may be a
Brochina.

34. Cacum ReveRSuM, Cpr.

C. (Fartulum) t. jun. “C. dextroverso”’ simili, sed septo sub-
convexo ; mucrone reverso, semicylindraceo, arcuato, aperturam
versus convexo, dorsum versus concavo ; t. adulta’?...: oper-
culo?...

Long. °048, lat. -012.

Hab. Mazatlan, 1 young sp. off Spondylus. Mus. Brit.

Maz. Cat. p. 329.

The plug is unique; the mucro resembles a small Cecum lying on

the slightly swollen surface, with its horns towards the back, and its
back adjoining the front of the shell.

35. Czcum TERES, Cpr.

C. (Fartulum) t. elongata, tereti, longitudinaliter interdum sub-
angulata; septo mucronato; mucrone subelongato, obtuso;
margine laterali subrecto: operculo vix concavo.

Test. jun. long. 045, lat. :012.

Test. adult. long. 115, lat. -017—°027.

Hab. Mazatlan, very rare. Mus. Brit. &c.

This shell has the shape of Zlephantulum without the ribs, a ten-

dency to which, however, sometimes appears in slightly-marked
angles.

36. CacUuM MAMILLATUM, 8S. Wood.
C. (Fartulum) t. tereti, solida; apertura haud declivi, tumente ;

septo mucronato, mucrone dactyliformi ; margine laterali valde

concano.
Variat mucrone parvo, subtumente.
Long. 15, lat. -023—-033.
Hab. Sutton, Cor. Crag, abundant. Mus. Brit. &e.

C. mammillum, 8. Wood, Cat. 1842.

C. mammillatum, 8. Wood, Crag. Moll. p. 116, pl. 20. f. 4 a, ¢;
?+f. 5 a (rubbed). |

Adol.=Cecum m. var. subulatum, 8. Wood, loc. cit. f. 4 b.

Jun. = Caecum (?) ineurvatum (2), 8. Wood, loc. cit. p.117, f.7 a, 6;
(non Serpula ineurvata, Walker).

435

This species is known from the smooth forms of C. tumidum by
the greater proportionate length, less thickening of the mouth, and
the very conspicuous mucro on the otherwise flattened plug. As
Crag shells are prone to variation, it is probably not a mark of spe-
cific difference that the mucro varies in shape, being sometimes
straight, sometimes bent as in the figure, sometimes long, sometimes
short, sometimes swollen so as to approach C. frachea. It is pro-
bably one of these specimens that is figured at 5 a.*

Genus Brocurna, Gray.

Testa Ceco similis, levis ; apertura simplici, acuta; septo ma-
millato. Operculum convexum ; anfractibus linea elevata in-
structis.

It will be a remarkable coincidence, should it hereafter appear
that all the shells with mamillated plug and sharp mouth have the
convex operculum. At present we can only distinguish Brochina
from Cacum by the latter character. As the same terraced struc-
ture appears in the concave forms, as some of these are almost flat,
and as the amount of convexity differs in different individuals, or in
the same individual according to accidents in drying, this alone forms
a scarcely sufficient generic character.

Brochina, Gray, Guide Moll. p. 101.—Cecum, pars, auct.

37. BrocuH1na GLABRA, Mont. (diagn. auct.)

Br. t. parva, tereti, levi, tenui, subdiaphana; apertura haud
contracta, haud declivi, haud tumida ; septo mamillato, plus
minusve elevato, apice nullo ; margine laterali circulari ; mar-
ginibus decollatis, haud conspicuis. Test. jun. planorbiformi,
anfr. ii, et dimidio, tumidis, tenuissimis. Operculo pellucido,

| corneo, extante; plerumque medio planato, homogeneo ; dein
conico, lateribus plus minusve divergentibus, linea spirali ex-
tante, anfr. v.—vii.; interdum omnino convexo, linea spirali
apicem versus ascendente.
Test. jun. spir. diam. ‘011.
Test. jun. elongata, long. -03, lat. -006.
‘Test. adolese. long. *055, lat. -O08—-01 2.
Test. adult. long. ‘068, lat. -012—-015.
Hab. British Seas (vide Forbes §- Hanley) ; Mediterranean
— (M’Andrew) ; Piedmont (Jeffreys) ; Cephalonia (Bean) ; fossil in
r. Crag (S. Wood).

=Dentalium minutum, Linn, ed. xii. p. 1264 ; Dillw. Ree. Shells,

vol. ii. p. 1068 (vide antea, p. 1).
; Dentalium glabrum, Mont. Test. Br. vol. ii. p. 497 (1803); Maton

_-=-

* Students have cause to regret that the invaluable series of Crag Mollusca
from which the monograph was compiled were not named by the author before
he so generously presented them to the British Museum. In the absence of a
copy of the work in the Zoological Department, they are still unnamed, and the

identification of types is retarded.

436

& Rack. Trans. Linn. Soc. vol. viii. p. 239; Turt. Conch. Dict.
p- 40; Br. Mar. Conch. p. 4. f. 5; Wood, Ind. Test. Ed. Hanl.
p- 192. no. 14. f. 12.

Caecum glabrum, Flem. Enc. Edinb. pl. 204. f. 7, pl. 205. f. 8, 9;
Forbes & Hanl. Br. Moll. vol. iii. p. 181. pl. 69. f.5; H.& A. Ad.
Gen. vol. i. p. 356; Clark, Test. Mar. Br. p. 329; Searles Wood,
Crag Moll. p. 117. pl. 20. f. 6; M’Andr. Br. Ass. Rep. Moll. N.E.
Atl. 1856, p. 149; Jeffr. Mar. Test. Piedm. p. 30. [Non M’Andr.
Geogr. Distr. 1854; B.M. Cat. Shells Canar. p. 29.]

Brochina glabra, Gray, Syst. Distr. Moll. p. 101.

Orthocera glabra, Flem. Br. An. p. 237.

Odontidium levissimum, Cantr. Bull. Brux. vol. ix. p. 2, 1842.

Brochus glaber, Brown, Ill. Conch. Gr. Br. p. 125. no. 5. pl. 56.
Tia

?+ Brochus levis, Brown, loc. cit. no. 6. f. 6*.

T. adol.=Brochus arcuatus, Brown, Ill. Conch. Gr. Br. p. 125,
no. 7. pl. 56. f. 9; Forbes & Hanl. Br. Moll. vol. ii. p. 182.

T. jun.=? Serpula incurvata, Walk. Test. Min. f. 11, 1787; Ad.
Mier. pl. 14. f.7; Maton & Rack. Trans. Linn. Soc. vol. viii. p. 246;
Turt. Conch. Dict. p. 156; Dillw. Rec. Sh. vol. ii. p. 1071; Wood,
Ind. Test. ed. Hanl. p. 192. no. 3. pl. 38. f. 3m.

Vermiculum incurvatum, Mont. Test. Br. p. 518.

? =Cornuoides minor, Brown, Ill. Conch. Gr. Br. p. 125. no. 2.

pl. 56. f. 50: “ =Serpula recta, Walker, Flem.”

[? Non ? Cecum tincurvatum, 8. Wood, Crag Moll. p. 117. pl. 20.
f. 7 a, 6,=? Serpula recta, S. Wood, Cat. 1842: ? = Caecum mamil-
latum, jun. |

The shell is described as snow-white by Hanley. This is true of
dead specimens ; but when fresh it is somewhat horny in texture,
and so pellucid, that the shape of the operculum within can easily be
seen through the shell by transmitted light. The English specimens
generally have the plug somewhat flattened, presenting not more
than a third of a sphere; but many of the Mediterranean shells,
especially when young, are so inflated as closely to resemble the Ma-
zatlan species.

I have carefully examined about thirty specimens with the oper-
cula in situ, of which part were dredged by Mr. M’ Andrew in the
Mediterranean, part were most kindly placed at my disposal by Mr.
Clark. From several of these, after softening the animal in dilute
potash (till the viscera were clearly discernible through the trans-
parent shell), I removed the opercula, and subjected them to a rigid
scrutiny, by transmitted and reflected lights, under various achro-
matic powers up to} in. Iam not able to confirm all the observa-
tions recorded by Mr. Clark, and presume that some of them may

* This may be a foreign species, as the aperture is said to be somewhat con-
tracted; but as the protuberance is further said to be central, it is probably, as
Hanley supposes, a form of B. glabra. “ D. imperforatum, Walker, Mout.,” is
cited as a synonym: perhaps the author may have been misled by the figure in

Wood (no. 12), which corresponds with D. imperforatum, but is clearly intended

to represent D. glabrum.

437

have been made from imperfect specimens. I have searched in vain

* for the Siliquaroid windlass and fringe and the Polystomelloid loculi.
The ordinary shape is like that of a common brown basin—flat in
the middle, where the spiral elements are very rarely discernible,
with the sides flattened, diverging at a greater or less angle, and
with a strong rib bounding the medial portion, and proceeding
in about seven spiral turns (or less) to the periphery. Although
presenting analogies with the opercula of some of the Bivonie, it
appears much more nearly related to the Turritellide, from which
it differs in. being bent outwards instead of inwards. The peculiar
characters are not so constant as might be expected, and perhaps
depend in part on the amount of contraction of the animal in drying.
One specimen was found with but very slight excurvation: a few
were pretty regularly convex, instead of being trigonal ; and in these
the central area was not marked off by the rib, which proceeded to
lose itself gradually towards the apex. ‘The flattened part is about
the size of the first tube of the shell; the whole diameter, about
‘012. The spiral rib is also found, more or less developed, in
species with a concave operculum.

The Brochus arcuatus of Brown proves to bea veritable Brochina
glabra in a transition state. After I had described and returned
Mr. Alder’s apparently plugless specimen, it came in two in his
hands, displaying a duly formed plug in the middle. The decollated
portion, which was abnormally persistent, having been open, seems
to favour the hypothesis I had ventured to suggest from the com-
plex character of the plugs in Ceecidee, that they are not mere septa
continually cast off and renewed, but an integral part of the struc-
ture, removed from time to time with additional layers. Some emi-
nent naturalists, however, state that this is impossible,

37 6. ? BrocHINna ? GLABRA.
Hab. W. Indies, in sponge of commerce.

Very few W. Indian specimens were found of this form ; and of
these only three were sufficiently perfect to allow of identification.
These did not present any characters by which they could be distin-
guished from the European species ; but they await a knowledge of
the operculum.

38. ? BrocuINA GLABRIFORMIS, Cpr.

Maz. Cat. p. 327.

This species is kept provisionally separate, at least till the opercu-
lum has been examined. The shell alone affords no satisfactory
__ mark of specific separation.

438

Genus Mr1ocEerRas*.

Testa adolescens solute spiralis, haud planata; adulta sepe in-
flata. Apertura obliqua. Operculum spirale, extus concavum;
anfractibus linea spirali instructis.

Cecum, pars, Stimpson. (Pars= Inflatulum, B. M. Maz. Cat.
p- 314, note *.)

The young shells of this group might easily be passed over as Ver-
metide ; when perfect, however, the minute plug displays their
Czecous origin, while their peculiar growth, in a loose spiral instead
of a plane, seems to warrant their separation. The young and adult
shells have been found together (1) fossilized in the coral rocks of
Barbadoes+, (2) in recent shell sand from the W. Indies, and (3)
in the coarse sponge of commerce. The peculiarities of the adult
form are easily explicable from its spiral origin. If the decollated
parts had remained, Metoceras would bear a loose resemblance to
ffelicoceras, and Cecum to Toxoceras. It is presumed that these
creatures are more stationary in their habits than Ceca; their mode
of growth would enable them to keep pace with sponge, but would
be inconvenient in crawling through the narrow passages in which
Ceca have been found. All the species found are glossy, without
sculpture, and with a texture often partly opake, partly transparent,
in irregular concentric bands interrupted by longitudinal ribs, like
the framework of inflated fashionable dress. The adult shells can
searcely be distinguished from Fartula, the irregularity of outline
being the best criterion.

39. MEIocEeRAS NITIDUM, Bean, MS.

M. ¢t. nitidissima, vitrea seu subcornea, subdiaphana ; fusca, seu
albida et candida nebulosa; adolescente anfractibus paucis,
rapide augentibus ; t. adulta valde gibbosa, plerumque maxime
inflata, utraque extremitate constricta ; apertura valde declivi,
circiter angulum 130° planum apicis respiciente ; margine an-
tico maxime arcuato, postico subplanato : septo submucronato,
conico, marginibus laterali et dorsali rectis, apice parum ele-
vato, acutiore, dorsali: operculo parum concavo, linea spiral
extante instructo ; anfractibus paucis, circiter v.

Variat t. magis elongata, minus inflata.

* netov, rather small; xépas, horn.

tT Not from Grignon, as erroneously stated in the note, p. 314 of the ‘ Mazatlan
Catalogue.’ Those who possess the work are requested to cancel the note alto-
gether. The very faulty name Jnflatulum was simply intended as a section under
Cecum, founded on the shape only. As the peculiar shape is found to vary even

in the species, and as the true generic character is in the Cornucopie-shaped a,

growth of the adolescent shell, I gladly adopt the excellent name given at my re-

quest by Mr. H. Adams. The finding of the fossil specimens was due to the ee

skilful labour of the late Mary Clow, the faithful attendant of S. Worsley, Esq., —

long known as (though blind) the zealous investigator of the Inferior Oolite fossils
of Dundry. It was to serve as eyes to guide his knowledge, that 1 commenced
the study of shells.

439

?=Cacum nitidum, Stimps. Monogr. Cee. U.S. in Proc. Bost.
'N. H.S. Oct. 15th, 1851, p. 112*.

While size and shape are tolerably good guides in examining adult
Ceca, they afford very little character in Meiocerata. As the adult
shell might be formed either out of a bend in the spire or a straight-
ened prolongation, it might assume the peculiar form of the species,
or a thinner, longer condition. The spiral formation also gives more
or less of twist to the axis even of the adult shell, which causes spe-
cimens to roll over at a touch, and makes the examination even of
the profile of the plug a matter of difficulty. The same cause may
also make the shape of tWe plug itself not quite so constant as usual,
More than 150 specimens have been examined, of which three pos-
sessed their opercula.

Test. adolesc. long. ‘058, lat. ‘(006—--02.

Test. adult. normal. long. *088, lat. °013—-027.

Test. adult. elong. long. ‘091, lat. ‘014d—'027,

Test. adult. obes, long. ‘068, lat. -015—-03.

Hab. W. Indies, in shell sand, and sponge of commerce ; fossil
L, ae rock, Barbadoes (Dr. Cutting) ; ? Florida (Stimpson). Mus.

rit. &e,

40. Me1ocerAs CORNUCOPIA, 0. 8.

M. t. “M. nitidum” simulante; sed minore, minus inflata; t. ado-
lescente anfractibus minus rapide augentibus; septo mucro-
nato, mucrone acutissimo, haud elongato, a superficie subplanato
subito ascendente; margine laterali valde incurvato: oper-

Variat mucrone elevato.

Test. jun. long. *048, lat. -(007—-015.

Test. adult. elong. long. -09, lat. °012—-02.
Test. adult. compacta long. 064, lat. °013—-018.

About 120 specimens were found, of which one apparently pos-
sessed a thin, scarcely concave operculum. A high power, however,
displayed a texture without trace of spiral elements ; and it was pro-
bably formed of adventitious matter. Some forms of this species
run into aberrant forms of the last: but it may in general be easily
distinguished, in the young shell by the more gradual increase ; in

_ the adult by the small size and slight inflation; and in all stages by

the very sharp mucro, with concave sides.
Hab. W. Indies, in sponge of commerce.

41. Mer1oceras CORNUBOVIS, 0. 8.

M. t. “M. cornucopiam”’ simulante ; sed septo subungulato ;
apice angusto, submucronato ; margine laterali plus minusve
convexro, sepe inflato: operculo satis concavo; extus lamina

* Mr. Stimpson’s diagnosis does not speak of the plug, and might accord with
any of the three species here proposed. It will save much confusion between
this and Mr. Bean’s MS. name, should the two (on comparison of specimens)
prove to be identical.

440

extante spirali fortiori, anfr. circiter xii. definiente, nucleum
versus obsoleta ; intus umbone satis prominente, superficie stri-
ulis minimis concentricis ornata.

Variat apice parum seu valde elevato.

Test. adult. gibbosa, long. :063, lat. -013—°022; div. sept. et
apert. 130°.

Test. adult. normalis, long. ‘067, lat. -013—-02; div. sept. et
apert. 105°.

Test. adult. elongata, long. -082, lat. ‘(016—*022 ; div. sept. et
apert. 105°.

About 240 specimens have been examined, of which three pos-
sessed their opercula. In one, the spiral raised bar is distinctly
traceable to the very apex ; in another it is only seen for about eight
whorls. The same difference is recorded under Brochina glabra*.
The shells go through the same changes of form as in the last
species ; and many specimens display the same ‘crinoline”’ pattern
in the transparent and opake banding. It is in general easily
distinguished by the shape of the plug, which, even when the apex
is but slightly raised, is still somewhat tumid, while in M, cornucopie
the lateral outline is concave. Aberrant specimens exist in all the
species which cannot be discriminated with confidence. It is possible
that the forms with the high pointed plug belong to a fourth species,
perhaps a Fartulum, allied to C. teres; but they have here been
distributed among the rest according to the balance of characters.

Genus STREBLOCERAST.

Testa haud decollata ; vertice nucleoso orbiculari, plane tuber-
culart perpendiculariter affixo. Habitus increscentis plerum-
que orbicularis, seu subtortuosus.

This earliest known Ceecid preserves in its adult state the first
stage of Cecum,—the whorls not being decollated, nor any plug
formed. ‘The shells are too large and too numerous to be supposed
rudimentary, especially when the extreme rarity of the ‘‘Cornu-
oides”’ form even in recent Ceca is taken into consideration. It
bears the same relation to Cecum that Rimu/a does to Glyphist, and,
as far as the shell is concerned, forms an easy passage to Vermetus.
The plane of growth is generally flat, as in Caecum; but some spe-
cimens have a slight twist, forming an approach to Mezoceras. In

* Having succeeded in extracting one of the opercula, ‘018 in diameter (in
which the concavity was about *002, the inner boss about ‘001), I was surprised
to find, on the second day’s examination, that it presented fewer whorls, and those
further apart, than before. On investigation, it appeared that the whole margin
had bent over inwards, giving the object the appearance of an elf’s “ wide-awake”’
hat. The tiny article was then caused to balance on its reflected margin, in

which position the strong ribs presented much the appearance of the lost opercu- a

lum described under Caecum bimarginatum.

Tt orpcBrOs, twisted ; xépas, horn,

t B.M. Maz. Cat. pp. 213, 220=Lueapina, pars, H. & A. Ad., non Gray, = Ca-
piluna, Gray, Guide Moll. 1857, p. 166. The proof sheets of the Maz. Cat., bear-
ing date May 1856, were submitted to Dr. Gray’s inspection.

0
{

_ the nuclear whorls it is set perpendicularly to the plane of the adult,

441

in this respect also differing trom Cornuoides of Brown. As his
genus must be expunged, being constituted only for young Ceca,
the name is retained for the typical species.

42. SrREBLOCERAS CORNUOIDEs (Brown), n. s.

St. t. elongata, haud rapide augente ; vertice nucleoso magno,
anfr. ii. et dimidio, tumentibus ; habitu increscentis subregula-
riter arcuato, interdum vix tortuoso ; superficie levi, seu lineis
increscentibus concentricis ; apertura haud contracta, haud tu-
mida.

Long. ‘08, lat. tubee ‘008—-015.

Lat. verticis *01—:014.

Hab. Fossil in Eocene beds, Hempstead and Barton (Zdwards).

Mus. Brit.

Twenty-three specimens of this very interesting shell were found
by Mr. Edwards, and were alluded to by Searles Wood and by Forbes
and Hanley: their peculiarities, however, do not seem to have been
recorded till the present time. There is no trace of plug in the few
specimens which have lost the nuclear whorls. Only one specimen
was found from Barton, with one of the next species.

43. STREBLOCERAS SOLUTUM, 0. 8.

St. t. elongata, tereti ; vertice nucleoso minimo, anfr. ii. tumi-
dioribus ; t. adolescente rapide augente, levi ; dein subito
lineis concentricis exillimis, creberrimis ornata, subcylindrica ;
habitu increscentis subregulariter arcuato, seu vix tortuoso ;
apertura haud contracta, haud tumida.

Long. 082, lat. tube ‘004—015.

Lat. verticis °0035—:004.

Hab. Upper Marine Beds, Hordwell, 6 specimens ; Barton, | sp.

(Edwards & Higgins). Mus. Brit.

Of this very distinct species, three broken specimens were found
by Mr. Edwards in the Upper Marine beds at Hordwell, and one
nearly perfect from Barton, along with S¢. cornuoides. Mr. Higgins
was fortunate enough to find three specimens, of which two pos-
sessed the minute nuclear coils. These are not half the size that
they are in the last species, though in the adult state it is a trifle
the larger of the two. For about one-fourth of the entire length,
the shell is smooth and increases rapidly : it then suddenly becomes
minutely striated, and adopts the habit of growth of S¢. cornuoides.

To assist the student in the identification of species, an abstract,
giving the principal distinctive characters at a glance, is here ap-

pended.

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444

ANALYSIS OF GENERA.
Shell ribbed,

Genus Elephantulum.
Operculum :
nee on lens CCUM ...r0000: ! Shel aes
Growth | COnC@ve- - Shell smooth,
i Shell succes- } orbicular Fartulum.
sively de- 0
perculum
a ra collated. convex...... Brochina.
ED Growth
™ A epital. :idajesqysseeaneet nas Meioceras.
© * Shell persis-
HOHE Shi pascnsves otas packs oh oeaveanvetncentad .Strebloceras.

4. DescripTIon oF Riama, A New Genus or Lizarps, FORM-
ING A DISTINCT Famity. By Dr. Jonn Epwarp Gray,
F.R.S., F.L.S., V.P.Z.S., Pres. Ent. Soc. etc.

(Reptilia, Pl. XV.)

Mr. Louis Fraser has lately sent to the British Museum a con-
siderable series of Lizards, Snakes, and Toads and Frogs from Gua-
yaquil, in spirits. Among other interesting species is an annulated
Lizard, which, as it cannot be referred to any of the existing families,
and hasa very peculiar external appearance, must at the same time
be considered as the type of a new genus and new family.

This Lizard belongs to the section of Cyclosaure, which have a
distinct longitudinal fold along each side like the Zonuride ; but it
differs from the animal of that family in all the scales of the body
and tail being elongate, four-sided, placed in transverse rings and
regular longitudinal series, like the scales of the Amphisbenide, while
the scales of the back and tail of the Zonuride are all rhombic and
more or less distinctly keeled. It differs from the Amphisbenide in
having an elongated head, four distinct moderately strong limbs
(each furnished with five toes armed with claws), and broad square
shields on the central part of the belly and tail.

It differs from the genera of the Chalcide in the position of the
nostril (which in the genera of this family is large and placed in the
suture between the lower edge of the nasal and the upper edge of the
labial shield), and in the presence of exposed ears, which in that fa-
mily are entirely hidden under the skin.

These animals have the general form of the Lizards—their elon-
gated head furnished with regular shields, well developed eyes co-
vered with eyelids, well developed legs and feet, and a bifid tongue
with acute lobes, combined with small regular square or rather elon-
gated four-sided scales forming rings round the body. The scales of
the different rings are arranged in regular longitudinal series, smooth,
impressed, not imbricate one over the other, but like those of Am-
phisbena: indeed on looking at its back it might be almost taken for

445

an Amphisbena furnished with short legs ; but, unlike those animals,
the scales of the middle of the belly and the middle of the under side
of the body are of the same length, but twice as wide, as the other
scales, forming equal-sided square shields like those of the true La-
certide.

Their general appearance would lead one to the idea that they may
form a group intermediate between the Amphishena and the Zonu-
riform Lizards, but evidently more nearly allied to the latter.

Family Rramip.
The characters of the genus.

Genus R1raMa.

Head elongate, with regular shields; labial shield short, broad.
Chin and gullet with large shields. Tongue scaly ; apex bifid ; lobes
acute. Nostrils lateral, in the front part of a single plate. Eyes
distinct, furnished with eyelids. Ears sunken, covered with small
scales. Throat with several distinct collars, the hinder largest.
Body and tail elongate, cylindrical ; sides with a narrow impressed
groove extending from the axilla to the groin. The scales of the
back, sides of the belly, and upper part and sides of the tail, square,
elongate, four-sided, narrow, placed in equal-sized regular transverse
rings and longitudinal series ; of the middle of the belly and under
side of the tail, broader (about twice as broad as the others), square.
Legs four, short, moderately strong. Toes 5° 5: the front short,
subequal, claws short, blunt ; the hind ones unequal; the inner very
short, rudimentary; the outer elongate, placed lower on the foot
than the rest, claws longer, acute. Femoral pores few, distinct.
Tail elongate, cylindrical, rather fusiform, tapering to a fine point.
Vent with two arched series of squarish shields in front.

The rings of dorsal scales are rather interrupted over the vertebral
line : on the nape between the shoulders and on the front part of the
back there is a line, or two or three series, of small scales ; but these
gradually become fewer and fewer, and in the hinder part of the
back the rings of scales are only interrupted by a very narrow
sinuous impressed line, which terminates over the loins. I am not
certain whether this interruption of the rings is a character com-
mon to the genus, or a peculiarity of the individual under exa-
mination; it is not to be observed on the upper surface of the tail.
A very narrow, indistinct, impressed line is generally to be observed
in the same situation in the genus Chirotes, and in some specimens
of Amphisbena.

The fronts of the fore legs and thighs are furnished with large
flat shields ; the rest of the legs, groin, and axille are covered with
small granular scales. The head has three single sbields, the second
and third being separated by a frontal pair, placed between the
hinder parts of the last of the three pairs of superciliaries ; the sides
of the head are covered with three pairs of large polygonal shields ;
the temples with small polygonal shields.

446

RiAMA unicotor. (PI. XV. fig. 2.)

Uniform lead-coloured in spirits ; tail longer than the body and
head,. tapering to a fine point.

Hab. Ecuador (Mr. Louis Fraser).

Length: body and head 23, tail 34 inches.

It may be observed, that though the genera of the family Chal-
cide all agree in the form and situation of the nostrils between the
nasal and labial shields, and in the absence of the external ear, they
present two very distinct forms of scaling, forming at least two
tribes. Thus :—

1. The scales elongate, subquadrate, pointed behind; the scales ©

in the rings alternating with each other, the points of the scales of
one ring being opposite to the suture between the scales in the next
ring.—Brachypodina: Brachypus.

2. The scales elongate, subquadrate, truncated at the end; the
scales of the different rings opposite each other, forming longitudinal
as well as transverse lines. The ventral and subcaudal shields broader
than the rest.—Chalcidina : Chalcis—the first having the shield like
Chirocolide and Anadiade, and the second like Cercosauride and
the genus Rama here described.

Another genus of this family named Bachia, which is not in the
British Museum, is described as having narrow, smooth, six-sided
shields on the back, in nineteen longitudinal series.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE XV.
Fig. 1. Argalia olivacea, P. Z. 8. 1847, p. 97. From Venezuela.

Fig. 2. Riama unicolor.
All natural size.

November 9, 1858.

Dr. Gray, F.R.S., V.P., in the Chair.

The following papers were read :—

1. CHaAraActTers oF Five New Species or AMERICAN BIrRpDs.
By Puitie Luriey Scuater, M.A.

1. EvucHLORNIS FRONTALIS, sp. nov.

Psittaceo-viridis, fronte et gutture flavis ; alis caudaque intus
ngris, extus viridi limbatis ; secundartis albo anguste termina-

oe
Fs

\
aN
«!

447

tis: ventre medio flavo variegato: rostro fuscescenti-nigro,
pedibus pallide flavis.

Long. tota 6°5, ale 3°3, caudee 2°5.

Hab. Bolivia (Bridges).

Mus. Derbiano.

I have enumerated the seven known species of this beautiful
group, under the description of Zuchlornis melanolema in the ‘ An-
nals of Natural History’ for June 1856. I there used the generic
name Pipreola for them, thinking then that Swainson’s Pipreola
chlorolepidota probably belonged to the genus. But after again
considering Swainson’s description, I must acknowledge that the
point is very doubtful, and, until it is cleared up, it is perhaps more
proper to employ De Filippi’s term Luchlornis for the genus.

It is easy to recognize the present species of Luchlornis by its
yellow front and blackish bill, which are possessed by no other mem-
ber of the group. In size it is also inferior to all except Euchlornis
sclatert, Cornalia. The only example I have ever seen was pro-
eured by Bridges in Bolivia, and received through Mr. Cuming by
the late Lord Derby in 1846. It now ornaments the Derby Museum
at Liverpool, and has been lent me, along with some other rare S.
American birds, through the liberality of the Trustees of that Insti-
tution, so that I now have the pleasure of submitting it to the exa-
mination of the Society.

2. TurRDUS LEUCAUCHEN.

Supra nigricanti-cinereus, alis et cauda saturatioribus ; capite
toto et gula nigris, hac albo striata; collo antico pure albo ;
abdomine toto pallide cinereo, ventre medio crissoque albis ;
tectricibus subalaribus pallide ochracescentibus ; rostro flavo,
pedibus pallide brunneis.

Long. tota 9-0, alee 4:6, caudee 3:8.

Hab. In Guatemala.

Mus. P.L.S.

This is one of the numerous allies of Turdus crotopezus of Brazil
and 7’. assimilis of Mexico. It is however a very distinct species,
easily recognizable amongst them, by its dark cinereous colour, con-
spicuously white neck-mark and yellow bill. My example was ob-
tained from Mr. Leadbeater. Others similar are in Mr. Gould’s
collection.

3. GEOTHLYPIS SPECIOSA.

Saturate flavo-oleaginea ; capite, precipue ad latera, cum regione
aurieculari nigris ; alarum remigibus fusco-nigris : subtus vivide
flavus, lateribus brunnescentioribus, tectricibus subalaribus
flavis ; rostro nigro, pedibus nigricanti-carneis. 2 Supra oli-
vacea unicolor, subtus brunnescenti-flava, lateraliter olivascens.

+ | Long. tota 5°3, ale 2°4, caude 2°3.

Hab. In Mexico.
I found an adult male, a young male, and a female of this pretty
Yellow-throat among some duplicates lately obtained by eatoige

448

from the Museum of Geneva, which were: out of the fine collection
made by M. de Saussure during his recent travels in Mexico. These
specimens had been wrongly identified with Geothlypis trichas, from
which the black head of the male and want of the white band, not to
speak of minor differences, render it easily distinguishable. The
female, however, is not unlike the female of G. trichas, but of a
more brownish yellow below. In form this species is rather more
tenuirostral, and the tarsi, toes, and claws are slightly longer. The
third primary is slightly shorter than the fourth and fifth.

4. CyCLORHIS FLAVIPECTUS.

Olivaceo-viridis ; capite cinereo, pileo saturatiore ; fronte, loris
et superciliis elongatis rubris : subtus lete flavus, mento summo,
ventre crissoque pure albis ; rostri mandibula superiore brunnea,
inferiore nigro-plumbea, apice pallescente ; pedibus pallide car-
nets.

Long. tota 6:0, alee 2°8, caudee 2°2.

Hab. In ins. Trinit., Venezuela; et rep. Nov. Grenad.

Until I obtained examples of the true Cyclorhis guianensis from
Guiana and Cayenne, I mistook the present bird for that species.
On comparison they are quite distinct, the Cyclorhis guianensis
having the head pure cinereous, the yellow colour below confined to
the fore-neck and sides of the breast and of a different tinge, and the
legs lead-colour, and being besides of smaller dimensions. Of the
present bird I have examples from Trinidad, from Venezuela collected
by M. Aug. Sallé between La Guayra and Caraccas, from S. Martha
received from M. Verreaux, and from Bogota collections.

I now recognize at least six distinct species of this purely Neo-
tropical group (some of which have been sadly confounded together
by modern systematists), each occupying a distinct geographic area,
namely—

1. guianensis, (Gm.) ex Guiana, et Brazil. Bor.

2. nigrirostris, Lafr. ex Nov. Gren. int.

3. flavipectus, mihi, ex Trinit. ins. Venezuela et Nov. Gren.
littorali.

4. flaviventris, Lafr. ex Guatemala et Mex. Merid.

5. ochrocephala, Tsch. ex Bras. Mer. Orient.

6. viridis, Vieill., ex Paraguaya et Boliv.

The last two species are very different, as may be seen at a glance,
and yet have been always confounded together. In the Brazilian
species the bill is of a pale reddish horn colour. In the Paraguay
and Bolivian species it is much more elevated and compressed, and
has a large dark lead-coloured blotch at the base.

5. CINCLODES BIFASCIATUS.

Supra fulvescenti-brunneus, superciliis elongatis albis ; alis nigri-
canti-brunneis albo bifasciatis, tectricibus omnibus dorso con-
coloribus ; cauda nigra, rectricibus tribus extimis albo termi-
natis : subtus grisescenti-albus ; hypochondriis, ventre imo et

a, og

449

erisso pallide rufescentibus : rostro nigro, mandibula inferiore
ad basin brunnescente, pedibus brunneis.

Long. tota 8:0, alee 4:1, caudee 3°3, tarsi 1°2.

Hab. In Bolivia (Bridges).

Mus. Derbiano et Brit.

This fine species of Cinclodes is quite typical in form, though it
departs somewhat in colouring from the uniform appearance of Cin-
clodes patagonicus and its allies. In this respect it approaches Civ
clodes palliatus (Tsch.), and I was at first almost inclined to believe
that it might be referable to that species. It is in fact just recon-
cileable with the characters, as given in Tschudi’s ‘Conspectus Avium’
(Wiegm. Arch. 1844, p. 281). But turning to the Fauna Peruana,
we find a plate representing a bird with the apical portion of all the
tail-feathers white. On the other hand, in the letterpress of the
same work, the tail-feathers are described “‘ an der Basalhiilfte rein
weiss, im iibrigen Verlaufen schwarz,’ and in the following sentence
“ Schwanz schwarz.” I cannot undertake to reconcile these three
conflicting accounts of the colouring of the tail-feathers ; but if any
one of the three be correct*, the present bird must be quite different.
It may further be noticed that the underside of Tschudi’s species is
represented both by figure and description as “‘pure white.’ The
two white bands in the wing of Cinclodes bifasciatus are formed, one
by the bend of the wing and distinct exterior edging of the feathers
of the spurious wing being white, and the second by a broad white
space, which occupies the basal portion of all the secondaries except
the outermost, and passes obliquely across the inner primaries, ter-
minating at the fourth from the outside, and leaving the three outer
primaries wholly unmarked. The fourth primary is marked only on
the inner web. There is a specimen of this bird in the British
Museum, from the same origin as the bird described,

2. List or Birps cotLtectep By Mr. Lovis FrAseER, At
Cuenca, GUALAQUIZA AND ZAMORA, IN THE REPUBLIC OF
Ecuapbor. By Pariie Lutiey Sciatrer, M.A.

(Aves, Pl. CXLV.)

I have the pleasure of exhibiting some new birds belonging to the
first collections sent home by Mr. Fraser (our corresponding mem-
ber) from the journey he is now making in the Andes of Keuador,
and pointing out the characters by which they may be distinguished.
I subjoin also a complete list of the species obtained, as well for the
preservation of the localities, which are always accurately marked,
as on account of the value of the notes on the habits, food, &e. taken
from Mr. Fraser’s MS. which I thus have the opportunity of making

public.

* For other instances of the untrustworthiness of the plates of Tsehudi’s book,
see P. Z. S. 1854, p. 248, & 1558, p. 75. Dr. Giinther informs me that the Ba-
trachia there figured are also quite irrecoguizable.

No. CCCLXXV.—Proceepincs or THE ZOOLOGICAL Sociery.

450

Mr. Fraser’s first collecting-place was Cuenca, the capital city of
the province of the same name, situated on a branch of the Rio Mat-
tadero, and on the eastern slope of the great watershed, at an eleva-
tion of about 8200 feet above the sea-level. Birds here were very
scarce, and during a residence of parts of October and November in
1857 and March, April, and May of the present year only twenty-
seven species were procured, namely—

® $Hypotriorchis columbarius. Sayornis cineracea.
Otus crassirostris. Serpophaga cinerea.
Turdus gigas. Hlenia, sp.
chiguanco. Petrochelidon cyanoleuca.
SWaINSON?. Petasophora iolata.
Conirostrum fraseri, sp.nov. Calothorax fannie.
Tanagra darwini. Lesbia gracilis.
Pheucticus chrysogaster. amaryllis.
Zonotrichia pileata. Zenada hypoleuca.
Phrygilus ocularis, sp. nov. Columbula cruziana.
Catamenia analoides. Glottis melanoleuca.
Chrysomitris, sp. Tringa
Sycalis, sp. Tringoides macularius.

Sturnella bellicosa.

Of these eight or nine, such as Zonotrichia pileata, Petrochelidon
cyanoleuca, Glottis melanoleuca, &e. are birds of wide distribution ;
Turdus gigas, Lesbia amaryllis, and Chrysomitris spinescens are New
Granadian forms, occurring in collections from Bogota ; but the re-
mainder may be pronounced to be mostly Peruvian, having been
found, where their localities are known, in the Andes of that re-
public. Two only, a Conirostrum and a little finch of the peculiar
S. American genus Phrygilus, appear to me to be undescribed.
It may be remarked that this spot being probably in what Tschudi
calls the “‘ eastern Sierra region,”’ not a single bird of the great S.
American families Formicariide, Cotingide, or Anabatide occurs,
and only one Tanager (Tanagra darwini) found by Tschudi in the
western maritime region of Peru.

At Gualaquiza and Zamora, both sitzated much lower down in the
eastern wood-region on different branches of the Rio 8. Iago, Mr.
Fraser passed the months of December, January, and February.
Here the ornithology is totally different, only four of the species
met with at Cuenca occurring again, and members of all the three
typical families above mentioned being found. Of the sixty-two
species obtained here, though there are several interesting birds
amonyst them, the generality are well known and of rather wide dis-
tribution, occurring either in collections from Bogota or from the
Upper Amazon. Three only I can at present venture to characterize
as unnamed ; but there are several others belonging to the difficult
group Tyrannide, which may ultimately prove to be new.

1. Hyrorriorcuis coLuMBARIUS (Linn.) 3.
Cuenca, November 1857. The most southern locality yet re-

451

corded for this species.‘ From the topmost branch of a large tree
cee I had disturbed some doves (Zenaida hypoleuca), rides
azel,”’

2. Burgeo PENNSYLVANNICUS (Wilson) ¢.

Gualaquiza. Irides dirty-white ; cere, legs, and feet orange. Ex-
ceedingly shy. Appeared to be feeding on the ground. In the
stomach were fish-scales, locusts, beetles, and frogs.

3. IsycrerR AMERICANUS (Bodd.), Pl. Enl. 417.

Gualaquiza. Mandibles yellow, cere blue; face, throat, legs, feet
and irides deep red. In the gizzard, beetles and other insects. “A
very active noisy bird. Having killed one out of three together
among the high trees in the deep forest, the others made a great
noise, screaming and crying round about. ‘The second fell wounded,
and his cries made the third an easy prey.’’ Xivaro name, “ Fa-ca-
coo;”’ Spanish, ‘“ Catacao.’’

4. ASTURINA MAGNIROSTRIS (Gm.).

Gualaquiza, 2. “ Irides deep yellow; cere and face orange ; bill
bluish base, black towards the tip ; legs and feet orange.”

5. Buso crassirostris, Vieill.
Cuenca, 2. ‘The stomach contained hair and bones of small
mammals. Irides orange.”’

6. Turpvs Gieas, Fraser, P. Z.S. 1840, p. 59.
Cuenca. Bill and legs orange. Agrees with New Granadian
specimens from Bogota.

7. Turpus curGuanco, Lafr. et D’Orb. ; D’Orb. Voy. p. 201,
pl. 9. f. 2.

Irides light hazel ; bill, legs, feet, and claws yellow. ‘A smart,
active, upright bird, seen in pairs about the meadow-lands.”’

8. TurDUS ALBIVENTRIS, Spix, Av. Bras. i. pl. 69; Cab. Mus.
Hein. p. 4.

Zamora, ¢. A single specimen: hardly differs, except in rather
shorter tarsi, from examples of T. albiventris from Cayenne.

9. Turpus swainsont, Cab. in Tsch. F. P. p. 188. — Turdus
minimus, Lafr.; Sclater in P. Z.S. 1855, p. 145.

Gualaquiza and Cuenca.

I am not prepared to point out any difference between S. Ame-
rican and N. American specimens.

10. Mysopiocres canavensis, Aud. B. Amer. pl. 72; P. ZS.
1855, p. 143.
Gualaquiza and Zamora.

452

11. Dacnis cayana (Linn.).
Gualaquiza.

12. Dacnis ANGELICA, De Fil.
Gualaquiza.

13. CHLOROPHANES ATRICAPILLA, Vieill,
Gualaquiza, ?.

14, CeRTHIOLA LUTEOLA, Cab. Mus. Hein. p. 97.
Zamora and Gualaquiza ; sexes alike, but female smaller.‘ Giz-
zard soft, like that of Trochilide, and containing insects.”

15. CONIROSTRUM FRASER], sp. nov.

Supra viridescenti-cinereum, superciliis elongatis et corpore subtus
JSulvis; alis caudaque nigris grisescente limbatis ; tectricum
majorum et secundariorum marginibus externis cum macula
primariorum basali albis ; rostro et pedibus nigris ; tectricibus
subalaribus albis.

Long. tota 4°5, ale 2°25, caudee 2:0.

Cuenca, ¢ et Q alike. Irides hazel, bill, legs, and feet nearly

black : contents of stomach minute insects.

This apparently new species of Conirostrum (which I have the
pleasure of dedicating to its discoverer) seems most nearly allied to
the Bolivian C. cinereum (D’Orb. Voy. pl. 59. f. 1). 1 have not
had an opportunity of comparing it with authentic specimens of this
species, but as far as I can judge from the figure and description of
D’Orbigny, the present bird may be at once distinguished by its ful-
vous supercilia and under surface, and the want of the black head.
The Conirostrum fraseri will form a fifth species of this limited
group, of the known members of which I have already given a list
in these Proceedings (see P. Z.8. 1855, p. 75). There are two ex-
amples of this bird in the Derby Museum at Liverpool, both col-
lected by Delattre, one of which is marked “‘ Lima”’ and the other
“‘Guyaquil,” and I have also noticed a specimen in Sir William
Jardine’s collection, transmitted from Ecuador by Professor Jame-
son.

16. Procinas OcciDENTALIS, Sclater, P. Z.S. 1854, p. 249.

Zamora, 9; one ex. from the top of a tall bush. Ovaries full,
stomach empty.

17. EUPHONIA XANTHOGASTRA, Sund.

Gualaquiza, ¢, from the top of a large Guarumba tree. Irides
very dark hazel!

18. CALLISTE CYANEICOLLIS, (Lafr. et D’Orb.) ; Sclater, Mon.
Calliste, pl. 38. p. 87.

Gualaquiza and Zamora, Dec. and Jan. Irides dark hazel. ‘“ Fre-
quents the tall trees in parties of three or four individuals. The

453
skin of this bird is worn as an ornament by the natives, suspended
from the neck. Stomachs contain small seeds and vegetable matter.”

19. CALLIsTE SCHRANKI (Spix); Mon. Calliste, pl. 8. p. 17.

Gualaquiza and Zamora, Jan. 1858. Males with testes developed.
*Trides dark hazel; bill black, legs and feet bluish ; food vegetable
matter. Found in the tall trees. Also used by the Xivaros as an
ornament.”

20. CaLuisTe YENI (Lafr, et D’Orb.); Mon. Calliste, pl. 2. p. 5.
Gualaquiza.

21. Cauuisre Gyro.orpes (Lafr.) ; Mon. Calliste, pl. 26. p. 57.
Q juv. Zamora. In the stomach, vegetable matter.

22. TANAGRA Ca@LEsTIS, Spix.

Gualaquiza, Dec. with testes enlarged; irides dark hazel. In
the stomach, insects, seeds, and vegetable matter.

23. TANAGRA DARWINI, Bp.

Tanagra darwini, Bp. P. Z.S. 1837, p. 121.

Tanagra frugilegus, Tsch. Av. Consp. in Wiegm. Archiv. 1844,
p. 286; Faun. Per. pl. 17. f. 1. p. 204; Hartl. Rev. Zool. 1849,
p- 286.

Calliste frugilegus, Bp. Consp. p. 236.

Chrysothranpis frugilegus, Bp. R. Z. 1851, p. 143; Note s. 1.
Tang. p. 22.

Aglaia striata, Darwin, Zool. Beagle, p. 97 (partim).

Tanagra striata, Sclater, P.Z.S. 1856, p. 236 (partim).

Cuenca, many specimens ¢ et 2. Indian name “ Chuci-chugo.”’
Tongue fleshy, round, and pointed; irides hazel. Feeds on the
‘eapuli’ or wild Indian cherry.

Mr. Fraser has transmitted some examples of this Tanager in
ae which have served to clear up the mysteries of its relation-
ship to Tanagra striata. In my Synopsis of this group I have fol-
lowed Mr. G. R. Gray in considering the present blue-backed bird
as the female of the latter. But an anatomical examination shows
that this is an error, and that the Tanagra darwini, as described by
Bonaparte, is in fully adult male plumage. It appears, therefore,
that this is a western species, and Tanagra striata its eastern repre-
sentative. Tschudi found this bird in the fruit-gardens of Lima,
and Sir William Jardine has specimens sent by Professor Jameson
from the Table-land of Quito.

24. TANAGRA MELANOPTERA, Hartl.

Gualaquiza. Solitary: high up in large trees: in stomach, seeds
and vegetable matter.

25. RAMPHOCELUS UNICOLOR, Sclater, P. Z. 8. 1856, p. 128.

Gualaquiza and Zamora (Dec. 57, Jan. 58). Very active, always

454

on the move, frequenting the more open trees round the houses in
threes and fours, and the bushes: common. Instomach, seeds and
vegetable matter.

26. LANIO ATRICAPILLUS (Gm.).

Gualaquiza, 1 sp. ¢, testes developed, Jan. 1858. Irides dark
hazel ; bill, legs, and feet black. ‘‘ On a large tree in the thick forest.
Stomach contained insects: testes large: Xivaro name Chee-hay.”

27. Cissopis MINOR, Tsch. ? .

Gualaquiza, Dec. 1857. ‘“‘Irides straw-colour : bill, legs, and feet
black : has a loud shrill cry: frequents the bare tops of high trees,
generally in pairs. Stomach contained vegetable matter.”

28. PHructicus CHRYSOGASTER (Less.). — Pitylus chryso-
gaster, Less. Cent. Zool. pl. 67 (1830) ; Coccothraustes chrysope-
plus, Vig. P. Z.S. 1832, p.4; Coccoborus chrysopeplus, Bp. Consp.
p- 504.

Cuenca, Oct., Nov. 1857. Common in the gardens in the town ;
to be seen constantly, perched on the topmost branch of some small
naked tree, sending forth its pretty little song. Stomachs contain
seeds, pieces of Indian wild cherry, ‘ capuli,’ and peas. Called
“Chugo.” Irides dark hazel ; upper mandible blackish, lower yel-
lowish ; legs and feet lead-colour ; claws brown.

29. ZONOTRICHIA PILEATA (Bodd.).

Cuenca, Nov. 1857. Common everywhere, about the houses, on
the trees, bushes, &c. The boys brought me a nest contaiming
young. Spanish name ‘ Gorion.’

Mr. Fraser has sent a nest of this bird containing two eggs, taken
in March, “hard set.’’ The nest is neatly built of coarse dried
grass and stalks, lined with finer materials, and some hairs. It is
open and cup-shaped. The eggs are pale.greenish, spotted and
blotched, principally at the larger end, with pale reddish brown:
long diameter *83, short diameter *61 imches. :

30. PHRYGILUS OCULARIS, sp. nov. (Pl. CXLV. ¢ et 9).

3. Cerulescenti-cinereus ; dorso medio fusco, nigricante-flam-
mulato ; alis caudaque nigricantibus, illarum secundariis fusco,
tectricibus et primariis anguste cinereo limbatis ; loris albidis ;
oculorum ciliis supra et subtus albis: subtus albus, pectore et
lateribus cinerascente lavatis ; rostro supra nigricante, infra
carneo, apice nigricante ; pedibus carnets.

2. Supra fusca, nigricante flammulata ; infra albida: pectore
Suscescente, nigricante-flammulato.

Long. tota 4°75, alee 2°5, caudze 1°9.

Cuenca, 7 specimens.

Tschudi’s Phrygilus plebeius seems to be nearly allied to this

species, but the describer says nothing of the very noticeable white

455

eye-marks. ‘Common in flocks about the houses as well as in the
fields: small seeds in stomach.’’ Spanish name, ‘ 7'riguero.’

31, CoruRNICULUS PERUANUS, Bp. Consp. p. 481.

Gualaquiza. ‘Sexes alike ; frequents the piles of brushwood near
the houses, running in and out. Xivaro name, ‘ Pincho-chinchi.”’
Irides light hazel. Gizzard contains seed and insects.

A distinct species from C. manimbe, easily recognized by its yellow
lores and flexure.

32, CATAMENIA ANALOIDES (Lafr.) ; Bp. Consp. p. 493.

Cuenca. Gizzard contained seeds. Among the bushes on the
banks of the river.

33. Oryzonorus Torripus (Gm.); Cab. Mus. Hein. p. 151 ¢.

Zamora. Sings very prettily. In the gizzard, yellow vegetable
matter.

34. SpeRMOPHILA LucTUOSA (Lafr.) ; Bp. Consp. p. 497.
On the bushes and dead fence near the house, Gualaquiza and
Zamora. In the gizzard, seeds.

35. CHRYSOMITRIS ?
Cuenca. From a flock of the same species among trees and

bushes. Gizzard contains small seeds and grit.

B6. Sycaris ——!?
Cuenca.

37. Ostinors cristata (Gm.); Cab. Mus. Hein. p. 187 &.

Gualaquiza, Dec. 1557.

Irides light blue, bill lemon-colour ; legs and feet black. “This
bird perches himself on the bare topmost branches of the loftiest
tree, and throwing himself far forwards and backwards, with wings
and tail fully extended, gives forth his very loud and distinct notes
of * Biaggle, biggle, biggle,” with his head hanging down. They
live in society, and construct hanging nests, attached to the lower
branches of a lofty palm, the trunk of which is covered with very
sharp spines, which render it impossible to ascend. Now inhabiting
their nests as if breeding. The gizzard contained small grasshoppers.”
Xivaro name, ‘ Churi;’ Spanish, ‘ Bugglas,

38. Cacicus 1cTERONOTUS, Vieill.

Gualaquiza. ‘Feeding, like the Tanagers, in a Guarumbo tree.
Very wary.”’

39. SruRNELLA BELLICOSA, De Filippi, Cat. Mus. Mediol. p. 32

(1846).—Pezites brevirostris, Cab, Mus. Hein. p. 191.

Cuenca,—-‘ Chirote,’ ¢ et 2. ‘This species is always solitary,
perching in small trees and bushes: it is very squat in form. The

456

male is celebrated for his song, and the Cuencans often pay as much
as 4 or 5 dollars for specimens in confinement.’” Stomachs contain
Indian corn, small seeds, and grit.

There has been much confusion among the birds allied to the
Sturnus militaris of Linneeus. Prince Bonaparte in his ‘Conspectus’
has rightly distinguished three species, but has, as I believe, partly
misapplied the names and given wrong localities. The true Stur-
nella militaris is well characterized by him as much the largest and
longest billed bird. There are numerous specimens of this species
in the British Museum from East Falkland and Patagonia. It has
the under wing-coverts white. The present smaller species, with
the under wing-coverts, also white, was first recognized by De Filippi,
and appears also to be Cabanis’ brevirostris. One specimen in the
British Museum is from Delattre’s expedition in 1846 to Peru and
New Granada. The third species is easily recognized by its black
under-wings. Two specimens in the British Museum are said to be
from Chili. If this is so, this species is more likely to be the Stur-
nus loyca of Molina.

40. Cyanocorax vioLaceus. DuBus, Esq. Orn. pl. 30; Sclater,
P. Z.S. 1855, p. 153.

g et Q similes. Gualaquiza and Zamora. ‘‘A shy but noisy bird,
cawing like a crow in the large trees in the deep forest. On a female
being shot from a Guarumba tree, where a pair were in company
with some Bugglas (Ostinops cristata), the male flew several times
close round my head. The gizzard contained seeds and vegetable
matter.”

41. DeENDRORNIS ‘i Ie

Gualaquiza. ‘Runs up and down the limbs of the large trees
like a Woodpecker.”

42. ANABATES RUFICAUDUS, Lafr. et D’Orb. Syn. Av. pt. 2.
p- 15; Sclater in P. Z. 8. 1856, p. 26.

Gualaquiza. ‘“‘Irides dark hazel; bill blackish above, greenish
beneath. Among the large trees in the deep forest, running up and
down the limbs like a Woodpecker. Gizzard contained inseets.”’

43. ANABATES ——?
Gualaquiza, ¢. ‘‘ Sometimes running up the bark of the trees
in the forest, at other times perching.”’

Allied to A. atricapillus, Max., from Brazil, but probably distinct.
Only a single specimen sent.

44, SYNALLAXIS ALBIGULARIS, Sclater, P.Z.S. 1858, p. 63.
Zamora, 3S. Irides light hazel. Contents of the stomach—cater-
pillars, beetles, &c. “Always heard, but seldom seen, creeping about

in the very thickest bush close to the ground, and repeating its note
of chink, chink.”’

457
45, SYNALLAXIS ANTISIENSIS, Sp. Nov.
Supra terricolori-brunnea ; loris, ciliis et striga superciliari
albis ; pileo, alis extus et cauda rufis: subtus dilutior, gutture
et pectore antico albis, hoc sensim ventrem versus cinerascente ;

rostro carneo, supra nigricante ; pedibus nigricanti-fuscis.
Long. tota 6:1, alee 2°8, caudee 3-0.
Cuenca, Nov. 1857, 1 specimen. ‘‘Irides hazel; legs and feet
greenish ; nails flesh-coloured. Climbs up and down and round the
branches of trees like a Certhia.”

This apparently new Syna/lavis is most nearly allied to S. pallida,
Max., but may be distinguished by its larger size, white throat, and
earthy-brown plumage.

46. SYNALLAXIS BRUNNEICAUDIS, Sclater, P. Z.S. 1858, p. 62.
Zamora, ¢.

47. XENOpS GENIBARBIS, Ill. Prod. p. 213; Bp. Consp. p. 211.
Gualaquiza. A single imperfect specimen.

48. THAMNOPHILUS £THIOPS, Sclater, P. Z. S. 1858, p. 65.

Zamora, 2 spec. ¢. Irides light hazel ; bill black ; legs and feet
blue. ‘Creeping about in the underwood of the deep forest. In the
stomach, insects and their eggs.” Xivaro name, ‘ Pong-gah.’

49. THAMNOPHILUS DOLIATUS?

Zamora, 5 , 2 sp., one “from the upper part of the latter bushes,”’
another ‘‘ from a tall Guarumba tree.” Stomachs contained “ beetles
and other insects.”

These specimens are generally darker than 7’. doliatus, but I do
not venture to separate them at present.

50. DysirHaAMNUS PLUMBEUs (Max.).

Zamora. Apparently rather stronger than Brazilian specimens,
but only one example sent.

51. Prpra AuRICAPILLA, Licht.

Gualaquiza, Jan. 1858. o¢ testes very large. Irides white, bill,
legs, and claws nearly so. One ex. “ killed inside the house.”

52. TyRANNUS MELANCHOLICUS, Vieill.

Gualaquiza, 4 specs. all 2. In one, contents of stomach red
berries ; in another, green and black Coleoptera. Irides very dark
hazel.

53. SavorNIS CINERACEA (Lafr.).—Tyrannula cineracea, Latr.
Rey. Zool. 1848, p. 8 (7).

Cuenea, “‘Golondrina de Agua,’’ or ‘‘ Water-swallow.”’ On the
banks near the river, and one specimen on the stones in the river.

Irides black.

458

These specimens are rather darker than others in my collection
from S. Martha and Caraccas.

54. TopIROSTRUM CINEREUM (Linn.).
Zamora, ¢, one specimen.

55. SERPOPHAGA CINEREA (Strickl.).—Huscarthmus cinereus,
Strickl. Ann. N. H. 1844, xiii. p. 414.

Cuenca, 4 ex., Gualaquiza, 1 ex.; ‘‘ Patitodel Agua.” Xivaro,
“ Misqueet.”’ ‘‘ Hopping from stone to stone in the Gualaquiza
river.’ ‘Found amongst the bushes and stones on the banks of
the river.” Irides dark hazel.

56. ELa&NIA CAYENNENSIS (Linn.), Pl. Enl. 569. f. 2.

Gualaquiza and Zamora. Found on the topmost branches of tall
trees in twos and threes, whence they fly upwards, and forming a
circle of nearly 6 feet in diameter, seize their prey and return to their
post again. In the stomach of one example, “ two large green ber-
ries—no insects.”

57. ELANIA 2

Cuenca. A single specimen of a species nearly allied to H#. pa-
gana and FE. olivacea. Stomach contained ‘ capuli (wild Indian
cherry) and insects.”

58. ELANIA ?
Zamora, | ex. imperfect.

59. Myr1osius ?

Gualaquiza, 2 ex. ‘‘A lively active little bird, frequenting the
uppermost branches of the large trees overhanging the water.”

59*. Myrosius if
2 ex., Zamora and Gualaquiza. Inrides dark hazel. Gizzard con-
tained insects.

60. ORNITHION ?
Zamora, 1 ex. Killed among the creepers round the trunk of a
large tree.

61. TyRANNULUS CHRYSOPS, Sp. Noy.

Olivaceus ; alis nigricantibus omnino flavo marginatis ; cauda ni-
gricanti-brunnea extus olivascente ; fronte et ciliis oculorum
aureis: subtus flavescenti-albidus medialiter dilutior ; tectri-
cibus alarum inferioribus et carpo pallide flavis; rostro et
pedibus nigricanti-brunneis.

Long. tota 3°6, alee 2°8, caudee 1°4, rostri a rictu °45, tarsi °60.

Gualaquiza and Zamora, 2 ex. Irides hazel. ‘‘ High up in a large

tree at the river side: contents of stomach, hard green berries en-
tire ;’’ in another, ‘‘ hard green seeds.”

— cie.

Pad

[-
;

4 |
’

459

Agrees in form with 7’. e/atus, Spix, nearly enough to be placed
in the same genus. Third and fourth primaries equal and longest.

62. Emprponax —— ?
Zamora, 2 ex. Stomach contained beetles and other insects.

63. Conrorpus ——?
Gualaquiza, 1 ex. Stomach contained insects.

64. Conrorus BoGorensts, Bp. Consp. p. 190.

Obscure olivascenti-brunneus, pileo intensiore ; alarum tectricibus
minoribus et majoribus cum secundariis pallido ochracescenti-
cinereo extus limbatis, itaque alis bifasciatis ; remigibus rec-
tricibusque nigricanti-brunneis: subtus pallide flavicanti-cine-
reus, gula et abdomine imo dilutioribus et fere albescentibus ;
rostri mandibula superiore nigra, inferiore carnea, pedibus
nigris.

Long. tota 5-9, alee 3°6, caudee 26, rostri a rictu 0-7, tarsi 0°5.

Q paulo minor.

Obs. Contopodi virenti ex Am. Bor. maxime affinis et forsan vix
diversus.

Zamora and Gualaquiza, many specimens, all in moult.

This species is certainly very like the C. virens of the United
States. But comparing it with the single specimen of that bird which
I possess, I find the head not so dark, the edgings of the wings paler
and more buffy, without any tinge of rufous, and the throat more
white. And I can hardly believe that two species of this genus from
such distant localities can be really identical.

65. PeTROCHELIDON CYANOLEUCA (Vieill.).
Cuenca, 1 ex.

66. TroGon ——?
Gualaquiza, 2, 1 ex.

67. TroGon

Gualaquiza, | ex.
These Trogons are immature, and not in very perfect condition.

68. PerasopHora IoLara (Gould).

Cuenca and Gualaquiza, many examples. Found among the
hedges and on the cacti. At Cuenca common in March, found round
large trees in the fields, generally solitary, and uttering a loud ‘tweet,
tweet,’ like a grasshopper. Stomachs contained minute insects.

69. CALOTHORAX FANN1I# (Less.); Gould, Mon. Troch. pt. xii.
pl. 6.

Cuenca, Nov. 1857. ‘ This species is common about the gardens
and lane hedge-rows. It makes much more humming with its wings
than the long-tailed green one.” (Lesdia.)

460

70. LorpHorRNIs REGINA, Gould.

Zamora, 1 ex. Irides black ; mandibles reddish flesh-colour with
black tips. Feeding on a large Guarumba tree.

71. LeESBIA AMARYLLIS.

Cuenca, 1 ex. ¢. “I saw a male of this species attacking a male
‘ Chugo’ (Pheucticus chrysogaster) most pertinaciously, flying into
the air some 20 or 30 feet from the ground, and darting into the
bushes where the enemy was. The Chugo had to retreat under
cover.”

72. LEsBIA GRACILIS (Gould), P. Z. S. 1846, p. 86.

Cuenca, 5 ex.

“Tt is difficult to get a sufficient distance from these birds to
shoot them, on account of their quickness and uneasiness of motion.
They would seldom be seen but for their constant chirping and the
humming of their wings.”

73. THALURANIA TscHUDII, Gould, MS.—Trochilus furcatus,
Tsch. nec auct.

Irides dark hazel; bill and feet black. Gualaquiza and Zamora.

74. CHRYSURONIA G@NONE (Less.).
Zamora, 1 sp. d. Irides black.

75. THAUMANTIAS LINNAI.

Zamora, 2 ex. det 2. Feeding on the Guarumba trees. Irides
black.

76. Piaya MEHLERI, Bp.

Gualaquiza and Zamora, 3 ex. Irides red ; naked space in front,
behind and over the eyes red, below bluish flesh-colour. From the
bush about 10 feet above the ground, and the thinly-clad trees.
Stomachs contain grylli, beetles and insects.

77. MELANERPES HIRUNDINACEUS (Gm.).
Gualaquiza. Irides deep straw-colour.

78. Dryocorus ALBirostTRis (Vieill.) ; Spix, Av. Bras. i. p. 56,
pl. 45.
Gualaquiza. Irides orange.

79. RHAMPHASTOS CULMINATUS, Gould.
Gualaquiza, ¢.

80. Pronus menstrRvuvus (Linn.).

Zamora, Jan. 1858, 1 ex., 9, with an egg ready to lay. Inides
black. “Sitting on a lofty solitary dead stump, I mistook it for a
Falcon.”

81. ZENAIDA HYPOLEUCA, Bp. Consp. ii. p. 83.—(sufficiently
agrees with the type in the British Museum).

461

Gualaquiza and Cuenca. ‘Tortola.’’ “ TIrides hazel, cere bluish
flesh-colour ; rim round the eyes greenish yellow ; bill black ; legs
red,”

82. CotumBULA cRuzIANA, D'Orb.; Bp. Consp. ii. p. 80.

Cuenca, 1 ex. 2. Beak black; cere yellow; irides red; legs
red, claws black: contents of stomach very small seeds. ‘ Tortolita,’
Spanish. ‘‘I saw nine together on the tiles of a house in Cuenca;
also I observed it in the fields, sometimes in threes and fours, often
solitary.”

83. GLoTTIS MELANOLEUCA (Gm.).

Cuenca. Eyes black ; bill green ; legs deep orange.

84. TriNGorpEs MacuLarivus (Linn.).

Gualaquiza, 2, 2ex. Young birds, but the spots below are just
discernible in one specimen.

85. Toranus souiTarRivs, Wilson.

Gualaquiza, 1 ex. 2. Irides dark hazel ; bill blackish ; legs dull
green. Frequents the stones and margins of the river.

86. TRINGA 2
Cuenca, Oct. 1857.

87. TIGRISOMA TIGRINUM.
Gualaquiza, Feb. 1858.

3. SYNOPSIS GENERIS FRINGILLINI EryTHRUR#, AUCTORE Gus-
Tavo Harriaus, Mep. Docr.

a. Species Typic2%.

1. ERyTHRURA vRASINA (Sparm.). Viridis, fronte guttureque

dilute cyaneis, abdomine medio et cauda rubris.

Hab. In Java et Sumatra.

Syn. Loxia prasina, Sparm. Mus. Carls. t. 72, 73.-—Emberiza
quadricolor, Gm. L. no. 65.—Emberiza ecyanopis, Gm. ibid. no. 66.
—Fringilla sphenura, Temm. Pl. Col. 96.—£rythrura viridis, Sw.
Confer Bp. Consp. p. 457.

2. Eryrarura tricuroa (Kittl.). Lete viridis; facie et re-
gione parotica pulchre cyaneis ; cauda breviuscula cum tectri-
cibus superioribus rubra, rectricibus intermediis cerulescen-
tibus.

Hab. In ins. Ualan Carolinarum.

Syn. Fringilla trichroa, v. Kittl. Mem. Acad. Pet. 1835, ii p. 8.

t. 10, fig. bona.—Erythrura trichroa, Bp. Consp..i. p. 457; v.
Kittl. Denkwiirdigk. ii. p. 38.

462

3. EryYTHRURA TRICOLOR (Vieill.). Lete viridis; fronte, genis
et gastreo toto lete cyaneis ; cauda parum elongata rubra.
Hab. Timor (Mus. Paris. et Lugd.).
Syn. Fringilla tricolor, Vieill. Ois. Chant. pl. 20; id. Eneyclop.
p:. 974.—Erythrura tricolor, Bp. Consp. p. 457.

4. EryrHrura psiTracea (Gm.). Lete viridis ; fronte, sin-

cipite, gutture, uropygio et cauda coccineo-sanguineis.

Hab. In Nova Caledonia.

Syn. Parrot Finch, Lath. Gen. Syn. iii. 287. pl. 48; id. G. H.
vi. p. 81. pl. 96.—Fringilla psittacea, Gm. 8. N. i. 903.—Char-
donneret acalanthe, Vieill. Ois. Chant. pl. 32; id. Encyel. p. 982.—
Fringilla pulchella, R. Forster, Descr. Anim., ed. Licht. p. 273.—
Erythrura psittacea, Bp. Consp. p. 457.—Poéphila Paddoni, Mac-
gillivr. Ann. & Mag. N. H. 1858, p. 273.

5. ERYTHRURA PUCHERANII, Bp. Glauco-cyanea ; pileo genis
tectricibusque caude superioribus sanguineis.

Hab. In insulis Oceanie.

Syn. Erythrura Pucheranii, Bp. Consp. i. p. 457.

6. ERYTHRURA CYANOVIRENS (Peale). Viridis, nitore glauces-
cente: capite coccineo: ygutture pectoreque dilute cyaneis :
tectricibus duabus intermediis totis rubentibus, reliquis in medio
Suscescentibus in margine rubentibus.

Hab. In. ins. Navigatorum Upolu.

Syn. Geospiza cyanovirens, Peale, Unit. St. Expl. Exp. Ornith.

p- 117; Hartl. in Wiegm. Archiv. xviii. p. 104.

7. ERYTHRURA PEALII, nob. Lete viridis; pileo, regione paro-
tica, et tectricibus caud@ superioribus scarlatinis ; pectore pul-
chre cyaneo, gulam nigricantem versus saturate indigotico ;
rectricibus nigricantibus viridi marginatis.

Hab. In insulis Fee-jee.

Syn. Geospiza prasina, Peale, Unit. St. Expl. Exp. Orn. p. 116.

—Erythrura pealii, Hartl. Wiegm. Arch. xvii. p. 104.

Sp. MINUS TYPICA.

8. ERyTHRURA PHAETON (Hombr. & Jacq.), Puch. Voy. au Pol.
Sud. Ois. p. 99.—Neochmia phaeton, Hombr. & Jacq. ; Bp. Consp.
i. p. 458; Gould, B. Austr. iii. pl. 83; Reichenb. Vog. Neuholl.
p- 115.

Hab. In Australia Boreali.

4. Norrs on THE Hasits oF THE ScyTHROPs Nov HOot-
LANDIZ. By Grorce Bennett, Ese., Corr. Meme.
Zoo. Soc. CoMMUNICATED TO JOHN GOULD, Esa., F.R.S.,
V.P.Z.S., ETC., IN A LETTER DATED SYDNEY, JUNE 8, 1858.

“TI send you a few notes on the Seythrops Nove Hollandia, or

463

Hornbill Cuckoo of the Colonists, which, perhaps, you may think
worth bringing under the notice of the Zoological Society.

“A few years since a fine female specimen was shot in the Bota-
nical Garden at Sydney ; and from the notes I took at the time I find
that the peculiarity of its mode of flight induced me to mistake it for
a Hawk ; for it wheeled about, occasionally hovered very high in the
air, and then gradually descending, continued its flight close to the
tops of the lofty Hucalypti, Casuarina, and other large trees, as if
for the purpose of capturing insects, more especially the Tettigonia
or Locust, which at that season of the year (January) were very
numerous. It also whirled round the trees in circles and from
branch to branch, apparently to capture the Tettigonias and other
insects during their flight; and I further observed that it often
darted down and took its prey among the foliage and on the
trunks of the large Hucalypti, occasionally making a screaming
noise and hovering with its wings expanded to the utmost, at a short
distance above the trees, precisely as a hawk does. After making
these various evolutions and securing its morning meal, it quietly
perched itself on the very lofty branch, whence it was shot. On
examining the stomach, it was found to contain Gold Beetles (Ano-
plognathus) and Tettigonie in great numbers. A young specimen
formerly in the possession of Mr. Wall, the Curator of the Austra-
lian Museum, and now in the well-arranged and extensive aviary of
Mr. Alfred Denison at Government House, Sydney, is in excellent
health after recovering from a broken wing and broken leg.

*“‘T observe you mention in your ‘Birds of Australia’ that a spe-
cimen was presented to you by Lady Dowling, being one of two
taken from the branch of a tree while being fed by birds not of their
own species : an important fact, as showing the parasitic habits of the
bird. Now as the Scythrops is regarded as a member of the Cucu-
lide, anything which tends to confirm the propriety of placing it in
that group must be considered of great interest ; I have much plea-
sure, therefore, in telling you that when the young Scythrops was in-
troduced into Mr. Denison’s aviary it was placed in a compartment
already occupied by a Dacelo gigantea, and, doubtless feeling hungry
after its journey, immediately opened its mouth to be fed; and its
wants were readily attended to by the Dace/o, who with great kindness
took a piece of meat, and after sufficiently preparing it by beating it
about until it was in a tender and pappy state, placed it carefully in
the gaping mouth of the young Scythrops; this feeding process
continued until the bird was capable of attending to its own wants,
which it now does, feeding in company with the Dace/o in the usual
manner. When I saw it in the morning it was perched upon the
most elevated resting place in the aviary, occasionally raising itself,
flapping its wings, and then quietly settling down again after the
manner of Hawks in confinement, and presenting much the appear-
ance of a member of that tribe of birds. It comes down for food
every morning, and immediately returns to its elevated perch,
Judging from what I saw of this specimen, I should imagine that the
bird might be very readily tamed and would bear confinement very

464

well. In the young state the bird is destitute of the scarlet orbits
so conspicuous in the adult.”

5. DESCRIPTIONS OF SOME BUTTERFLIES FROM THE COLLECTION
oF Mr. Watuace. By W. C. Hewitson.

(Annulosa, Pl. LIV., LY.)

NYMPHALID&.
Drapema Panparus (Pl. LIV. figs. 1, 2).

$ P. Pandarus, Lin.=P. Calisto, Cram. pl. 24.
2 P. Pipleis, Cram. pl. 60=Hiibner, Sammlung.

Although differing greatly in size and colouring from the figures
of Cramer and Hiibner, I have no difficulty in believing that the
Butterflies here figured are varieties of the same species.

The insects previously figured are from Amboyna; these are from
New Guinea, where, Mr. Wallace remarks, the Butterflies are gene-
rally smaller than those of Amboyna.

The male of the Amboyna insect is without the white band of the
anterior wing; the female has it. The male now figured seems to
represent the female of that insect. The upperside of the female
here differs but little from the underside of Cramer’s figure of the
same sex. The undersides of both sexes of the Amboyna and New
Guinea Butterflies are nearly identical.

I think it is not at all unlikely that the other figures in the plate,
which I have preferred at present to consider as a distinct species,
may be only another variety of D. Pandarus.

The insects of this genus are well known to be subject to great
variation both in size and colour. D, Lasinassa has been figured
by Cramer alone under thirteen different names; and I have no
doubt that P. Alimena, pl. 221, and P. Vitellia, pl. 349, both of
Cramer, are one and the same species.

Exp. 3,5, inches.

Hab. Ké Islands, near New Guinea.

All the insects of the plate are kindly lent to me from the private
collection of Mr. Wallace.

DiapeMA Deois, Hewitson (Pl. LIV. figs. 3, 4, 5).

Upper side, male (fig. 4), dark brown. Anterior wing with an
indistinct transverse band of lighter brown beyond the middle.
Posterior wing with a large central rounded white spot, with, be-
tween it (touching it) and the anal angle, a rufous spot marked with
two black eye-like spots, each with a central dot of light blue, two
other indistinct black spots towards the costal margin touching the
central white, each with a scarcely seen dot of blue.

Under side. Anterior wing as above, except that the central band
is nearly white, that the wing beyond it to the apex is lighter brown,
and that there is a black spot with a dot of blue near the anal angle.

u ~* % cs » ‘ —
ET

465

Posterior wing, from the base to the central white spot, brown ; the
outer margin brown, traversed by a rufous line; the rest of the
wing, except the central white spot, orange, with five blue-black
eye-like oval spots, three near the apex, two near the anal angle, each
with a single dot of light blue, except that which is nearest to the
anal angle, which has two.

Female (fig. 3) brown. Anterior wing with a large central space
of white reaching from the costal margin to nearly the outer margin ;
the nervures black. Posterior wing light brown, with a large cen:
tral space of white; four black eye-like spots beyond the middle
placed in pairs, three of them with the central dot of blue.

Under side (fig. 5) white, tinted with lilac beyond the middle.
Anterior wing with a broad space of brown attached to the inner
margin, from the base of the costal margin to near the outer margin,
where it is marked by a black spot with two dots of blue. The
outer margin and apex (which is traversed by a line of white) brown.
A faint line of brown parallel and near to the outer margin. Pos-
terior wing as in the male, but with less orange, the outer margin
and a line near it brown.

Exp. 34 inches

flab, Aru, New Guinea. In the collection of Mr. Wallace.

EuRYTELID&.

MELANITIS MELANE, Hewitson (Pl. LV.).

Upper side. Male (fig. 1) dark green or blue-brown, lighter at
the margins. Anterior wing crossed near the apex by a curved
band of light green. Posterior wing with a submarginal band of the
same colour, broader towards the anal angle, where it is marked by
two round black spots, each with a dot of light blue. Outer margin
of both wings dentated, with bifid lunular white spots between each
dentation.

Under side as above, except that it is rufous-brown, that the sub-
marginal band of the posterior wing is orange near the anal angle,
that there are three black eye-like spots (two on the orange), the
spot nearest the anus marked with two dots of blue. hy Eb

Female (fig. 2): upper side light rufous-brown, tinted with lilae
towards the margins. Anterior wing with a large space of white
beyond the middle. Posterior wing with two indistinct black spots
dotted with blue between the median nervules. Under side as above,
except that it is lighter, that the whole of the posterior wing (the
costal and outer margins excepted) is of a dirty white, that there
are three black spots dotted with blue (larger and more distinet than
above) and surrounded with orange. Mae Bt

Variety : female (fig. 3) differs on the upper side from the last
(which appears to be the most typical) as represented in the plate.
On the under side it differs from that figure in having the costal mar-

in broadly brown, the eye-like black spots surrounded with orange,
the spot nearest the anal angle marked with two dots of light blue.

No. CCCLXXVI.— Proceepines or THE ZOOLOGICAL Soc.

466

Variety : female (figs. 4, 5) has (more than the other varieties)
two indistinct black spots on the upper side of the anterior wing.
On the under side there are three such spots (two only, dotted with
light blue). On the under side of the posterior wing there is a fifth
black spot.

Exp. ¢ 3,2) inches, 9 3,5, inches.

Hab. New Guinea.

Greatly as the four examples of the plate differ from each other,
I cannot separate them, except in colour; their chief variation
seems to consist in the differing distance of the eye-like spots from
the outer margin. ‘This may he noticed also in the genus Drusilla,
in which the beautiful large eyes of the posterior wing vary much in
their relative distance from the outer margin.

6. Notes on THE Hasits, Haunts, ETC. OF SOME OF THE BIRDS
or Inp1a*. By A. Letra Apams, M.B., SuRGEON 22ND
ReGIMENT. COMMUNICATED BY Messrs. T. J. & F. Moore.

The Vulture tribe is very generally distributed over India, and yet
the traveller may journey over a vast extent of that country and
meet with scarcely a single species ; for during the greater part of
the day they mount to high elevations and soar in great circles, sel-
dom remaining constant in any locality. They prefer the neighbour-
hood of towns or along the highways, often congregating in flocks ;
and it is not uncommon to see different species together. We have
seen them even in the centre of the Scinde deserts; in fact no si-
tuation is without its species, for with few exceptions they abound
all over Asia.

I have devoted much attention to the question whether these

‘birds discover their food by smell or sight ; and after many prac-
tical observations I am convinced it is by sight alone they are en-
abled to find out their prey. In illustration of this fact, I may ad-
duce the following as an occurrence familiar to every Himalayan
sportsman. After a bear or other large animal is killed, the hunter
soon finds himself surrounded by rapacious birds, where none were
seen before; they are ubserved dashing down the glens, and sailing
in circles around his quarry. Some sweep within a few yards of
him. Others are soaring at higher elevations, and even at such
vast altitudes that the huge Bearded Vulture appears only as a small
speck in the deep blue heavens; but gradually it becomes more
distinct as its wide gyrations increase. It may gather itself up and
close its wings, or dash in one fell swoop hundreds of feet, and the

* Throughout the following paper I have given only the result of careful exa-
mination and experience. No species is named whose identity I have not con-
firmed; such as are doubtful will be left unnamed and a description given, taken
shortly after death. The nomenclature followed is with little variation that of
Blyth’s catalogue.—A. L. A

ee ae eee ee ee

be She re cuts

lhe

467

next minute is seen perched on the jutting rock beside him. Such,
then, are the usual appearances observed immediately after the death
of a large animal; and the hunter wonders whence all these big
Vultures and Carrion Crows have come: but if, immediately after
his noble Ibex has rolled down the crag, he directs his eyes hea-
venward, he will observe Carrion Crows and Vultures at various
distances and elevations sailing leisurely about; and very probably
the one nearest to him, observing the death of his quarry, instantly
commences to descend; then one follows the other, until the valley
resounds with the hoarse croakings of the Crows, and the air seems
alive with them. It is surprising the numbers that are sometimes
observed to congregate on these occasions ; I have seen no less than
sixty Vultures and Crows on and around the carcase of a bear.

1. Gypaiirus BarBatus (Linnzeus).
Bearded Vulture.

**Greed”’ of the Cashmerees, but generally applied to all the spe-
cies.

Among all the grandeur and beauty of the Himalayas I know few
sights more attractive to the naturalist than to behold the Vultures
and rapacious birds soaring over the vast ravines and around the tops
of the mighty mountains in the clear blue sky of a July afternoon,—
the setting sun casting his last rays on the distant snow-clad moun-
tains, the quiet evening broken only by the cry of the eagle, the
bleat of the goat, or the shrill pipe of the Black Partridge. There is
to be seen the Bearded Vulture (the Indian, Bengal, and Egyptian
species) and kites and eagles wheeling in vast circles around the sum-
mits of the towering mountains as if it were all in one medley ; but
more conspicuous than the others is seen the immense Bearded
Vulture.

It frequents the Western Himalayas to very high elevations, and is
found likewise on the Salt and Suliman Ranges of the Punjab. I
have seen a solitary bird at Peshawur ; but it is seldom seen on the
plains of India, and when at all, close to the mountains. The Bearded
Vulture does not strictly confine itself to live animals ; for on the
hill stations at daybreak, among the first camp-scavengers, it is seen
sailing leisurely along the mountain-sides in search of offal and re-
fuse. However, it would appear, circumstances change to a great
degree the habits of many rapacious birds ; and although this species
is a foul feeder in camp, in the solitude of his native mountains he
hunts with great boldness and intrepidity. The Brown Eagle
(Aquila nevia) of the Himaiayas, in form perhaps the most typical
of its family, I have seen frequently feeding on carrion and refuse.
Yet, with all, the Limmergeier is a noble-looking bird, either when
feeding in camp or hunting for prey on the more distant mountains.
When thus employed, he flies low, keeping within a few yards of the
ground, and describes circles on the mountain-side until he has
beaten it from top to bottom. The Bearded Vulture is easily distin-
guished on wing from any other species by the long sharp-pointed
wings and tail. There are two varieties of plumage—that of the

468

young and old. The former has the head and neck black, with a
tinge of sooty-black all over the body ; the adult has the same parts
rufous-white. The feathers on the legs are long and plume_like, and
project much backwards, particularly obvious when the bird is feed-
ing. There are few rapacious birds possessing greater powers of
flight, although generally to be seen sailing quietly and slowly along
the mountain-sides, flapping now and then his long wings when he
wishes to mount higher. If suddenly frightened, or bullied by his
common tormentors Govind Kites (Milvus govinda) or Indian
Jackdaws (Corvus splendens), he will shoot like an arrow down the
ravine, then rise up with an easy but very rapid flight. It is by no
means a shy bird, and will often pass within a few yards of one when
searching for food. The nest is always built among rocks and inac-
cessible places. On one of the lesser ranges near Simla I found its
nest and two young on a cliff overhanging a steep ravine; a vast
collection of bones of sheep and cattle was strewed around—the re-
fuse of one of the European stations not many miles distant. The
eye of the Lammergeier, although much smaller than might be ex-
pected in such a large bird, is bright and keen; the sclerotic coat
red, and iris white: the former is brown in the young bird until its
second year. Bruce, the African traveller, mentions having killed
one weighing 22 lbs. ; but none I have shot weighed above 14 lbs.
From the tip of the bill to the extremity of the tail the largest mea-
sured 3 feet 11 inches, and between the extremities of the wings
9 feet. In the stomach of one killed by me on the mountains of
Cashmere I found several large bones, together with a hoof of an
Ibex. Many tales are told by the natives of the Himalayas, of the
boldness and strength of this species, that the ibex, young bears,
sheep, and goats are often carried away. The Marmots (Arctomys
Tibetanus et Himalayanus) constitute their favourite prey; and
wherever they abound, Bearded Vultures are to be seen. Among
the feathers of the neck and lower parts are secreted quantities of a
rust-coloured powder like cinnamon. ‘The use of this ingredient I
have never been enabled to discover, unless it keeps the feathers dry
when the bird is feeding on carrion.

2. Gyps rnpicus (Scopoli).
Indian Vulture.

The Indian Vulture is larger than the bearded species, and is pro-
bably the largest of the tribe found in Hindostan. It measures. gene-
rally about 83 feet between the tips of the wings; length of body,
including tail, 35 feet. The largest I ever shot, apparently a fine old
male, was 8 feet 11 inches between the tips of the wings, and 4 feet
from the beak to the extremity of the tail; weight 19 lbs. The
species is common all over India, and is seen in the interior of
the Himalayas ; indeed it is seldom the sportsman can leave his
dead quarry an hour before he finds these birds devouring it. In
the course of a few hours I have seen the carcase of a bear de-
voured by these birds, assisted by Bearded Vultures and Carrion

469

Crows. The backbone was generally the only part of the bea
visible after their repast; and so nicely cleaned was the vertebral
column, that it might have been done by the scalpel of an anatomist.
They are common camp-visitors, but by no means so bold as others
of the family, preferring to feed in secluded places, while the Egyp-
tian Vulture can be seen on almost every dunghill in India. It
would appear they prefer the carcases of the dog, sheep, or ox in a
putrid state to any other sort of offal. In clear evenings, and par-
ticularly after a sumptuous repast, they may be seen soaring in cireles
at vast elevations, and at dusk congregate in flocks of from thirty to
forty, frequently accompanied by Bengal and Pondicherry Vultures,
all huddled together on a rock or decayed tree: the white heads of
the two former distinguish them from the red of the Pondicherry
Vultures. Fights sometimes ensue ; but, from the tardy movements
of the combatants, they are seldom severe or bloody. Along with
the other Indian species, it hunts the shores of the Ganges in search
of the dead bodies of Hindoos, and likewise follows the armies of
India in the field ; and when the roar of the cannon and clash of war
have died away, they repair in hundreds to the scene, and glut on the
dead bodies of the fallen.

3. Gyrs BENGALENSIS (Gmelin).
Bengal Vulture.

Is widely distributed over Bengal and the Lower Himalayan Range,
but does not appear to travel far into the interior of these
mountains. It is at once distinguished on the wing from having the
lower part of the back, and under surface of the wings, pure white ;
when the latter are closed, the white on the back is not visible.
These marks are very distinctive, and sufficient to discover the bird
at very high elevations. Its total length is about 3 feet ; and be-
tween the tips of the wings it measures 7 feet 8 inches. It is one
of the keenest-sighted of the Vulture tribe, and usually the first to
discover a dead animal.

4. OroGyrs catvus (Scopoli).
Vultur Pondicerianus, Latham.
Red-headed Vulture.

Is found in Bengal, the Deccan, and Lower Himalayan Range, but
does not travel any distance into the interior of these mountains. This
species is easily distinguished from the others by the red colour of
the skin on the head and neck. In size it is less than the preceding.
Total length about 2} feet. Bill bluish-black, cere yellow, feet

deep yellow.

5. Neopuron percnorrervs (Linnzeus).
Egyptian Vulture.

With perhaps the exception of the Govind Kite (Milvus govinda,
Sykes), this is the most abundant and generally distributed of the

470

Indian Raptores. It is found in Scinde, but not common. It is
abundant in the Deccan, Bengal, Punjab and Valley of Cashmere,
but does not travel far into the interior of the Himalayas. Its habits
are strictly domestic, frequenting towns and camps, where it lives
on almost every description of offal and putridity. Its flight is un-
steady and slow; and when on the ground, it walks with head erect,
lifting the legs high, much after the manner of crows. The Indian
authorities fully appreciate the value of its services ; for in many
districts of Bengal there is a penalty for shooting this species and
the Govind Kite. Egyptian Vultures regularly repair to the Euro-
pean barracks during meals, and may be seen feeding in hundreds on
the ground, and the Govind Kites darting down and bearing away
in their talons the bone which the Egyptian Vulture is busily
cleaning, the Kite devouring the flesh as it sails away. The two
species never quarrel, and may be seen often perched together. Du-
ring the march, they accompany regiments for hundreds of miles ;
and regularly at daybreak, as the camp is being formed, these vul-
tures may be seen in flocks approaching from the direction of the
last encamping-ground. This remark applies likewise to Govind
Kites and Indian Jackdaws (Corvus splendens).

The Egyptian Vulture is the smallest of its tribe found in India.
The total length does not exceed 2 feet 2 inches, and the size is about
that of the Raven. The iris is yellow *. The shades of plumage
are consequent on age; and it appears the adult garb is not ob-
tained until the third year.

Besides the species above mentioned, the Vultur kolbii may be
reckoned as an occasional visitor on the interior range of the Western
Himalayas ; and as the Griffin Vulture has been shot in Persia, I see
no reason why that species likewise may not be found on the more
western ranges, Hindoo Koh, &c.

6. AQuiILA CHRYSA:TOs, Linn.

Golden Eagle.

I shot a young bird (Ring-tailed Eagle) on the Chor Mountain,
near Simla, with a Kalij Pheasant (Lophophorus albo-cristatus)

in its talons. The species frequents the Western Himalayas, but is
not common.

7. Aquiua BIFASCIATA (Gray).

Is common around Poonah, in the Decean. I have seen them
roosting on the tops of houses ; they feed at times on carrion.

8. AquiLa nzvtIA (Gmel.).

Spotted Kagle.

Is plentiful on the Western Himalayas, and less common in the
Punjab. Its flight is rapid and strong. With Kites it is often
seen feeding on offal in the Hill Stations near Simla.

* Some authors state the iris to be brown; true as regards the young bird
only.

471

9, ? AQUILA MALAYENsIs, Temminck.
Black Eagle.

In Rupshoo in Ladakh I saw an eagle about the size of the A.
chrysaétos (colour black, but head and neck white, tail long and
wedge-shaped), probably belonging to this species.

10. Hauraétrus macetr, Temminck.
Mace’s Eagle.

Met with all up the Indus and its branches ; very common on the
Jhelum in the Valley of Cashmere. Its favourite haunts are low
level shores, where it is often seen perched on a rock or decayed
trunk of a tree, intently watching for fish. I have seen it frequently
feeding on offal and the remnants of sheep and goats slaughtered
for the use of the regiment during a march through Scinde. ‘There
is much variety in regard to colour. The bird after two years has
the head and neck of a dirty white, body and wings black, rump and
tail white, the latter broadly tipped with black. Young birds of the
first year have very little white on the tail ; and the head and neck
are rufous. Its ery is loud, and resembles the cackle of the domestic
fowl. They are very abundant on the Jhelum river and lakes of
Cashmere, and so tame that boats may approach within a few yards
of them. The iris is light brown. In the month of December 1852,
a pair built on a pepul tree in the vicinity of a marsh close to Rawul
Pindee ; and by the end of the following month the young were
hatched. I frequently observed the parents hunting in a pond for
fish and dead snipe killed by sportsmen.

ll. Hauiasrur 1npus, Boddaert.

Common on the Indus. Has much the habits of the Govind
Kite ; feeds on refuse as well as fish. Does not seem to frequent
the rivers of the Punjaub, although very common in Scinde,

12. Mitvus Govinpa, Sykes.
Goviud Kite.

There is considerable variety in colour of plumage in this species ;
searcely two specimens are exactly similar. I have shot Govind
Kites so dark of plumage, that I could not discover the slightest
difference between this bird and M. ater of Gmelin: I believe they
are identical. Abundant all over Bombay, Bengal, and the lower
range of the Western Himalayas.

One afternoon, when the steamer was drawn up by the bank of
the Indus, I observed a native washerman close by eating his fowl
and curry. He was busy devouring a wing, when down dropped a
kite, and actually, by means of its talons, tore the wing from between
his teeth, devouring the capture as it sailed away. A few weeks
afterwards, while sailing up the Sutlej river in small country boats,
we halted at noon on a wet and sandy beach, for the purpose of allow-
ing our party time to cook their dinners. As the soldiers and women
were returning from the cooking-station about 30 yards from the

472

boats, carrying their plates filled with beef and rice, a flock of kites
assailed them, darting like so many arrows on the laden platters, and
bearing away the contents: the sight created great mirth in those
who had dined. One poor woman, from the clayey nature of the soil,
was unable to extricate herself, and stood there with out-stretched
arms, begging for assistance as each successive kite darted down on
her plate, until they completely devoured her dinner. It is won-
derful the unerring accuracy with which these birds dart on their
food: as soon as a piece of flesh is thrown on the ground, down darts
a kite and seizes it with his talons, devouring it as it sails away ;
and so daring and undaunted are they, that, in the case of the poor
washerman, his wife was obliged to stand over him with a stick, which
she waved over his head during the remainder of the meal.

The Kite’s nest is built of twigs lined with wool or any soft sub-
stance. The eggs are white, with rust-coloured streaks on the larger
end. They generally build near the native towns and villages, par-
ticularly on the chunar trees in the Valley of Cashmere. They
commit great havoc among young poultry and tame pigeons, which
they torment to death by chasing them, until, worn out, the pigeon
falls to the ground, and is soon despatched by his relentless enemy.

13. Circus 2ruGinosus (Linneus).
Moor Buzzard.
India. Common.

14. Circus SWAINSONH, Smith.
Punjab ; Scinde. Pretty common.

15. Circus montaGul, Vieillot.
Punjaub and lower range of the Western Himalayas. Common,

16. Poxiornis TeEESA (Franklin).

Around Poonah in the Deccan pretty common; not seen in the
Punjab or Western Himalayas. ;

17. ELANUS MELANOPTERUS, Daudin.
Scinde and Punjab. Favourite food, mice.

18. CrrcaETus GALLIcUS, Gmelin.
Bombay, Bengal. Common in the Punjab, particularly in the
north-west, near Rawul Pindee.

19. FaLco PEREGRINUS, Linneus.

Used by the Mahrattas for hawking. Inhabits Scinde. I found
a nest on a tree on the banks of the Indus below Ferozepore, con-
taining two young. On dissecting a specimen shot in Scinde, I found
large coils of a species of Round Worm of about the thickness of a
packthread, and 8 to 12 inches in length. Although the abdo-
minal cavity was infested with them, the bird appeared plump and
in good condition.

473

20. FALCoO pEREGRINATOR (Sundeval).
Shot one near Simla on the Western Himalayas.

21. Fatco cuicauera, Daudin.

Lower range of the Western Himalayas, and N.W. frontier of the
Punjab.

22. TINNUNCULUS ALAUDARIUS (Brisson).

Falco tinnunculus, Linnzeus.

Deccan, common; seen at dusk in almost all situations ; preys
chiefly on large insects, mice, and the Black-breasted Lark-finch
(Pyrrhalauda grisea). Punjab, Lower Himalayas, and Cashmere,
common. .

23. TINNUNCULUS CENCHRIS, Frisch.
Falco tinnunculoides, Temminck.

Abundant in many districts on the lower Himalayan Ranges, and
preys extensively on the Mountain Pipit.

24. Fatco 2saton, Gmelin.
N.W. frontier of the Punjab (Peshawur), during the cold months
only.

25. AccrpPITeR Nisus, Linnzeus.
N.W. Himalayas, pretty common.

26. AcctriTeR pussuMIERI (Sykes).
Deccan, Scinde, Punjab, and Cashmere, pretty common; fa-
vourite prey, larks and pipits.

27. Micronisus sapivus (Gmelin).
Punjab and Cashmere ; seen frequently, but not so common as
the last.

28. AstuR PALUMBARIUS (Linn.).

Seen only in a domestic state. The ex-Ameers of Scinde had
several very fine specimens at Poonah trained for hunting. Said to
inhabit the Western Himalayas.

29. Buso BENGALENSIS, Franklin.
Common in the northern Punjab and cultivated districts on the
Lower Himalayas.

: ’
30. Asto Bracuyotvus, Gmelin.

Pretty common all over the Punjab and lower ranges of the W.

Himalayas.

31. Kerupa ceyLonensis (Gmel.).
Western Himalayas, not common. Iris deep orange.

474

32. ATHENE CUCULOIDES, Vigors.

Lower Himalayan ranges, northern Punjab. Pretty common ;
killed one devouring a brown rat; the crop contained a mouse and
beetles.

33. ATHENE BRAMA, Temminck.
Common in the Deccan, Scinde, Punjab, and W. Himalayas.

34. ATHENE BRODIEI, Burton.
I saw one specimen of this small species near Simla on the W.
Himalayas. Not common.

35. Upupa repops, Linn.

India and on the Western Himalayas as far north as Chinese Tartary.
I found it common in Ladakh. Often seen on trees. Its ery re-
sembles the words hoo hoo. The Dicrurus longicaudata (A. Hay)
is its frequent tormentor. On the fine glassy glades in the Valley
of Cashmere the Hoopoe may be seen digging its long bill into the
soft turf in quest of insects; and just as its labour is nearly done,
down pounces the black Drongo Shrike (Dicrurus) to secure the
fruits of its toil.

36. HaLcyon sMyRNENSIs (Linnzus).
India, common.

37. CeryLe RuDIs (Linneus).
India and Himalayas, common.

38. ALCEDO BENGALENSIS (Gmelin).

India and Lower Himalayan ranges. Very plentiful on the
streams and lakes of Cashmere, and adding much to the beauty of
the far-famed Shalimar gardens and the delightful scenes in that
romantic land.

39. Coractas 1npIcaA, Linneus.

India, W. Himalayas, Cashmere; common. The C. garrula is said
(Blyth’s Cat. As. Soc. Mus. p. 51) to frequent the latter country ;
but this I think is very doubtful. The Indian Roller is everywhere
abundant ; they perch on the broad tops of the mango trees in the
Deccan, and at dusk sport from tree to tree with a zigzag flight in
quest of insects. Their cry is harsh and loud. The nest is often
built in the thatch of houses or in chimneys.

40. Merops aprasrer, Linn.

Plentiful at certain seasons and in particular localities both in the
Punjab and Western Himalayan ranges. May be seen in large
flocks at Peshawur, on a fine afternoonin summer, sailing overhead,
with that peculiar flight by which the family are so readily distin-
guished ; it is usually after a shower of rain, when the White Ants
take flight and the air is filled with these insects, that the Bee-eater

475

is seen sporting about and feeding sumptuously. The larger size
and louder call-note distinguish this from other Indian species.

41. Merops viripis, Linnzeus.
Indian Bee-eater.

Abundant all over India and the warmer parts of the W. Hima-
layas. It is frequently seen in large flocks sailing over pools or
across desert sands in quest of insects. What are called varieties of
this species are, I think, only immature birds before the first moult.

42. CHLOROPSIS MALABARICUS (Jardine).

A specimen of the above was procured from a collection made on
the Eastern Himalayas near Nipal. Apparently not a native of the
Western Himalayas.

43. Bracuyrrernvs aurantivs (Linneus).
Scinde and Lower Himalayas; pretty common. One specimen

from the Himalayas had the feathers on the forehead black, edged
with white ; supposed to be a female or variety. ris red.

44, Gecinus squamatus (Vigors).

A common Himalayan species; frequents dense oak and pine
forests or jungles. Habits and call resemble the Green Woodpecker.
Confined to the mountain-ranges.

45. Picus MAHARATTENSIS, Lath.

Not uncommon at Poonah ; occasionally in Scinde ; not seen in
the Punjab or Himalayas.

46. Prcus u1imaLaAyaNnus (Jardine and Selby).

The most common and widely distributed Woodpecker in the
East ; found all over India, and in all wooded districts on the Western
Himalayas.—Qu. Is P. majoroides (Modg.), a distinet sp.?

47. Wuitre-HEADED WooDPECKER.

A species seen on one occasion in a forest on the ranges around
the Valley of Cashmere. About the size of the Lesser Woodpecker.
Head, neck, and breast white; back blue; vent and under parts
red.

48. MreGartaima virens (Boddaert).

Frequents dense forests and jungles on the Western Himalayas,
confined to the mountain-ranges ; is often met with on the Cash-
mere mountains. Flight rapid, and like the true Woodpeckers ;
ery loud and harsh. Gizzard contained small seeds, no insects.

49. MeGavaima 1npica (Latham).

Pretty common at Poonah, in the Decean ; not seen on the Hi-
malayas or in the Punjab.

476

50. CucuLus cANnorus, Linneeus.

Deccan; at Poonah pretty common. Abundant from the lower
ranges to the limits of forest on the Himalayas ; commences to call
in March and ceases in June. I saw them on the Himalayas in
August and September, and was informed by natives that they re-
main all the year.

51, Epotrus cuckoo *.

This bird is common in the Deccan and Western Himalayas, par-
ticularly in the Valley of Cashmere, where its loud note is heard in
every brake, and resembles the word “‘coe/”’ repeated frequently.
The following is a description of one I shot at Poonah. Iris hazel ;
size of Blackbird ; crested ; crest and all upper surface of body black
glossed with green; the tip of tail white ; a bar of white across the
wings; lower surface of body a dirty white; that on the throat and
neck tinted blue ; lower feathers of tail graduated, with white tips ;
feet black. No difference between sexes. Gizzard contained ca-
terpillars.

52. CENTROPUS RUFIPENNIS (Illiger).

Malabar Crow of Europeans. .

Common in the neighbourhood of Poonah, not seen in the Pun-
jab or Himalayas ; frequents plantations ; flight easy and noiseless.
Gizzard contained grasshoppers and large insects.

53. CenTRopus, sp. ?
~ Hooked-billed Cuckoo.

These birds are common in low bushy places on the ranges near
Simla, W. Himalaya ; confined to the mountains ; gregarious ; notes
rough; flutter from bush to bush like the Bush Thrushes; size
about that of the Song Thrush; bill much curved and a bright
scarlet, becoming fainter towards the tip; the lower parts of the
body are ochreous brown, upper parts brown; wings short and
rounded ; tail long, broad, and fan-like; tarsus large and strong;
feet rather small; versatile toes nearly equal to lateral; general
cast of plumage lax, and points of feathers spinous, especially about
the head and neck. Gizzard contained an entire lizard of about
3 inches in length, and several locusts, beetles, and large insects.
Always secreting itself in thick coverts, is oftener heard than seen.

54. CapRIMULGUS, sp. ?

A species very common on the lower ranges of the Himalayas.
Size of the British species. Crown of head brown, minutely barred,
the centre of a few feathers black ; a white spot on the throat ; the
four outer wing-quills barred with white, the two outer quills of the
tail broadly terminated with white ; claw serrated.

55. CaprRimuLeus, sp.?
Seen rarely on the Western Himalayas; total length 10 inches :
* Oxylophus melanoleucus (Gmel.).—F.M.

477

specimen a female. Wing-quills and tail barred and spotted with
rust-colour, the rust-coloured spots on the centre of the second and
third wing-quills; throat-patch rufous, with a tinge of rufous all
over the lower parts. Gizzard contained small seeds, earwigs, and
grasshoppers.

56. CypsELUS MELBA (Linneus).

Sometimes seen in large flocks during the cold months in the
Punjab ; at all seasons on the W. Himalayas.

57. Cypse.us apus (Linneus).

Abundant on the rocky banks of streams in Ladakh; Cashmere ;
very plentiful in the Punjab during the rainy months.

58. CypsELUs AFFINIS, Gray.

Scinde and Punjab, pretty common. Builds under the eaves of
houses: the nest is made of mud intermixed with wool or feathers.

59. Corvus corax, Linnezeus.

The Raven found in Ladakh is larger than the C. coraz ; but I saw
no other difference, and am inclined to think it is only a variety *.
The species is an inhabitant of the northern countries of India, com-
mencing at Upper Scinde ; it is found all over the Punjab at every
season of the year, where they frequent camps and cantonments with
Govind Kites and Egyptian Vultures. Mr. Blyth is wrong in saying
the species does not frequent India, if by that he means the Punjab
and Scinde (vide Cat. Mus. As. Soc. p. 89).

60. Corvus cuLminatus, Sykes.

Abundant in the Decean, Scinde, but not in the Punjab. It is
plentiful on the Western Himalayas, from the lower ranges north-
wards to Ladakh, Cashmere, &c.+

Note.—I think I have seen the C. corniz in the latter countries,
and rather think it is a native of the more western Himalayan
ranges, Hindoo Coosh, &c.$

61. Corvus SPLENDENS, Vieillot.

India universally, lower Himalayan Ranges, including Cashmere,
but does not travel far into the interior ; is frequently seen in the
society of the C. monedula in the localities frequented by the latter.

62. Corvus FRUGILEGUS, Linneeus.

A winter visitor in the N.W. frontier of the Punjab at Rawul
Pindee, abundant; arrives about the beginning of September, and

* Is separated as C. Tibetanus, Hodgs. (vide Catal. Birds Mus. E.1.C. ii. p. 553).
—F.M.

+ Mr. Blyth states this to be the “ ‘Raven’ of Europeans in India.” I never
heard it so called (vide Cat. Mus. As. Soc. p. 89).—A.L. A. j

+ Specimens of C. cornix from Mesopotamia and Affghanistan are contained
in the Museum of the East India Company.—F. M.

478

leaves before the end of March. Its migrations, I think, are west-
ward. I never saw it in Cashmere in summer ; unless a winter vi-
sitor, it is not found on the ranges eastward of Peshawur.

63. Corvus MONEDULA, Linneeus.

Confined to certain places ; nowhere more abundant than in the
Valley of Cashmere. The imperial palace of His Highness Goulab
Sing, with its crumbling walls, and the ruins in the Shalimar and
Neshat gardens on the lake, offer excellent retreats for this species.
During the breeding-seasons they congregate in vast numbers, and
cover the adjacent country. I have seen them with rooks in the
neighbourhood of Rawul Pindee and Peshawur, but only during the
cold months ; with this exception, it appears the species is confined
to the locality above-mentioned.

64. Corvus corone, Linn.

Lesser Carrion Crow.

Closely allied to the Indian Crow (Corvus culminatus), butvery much
smaller, and not larger than the Indian Jackdaw, is a black crow
which frequents the lower Himalayan ranges from Peshawur to Simla.
I can find no reference to this species anywhere. In habits it closely
resembles the jackdaw; but its appearance is very like the Carrion
Crow (C€. culminatus). ‘‘ Nostrils covered with bristles ; colour me-
tallic black like the rook ; tail wedge-shaped; the feathers of the
tail and secondary quills of the wings are mucronated at their tips.
It feeds on offal and carrion, is gregarious ; flight strong and rapid.
Is often seen tormenting Govind Kites and birds much larger than
itself.”

65. NuCIFRAGA HEMISPILA, Vig.

Frequents the great forests on the W. range of the Himalayas,
Cashmere pine forests, pretty common; and on the wooded ranges
near Simla. A wandering bird, and not common anywhere. Gene-
rally seen at high elevations ; they live among the topmost branches
of the pine trees. Its harsh discordant cry is lke that of the
Mapgie.

66. Freeitus eracuuus (Linneus).

The Chough is often met with in the W. Himalayas, and durmg
winter migrates with jackdaws to the N.W. frontier of the Pun-
jab. Abounds on the Cashmere mountains, and may be seen in
small flocks around the margin of melting snow, where the insects
and roots it feeds on are obtained. Its wild excited flight, and still
wilder cry, attract the sportsman’s attention.

67. PyRRHOCORAX ALPINUS, Vieill.

Very distinct from the last, and frequents the high ranges in the
interior of the Himalayas: pretty common in Ladakh. The food
consists of insects and fruit; of the latter, mulberries constitute the
chief portion.

479

- 68. Pica BpoTTANeEnsts, A. Delessert.

P. megaloptera, Blyth.

P. Tibetana, Wodgson.

Differs but little from the European bird. Its favourite habitat
is among the dreary and desolate mountains of Ladakh ; and it would
appear it is found only in that country on the Western ranges. It
is strange that a bird, whose near ally is so fond of fertile localities
_in Europe, should prefer the wastes of Little Tibet to the culti-
vated and wooded mountains of Cashmere: but such is the case;
and the Magpie is the same crafty and familiar bird among his Tartar
friends as with Englishmen.

69. DENDROCITTA RUFA (LeVaill.).

Scinde, Punjab, and lower Himalayan Ranges, pretty common.
Its loud resonant cry is heard at a long distance. Its haunts are
in retired wooded places ; is oftener seen solitary than otherwise.
Locusts, beetles, cockchaffers, and fruit constitute its favourite food.

70. DENDROCITTA SINENSIS, Latham.

Confined to the lower Himalayas. Abundant in all cultivated
districts, frequenting the neighbourhood of villages; cry, loud and
discordant: food, insects and fruit.

71. PstLORHINUS OCCIPITALIS, Blyth.
Pica erythrorhyncha, Vigors.

Pretty common on the ranges around Simla and Kussowlee, and
to the westward until replaced by the P. flavirostris of Blyth. The
habits of this bird resemble the Magpie. The presence of a Cheetah
or a bird of prey is often discovered by the chattering of these beau-
tiful creatures.

72. PsILORHINUS FLAVIROSTRIS, Blyth.

On the mountains around the Valley of Cashmere, particularly on
the banks of the Jhelum between the valley and the plains of India.

73. GARRULUS GULARIS (Gray).
A truly Himalayan bird, and is common in the lower ranges: erv,
loud and harsh; habits assimilate to the European species.

74. PARUS CINEREUS, Vieillot.

India and Himalayas, abundant; replaces the Greater Tit of
Europe in these countries. Solitary.

75. PaRUS XANTHOGENYs, Vigors.
Confined to the Himalayas; not common ; gregarious.

76. PARUS MELANOLOPHUS, Vigors.
Gregarious, and more common than the last, and more generally

480

distributed over the Himalayas. Confined to the mountains ; seen
often with the Golden-crested Wren (Regulus cristatus, Ray).
2*

77. PaRUS

The following Tit I shot in a flock of the last species near Simla,
W. Himalayas. Confined tothe mountains. Crested ; length about
5 inches; iris brick-coloured; bill like Cole Tit and bluish black ;
forehead and below ear-coverts a dirty white; all upper parts, in-
cluding wings and tail, leaden ash ; breast, belly, and vent ochreous
white ; tail moderate and slightly forked; legs leaden-coloured, and

claws the same. Specimena male. I never saw this species after-

wards.

78. DorITES ERYTHROCEPHALUS, Vigors.

Not uncommon around Murree on the Himalayas: confined to
these regions ; frequents pine forests, and often seen mixed up with
P. cinereus, melanolophus, or the next species.

79. AAGITHALUS FLAMMICEPs (Burton).

W. Himalayas, not common. Seen frequently with the Tits, and
in habits exactly similar,

80. ACRIDOTHERES TRISTIS (Linneus).
India and W. Himalayas to the limits of cultivation.

81. ACRIDOTHERES GINGINIANUS (Latham).

Frequents the banks of the Indus in Scinde. Habits closely re-
sembling those of the last species. Not seen in the Punjab or Hi-
malayas.

82. Srurnus vuLearis, Linneus.
Abundant all over northern India, Cashmere, and Himalaya.

83. Srurnvs, sp. ?

Very common in Cashmere, Scinde, and Punjab. Rather smaller
than the Starling. Bill yellow; feathers of the body long and nar-
rowed, uniform metallic black shaded with green and purple, parti-
cularly on the neck and breast ; rump-feathers thick, and obscurely
tipped with white; tail rather short and forked; legs brown, claws
strong and curved. Frequent in the plains of India, the jungles,
and cattle pastures, often associating with the derid. tristis. They
breed in Cashmere, and build their nests in the decayed chunar
trees in the valley. Nest composed of dried grass, wool, and feathers.
« This bird, if not identical, is very like Sturnus unicolor.””—Blyth.

84. SrurRNIA PAGODARUM (Gmelin).
Common on the Cashmere mountains, not seen in the plains of

* Evidently Parus dichrous, Hodgs., which has hitherto been found only in
Nepal.—F. M.

481

India. Solitary in its habits ; is shy and timid; cry, loud and harsh.
Food, seeds or the buds of Coniferee. Iris white.

85. Pastor rosevs (Linneus).

Very gregarious, and abundant during the harvest months in the
Punjab, and destructive in barley fields; whole districts have been
devastated by this bird. Not seen on the Himalayas; common
around Poonah in the Deccan. It is seen often associating with
Acrid. tristis.

86. PSARAGLOSSA SPILOPTERA (Vigors).

Not uncommon in the W. Himalayas ; frequents rice-fields or
sides of mountain streams. Iris whzée. Shy and timid in habits.

87. Piocervs Baya, Blyth.

Gregarious ; abundant in the Deccan, particularly near Poonah,
but is less so in Upper Bengal and the Punjab.

88. Munta unputata (Latham).
89. Munta MaLaBarica (Linneus).

90. EsTRELDA AMANDAVA (Linnzus).

Generally distributed over India. The undulata and amandava
are perhaps the most common ; they live in little societies, are tame
and easily caught ; they are the common cage-birds of India.

91. Passer inpicus (Jard. & Selby).

The House Sparrow is more widely distributed than any species
found in Hindostan: it is found all over India, and northward
even on the steppes of Chinese Tartary. In every village and
town of Hindostan it swarms in countless thousands, and is the
same dirty noisome bird as we find in the streets of London. During
summer evenings in Cashmere they assemble in vast flocks on the
chunar trees, accompanied by myriads of Jackdaws and Maina birds
(Acridotheres tristis) ; their rough calls, mixed with the chirpings
of the sparrows, are anything but pleasant. In the wild and barren
Ladakh the Sparrow lives and dies under the roofs of the rude in-
habitants of that desolate and dreary land. I recollect, when travel-
ling in that country, we came to an assemblage of Tartar huts after
a long and fatiguing march of twenty miles; not a symptom of ani-
mated nature was visible: long we waited at the doorway of a
miserable little hut ; but no natives made their appearance : at last a
chirp was heard, and a Sparrow flew out of the hovel: this little
fact was convincing ; for the Sparrow loves man—“‘ The place is in-
habited ;”? and so it was. A short time afterwards a flock of goats
and sheep were seen winding down the glen ; and we were soon sur-
rounded by crowds of wondering Tartars.

92. PaAssER CINNAMOMEUS, Gould.
On the lower and middle regions of the W. Himalayas. Fre-
No. CCCLXXVII.—ProcrepInGs of THE ZOOLOGICAL Soc.

482

uents the wooded copses, and is common around the hamlets in the
Valley of Cashmere. More shy and wary thaw the last, with which
it does not associate: its cry is very different.

93. MonTIFRINGILLA NEMORICOLA (Hodgson).

Strictly a Himalayan bird ; is plentiful at high elevations at all
seasons, and feeds around the margin of melting snow. Generally
seen in large flocks, flitting from place to place like Snow Buntings.
As winter advances, they migrate southwards, and are found on the
lower ranges. The chirp is like the Snow Flake (Nanee), and flight
exactly similar. ;

94. MonTIFRINGILLA H#&MATOPYGIA, Gould, P. Z. 8S. 1851,
p- 115.

Found in Ladakh, common on the mountains around the Chou-
meraree Lake ; I did not see it on the ranges southward. Its flight
is strong and rapid. Feeds on the seeds of a species of wormwood,
which grows plentifully around the lake.

95. MonTIFRINGILLA ADAMSI, Moore, MS.*
Mountain Finch.

Common on the bare and barren mountains of Ladakh and Little
Tibet, and feeds on the seeds of the few plants found in these deso-
late and dreary-looking mountains. Its cry is like that of a Lark;
and its habits on the ground are very similar. The nest is composed
of grass, and generally placed in the long dykes built by the Tartars
over their dead, so frequently to be seen in that country. General
texture of the plumage lax and soft. Size of the Chaffinch. Iris
hazel. Baill perfectly conic, the commissures considerably sinuated
and lobed in the middle. Nostrils basal. Head and back greyish-
ashy ; three first wing-quills nearly equal; quills black, having the
secondary quills broadly tipped with white. Wing-coverts white,
tipped with black ; last feather of the wing-quills like the head and
back. Tail moderate and rounded, having the upper feathers black,
and the under white tipped with black. Lower parts greyish-white,
with an obscure black mark on the neck. Lower extremities black ;
hind toe and claw much longer than the lateral toes, which are
about equal.

96. CARPODACUS ERYTHRINUS (Pallas).

Scinde, not common; lower ranges of the Himalayas ; Cashmere ;
cultivated districts of Ladakh. Pretty common; seen generally
solitary or in small flocks. Habits resemble Linnets.

Note.—On the Peer Pinjal ranges of Cashmere I saw a species
of Finch larger than the above, with the red on the body more bril-
liant, particularly on the throat and breast. I was inclined to think
it was the Carp. rhodochrous, Gould.

* Sir William Jardine considers this a new species allied to M. gebleri.

pa eee Nee Cy ers eee ee ee ee

483

97. CARDUELIS CANICEPS, Vigors.

Strictly Himalayan, and inhabits all the western ranges from the
lower mountains to the limits of cultivation, but only a winter visitor
in the ranges next the plains of India. In Cashmere common. Its
song is sweet, and exactly similar to its European congener.

98. HesPpERIPHONA ICTERIOIDES (Vigors).

Common in the dense pine forests of Cashmere. Feeds on cones,
fruits, and tender shoots of trees. Generally seen in flocks, but
oftener in pairs. Flight rapid and strong. The loud wailing cry of
this bird is frequently the only sound heard to break the stillness of
a Himalayan forest.

99. LinoTa 2

Abundant in Ladakh only. In habits and appearance bears a
likeness to the Grey Linnet*; gregarious, and frequently seen with
the Montifringilla hematopygia (Gould). Total length 52 inches.
Bill livid; eye small; iris hazel, size of Redpole; upper plumage
greyish brown, with darker streaks of brown; wing-quills black,
margined with white; wing-coverts light brown ; tail forked, with
edges of quills streaked with brown or white ; legs nearly black,
lower parts dirty greyish white.

100. EmBerRiIza STEWARTII, Blyth.
Emberiza caniceps, Gould, Birds of Asia, 1854.
Very common on the ranges around Cashmere, but not seen east-

ward: frequents fields, and in its habits exactly similar to the Yel-
low Bunting: confined to the mountains.

101. Huspiza LUTEOLA (Latham).

Very common during the harvest season on the Punjab, and gre-
garious. Its song is sweet and melodious, and somewhat resembles
that of the Goldfinch.

102. Euspiza taTHami (Gray).

A solitary bird, scarcely ever seen otherwise: common in the
Punjab and lower Himalayas.

103. Euspiza sim1Luima, Blyth.

Gregarious and commonaround Poonah in the Deccan. Notseen
in the Punjab or Himalayas.

104. PyRRHULA ERYTHROCEPHALA, Vigors.

Confined to the Himalaya ranges. Never seen in the plains of
India. By no means common anywhere. Its habits exactly similar
to the P. vulgaris ; but its call-note is not so loud. Frequents dense
jungle.

_ * Mr. Gould names my specimen (a young bird), of L., brevirostris. Sir William

- Jardine is disposed to consider it identical with L. montium, Linn. (see Moore,
P. Z. S. 1855, p. 217).

484

105. PyRRHULA AURANTIA, Gould, P. Z.S. 1858, p. 222; Birds
of Asia, 1858, pt. x.

Orange-coloured Bullfinch.

Seen only on the Cashmere Ranges; usually in small flocks in
lonely places. Call-note more like the chirp of the Greenfinch than
the clear call of the P. vulgaris.

Male.—Bill black. Total length 5 inches. A black band sur-
rounds base of bill, eyes and chin. Crown of head, neck, breast,
belly, back, and edges of wing-coverts a rich orange. Tail, wing-
coverts, except their edges, glossy erow-black. Rump pure white ;
the colour of the back is less rich than on the other parts, and fades
towards the vent, which is white. Legs light brown. Iris black.

Female.—Has the black circle round the bill. Head and neck
ash-coloured, like the female of vulgaris. Back slightly tinged with
orange on an ashy base; the tips of the wing-coverts the same.
Lower parts like the male, but much less brilliant, and approaching
to olive.

106. PyrRRHULAUDA GRISEA (Scopoli).

Poonah, Deccan, very common ; less so in the Punjab; not seen
in Scinde.

107. FRiNGILLA RUBRIFRONS (Gould) *.

Very common in all the wastes and valleys of Ladakh. Its
favourite food in summer is the seeds of a species of Artemisia.
Often seen in the Punjab towns as a cage-bird ae from La-
dakh and Afghanistan.

108. MeELANOCORYPHA TARTARICA “, Pallast.

A common cage-bird in Cashmere and the northern towns of the
Punjab. I have not seen the bird in a wild state ; but natives say it
is brought from Afghanistan. It is nearly the size of the Redwing.
Bill strong and thick. Colour of plumage like the Skylark, except
a broad black band across the chest. Its song is sweet and melo-
dious, and is more powerful and as much varied, as the Al. arvensis.

109. ALAUDA ARVENSIS?, Linnzeus.

A winter visitor on the lowest ranges of the Western Himalayas ;
at all seasons in Cashmere and cultivated districts of the interior.
I think it identical with the British species ; however, it does not ap-
pear to mount so high or remain so long on the wing. Perhaps
found in the Punjab during winter.

Description.—Length 6 inches. Upper parts lark-brown, spotted
deeply with black; white streak over eyes; throat dirty white;

* ? Metoponia pusilla (Pallas). eae Fringilla rubrifrons, Hay (see Catal. B.
Mus. E.I.C. ii. p. 494. no. 754).—F

+ This is Melanocorypha torquata, ‘Blyth (see Catal. B. Mus. E.I.C. ii. p. 470).
The Mel. tartarica of Pallas inhabits Northern Asia and North-eastern Europe.—
F. M.

ee ge ee aN a Oe

485

breast obscurely spotted with black. Lower parts dirty white.
Inner surface of wings French white ; first quill exceedingly minute ;
second nearly as long as the third and fourth, which are equal, and
the longest secondary quills emarginate. Tail forked, outer feathers
having their margins white. Legs light brown. It follows up the
valleys leading from Cashmere; and wherever cultivation extends
and luxuriant pasture abounds, there the Lark is seen. I found it
at Dras in Ladakh, but afterwards lost sight of it owing to the
barren state of the country northwards.

110. GaLERIDA CHENDOOLA (Franklin).

This is the most common species of Larks in India, and is as much
a bird of the desert as of the field. Scinde, cultivated or in the
desert ; parts of Punjab, very common, gregarious during winter.

111. Sanp Lark.

Abundant on the banks of the Indus and Northern Scinde. Size
of the Grey Linnet. Colour a sandy brown. Bill short and nearly
conical; hind claw long and curved; tail moderate and slightly
forked, the upper feathers of which are black ; otherwise similarly
marked to the last species.

Note.—On the lower Himalayan Range I saw on one occasion a
species of Lark or Titlark of the size of the Alauda arvensis: colour
of body was a sandy brown; but very distinguishing marks were a
black throat, and streak round the eyes of the same colour. The
female was not so distinctly marked.

112. AntHus rvFuuUs, Vieillot.

A common and generally-distributed species all over India and
the cultivated districts of the Western Himalayas.

113. Anruus TRIviALis (Linnzus).
_ Very common on the lower Himalayan Range.

114. Anruus aeruis, Sykes.

Common around Poonah in the Deccan; Northern Punjab. Gre-
garious during winter in the latter country. Less abundant on the
lower Himalayan Range.

115. AnTHUS 2

Frequents the furze country in Ladakh. Its call-note resembles
the Siskin. Size of a Black Redstart. Iris hazel. Biull notched,
broad at the base and thin; upper mandible overlaps the lower ;
nostrils slit, culmen almost straight. Upper parts brown, striated
like the Anthus trivialis; throat and neck mouse-brown; a broad
rufous band across the breast ; belly and lower parts dirty white,
mixed with the brown of the back ; legs light brown ; tarsus slender;
feet well-formed ; lateral toes almost equal; hind claw well-deve-
loped.

486

Except the band across the breast, this bird is very like the com-
mon Himalayan Pipit, 4. trivialis. Builds a nest like the Yellow
Bunting ; eggs similar.

116. MoraciLLA MADERASPATANA, Briss.

Poonah, rare, and not seen elsewhere.

117. MoraciLua DUKHUNENSIS, Sykes.

Very common at Poonah and in Scinde, less go in the North-
west Provinces ; not seen at Peshawur.

118. MoracinLa LuZONIENSIS (Scopoli).

Punjab (Peshawur), very common during the winter months.
Not seen in the Deccan or elsewhere.

119. MoTAcILLA BOARULA, Linneeus.

Only met with in Cashmere and its surrounding mountains ; com-
mon.

120. BupyTeEs c1ITREOLA (Linneus).
Deccan, Scinde, Punjab, common.

121*, Bupyres viripis (Scopoli).
India, Punjab, very common, often gregarious.

122*, BupYTES MELANOCEPHALA, Sykes.

Very common in lower Scinde during the cold months ; not seen
in the Punjab or Himalayas.

123. MALACOCcERCUS MALCOLMI (Sykes).

Common at Poonah ; Scinde (banks of Indus) ; not Punjab or Hi-
malayas.

124. Maracocercus caupatus (Duméril).
Scinde and Punjab, common.

125. ? TROCHALOPTERON ——.
Bush Thrush ? ?

Length 33 inches ; tail 5 inches. Bill black, curved, with two
bristles diverging backwards from the gape; feathers of forehead
stiff; upper parts brown; lower parts dirty-white, more or less
tinged with brown ; wings short, rounded; legs long; feet large ;
tail worn at, the tips and much graduated.

Habits. Frequents bushy places, and, like its genus, seen in small

* “ These are identical ; the birds. acquiring blue-grey feathers on the head at
the vernal moult, which change afterwards to black. The name B. viridis must
be retained for the species.” (Blyth, Cat. Mus. As. Soc. Cale. Appendix, p. 325.)
—T.J.M.

497

flocks ; flies feebly, and emits a tittering call. This species is com-
mon on the Himalayan Range, near Simla.

126. Prints or Drymorca.

This little bird is common in the Deccan and Scinde ; frequents
hedges and fields of grain: an active, restless creature, continually
jerking its tail up and down when on the move. Searches for insects
among the dense foliage of mango and other trees. Call, loud and
very like the sound produced by the rasping of a file.

127. ? Printa , Sp.

Size of Long-tailed Tit. Bill short and black; legs long and
slender ; tail graduated and long, first quill minute, second nearly as
long as the third. In appearance and plumage resembles in some
degree the Willow Wren; the upper parts are exactly similar; the
tail is soft and readily moveable, tipped with white, conspicuous
when the bird is on the wing, or when jerking the member ; cheeks,
throat, and breast whitish-yellow ; belly and vent white, tinged with
yellow; tarsus and feet yellow. Common in the fields around
Poonah, Deccan.

128. Print socrais, Sykes.

General characters the same as the last. Frequents like situations.
Total length about 41 inches. Bill slender, black ; nostrils slit-like ;
head, back part of neck, and back leaden-blue ; wing-feathers brown,
their outer margins tinged with reddish-brown ; tail brown, having
the tips of the longest feathers barred with obscure black ; throat,
cheeks, breast, belly, shoulders, and vent ochreous-white, the yellow
tinge being more distinct on the sides of the belly and the legs.
Frequents fields of Badgeree in the Deccan, where it may be seen
often perched on a stalk of grain, emitting its loud rasping call,
which might be mistaken easily for that of a much larger bird. It
is as common as the last species. Not seen in Scinde.

129. ? PHyLLoscorus ?

Very closely allied to the last ; in habits and general appearance
the same. Generally seen in pairs, or three at a time. Common in
Scinde and Punjab, frequenting gardens and fields of grain. Same
_ size as last. Bill weak and narrow, with a few diverging bristles at
the base, colour brown ; head, neck, and back olive-brown ; wings
short and rounded and margined with rufous; tail brown, beneath
paler; an obscure white streak passes over the eye; throat and
lower parts white, with an ochreous tinge on the belly and vent ; legs
pale. Description taken from a male.

130. Prinia Hopesont (Blyth).

Punjab and lower Himalayas, common. Frequents bushes and
hedges by waysides.

488

131. OrTHOTOMUS LONGICAUDA, Gmelin.

Frequents the mango and other trees in the Deccan; flits among
the dense foliage in quest of insects. Cry loud and rasping. I have
frequently mistaken its call for that of the Common Mina (derido-
theres tristis) ; so loud and powerful is it: unless by its ery, it is
not easily discovered ; for its motions are noiseless.

132. ? PRINIA <p.

Bill straight ; nostrils covered with a delicate membrane. Size
of last species. Plumage lax, upper parts olive-brown, assuming
more of a rufous colour on the head and forehead; a small black
spot on each side of the bill close to the eye; throat black ; rest of
lower parts ochreous ; tail moderate, much worn; wings short and
rounded ; lower extremities rather large; a broad pad at the root
of hind toe; iris red. Frequents the apricot and other trees on the
lower Himalayan Range ; not common or seen elsewhere. Its habits
are much like those of the Prinia.

133. PrEROCYCLUS LINEATUS (Vigors).
Syn. Cinclosoma setifer, Hodgson.

Frequents bushy places; very tame, and allows one to approach
within a few yards ; flies from bush to bush with a fluttering feeble
flight. Pretty common on the lower Himalayan Range.

134, TROCHALOPTERON RUFOGULARE (Hodgson).

Frequents like situations with the last. Common on the lower
Tiimalayan Range, and around the vale of Cashmere.

135. Pycroruis SINENSIS (Gmelin).

Syn. Timalia hypoleuca, Frankl.

Tamarisk jungles of Scinde, common. Gregarious; flight broken
and irregular ; flits from bush to bush.

136. Lanrus LAHTORA, Sykes.

Bombay, Scinde, Punjab, Lower Himalayas: common, but more
abundant in the first three countries.

137. LANIUS SUPERCILIOSUS, Linnzeus.

Bombay, Scinde and Punjab, but nowhere common, and gene-
rally solitary. The differences of plumage of sexes are very great.

138. Lanrus HARDWICKII, Vigors.

Very common at Poonah; less so in Scinde. I never saw it on
the Western Himalayas. The rufous of the lower parts of the male
becomes very brilliant during the breeding-season.

139. Lanrus cantceps, Blyth.

489

140. Lanius TEPHRONOTUS, Vigors.

Very common in the Valley of Cashmere; not seen elsewhere.
Very like the last species. .

141. Lanius KEROULA (Gray)*.

Seen only on the Western Himalayas, where it is not common.
Frequents gardens, and hunts around the houses of the natives.

142, Pitra TRIOSTEGUS, Sparmann.

Island of Elephanta, Bombay, and occasionally in the N.W. pro-
vinces of India. :

143. Hyprosata CINCLUS (Linneus).

Vale of Cashmere and streams in Ladakh: seen only in these
situations ; does not frequent the lesser ranges.

144. HypRoBATA ASIATICA, Swainson.

Cinclus Pallasii, apud Gould.

Common on the streams in the lower and middle regions of the
Western Himalayas, and likewise in Ladakh. Both this and the
last species are truly Himalayan birds.

145. 'TTROGLODYTES NIPALENSIS, Hodgson.

Among stony places, in glens, and around the margins of avalan-
ches on the Cashmere Ranges ; common.

146. Enitcurus macu.atus, Vigors.
Common on the streams of the lower and middle Himalayas.

147. Entcurus scouLeERt, Vigors.

Lower Himalayan Ranges; Cashmere. Its habits bear a elose
resemblance to the last. It sports around mountain-streams and
water-falls in search of insects. Both species are very active in their
habits.

148. MyiopHoNUS TEMMINCKI, Vigors.

Pretty common on the streams of the lower Himalayas; frequents
shady places. Note musical, slow and measured, like the Blackbird,
but softer. Its food consists of insects and larve. The nest is
built like the Blackbird’s, and generally placed on the bare shelf of
a rock overhanging a mountain-torrent.

149. Turpvus visctvorvs, Linneus.
Lower and middle regions of Western Himalayas, common ; forests
of Cashmere, plentiful.

* This is Tephrodornis pondiceriana (Gmel.). See Catal. Birds, Mus. E.1.C.
i. p. 169.—F. M.

490

150. Turpvus unicotor, Gould, P. Z.S. 1837, p. 136.

Turdus schistaceus, F. Moore, MS.

Cashmere Song Thrush (mihi).

Hitherto rare in collections. Seems confined to Cashmere and
the surrounding ranges; very plentiful in the valley ; and in habits
bears a striking resemblance to the Mavis. Its song is composed of
few notes, little varied, and often repeated. They build in the pine
and apple trees. There is some considerable variety in the colour of
the plumage, some being darker than others ; and the sexes differ in
the male not having any indication of spots on the neck and throat.
Description of a perfect female as follows :—Size of Redwing. Bill
pale yellow, margins of eyelids the same; upper parts leaden-ash,
quills dusky ; throat obscurely spotted with black ; breast and lower
parts ashy-white. Lower extremities pale yellow; tail dusky;
inner surface of wings ochreous-yellow.

151. TurDUS ATROGULARIS, Natterer.

Common all over the lower Himalayan Ranges during the winter
months ; seeks the dense forests of the middle regions during sum-
mer, where it breeds.

152. Turpvus?

Common in gardens and ploughed fields in the Valley of Peshawur
during the cold months. Mr. Gould considers my specimen a variety
of T. atrogularis (Natt.); this I think is doubtful ; I believe it to
be a distinct species. Sir William Jardine says, ‘I have examined
your thrush ; unless a small or local variety of 7. atrogularis, it is
distinct.’ I have seen 7. atrogularis in the above locality, but
never associating with the other. ‘Total length 9 inches. Upper
parts olive-brown ; throat and front of neck dirty-white; the sides
of the neck and breast are thickly spotted with olive-brown ; belly
and lower parts dirty-white ; legs light brown.

153. Mrervuxa vuuearis, Ray.

A common cage-bird in the towns of the Punjab; said to be im-
ported from Afghanistan. Not a native of the Western Himalayas ;
as far westward as Peshawur, but probably found on the Hindoo
Coosh Chain?

154. PALmORNIS ALEXANDRI (Linnzus).

Subhimalayan Ranges and country between Lahore and the Sut-
le]; pretty common, but not nearly so common as the next.

155. PaLmorNIs TORQUATUS (Brisson).

India and lower Himalayas, very common. I have seen it pillage
the nests of the Sand Martin. Its flight is exceedingly rapid ; they
occasionally tumble when on the wing, like the Tumbler Pigeon.

491

156. PALZoRNIS scuistTiceps, Hodgson.

In habits resembles the last. Its favourite food is seeds of wheat,
apricots, and pomegranates ; very noisy and gregarious. Confined
to the lower ranges of the Western Himalayas.

157. PALHORNIS CYANOCEPHALUS (Linneus).

Island of Elephanta, Bombay, common; Subhimalayas, very
common. Nest like that of the Wood Pigeon; eggs two, white.
The female has no red spot on the carpus ; and the head and neck
are slate-coloured. ‘These last three species may be seen frequently
in flocks and mixed up with one another. On wing it is difficult to
distinguish the species; but the tail furnishes a ready key: the
schisticeps has the tip yellow, cyanocephalus white, and torquatus
uniform green.

158. PerrocincLa CYANEA (Linn.).

India and Western Himalayas, Ladakh, and Chinese Tartary ;
solitary in its habits, shy. I never heard it utter the simplest note
or song. There is great diversity of plumage in the sexes. Fre-
quents dreary wastes and rocky places ; often seen among the dykes
and cairns raised by the natives of Ladakh for religious purposes.
Food, insects. ~

159. THAMNOBIA FULICATA (Linn.).

Plentiful in the Deccan ; pretty common on the Punjab and lower
Himalayan Range. The habits and haunts of this little warbler are
very similar to the English Redbreast. Its nest is built in banks ;
the young are a uniform light brown until the first moult.

160. Corsycuus sauLaris (Linnzus).

Common around Poonah in the Deccan, frequenting groves and
orchards ; pretty common on the Western Himalayas. Tis song is
loud, sweet, and melodious. Habits solitary.

161. Saxicoxa picaTa, Blyth.

Common in Scinde, frequenting gardens ; seen frequently in the
Punjab, but not on the Western Himalayas.

Note.—I saw on two occasions a species of Savicola in the barren
country of Ladakh. About the size of the Winchat ; the upper
parts were a dark blue; breast black ; belly and lower parts white.
The species is not uncommon on the banks of the Dras River.

162. Saxicona aTRocuLaRis, Blyth.

Common in Scinde and the Punjab, frequenting the arid plains of
these countries ; not uncommon in the Valley of Cashmere. Its
favourite food is a sort of white worm, abundant im dry sandy places.

492

163. CyANEcULA suEcica (Linneus). .

Punjab; around Peshawur: common. This pretty little warbler
is common in the mustard fields of Scinde.

164. RuTiciLLA ERYTHROGASTRA*, Giildst.

Seen only in Ladakh; I scarcely think it is a native of any part
of Hindostan. Its favourite haunts are in fields, or by the sides of
mountain streams; common near Leh.

165. Ruricitya inpica, Blyth.

Deccan ; Scinde ; not observed in the Punjab or on the Himalayan
Ranges bordering the plains ; pretty common in the Valley of Cash-
mere, and most plentiful in the barren country of Ladakh. As the
bird is subject to considerable variety, I am inclined to think R.
pheenicuroides, Moore (P. Z. 8. 1854), is only a variety.

166. RuTiciLLa FULIGINOSA (Vigors).

Common on the mountain streams on the lesser Himalayan Range
and around the Vale of Cashmere; generally seen with the next
species.

167. RuTicILLA LEUCOCEPHALA (Vigors).

Confined to the Himalayan Mountains. It delights to sport after
insects by the side of the mountain torrent.

168. CaLitiope cyANA (Hodgson).

Seen only on the ranges around the Valley of Cashmere; not
common. Its habits greatly resemble the Redbreast. Frequents
woods and forests.

169. CALLIOPE PECTORALIS, Gould.

Frequents high elevations, among rocks and precipices. Pretty
common on the Pir Pinja] Ranges of Cashmere ; not seen elsewhere.

170. Pratrncoua 1npica, Blyth.

India and Western Himalayas, common.

171. ERYTHROSTERNA LEUCURA (Gmelin).

In appearance and habits bears a very close resemblance to the
British Robin. Ihave not heard it sing ; its call-note is Robin-like,
«creek creek.” Pretty common in the jungles of the Salt Mountains
of the Punjab and lower Himalayan Ranges.

172. -Nittava sunDARA, Hodgson.

Not uncommon ia the jungles of the lower Himalayan Ranges.
Its habits greatly resemble the last species. Song composed of one
loud and simple note, frequently repeated.

* The female of whichds R. Viyorsi, Moore, P. Z. S. 1854, Aves, pl. 60.—F. M.

utes

493

173. STOPAROLA MELANOps (Vigors).
Generally seen single ; common on the lower Himalayan Ranges.

174. HeMIcHELIDON FULIGINOsA, Hodgson.

Has much the same habits as the true Flycatcher ; frequenting
woods and forests, it sports from branch to branch after insects.
Not uncommon in the forests near Simla.

Note.—Closely allied to the above, both in appearance and habits,
is a species I found pretty common among the tall poplar and chunar
trees in the Valley of Cashmere. Total length 41 inches. Bill tri-
angular, half the under mandible is a light yellow; nostrils oval ;
tips of bill shghtly bent downwards; eyes large, black, a faint white
ring round the eye. Upper parts dark olive-brown; tail moderate
and slightly forked, first quill spurious, second and third longest.
Lower parts lighter-coloured than the back, and on the neck and
belly mixed with white. Legs short and black ; claws fully curved ;
inner toe slightly shorter than the outer; wings brown, with inner
surfaces a faint rufous colour, giving the wings an appearance of
transparency when the bird is flying. They are common in the
valley, frequenting the tops of lofty trees, where they hunt after the
manner of the true Flycatcher. Their favourite food is a white
insect which swarms around the tops of the chunar and other trees.
Their note is a loud chirp, like that of the Spotted Flycatcher. The
description was taken from a male.*

175. ACROCEPHALUS ARUNDINACEUS (Linn.).
Abundant on the lakes and fens in the Valley of Cashmere.

176. PHYLLOSCOPUS NiTIDUS, Blyth.

Deccan and Scinde, common ; frequents woods and groves. Its
note is low, sweet, and varied.

177. PHyLLoscorus TROcHILUS (Linn.).
Deccan, Scinde, and lower Himalayan Ranges, common.

178. PHytuoscopus rristis, Blyth.
Deccan, Scinde, and N.W. Bengal, common.

179. Reeutus cristatus, Ray.

Forests of the middle regions of the Western Himalayas and
around Cashmere ; pretty common. Seen generally with the Parus
melanolophus.

180. SyLvia CURRUCA (Gmelin).
Furze and bushy places in the Valley of Cashmere, common.

* I am inclined to consider this a young bird of H. fuliginosa. There is no
material difference, except in being spotted—the Case with the young of Fly-

catchers in general.—A. L. A

494

181° TicHopROMA MuURARIA (Linneeus).

Punjab, frequenting the ravines and broken-up country north of
the Jhelum ; common in the Valley of Cashmere, and on the lower
Himalayan Ranges. The sexes are alike im colour of plumage.

182. Sirra HimaLayana, Jardine & Selby.

Lower and middle regions of the Western Himalayas, pretty
common.

183. PeRIcROCOTUS FLAMMEUS (Forster).

N.W. Punjab, Western Himalayas, Cashmere ; common, grega-
rious. Flocks of one or the other sex are often seen; and generally
more females are observed than males, the ratio about three of the
former to one of the latter. The call-note resembles that of the
Linnet.

184. PERICROCOTUS PEREGRINUS (Linneus).

Common in the gardens and orchards around Poonah in the Dec-
can; not seen on the Himalayas. They are generally observed in
small flocks.

185. Hirunpo FILIFEeRA, Stephens.

_ Common in the Deccan, not seen in Scinde ; not common on the
the lower Himalayan Ranges ; occasionally seen in the Valley of
Cashmere.

186. Hrrunpo rustica, Linneeus.

Vale of Cashmere and lower ranges westward of the Jhelum river.
Migrates to the Punjab during the winter months, but breeds and
spends the summer in the mountains. A specimen compared with
an English bird, and found identical.

187. Hirunpo paurica, Linneus.

Punjab and Himalayas, common; migrates during the winter to
the former locality. Breeds among high rocks; the nest is oblong,
and composed of mud and feathers intermixed ; has generally two
or more openings.

188. CHELIDON CASHMIRENSIS, Gould, P. Z.S. 1858, p. 356.

Common on the rocky banks of the rivers in Ladakh and Cash-
mere during the summer ; migrates during the winter (perhaps) to
the Punjab and India.

‘Considerably smaller than C. urbica, but of precisely the same
form and colour, except that the axillaries and under part of the
shoulder are dark brown instead of greyish-white; the feathered
tarsi occur in both species ; crown of the head, back, and shoulders
black, with steel-blue reflexions ; tail brownish-black ; throat, under
surface, and rump white, stained with brown on the flanks. Total
length 4% inches ; wing 3]; tail 2; tarsi ~%.”

495

189. CoTyLE RIpARtA, Linnzeus.
Common on the Indus and rivers of the Punjab.

190. CoryLE 2

Punjab, particularly on the lakes near the Salt Range ; often“seen
associating with Hirundo filifera and H. daurica.

Sir William Jardine says, “‘ Your bird is not C. sinensis (Gray).
I have authentic specimens of the latter; they differ in size: si-
nensis is larger ; and the rump, instead of being pale, is uniform with
the colouring of the back. Total length only 44 inches. Iris hazel,
all the upper parts uniform brownish black ; wings as long as the
- tail; tail moderate and nearly even; throat dirty white ; an irre-
gnlar brownish-black band across the breast ; belly and vent white ;
tail brownish black ; tarsus almost naked, with only a few downy
feathers posteriorly ; colour of tarsus black.’

191. Dicrurus LoneGicaupATus, A. Hay.

India and wooded districts of the W. Himalayas, common. Builds
on trees; the nest is elegantly built, and resembles that of the
Chaffinch in size and construction; the eggs are nearly as large as
a Blackbird’s, and white, with light-brown spots. Iris red.

Note.—Another species or variety, I once saw (and killed the in-
dividual) at Poonah, Deccan, in size resembled the above, but dif-
fered in the following particulars :—General appearance of plumage
less brilliant ; tail not so lyrate; belly, sides, and vent white; inner
wing-quills margined with white. I supposed at the time this was
a young bird; but subsequent experience leads me to’think that, if
not a variety, it may be a distinct species *.

192. TcoHITREA PARADIS! (Linneus).

Western Himalayas and Valley of Cashmere during summer ; India
at all seasons ; pretty common. Frequents groves and dense jungles.
Great variety of plumage; all white birds are adult males; of the
brown varieties, the females have brown primaries, the young males
have black primaries.

193. Lrucocerca ruscoventTrRiS (Franklin).

. Common around Poonah in the Deccan.

194. LevcoceRca ALBOFRONTATA (Franklin).
Scinde; Western Himaiayas, but on the lower ranges only.

195. HypsiPETES PSAROIDEs, Vigors.

Plumage of sexes alike. Very common in the thick jungles of
the Cashmere Ranges, generally seen in small flocks. Has. great
powers of flight ; shy ; call-note loud and harsh ; imitates the notes
of other birds. Confined to certain districts on the Himalayas.

196. PycNonoTus BENGALENSIS (Blyth).

197. Pycnonorus HZMORRHOUS (Blyth), J. A.S. B. xiv.

* 2 D. cerulescens, Linn.—F. M.

496

198. Pycnonorus BARBATUS, Desfontaines (P. /eucotis, Gould).

199. PycNonoTus LEUCOGENYS (Gray).

The Bulbuls have obtained more praise for their musical powers
than they really deserve ; their notes are generally harsh, short, and
often repeated ; they often imitate the songs of other birds. They
are frequently domesticated, and taught a variety of tricks. In some
parts of the Punjab I observed the natives were very fond of carrying
the hemorrhous and leucogenys about with them, tethered to the hand
by astring. The hemorrhous is the most widely distributed ; it is
found all over the Deccan (but not in Scinde), and the cultivated

districts of the lower Himalayan Ranges. Bengalensis and leucogenys —

are common on the lower Himalayas ; and although the former is
abundant on the ranges around Cashmere, I never saw it in the
valley. The latter is the only one of the genus found in the valley,
and is very common; its habits are domestic; it frequents gardens
and orchards. I have often, when sailing in an open buat on the river
Jhelum at Serinuggar, been visited by this species ; it would perch
itself on the side of my boat within an arm’s length, quite regardless
of the oarsmen and the splash of their paddles.

The leucotis I saw nowhere out of Scinde ; at Kurrachee and on
the banks of the Indus it is common. Insects constitute the fa-
yourite food of the Bulbuls ; but they are likewise partial to fruit,
and give a preference to mulberries. The call-note is a loud clang-
ing chirp, uttered at short intervals. The vents of the young birds
are light brown; they have no crests until after the first moult.

PycNONOTUS JOCOSUS is a common cage bird in the Deccan and
Punjab ; but I have not seen it in a wild state. Itis certainly rare
in the Punjab and Western Himalayas.

200. IorA ZEYLANICA, Gmelin.

Deccan, abundant all over the wooded districts. Habits like the
Tits; frequents the densest foliage of fruit trees : food, insects. Not
seen on the Western Himalayas or Punjab.

201. OrntoLus KUNDOO, Sykes.

Deccan, Scinde, lower Himalayan Ranges. Abundant during sum- -

mer in the Vale of Cashmere. Call-note loud and harsh; the song
resembles that of the Blackbird. Iris red.

202. ZoSTEROPS PALPEBROSUS, Temminck.

Very common in the woods and jungle of the lower ranges of the
Western Himalayas. In habits closely resembling the Tits; very
tame, and will often approach within a few feet of one, when
searching for insects.

203. ASrHoPyYGA MILES (Hodgson).
Syn. Nectarinia goalpariensis, Jerdon.
Strictly Himalayan, not seen by me in the plains of India; fre-

497

quents the dense jungles of the lower ranges; by no means common
any where ; generally seen solitary. Note soft, sweet, and musical ;
delights in sheltered and sequestered places.

204. NECTARINIA asraTica (Linnezeus).

The varieties of this species are only immature birds. Deccan,
Scinde, Punjab, and lower Himalayan Ranges, common: the song
resembles that of the Chaffinch, is less strong, but more sweet and
melodious: call-notes loud and various.

205. NECTARINIA ZEYLONICA (Linneus).

Deccan (at Poonah abundant), not seen in Scinde, not common
on the Western Himalayas. The nest is less than that of the Long-
tailed Tit, composed of grass interwoven with dried leaves, and
usually suspended from the point of a branch. Is frequently seen
sucking the nectar from the flowers of the Cactus. The species is
common in the gardens at Poonah in the Deccan: it does not sub-
sist on honey only; for the gizzards of several species contained small
insects.

206. TRERON PHG@NICOPTERA (Latham).

A summer visitor on the lower ranges and forests of the Western
Himalayas. Feet yellow.

207. PALUMBUS TORQUATUS (Leach).

- Common on the lower Himalayan Ranges and in the Salt and
Suliman Mountains of the Punjab. The nuchal patch is frequently
indistinct, and in all the specimens examined was of a buff-clay co-
lour. Gregarious.

208. CoLuMBA LIVIA, Brisson.

India and wooded ranges of the Western Himalayas, common.

Note.—Flocks of a pied variety were seen on the rocky mountains
in Rupshoo Ladakh, having the rump and under surfaces of the
wings white; tail with a broad white band across its middle, tip
black : they were mixed up with flocks of the true species.

209. CoLtumBA LEUCONOTA, Vigors.

Imperial Rock Pigeon of Europeans.

Inhabits the high and rocky ranges north of Cashmere near the
confines of snow; seen frequently associating with livia. Ins yel-
low; flight strong and rapid. Plentiful in spring in the Valley of
Wurdwun among the Cashmere ranges.

210. Turtrur numILis (Temminck).

Deccan, Scinde, and Punjab, common ; very plentiful in the Vale
of Cashmere, and all over the lower ranges of the Western Hima-
layas.

No. CCCLXXVIII.— ProcEEepines OF THE ZOOLOGICAL Soc.

498

211. Turrur suraATENsis (Latham).
Deccan and lower Himalayan Ranges, common.

212. TuRTUR ORIENTALIS (Latham).
Western Himalayas, including Cashmere and Ladakh, common.

213. TurruR SENEGALENSIS (Linnzus).

Deccan, Scinde, Punjab: not seen on the Western Himalayas.

214. Pavo cristratus, Linnzeus.

Commonly called ‘‘ Mo-or” by the natives of the Punjab and
lower Himalayan Ranges. Is very generally distributed over these
parts ; is held sacred by many castes, and accordingly well preserved.
At Kullar Kuhar, among the Salt Mountains of the Punjab, there
are several shrines where the Pea-fowl collect from the neighbouring
jungles to be fed by the fakirs and religious devotees; there, at
break of day, as the sportsman is clambering over the rough sides
of the ravines in quest of Houriar (Ovis vignet), he will often be
struck with the scene, as hundreds of male Pea-fowl, in all their
native elegance and beauty, dash down the glens with a rapidity of
flight unknown to the denizens of the English farm-yard. Many
sportsmen ignore this species, and will not allow it a place in their
game-list: it is true that in many localities they might be killed
with little trouble ; but among the dense and tangled jungles of the
lower Himalayan Ranges it is found wild and wary.

215. CERIORNIS MELANOCEPHALA (Gray).

Tragopan hastingsii, Vigors.

Jewaz of the natives. Argus Pheasant of Europeans.

This very handsome and beautiful species is a native of the higher
ranges of the N.W. Himalayas. Distant from the habitations of
man, among the dense woods and jungles of the middle ranges, this
shy and wary bird secretes itself. Generally seen in small companies
of from three to ten or fifteen. It is nearly three times the size of the
Colchican Pheasant. When alarmed, it utters a loud wailing cry of
ud, a, a, a, particularly at twilight; and the sportsman is often
struck by its peculiar call long before he becomes acquainted with
the bird. They run with great rapidity, and secrete themselves
among the thick foliage, allowing the sportsman to approach within
a few yards; indeed it is seldom, unless when hard pressed, they
take to flight. Common on the wooded ranges N.W. of Simla,
and Southern Pinjal forests of Cashmere. ;

216. GALLUS FERRUGINEUS (Gmelin).

Gallus bankiva, Temminck,

Sub-Himalayan jungles, but confined to localities; common near
Simla, rare on the ranges south of Cashmere and westward of Jamoo.

499

217. EupLocaMmus aLsocrisratus (Vigors).

Called Kallege, Kookera, Meerghee, by the natives. E. melanotus,
Blyth, comes very close to this bird, but has not the white mark-
ings on the crest and back ; yet the species is subject to variety ; so
much so, that it is questionable if Blyth’s bird is a distinct species.
Abundant on the ranges around Simla; not common on the Cash-
mere Ranges. This is the most common and widely distributed
of all the Pheasants on the Western Himalayan Ranges. Unlike
any of the other species, it is found from the Sewalik Range to the
limits of forest. ‘The average weight of the male is about 3 Ibs. ;
the female about 25 lbs.; young birds of the first year from 1+ to
1} lb. The plumage of the young is like that of the female until
the first moult. When a Kallege Pheasant is flushed, it utters a
succession of short calls like the word “ pink;”’ that of the young
bird is harsher, and resembles the call of the P. wallichii, for which
it is often mistaken. ‘They spend the day in dense jungles, perch-
Ing on trees at night, to which they often betake themselves when

flushed. Their flight is strong and rapid; when on the ground, the
male walks with the tail half erect, and spreading. The food con-
sists of soft roots, acorns, &c.; the former they dig up with their
bills, shuffling the earth with their feet like the domestic fowl. They
run with great rapidity, and are very cunning : when roosting, they
secrete themselves among the thickest foliage, and will not stir
_even when the sportsman may be within a few yards. Among their
winged enemies are the Lammergeiers, dg. nevia, &c. The Pine
Martin (Martes favigula, Bodd.) preys on the species, and eats its
eggs; the latter are white, and about the size of the Bantams.

218. CaTrREus wauuicut (Hardwicke).
Native names: Cheer, Booinchil, Herril.

Frequents the lower and intermediate regions of the Western
Himalayas ; is seldom found at very high elevations. A wary bird,
cunning and vigilant, its favourite resorts are grassy hills, with
scattered forests of oak or underwood: generally found in flocks of
from four to twelve. They run fast, and when disturbed secrete
themselves among grass, or take to trees, and keep so quiet that
the sportsman may approach within a few yards ; they are sometimes
even knocked off their perch with a stick. The call-note or crow
resembles the words “chir a pir, chir a pir, chir, chir, chirwa chir,
chirwa.” 'The food consists of grubs, insects, seeds and berries ; I
never found any grass or leaves in their gizzards. It is easily reared;
but it seems doubtful if the species would stand the climate of Britain.
The female makes her nest in the grass, or among low brushwood,
and lays from 9 to 12 eggs of a dull white: the young are hatched
about the endof May. ‘The flight of this species is neither strong
nor rapid ; when roused, it utters a few loud cries, and flies only a
short distance: the beautiful feathers of the tail are spread out du-
ring flight.

900
219. PucrasiA MACROLOPHA (Lesson).

Local names, Coclass, Pocrass, Plach.

Is seldom found at any elevation under 5000 feet on the Western
Himalayas ; nowhere very common. On the Choor Mountain, near
Simla, it is plentiful, and frequently found in the same jungles with
the last two species: more solitary in its habits than either® of the
other two, and usually seen single or in pairs. Its call is composed
of a few chuckles or low chattering sounds ; the males crow at day-
break ; the call resembles that of a young domestic cock. Roosts
in trees. Food various, composed of leaves, buds, roots, insects,
seeds and acorns. The eggs are spotted like a Turkey’s.

Note.—The Plach Pheasant, so common in the jungles of the
Cashmere Ranges, I have not examined, but am inclined to think it
is a different species ; its crow is different.

220. LopHopHoRus IMPEYANUS (Latham).

The local names for this species are very various. The Cash-
merees call the male “ Lont,’’ and the female ‘Ham.’ On the
ranges around Mussouree the natives call the male ‘‘ Ghur Monal,”’
the female “ Ratteeah Cowan ”’ and‘ Monalee.”’

This splendid bird, once so abundant on the Western Himalayas,
is now far from being so, in consequence of the numbers killed by
sportsmen on account of its beauty ; whole tracts of mountain forest
once frequented by the Monal are now almost without a single spe-
cimen: however, its range is wide, and its haunts varied, so that it
will be long before the species can be entirely exterminated. The
Monal frequents the high regions of the Western Ranges, and lives
among the oak forests, dense bamboo jungles, or craggy mountain-
sides. Its favourite food consists of roots and bulbs, particularly
the wild strawberry, currant, earth-nuts, acorns, &c. Its eggs are a
little less than a Turkey’s, and similarly marked. The average
weight of adult males is 6 lbs.; that of the females 5 lbs.: the
young birds resemble the female until the first moult. Monal-shoot-
ing far eclipses anything of the sort, British or European; it calls
forth all the energies of the sportsman. Scrambling over precipices,
mounting over wooded slopes, or threading his way through tangled
bush, these noble birds spring up before him, uttering their wild cry
as they dash down the glens, refulgent in all their beauty and ele-
gance of form. Among the most pleasant reminiscences of by-gone
days is a period of eleven days spent by the author and a friend on
the Choor Mountain, near Simla, when among other trophies were
numbered 68 Monal Pheasants, 9 Plach, 4 Kallege, 1 Wood Part-
ridge, Chuckor (P. chukar), and Solitary Snipe. The Bearded Vul-
ture and Pine Martin (M. favigula) are the greatest enemies of the
Monal: the former kills the old birds; the latter destroys the eggs
and young.

501

221. TETRAGALLUS HIMALAYENSIS (Hardw.).

Local name, “ Jer Monal ;”’ by the natives of Cashmere, ‘‘ Gourka
gu” and “Kubuk.’? Snow Pheasant of Europeans. Confined to the
snowy ranges of the Western Himalayas, above the region of forest
trees ; is not universally distributed ; plentiful in Koonawer, Cheenee,
the high ranges of Cashmere, and Ladakh. In the summer months,
as the snow melts, they migrate northwards ; and during rigorous
winters are often driven into the forests of the Middle Ranges. I
have seen them on the Peer Pinjal Ranges, south of Cashmere, in
July, but only on the tops of the highest peaks, 12,000 or 13,000
feet above the level of the sea. Generally seen in flocks of from
twenty to thirty together by the margin of the melting snow: they
are partial to these situations, where they feed on the tender shoots
of plants just appearing above ground. In summer I have seldom
met more than a pair together; indeed, on the ranges frequented by
the bird during the winter months, not one is seen in June and July.
The Golden Eagle and Bearded Vulture are great tormentors of this
species: I do not think they destroy old birds ; but the young fall
an easy prey to them. They never perch on trees, but prefer rocks
or eminences close to snow, where they are with difficulty seen even
within 100 yards distance ; their loud wailing cry, however, is heard
far off. The tail is carried erect while on the ground ; and their un-
gainly gait resembles that of a large Grey Goose. They always feed
upwards towards the tops of the mountains, walking slowly. The
species of wild Primule constitute their favourite food. The call is
very various, something like the following : who wit whit whit wit
wit wit wééit weit wee ; it is a soft whistle. These birds are very
tame, and approached without difficulty from below, as they fly

always down the mountain when flushed, and seldom rise until the
sportsman is within thirty yards. The flesh is not savoury, and
frequently of a disagreeable flavour. Having seen the bird at all
seasons on the Cashmere Ranges, I am inclined to think they breed
there, although the majority migrate to Chinese Tartary in summer.
A hardy species, and stands confinement well.

222. Lerva Nivicota (Hodgson).
Local, Quoir Monal. Snow Partridge of Europeans.

Frequents like situations to the last bird ; but its haunts are more
selected: it is less generally ‘distributed ; occasionally seen on the
highest mountains forming the northern barrier of the Vale of Cash-
mere. Is very tame; when flushed emits a loud harsh whistle, and
continues the call even when settled and out of danger. Its general
appearance and habits very closely resemble the Snow Pheasant.
The female lays six or eight eggs, and during incubation displays the
same desire to draw away the attention of the sportsman as observed
in the family generally.

223. PreROCLES ARENARIUS (Pallas).
Punjab ; N.W. Provinces of Bengal : common.

302

224. PreRocLES ExustTus, Temminck.
Punjab ; N.W. Provinces of Bengal: common.

225. PreRocLeEs FAsciaTus (Scopoli).

Pretty common in the low jungles around the base of the Se-
walik Range, Punjab.

226. SYNAPTES TIBETANUS, Gould.

This new species I met with on the Salt Lakes of Ladakh in
August 1852; confined to Ladakh, and not found in India.

227. FRANCOLINUS VULGARIS, Stephens.

Tetrao francolinus, Linneus.

Local name, Kala Tetur. Black Partridge of Europeans.

The Black Partridge enjoys a far wider range than any of the
other Francolins of India. It is plentiful in Bombay and Bengal,
and on the lower ranges of the Western Himalayas at all seasons.
Neither the torrid heat of the plains nor the snows of the high ranges
seem to affect this bird. I brought a pair to England with me in
1855; I think the species would thrive in this climate. It is not
gregarious ; seldom more than a pair are found together : its flesh is
pale and well-flavoured ; but neither the Black Partridge nor any of
the Indian game birds will bear comparison in this respect with the
game birds of Britain. They commence to pair about the beginning
of April on the Himalayas, but earlier on the plains of India; the
young remain with the parents along time, and are not fit for shoot-
ing until the latter end of October. During incubation the males
can be heard answering one another all over the mountains; the call
is harsh, and composed of four distinct sounds following each other
in this manner: whee-wha-whieh d whiék, repeated at short intervals
when perched on a stone or in dense cover.

228. CaccaBIS CHUKAR (Gray).
Chuckor of the natives and Europeans.

It is found in small numbers among the ravines and low barren
hills north of the river Jhelum, Punjab; but the low ranges of the
Western Himalayas may be said to be its proper limits; from this
it extends northwards to Tibet and Chinese Tartary, as far north as
Europeans have yet penetrated. It is said to abound in Persia and.
Afghanistan. I have no doubt, from the countries it frequents and
its nature and habits, this bird would thrive equally well on the
mountains of Scotland. Its favourite haunts are bleak and barren
mountains covered only with low scrub. Usually seen in coveys ;
the flight is strong and rapid. The breeding-season commences
about the middle of May; the nest, composed of dried grass, is
placed under the cover of a jutting rock, or in thick jungle. It lays
from nine to twelve eggs of a pure white colour, which are usually
hatched in July. The young birds grow rapidly, and attain the size

503

of the parent before they can fly, and, strictly speaking, are not fit
for shooting until the middle of September. During incubation, the
male remains near the nest, and can be heard calling all day ; its
call much resembles that of the domestic hen, being a “‘ cue cuc”’
repeated often. There is no difference in the plumage of the sexes ;
only the males have rudimentary spurs. The Chuckor is easily
domesticated, and will associate with poultry. The Cashmerees call
it Kau-Kau, from its cry ; although not found in the valley, it is
common on the low hills around. This bird probably affords better
sport than any other species of the family in India, as the rapidity
of its flight and the situations it frequents try the energies of the
sportsman.

229. AMMOPERDIX BONHAMI (G. R. Gray).

The existence of this species has been known for several years ;
but until lately all the specimens were brought from Afghanistan,
where it abounds on sandy wastes and barren mountains. It is
plentiful on the low hills of the Northern Punjab, particularly the
Salt and Suliman Ranges; I do not think it is found further
south than the former mountains, and I never saw the species on the
Western Himalayas. It bears a close resemblance in habits to the
last species, and is often seen with it. It is known by the name of
**Sisi’’ in the Punjab.

230. Perpix HopGsonit (Gould, B. A.).
Tibet Partridge.

As early as 1841 Mr. Wilson, an indefatigable and discerning
sportsman, shot a species of Partridge near the village of Soukee, on
the Snowy Ranges north of Mussouree; and from the description
given by him in his “ Notes on the Habits of the Game Birds of the
Himalayas,’ published in the December number of the ‘ Calcutta
Sporting Review’ for 1848, I had no difficulty in detecting its simi-
larity to a specimen killed by Capt. Smith, 75th Regiment, m Nobra,
Northern Ladakh, during the summer of 1854. Mr. Hodgson met
with the species on the Nipal Ranges, and subsequently published
an account of it in the ‘Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal,’
vol. xxv. p. 165; but to Captain Smith is the credit due of having

brought the first specimen to Europe, from which Mr. Gould’s de-
- lineation was taken. Captain Smith’s specimen has since been de-
posited in the British Museum. It would appear, from Wilson’s
and Smith’s accounts, that the bird is very rare in the districts they
visited, which I apprehend were only its most southern limits.

231. ARBORICOLA TORQUEOLA (Valenciennes).

Wood Partridge and Hill Partridge of Europeans; Ban tetra of
the natives.

Nowhere common ; frequents forests and thick jungles, generally
seen single or in pairs; a few are occasionally met with in the oak
forests on the ranges around Simla, Western Himalayas.

504

232. Perpicuua asiaTica (Latham).

Coturnix pentah, Sykes. aay:

*« Lowa”’ of the natives; Bush Quail of Europeans.

Frequents the valleys of the lower ranges of the Western Hima-
layas; gregarious and migratory. Its food consists of small seeds,
such as mustard. Rises with a quick whirring noise; flies only a
short distance, frequently dropping into the nearest bush, where it
secretes itself. I have not seen this species on the plains of India.

233. CoTURNIX COMMUNIS, Bonnaterre.

Tetrao coturnizx, Linneus.

Dispersed all over India ; assembling in great numbers during the
ripening of the spring and autumn crops. Breeds im the dense
jungles.

234. CoruRNIX COROMANDELICA (Gmelin).

Rain Quail.

Not uncommon during the rains in the gardens and fields around
Poonah in the Deccan; not seen in Scinde, Punjab, or the Hima-
laya Mountains.

235. Oris MACQUEENII (Hard.).

Common in Scinde ; found in the country between Loodeana and
Ferozepoor, likewise in various parts of the Punjab. They frequent
sandy plains alternating with patches of long grass and fields of
grain, and cause much destruction in wheat-fields by eating the
young shoots. Iris black; sclerotic coat yellow; eye large and
globular. This bird is migratory in the above districts, and only
seen in winter ; doubtless it comes from Persia, where it is said to
be found at all seasons. English sportsmen call this bird “ Hau-
bara.”

236. EvpopoTis epwarp1i (Gray).

Otis nigriceps (Vigors).

Found occasionally near Poonah in the Deccan ; not common.
It is said to have been seen in the Valley of Peshawur, but this only
from native reports.

237. CURSORIUS COROMANDELICUS (Gmelin).

Pretty common on the sandy wastes of Scinde; gregarious ; seen
usually in flocks of fifteen or twenty. Runs with great speed.
Favourite food, a species of Sand Locust. The flesh of this bird is
very tender and wholesome.

238. CEDICNEMUS CREPITANS (Temminck).

*Khurma”’ of the natives.
Bastard Floriken of Sportsmen.

On the banks of the Jhelum River, from the town of Jhelum south-

PVs

905

ward ; in the jungles between Ferozepoor and the Himalayas ; partial
to certain localities: common. :

239. LOBIVANELLUS GOENSIsS (Gmelin).

Did de-do-it of Europeans (expressive of cry).

Is widely distributed over the Deccan, Scinde, Bengal, Cashmere,
and the lower ranges of the Western Himalayas ; they frequent rice
fields, pools, and marshes; and the well-known cry renders the
species familiar to every European in the East. Often heard at
night, the words resemble the following: “ Did you do-it, did you
do-it, did did did did you do it doo it doo it, §c.” Its habits very
much resemble the Tringa vanellus ; generally seen in couples ; does
not migrate.

240. VANELLUS CRISTATUS, Meyer.

Makes its appearance about the month of October on the N.W.
frontier of the Punjab, and remains until March. I think they mi-
grate to Afghanistan; and, from not seeing the species south of
Rawul Pindee, I am inclined to think they are only found on the
pools and marshes around Peshawur, Attock, &c.

241. CumTUSIA GREGARIA (Pallas).

Pretty common during the cold months in the fields and wastes
near Loodeana, in the N.W. Provinces of Bengal.

242. HisTICULA RUFINELLA, Blyth, Ann. N. H. 1833.
? Charadrius leschenaultii, Lesson.

I shot a specimen of this species on the Chimouraree Lake, in
_ Ladakh; it is now in the possession of Sir William Jardine, Bart.
The species breeds in that locality ; not seen in the Punjab.

243. HiaTICULA PHILIPPINA (Scopuli).

Frequents the rivers and streams in the Deccan, Punjab, and
Cashmere : common.

244, Himantorus canpipus (Bonn.).

On the pools and marshes of the Punjab. I have frequently seen
its legs bent and deformed. There is considerable variety of plu-
mage, owing to age or sex. Quere, is H. intermedius, Blyth, J. A.S.
XViil., a distinct species, or only a variety of those above?

245. IpIDORHYNCHUS STRUTHERSII, Vigors.

Met with the above on one of the branches of the Dras River
(Kurste, near the Ligla Pass) in Ladakh: by no means common,
and not seen elsewhere.

246. Toranus Guortis (Linnzeus).
Generally distributed over the Deccan, Scinde, Bengal, and the

506

Himalayas, as far north as Chinese Tartary ; solitary in its habits ;
frequents pools and streams.

247. Toranus cALipRIs (Linneus).
248. ActiTis ocHRopus (Linneus).
249. AcriTIs HYPOLEUCUs (Linneus).

250. Limosa ZGOCEPHALA (Linneus).

Also generally distributed over the Deccan, Scinde, Bengal, and
the Himalayas, as far north as Chinese Tartary : all are common.

251. NuMENIvsS ARQUaTA, Linneus.
Lakes of Cashmere and rivers of the Punjab, pretty common.

252. NuMENIvS PpH&ZoPus, Linnzus.
Mouth of the Indus, near Kurrachee, on the sea-coast : common.

253. TrinGA MINUTA, Leisler.
Rivers of the Punjab, common.

254. PaiLomacuus puGnax (Linneeus).

Ts found on the lakes and marshes of the Punjab during the cold
months, but migrates towards the end of April. Before departure,
they assemble in flocks. I have never seen the males in their com-
plete plumage.

255. ScoLopax rusTicoLA, Linnzus.

The Woodcock breeds in the pine forests of the Western Hima-
layas ; during winter it repairs to the valleys of the lesser ranges.
Not uncommon in the forests of Cashmere ; but they do not occur
in numbers sufficient to repay the necessary toil in searching for
them. The Western Ghauts and Nilgiris are likewise localities fre-
quented by this species.

256. GALLINAGO NEMORICOLA (Hodgson).

In the lonely glens, by the side of some mountain streams, where
the pine grows tall and dense, and the sun’s rays seldom penetrate,
there we meet the Solitary Snipe, from the lowest ranges of the
Himalayas to the limits of its forest. Nowhere common; many old
Himalayan sportsmen have never seen it. 1 have observed con-
siderable variety in regard to size of different specimens. One
killed on a mountain near Simla was not larger than a Common
Snipe.

257. GALLINAGO SCOLOPACINUS, Bonap.

258. GALLINAGO GALLINULA (Linneus).
The Common and Jack Snipe abound all over India, and during

507

winter on the fens and marshes of Cashmere. Their migrations are
not well defined. I found them abundant at Poonah in November,
whereas they are not plentiful in Bengal or the Punjab until the
latter end of December, and disappear by the end of April. A few
are found all the year round in the marshes of Bengal, where they
doubtless breed. Although common in winter in the Vale of
Cashmere, I never saw a single specimen in summer. I think they
leave N. W. India and Cashmere to breed in the more temperate
parts of Persia or Afghanistan, as the few seen during the hot months
will not account for the tremendous numbers which frequent the
marshes during the cold season.

299. RHYNCHEA BENGALENSIS (Linneus).

There is considerable variety of plumage in some specimens.
Comes in with the last two, and, although not nearly so common,
is by no means rare in the Punjab and Deccan.

260. HyDROPHASIANUS CHTRURGUS (Scopoli).
Water Pheasant of Europeans.

Is very common on the lotus-covered lakes of Cashmere, where it
breeds. Its favourite attitude is sitting on the broad leaf of the lotus.
Flight irregular and flapping. Food, insects. Call, harsh, and re-
sembles that of the Water-hen. Is not confined to the lakes in the
valley, but sometimes makes excursions up the streams, and has
been found in the interior ranges. Not found in the Punjab.

261. Grus cinerea, Bechst.

Is very abundant during the cold months on the rivers of the
Punjab. They migrate evidently from the west, and return again
before the commencement of the hot.weather. The numbers that
frequent the banks of the Jhelum below the city of that name and
the confluence with the Chenab, are almost beyond conception ; they
commit great havoc in the wheat-fields. They are shy and diffi-
cult of approach.

Note.—The Ardea virgo and Grus antigone I have not seen in
the Punjab: the former is said to be common on the banks of the
Jumna, Chumbel, and Soane; the latter, it would appear, does not
visit the upper provinces of Bengal.

262. FauciIneLuus 1GNEuS (Gmelin).
Black Curlew.

Common in the Deccan and Punjab ; frequents marshy places,
and feeds on carrion, beetles, scorpions, &c. Generally seen in pairs,
or three together. Associates with Rooks on the frontier of the
Punjab. Native name, “ Kutchechorrah.”

263. PLATALEA LEUCORODIA, Linnzus.
Plentiful on the rivers of the Punjab during winter.

508

264. Ciconta ALBA (Belon).

A winter visitor on the rivers of the Punjab ; not common, having
only seen one specimen on the Chenab.

265. Crconta NiGRA (Linneus).
Shot a female on the Jhelum River, in the Vale of Cashmere. I
did not see it elsewhere.

266. CicontIA LEUCOCEPHALA (Gmelin).

I procured a specimen of this near Poonah, and observed it (what
was doubtless the same species) on the wing on the river Indus.

267. ARDEA CINEREA (Linneus).

Common in the Deccan, Indus, and rivers of Punjab. Plentiful
in the Valley of Cashmere. There is a large heronry in the cele-
brated Shalimar Garden, where the bird is preserved by the present
ruler on account of its feathers, which furnish the plumes for the
turbans of the royal princes of Cashmere.

268. Heropias ausa (Linneus).
Indus river, seen only on the wing?.

269. Heropias BUBULCUS (Savigny).
Common on the marshes and in the rice-fields of the Deccan.

270. ARDEA CoMATA, Pallas.
Squacco Heron.
Generally distributed over the lakes and geels of the Punjab.

271. Boraurus sTELLARIS (Linneus).
A winter visitor in the Punjab, and all the year in Cashmere.

272. ARDETTA MINUTA (Linneus).

Less common than the last, and perhaps only found during the
cold months in the geels and lakes of the Punjab.

273. Raxuvus striatus (Linneus).

Punjab, pretty common in winter.

274. Rauuvus inpicus, Blyth; J. A. 8. xviii. p. 820.
Punjab during the winter months, common.

275. GALLINULA CHLOROPUS (Linnzus).

N. W. India and Cashmere, common.

276. Fuxica atra, Linneeus.

Lakes and fens of the Punjab and Cashmere, common. Resident
in the above-mentioned localities during the year.

209

277. LARUS RIDIBUNDUS, Linneus.
; Breeds on the fresh- and salt-water lakes of Ladakh.

278. LARUS BRUNNICEPHALUS, Jerdon.
Indus and rivers of Punjab. Common.

279. GELOCHELIDON ANGLICuUs (Montagu).
Indus river. Common during the winter months.

280. STERNA HIRUNDO, Linnzus.
__ Indus and rivers of the Punjab. Lakes and fens of Cashmere.
Common.
281. Sterna savanica, Horsfield.
Indus, rivers of Punjab, Cashmere. Very common.

282. PELICANUS JAVANICUS, Horsfield.
Indus, but seldom on the rivers of the Punjab. Common.

283. GRACULUS CARBO, Linnzus.
Common on the Indus, Punjab rivers, lakes and rivers of Cashmere.

284. GRACULUS SINENSIS (Shaw).

Punjab rivers and Cashmere. Pretty common on the former in
winter ; at all seasons on the Jhelum River, Cashmere.

285. GRACULUS PYGM&US (Dallas).

Punjab rivers, not common.

286. PH@NICOPTERUS ROSEUS, Pallas.

Punjab rivers and lakes during the cold months. Gregarious.
They march about in the shallows, or remain motionless, standing
on one leg, with their heads under their wings. Average length of
several specimens measured, from bill to extremity of great toe, 5 feet

= inches ; between tips of wings, 5 feet 10 inches. Weight, 5 lbs.?

287. ANSER ALBIFRONS, Linnzus.

Identical with specimens in the British Museum. A _ winter
visitor to the rivers and lakes of the Punjab. Average weight,
about 5 lbs.

288. BERNICLA INDICA (Gmelin).

Bar-headed Goose of European sportsmen.

Is very common on the Indus and rivers of the Punjab during the
eold months. Generally seen in very large flocks.

289. CaSARKA RUTILA (Pallas).

Indus and Punjab rivers, Cashmere. Breeds in great numbers
by the sides of the fresh- and salt-water lakes of Ladakh.

510
290. ANAS CLYPEATA, Linnezeus.
Indus and Punjab rivers in winter. Common.

291. ANAs BoscHas, Linneeus.

Indus and rivers of Punjab in winter. Breeds and remains all the
year in the Valley of Cashmere.

292. ANAS PHCILORHYNCBHA, Pennant.
Indus, only in winter.

293, Anas acuta, Linneeus.
Indus; Punjab; Cashmere. Abundant during the winter months.

294. QUERQUEDULA CRECCA (Linneus).
India. Common.

295. QUERQUEDULA crrRcia (Linnzus).
Punjab rivers and lakes during the cold months. Common.

296. FuLiguLa RuFINa (Pallas).

A winter visitor on the lakes and rivers of the Punjab. Not
common. Average weight of male 3lbs. Iris red.

297. FuLiguLa nyroca (Guldenstedt).

Frequents the lakes of Cashmere, and remains there all the year.
Very common on the City Lake. A winter visitor in the Punjab,
associating generally with the Querg. crecca. ,

298. MrerRGELLUS ALBELLUS (Linneus).

Migratory. Common on the lakes and rivers of the Punjab
during the cold months.

299. PopicEPs PHILIPPENSIS, Gmelin.

Very common at all seasons on the Cashmere lakes. A winter
visitor in the Punjab.

There are few more interesting studies in natural science than
that of the migrations of birds; and Northern India and its large
rivers afford excellent opportunities of enriching one’s knowledge on
this head. Every one who has traversed the great rivers of Northern
India must have been struck during the winter months on observing
the vast flocks of wildfowl that frequent the sands and creeks of
the Ganges, Indus, and rivers of the Punjab, or the lakes and fens
inland.

What becomes of these large flocks during summer? for in June
or July, should he revisit these rivers, he must observe the absence
of all these interesting objects. Oft has the question been asked,
and the answer been much the same: ‘They go away during
summer, and come back in winter.” But where do they goto? they
surely do not migrate southwards: for it is hot enough in all con-
science in Scinde or the Punjab in summer ; and the banks of the

511

Indus are as hot as the banks of any river in India or elsewhere.
That the temperate latitudes of Central Asia form their summer
retreats, I think cannot be doubted. { spent the greater part of
three years on the north-west frontier of the Punjab, and one year
very near the Khyber Pass, besides visiting the lakes of Cashmere
and Tibet, which afforded me good opportunities of observing the
habits of these interesting wanderers. The Bar-headed Goose
(Bernicla Indica), so plentiful in the Punjab, can be seen in vast
flocks passing over Peshawur in a southerly direction. I have seen
lines of these birds of a mile in length ; and often, at night, their
rough gabblings can be distinctly heard. It seems, during their
migrations, they fly all night, and rest on the banks of rivers or
‘lakes during the heat of the day. ‘The immense flocks of Cranes
(Grus cinerea), seen likewise at this season steermg their course
southwards, explains the direction of their migrations; the same
remark is applicable to the Mallard, Teal, Gargany, and Shovellers.
The Ferrugmous Duck (4. rutila) and Anser albifrons appear on
the marshes and rivers of the N.W. frontier towards the end of
November. In my journal I find the following remarks:—“ De-
cember 11th, Rawul Pindee.—Shot three Grey Geese (4. albifrons)
on a marsh in this neighbourhood: they had evidently just arrived ;
for they were very thin, and could not fly any distance. The Lap-
wing (V. cristatus) has been seen in the marshes for some time,

enerally in small flocks. The Pin-tail, Castaneous and Red-crested
Duck (Fuligula rufina), are arriving daily.”

The Greater Sand-grouse (Péerocles arenarius) migrates probably
to Afghanistan or Persia durmg summer; for when at Peshawur I
saw large flocks constantly flying southward at the commencement
of winter. The Rook comes certainly from the west, for reasons
mentioned elsewhere ; and the European Jackdaw, Chimney-swallow,
and Sand-marten from Cashmere. The Turdus atrogularis, so com-
mon in the gardens and orchards around Peshawur during winter,
is evidently a migratory bird; but its summer habitat may not be
very far across the neighbourmg mountains, as I found it at all -
seasons on the Himalayas at elevations of 8000 or 9000 feet above
the level of the sea.

Regarding Cashmere, there is perhaps no place in the world
where wild fowl are more abundant during the winter months. The
magnificent Waller Lake and every pond are literally crawling with
Ducks, &c.; the inhabitants kill and destroy them without mercy ;
the bazars of the cities are filled with game at this season. A fine
goose can be purchased for about twopence English: but nearly all
take their departure before the end of April; and, except a few
stragelers and residents, the Waller Lake in May presents an im-
mense pond whose placid waters the fairy-like Tern is seldom seen
to ruffle. I found the Anas rutila breeding among the rocks sur-
rounding the fresh- and salt-water lakes of Ladakh, and the Ber-
nicla indica and Anser albifrons were seen in great numbers in
June and July on the Chimmauraree Lake. These lakes are about
as far north as it is safe at present for Europeans to travel. The

512

Chinese Tartars strongly object to our entering their country ; so
that our researches on this subject are somewhat narrowly defined.
Unfortunately, the Afghans have had little confidence in the British
since 1842, so that their mountains and even the Peshawur Ranges
remain yet unexplored ; but when every facility can be obtained
on the Western Himalayas, I am confident there is much yet to be
done. There is much interest connected with the natural history
of the two vast regions, Punjab and Himalayas, so intimately ad-
joining each other, yet so very different in climate and appearance ;
and sure am I that well will he be repaid for his trouble who
zealously investigates their hidden treasures.

During nearly seven years I resided in various parts of India,
commencing at Poonah in the Deccan; afterwards I journeyed
through Scinde, and passed across the upper provinces, and was
some time stationed on the lower Himalayan Ranges near Simla ;
I then traversed the Punjab northwards to Peshawur, and twice
visited Cashmere and Ladakh. In my excursions I made it a rule
to commit to paper minute descriptions of every animal [ killed ;
and, although by means of comparison and the assistance of friends
I have been enabled to identify more than half my collection, I
find a large number of species remain yet unnamed, many of which
are doubtless rare and interesting. I am sensible, however, of the
amount of gratitude I owe to many friends for their counsel and
assistance, among others, to Mr. Moore, Curator of the Derby
Museum, Liverpool, who not only afforded me every facility for
examining specimens in that rare collection, but also rendered me
valuable assistance by placing the excellent library of reference of
that institution at my disposal.

Since these notes were begun, I have been informed by my very
kind friend, J. Gould, Esq., that the rare Pyrrhula described in
this paper, is a new species, and has been described and figured in
the last number of his ‘ Birds of Asia.’

7. REMARKS ON THE Habits AND HAuNTS OF SOME OF THE
MAMMALIA FOUND IN VARIOUS PARTS OF INDIA AND THE
WesteERN Himavayan Mountains. By A. Letra ApAms,
SurGEON, 22ND REGIMENT. COMMUNICATED BY MEssRs.
T. J. anp F. Moore.

1. SEMNOPITHECUS ENTELLUS (Dufresne, sp.).
2. SEMNOPITHECUS SCHISTACEUS, Hodgson.

3. Macacus RHESUS (Audub.).

All the above species are found in the Western Himalayas; the
M. rhesus is probably the most common and generally distributed
over the wooded districts.

4. Preropus EDWARDS, Geoff.
I found this species abundant at Poonah in the Deccan, Ona

913

-peepul tree in the centre of the great city of Poonah I have seen
hundreds suspended. Although often seen on wing during the day,
it is at dusk they are more generally observed, flying at great eleva-
tions with an easy sailing motion, broken now and then by the slow
and regular flaps of their long wings. At sunset they converge
towards the orchards and groves of mango trees, where they commit
great havoc on their fruit. Not seen in the Punjab or Himalayas.

5. TiGRIs REGALIS, Gray.—Felis tigris, Linn.

Plentiful on the western frontier of the Punjab and banks of the
Indus and Jhelum. Now scarce in many parts of the Deccan;
occasionally seen near Poonah. A few stray along the base of the
Himalayas as far as Attock on the Indus, and in the jungles of the
Salt Range; but it seldom frequents the Himalayan Valleys, although
individuals at times wander a considerable distance inwards. One
was killed at Poonch among the southern Cashmere Ranges.

6. Leoparpvus varius, Gray.— Felis pardus (Linn.).

Called Chetah, Sher (names applied likewise to the Tiger and all
the larger species of the genus), Bagh, &c. by the natives of the Hi-
malayas, where it is pretty common, frequenting dense jungles or
forests ; preys chiefly on musk-deer or domestic animals, such as
sheep, dogs, goats, &c. The presence of a Chetah is often discovered
by the barking of foxes, the loud bellowing of the Cashmere stag,
harsh cries of the bulbuls and beautiful long-tailed pie (Pica ery-
throrhyncha). 'Thisis the most common species found on the lower
ranges of the Western Himalayas. It appears however, if not sub-
ject to great variety, there are yet species undiscovered. The
natives of various districts speak with contidence in regard to species
very different in appearance; and I see no reason to doubt the au-
thenticity of their various accounts. I shall give them as recorded
in my “notes,” written on different occasions. It would seem, the
species are confined to localities where their particular description of
prey abounds. Thus I have heard of the Burrel hay found at high
elevations ; this species preys chiefly on Burrel (Psewdois Nahoor,
Hodgson) and Musk-deer. Colour, a dirty white with black spots.

This is probably the Leopardus uncia found on the northern ranges
of Cashmere and in Ladakh; skins are brought from Afghanistan
and sold in the bazars at Peshawur. On the lower Himalayan
Ranges the natives mention a Panther closely allied to the FP. pardus,
but of smaller size, called Adeer hay, which they say is common.
Not having seen this animal, I am unable to say whether it is a
variety or another species. A Leopard which preys chiefly on Goral
(Nemorhedus goral), called Goral hay, is said likewise to frequent
certain districts of the middle ranges; much smaller than the last,
and of a light fawn colour. Altogether my information on this sub-
ject refers to five different sorts of Chetah :—

Ist. The Bacu, or, as it is sometimes called, Bay herra (Leo-
pardus varius; Felis pardus, Linn.).

No. CCCLXXILX.—ProceeEDiNGs OF THE ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

o14

2nd. Burret nay, probably Leopardus uncia.

3rd. A Leopard without spots, found in Tibet and Chinese Tar-
tary. The description given me of this animal was very meagre.

4th. The AprerR uay, probably only a variety of the Leopardus
varius. Its head is said to be much like that of a bull-dog.

5th. Gora nay. A small sort; might be one of the Tiger Cats.

7. LEoOPpARDUS HORSFIELDI (Gray)..

This species I once examined ; it was killed near Simla; the na-
tives said they are not uncommon on the ranges around that station.
Kills partridges and pheasants.

8. Leoparpus TorRQuATUS, Fred. Cuy.
Very common at Poonah in the Deccan.

9. LEOPARDUS BENGALENSIS (Desm. sp.).

The common Jungle Cat of the plains of India and lower Hi-
malayan Ranges, I have often thought identical with the last.

10. Cuaus tisycus, Gray.—J’elis chaus (Guld. sp.).

I killed a fine specimen of this species near Rawul Pindee ; it is
pretty common in the Punjab, and preys chiefly on domestic poul-
try, rats, and mice.

11. Hya#wa striata, Zimmermann.

Very generally distributed over the Deccan, Scinde, and Punjab,
and on the lower Himalayan Ranges. It prowls about the stations
at night, and is very destructive to poultry; kills likewise sheep
and dogs. Not seen in the Valley of Cashmere.

12. Cuon primzvus, Hodgson.
Ram hun of the Cashmerees.

Although not rare on the high ranges of the Western Himalayas,
extending northwards beyond even the limits of forest, the Ram
hun is seldom seen. So cunning and stealthy are its habits, that
native sportsmen, long familiar with its depredations, have never
seen the animal. When seen, it is generally in packs. A friend
informed me he saw a herd of Deer (Cervus cashmirensis) pursued
by a pack. It appears they pass the day in caves or burrows, and
hunt at early morn and in the afternoon. I have frequently fol-
lowed their trail for miles across the Pinjal Mountains, and even dis-
covered places where they had lain only a few hours before, but on
every occasion was unable to discover them. Lieutenant Abbott,
75th Regiment, killed a fine specimen near Allahabad Serai, on the
southern ranges of Cashmere, which afterwards proved identical
with the specimens of the animal in the Honourable East India
Company’s Collection in London. It is, however, by no means
common on the last-mentioned mountains. Native reports relative
to the Wild Dogs-of the Western Himalayas are very various, and
often contradictory. From the accounts I was enabled to glean

Ae BO el

MAP eg arts

915

from shikarees and natives resident on the mountains, it appears
there is considerable variety in the colour of this species, or that
these discrepancies relate to different species. The Cuon primevus
is bold and ferocious ; natives say there are few of the larger qua-
drupeds they will not attack, and that Ibex, Deer, Burrel, &c., are
frequently killed by them.

Note.—In a collection of skins brought from the Kara Korum
Mountains in the north of Ladakh by my friend Lieutenant Pey-
ton, 87th Regiment, I saw that of a Wild Dog, probably a new
species. The skin was imperfect ; and, judging from its length, it
appeared the animal was about the size of the Ram hun; nose
pointed, hair long and thick, containing much of the under-wool
called peshm ; prevailing colour white, with splashes of black on
the back and hips ; tail short, somewhat bushy, with the tips of the
hairs black. I was informed they are frequently found near the
dwellings of the natives, and that they prey on Caprovis argali,
Nahoor, and Tibet Antelope (Pantholops hodgsonii). This may
be a species of Wolf; anyhow its existence in Ladakh is very likely
unknown, nor have I been enabled to discover any species approach-
ing its description on any part of the Western Himalayas. The
Pariah Dog is often forced to depend entirely on its own exertions,
and wanders over large tracts of country in the plains of India; but
I have not known it do so on the Western Himalayas.

13. CANIS FAMILIARIS, Linn.

a. A domestic variety, resembling in every particular the Shep-
herds’ Dog or Colly, is generally distributed over the western
ranges, particularly in Cashmere.

6. A large and formidable breed, of a similar appearance to the
last, is raised in the district of Chamba on the Himalayas; but,
like many other varieties of hill animals, they pie away and die
when brought to the plains of India.

14. Canis aureus, Linn.

Geeder of the natives.

Abundant all over India, Punjab, and lower Himalayan Ranges,
including the Vale of Cashmere. In the latter situation, they ap-
pear to thrive better and grow to a larger size than anywhere in the
plams. There is great reason for thinking it frequently breeds
with the Pariah Dog, as I have met with individuals of the latter so
like the Jackal, that there was not the slightest point of difference
in appearance and habits.

15. Canis Lupus, Linn.

Seen occasionally among the ravines of the Punjab, but does not
frequent the Himalayas.

16. VULPES BENGALENSIS (Shaw).
Deccan ; Scinde (perhaps the Punjab ‘).

516

17. VuLres pusiuuus, Blyth, J. A.S. B. 1854, p. 730.

My specimens agree with the descriptions of the above author,
and likewise with V. leucopus, Blyth, which I think will turn out
only a variety of V. pusillus. This Fox is larger than the V. benga-
lensis; and, although common in the Punjab, I did not see it in
Scinde or in the Deccan.

18. VULPES FLAVESCENS, Gray.

I purchased specimens of this Fox at Leh in Ladakh, and was
told by the natives that it is common in the surrounding country.
I likewise killed a female and its cub on the Pir Pinjal Ranges of
Cashmere, which, on comparison, proved identical with this species.
Although larger than the next species, they are similar. At cer-
tain seasons of the year the hair is thick, and contains much

peshm,

19. VuLres mMontTANUS, Pearson.

Loh of Cashmere. ;

Is generally distributed over the lower and middle regions of the
western ranges, and never visits the plains. Its favourite haunts
are cultivated districts; preys on poultry, Partridges, Pheasants, &c.

Jote.—In the Vale of Cashmere, among the ravines, a Fox is
common, larger than the V. montanus, and of a lighter colour; it
burrows in the sides of the little sand banks (called kirawas). It is
known to the natives by the name of “Shawul,” to distinguish it
from the ‘“ Loh,” which they say is another species. I have seen
the Loh on the surrounding mountains, but never in the valley. I
was unfortunate in not obtaining a specimen of the Shawul, although
I saw many. It preys on poultry, &e.

20. Herpestes Griseus (Geoff.).
Deccan ; Scinde ; Punjab. Pretty common.

21. Herprrstes nyvuLa, Hodgson.

Afghanistan ; neighbourhood of Peshawur: easily domesticated,
and has been known to breed with the last species.

22. Marres FLavicuLa (Bodd.).

Lower and middle regions of the Western Himalayas. Common;
is easily domesticated, and may be taught to follow its master like
a dog. When moving about, it is constantly uttering a low chuckle,
which is prolonged into a harsh cry when the animal is excited ;
very active and playful in the tame state. Its food consists of
poultry, eggs, Partridges, and Pheasants. A tame specimen in my
possession used to hunt after Snakes and Lizards, which it de-
voured greedily. The summer and winter dress varies consider-
ably, being much lighter in colour during the latter season, while
the dark robe of midsummer so much resembles that of the
M. gwatkinsii, that I doubt if one could easily tell the difference
at that season.

/
;

23. Marres aprerum, Ray.

Skins of this species are brought from Afghanistan, and sold in
the bazars of Peshawur: the dealers have informed me the animal
is a native of the mountainous parts of that country. I have not
seen it on the Himalayas.

24. MusTELA SUBHEMACHALANA (Hodgson).

I killed a fine specimen of this elegant species in the Valley of
Cashmere, close to a farm-yard ; the natives said it commits great
depredations among their poultry and eggs.

25. MusTELA ERMINEA, Linn.

Found in several districts on the lower and middle regions of the
Western Himalayas.

26. Ursus IsABELLINUsS, Horsf.
Brown and White Bear of Europeans.

Reech, Baloo of the natives of the western Himalayan Ranges.
Harput of the Cashmerees, where it is likewise known as the
Reech and Baloo.

The distribution of this species on the Western Himalayas is not
so general as in the case of the Black Bear ( Helarctos tibetanus).
A few are found at the sources of the Ganges and Jumna, but none
in Little Tibet. Their head quarters are among the mountains and
little valleys north-west of the Vale of Cashmere, where, until
within the last few years, they were extremely common. In the
Valley of Wurdwun, about six miles long, and not more than one
in breadth, situated among the ranges north of Islamabad, Brown
Bears were so abundant, that as many as thirty were killed during
the spring of 1851 by one individual. They are now almost ex-
tinct m these regions, owing to the numbers of European sportsmen
annually visiting Cashmere. In size, this species is larger than the
next. The largest male, out of many hundreds I have examined,
measured 7 feet 6 inches from snout to tail; height 3 feet 5 inches ;
round the body (behind the shoulders) 583 inches; round the arm
24 inches; ditto thigh 37 inches. The Brown Bear prefers high
and rugged mountains near the confines of persistent snow; and
nowhere is his fancy in this respect better gratified than among the
noble mountains and valleys of the Cashmere Ranges.

During winter they repair to caves in inaccessible rocks, and there
form beds of decayed plants (usually ferns), on which they lie until
spring, when, as soon as the snow melts and vegetation appears, they
issue from their retreats. They are then very lean and voracious,
and will attack sheep or goats; even ponies are said to have been
killed by them. The fur in winter and spring is thick, long, and
shaggy, but becomes thinner and darker in colour as the season
advances; so that towards autumn the under fur has disappeared,
. and the white collar on the chest (indistinct in the winter garb) is
now very visible. This has doubtless given rise to the many mis-

518

takes regarding different species of Brown Bears. The shades of
colour vary much. I observed that the bears seen in spring were

always lighter in colour than in autumn ; and occasionally an almost -

white variety was to be met with, and various shades, from a dirty
brownish white to a dark brown. Many of the old males were very
dark brown, and several females a lighter brown; but I found that
these varieties were not dependent on age or sex. It is difficult to
say what Brown Bears will not eat; however, it appears they prefer
vegetable to animal food. Tender roots and shoots of plants, fruits,
flesh of Ibex (killed by avalanches), Deer, Cattle, &c., are greedily
devoured by them. One was killed by a friend of mine feeding on
the carcass of a Cashmere Deer, which it had evidently surprised
and killed when bringing forth young, as a new-born calf lay close
beside the mother. During spring, shortly after leaving their higher
resting-places, they seldom roam any distance from their retreats,
and feed on the grassy slopes close to the melting snow, on which
they are fond of lying during the heat of the day. As the season
advances, they increase in bulk, and become very fat by the end of
October, particularly after feeding on walnuts and apples. They
are very fond of a description of small white carrot, abundant in
shady ravines, and the roots of the wild strawberry, which they
tear up with their fore paws. This Bear is by no means so expert
at climbing as its Black congener, and consequently is seldom seen
in trees. The she-bear appears in spring with one or two cubs, and
rarely three; the latter, when caught very young, are easily domes-
ticated, and become harmless and playful ; indeed the old ones are
far from being ferocious, and, unless when severely wounded and
hard pressed, never attempt to charge their pursuers. Its eyesight
is bad; and the sportsman usually finds he can approach within
a few yards, provided the wind is favourable; but if otherwise,
their acute sense of smell will enable them to discover danger a long
way off.

27. HeLarctos TIBETANUS (F. Cuv.).
Black Bear of Europeans.

The native names are the same as those mentioned above for the
Brown Bear. To the best of my knowledge, this species is not
found in Tibet ; anyhow, the name has not been well selected, as
the species is generally distributed over. the lower ranges of the
Western Himalayas. Unlike the U. isadellinus, it does not hybernate,
and prefers the wooded mountain-sides of the lower chains to the
high and bare slopes of the interior. Its favourite resort in summer
is among thick jungle, near fields of Indian corn or vineyards, where
it commits great depredations during the grain and fruit seasons,
devouring tender shoots of plants, wild rhubarb, bark of trees,
apples, grapes, walnutsy and Indian corn. Natives allege they some-
times eat flesh and kill sheep; but this must only be when hard
pressed for food, as the species is eminently a vegetable feeder. They
are expert climbers, and during the fruit season in the Vale of

519

Cashmere mount to the topmost branches of the walnut and mul-
berry trees. Whole crops of Indian corn have been completely
destroyed in one night by these unwelcome intruders. The farmers
build raised platforms in their fields, on which watchmen sit all
night and keep up a continual screaming in order to frighten them
away. The bears retire from feeding at daybreak, and pass the day
i sleep among the dense jungles, repairing to their feeding-grounds
at dusk. Although not generally confined to one locality, I have
known individuals of both this and the brown species choose some
rocky ridge near a spring, where they remain for years, moving up
and down the same pathway until a deep stair-like track has been
made by their treading always in the same foot-prints. When
the two species meet, the Brown is almost invariably the first to turn
tail ; it is therefore seldom they are seen near one another. It
was only in Cashmere that I ever saw the two together. Natives
say, during autumn, when the two species repair to jungles to feed
on wild apples and walnuts, as the Brown Bear cannot climb, he
waits until the other has ascended, and then feeds on the walnuts
knocked down by the Black Bear. Both these species possess great
powers of smell ; indeed it would appear their security from danger
is almost alone dependent on this sense, as their eyesight is by no
means good. A bear will discover the presence of the hunter fully
a mile off, if the wind is favourable. Should he have cause of sus-

_picion, the bear commences to snuff the air, looks excited, walks a

few steps in the direction from which the wind blows, raising his
head and moving it from side to side until satisfied of the danger ; he
then turns tail and scampers up the mountain-side at a rapidity few
who have seen the animal in confinement would imagine it capable
of. There are many instances of this species having attacked both
natives and Europeans when approached suddenly in thick jungle.
If frightened on a steep mountain-side, it often coils itself in the
form of a ball, and rolls down the declivity. I have seen one in this
way roll down a hill side for upwards of 300 yards without stopping.
The young are born in spring, and remain with the parent during
summer. One is the general produce; but not unfrequently two or
even three are born at one litter.

Note.—On the ranges near the plains of the Punjab a Bear is
found rather smaller than the above ; its fur is longer, and that on
the paws and snout of arust-colour. This may only be a variety ;
but the distinctions stated are worthy of attention. I have seen
several skins; and all were marked as I have described; and I find
in the ‘Calcutta Sporting Review’ for September 1848, a similar
remark by “ Mountaineer” (the well-known and observant Mr.
Wilson, of Mussouree), who likewise says that a species with a white
mark on the forehead is spoken of by the natives of a district near
Mussouree ; but from my own personal experience and the informa-
tion I have received from native and European sportsmen on the Hi-
malayas, I have hitherto been able to discover only the two decidedly
distinct species here mentioned. ‘The varieties in regard to shades
of colour have doubtless caused many to assert that there are two or

520

more species of Brown Bears; but I repeat, and I think it is the
experience likewise of those who are conversant with the habits, &c.
of the U. tsabellinus, that these varieties are merely casual, and not
even dependent, in every instance, on age or sex. In ‘ Vigne’s Travels
in Cashmere,’ he says, “‘ The female Brown Bear can be distinguished
from the male by colour ;’’ this, as I have shown, is not the case,
the only difference being that the male is the larger.

The Ursus labiatus does not frequent the W. Himalayas, the
Punjab, or Scinde.

28. ERINACEUS COLLARIS, Gray.
Deccan ; Scinde ; Punjab, and lower Himalayan Ranges : common.

29. Mus sanpicora, Bechst.

Although common at Poonah in the Deccan, I never saw this
species in the Himalayas or Punjab, nor do I think it is found m
these regions.

30. Hysrrix Leucurvus, Sykes.

Scinde, particularly on the banks of the Indus, Punjab, Hima-
layas, and Vale of Cashmere. Not uncommon. Much prized, both
by natives and Europeans, as an article of food.

31. Lepus n1iGRICOLLIS, Fr. Cuv.
Scinde; Deccan; Punjab ; not the Himalayas.

32. Lepus macrorvus (Hodgson).

On the plains of the Punjab, along the base of the Himalayan
Chain. It extends up the valleys of the lesser ranges for some
distance. There are no hares in the Vale of Cashmere, although

the country is very inviting.
33. Lepus o1ostouus (Hodgs.).

Ladakh: around the fresh- and salt-water lakes abundant; bur-
rows or secretes itself under rocks.

34. Lacomys RoYLE1, Ogilby.

Common in particular localities on the Western Himalayas, and
nowhere more abundant than on the steep and rugged mountains
of Cashmere. It is likewise common on the Choor Mountain, near

Simla.
35. Lacomys, sp. ?
Plentiful in Ladakh.

36. GerbiLLus inpicus (Hardw.).
Common in the Deccan, Scinde, and Punjab.

37. SciruRUS PALMARUM, Linn.
Deccan, Scinde, and Punjab.

Bestia

521

Note.—1 saw, on two occasions, in the dense pine forests of
Cashmere, a Squirrel very like the S. vulgaris, I believe, found in
Afghanistan.

Is confined to localities at high altitudes on the W. Himalayas,
and prefers fertile and secluded situations, where vegetation returns
rapidly and is luxuriant. There this active creature spends the
summer months, surrounded by a plentiful supply of food, until
forced to its burrow by the snows of winter. In habits they are
social, and form their burrows in gentle slopes, or under stones, on
which they delight to sit, and, on the approach of danger, emit a
loud wailing cry, which is repeated by the others. In this way a
continuous wailing is heard for miles along these solitary mountain-
sides. On the approach of danger, or after the wailing is over, it
darts into its burrow. The favourite food of the species consists of
roots aud plants, which it would appear they store up for winter,
seeing that they hybernate for 4 or 5 months, and in some localities
for a longer period. It is seldom they are found at any great
distance from their burrows; they delight in sitting erect on their
haunches at the entrances. During progression they leap, at times
runuing a few steps, using the tail to assist them. The Bearded
Vulture is a formidable enemy to this and the next species. The
valley of the Dras River, Ladakh, Wurdwun Pass, Cashmere, and
at elevations on the neighbouring ranges, from 5000 to 10,000 feet
above the level of the sea, are localities where they abound.

39. ARCTOMYS TIBETANUS, Hodgson.
White Marmot of Europeans.

On the plains of Rupshoo Ladakh this species is common, and
frequents suchlike situations as the last, but at higher elevations
and in a more barren country. I never saw it under an elevation of
12,000 feet, and often on ridges from 16,000 to 17,000 feet above
the level of the sea. It prefers the bleak and barren mountains of
the interior to the fertile valleys of the southern ranges. It is larger
than the last species. Colour a dirty yellowish-white, with the tips
of the hairs black.

40. PanrHoLoPs HODGSONI (Abel).

“ Sous’’ of the natives bordering on Chinese Tartary.
Tibet Antelope of Europeans.

Found on the borders of Chinese Tartary, N.E. of Almorah, and
in the northern parts of Nobra Ladakh, where it is called Sous by
the natives, who say it is abundant on the mountains beyond Yar-
kund. This fine, handsome creature wanders in large herds among the
bare and almost pastureless wastes of Nobra, where, in the summer
of 1854, my friend Lieutenant Peyton, 87th Fusileers, killed up-

522

wards of fifteen fine males. I measured the horns of twelve of his
largest specimens ; the longest horn was 27 inches in length. It is
worthy of remark, that in many of the above-mentioned specimens
clusters of the larvee of an insect, enveloped in cocoons of the size
of a sparrow’s egg, were found under the skin on the back and hind

quarters. This did not seem to interfere with the health of the.

animal, as all the species he killed were fat and in good condition.

41. TrRAGOPS BENNETTI (Sykes).
Ravine Deer of Europeans.

Common in the Punjab, particularly on the Salt and Suliman
Ranges. Seen often in small herds. Does not frequent the Hima-
layas westward of the Jumna.

42. ANTILOPE BEZOARTICA (Aldrov.).

Common Antelope.
Black Buck of Europeans.

Common in certain parts of the Punjab ; more so in the Cis-Sut-
ledge States. Deccan common.

43. TETRACERUS QUADRICORNIS (Blainv.).
Four-horned Antelope.

Dyrah Doon. Not seen in the Punjab. A few are found in the
tiger jungles on the western frontier of the latter country.

44. CapRICORNIS BUBALINA (Hodgson).

Called Ramoo in Cashmere.
Seerou in various other parts of the Himalayas.

The Ramoo is perhaps the least common of all the Ruminants
frequenting the Western Himalayas. Solitary in its habits, it lives
in dense jungles or secluded patches of forest, among rocks, where
it moves about stealthily, and may remain for months in one lo-
cality. Its proximity is easily discovered by the heaps of dung on its
accustomed tracks leading to its feeding-grounds. It is a stupid,
awkward, and clumsy animal. When discovered, it usually stands
and gazes at the intruder, and, unless wounded, is not even scared
by the report of a rifle. Its thick hide is almost ball-proof ; and in-
stances have occurred of its making its escape with several bullets
in its body. A charge of shot fired within a yard of one was found
flattened under the hide (vide ‘Calcutta Sporting Review’ for
September 1848).

Both sexes are alike; the length of the horn is from 8 to 10
inches. The beautiful colouring of the skin, composed of long
stiff hair, black on the neck, with rufous splashes on the body,
render it a valuable trophy in a sportsman’s collection. When
wounded and brought to bay, they fight desperately, and use their
short and pointed horns against the attacks of wild dogs, which
natives say are often killed by them when a pack attacks an infu-

oe ,

923

riated Serou. The female brings forth in May or June. There is
never more, I believe, than one kid at a birth.

45. NEMORHEDUS GoRAL (Hardw.).

Goral of the Paharees of the lower Himalayan Ranges.
Called Pyur by the Cashmerees.

Inhabits the lower and middle regions of the Western Himalayas.
Very common in the neighbourhood of Mussouree and Nanythal.
Steep rugged hills covered with grass, and craggy, are its favourite
resorts. It seldom seeks the shelter of the forest, and, like the
Chamois of the Alps, delights in sporting among rocks and _ preci-
pices. When alarmed, it utters a loud hissing snort, and dashes
with surprising rapidity over the most dangerous and difficult places.
Gregarious. ‘The horns of the female are shorter than those of the
male ; otherwise the sexes are very much alike. A few frequent the
Pir Pinjal Ranges of Cashmere, and on the lower hills forming the
N.W. frontier of the Punjab.

46. Procapra PICcTICAUDA, Hodgson.
Tibet Ravine Deer of Europeans.

Fourd on the mountains around Leh, and ranges in the neighbour-
hood of the lakes of Ladakh. Seen in small herds. Habits much
like those of the preceding species. &

47. PoRTAX TRAGOCAMELUS (Pallas).
Nylghau.
By no means common in the Punjab, although plentiful in Lower

Bengal; and I scarcely think is ever seen in the country north of
Lahore.

48. HEMITRAGUS JEMLAICUS (Ham. Smith).
Tare of the natives of the W. Himalayas generally.
Jugla of the Cashmerees.

Kras of the natives around Khistewar.

Common on the Pir Pinjal Ranges of Cashmere, but more so on
the mountains near the banks of the Chenab at Khistewar. Fre-
quently gregarious, and seen feeding with the Markore (Hircus
megaceros). "The horns of the female are small; and she has no
mane. The young are of a light-fawn colour, with a black line
down the back. Frequents steep rocky mountains, passing the day
in forests and shady places.

49. Capra HIMALAYANA, Hodgson.

Sheen and Kail of the Cashmerees aud natives of various parts of
the W. Himalayas.

Is found on many of the lofty mountain ranges of the Western
Himalayas ; the principal localities may be enumerated as follows :—
Aserung, Spiti, Kenewour, Chinese Tartary, Cashmere Mountains,
and Ladakh. With reference to the latter country, I observed that

524

the species found there have shorter horns than those found on the
ranges immediately north of Cashmere Valley ; however, it is doubt-
ful if they differ in any other particular. A specimen of the Capra
sibirica from the Altai Mountains, seen in the Derby Museum,
Liverpool, appears to be identical with the Ladakh variety.

On the high and rugged mountains northward of Cashmere, Ibex
are found in large herds, and to the adventurous hunter offer one of
the most pleasing, and at the same time exciting pastimes imaginable.
My first introduction toa herd of Ibex I take the liberty to transcribe.
“T had for days clambered over the dangerous rocks and snow-
drifts in anxious search of Ibex; at last a herd was discovered feed-
ing undisturbed on a grassy slope under some craggy cliffs; but as
there was no cover sufficient to permit a near approach, and one
fine male was standing boldly out on a pinnacle of rock over the spot
where the herd was feeding, I was obliged to fire at a long range ;
and before the echo of the shot was heard, all disappeared among
the rocks and crevices above ; but in less time than it takes me to
describe, every crag and peak seemed alive with Ibex gazing down-
wards in astonishment; the large male, uppermost of all, standing
on the very brink of a precipice, seemed the sentry and leader ; all
appeared to be guided by his movements ; for as soon as he was
satisfied of his danger, his loud and shrill whistle resounded through
the glen, and, as if by magic, they disappeared among the shattered
rocks.” During the winter they repair to sheltered and rocky situa-
tions, and feed on moss, lichens, bark of trees, and, I have been
credibly informed, eat earth at this season. When the snow melts
in spring, they move downwards, and feed on the scanty herbage
around its margin. A species of Navdus seems their favourite food
in summer. During winter they are thickly clad with peshmena

of a white colour, which, at a distance, gives the animal a piebald —

appearance. The peshmena of the Ibex is softer and more valuable
than that of the Cashmere goat. During summer the under-wool
disappears, and the colour changes to a light brown, with a dark
line down the back. The horns of the male grow to a very large
size; the largest I ever saw measured 484 inches round the curve;
their diameter and size, however, vary much: commonly they taper
to a point, and proceed upwards and backwards, with the tips in-
clining directly downwards ; some diverge a good deal, and termi-
nate abruptly, like many of the European specimens.

The average length of a full-grown Cashmere Ibex’s horns varies
from 28 to 40 inches round the curve. During summer the Ibex

ascend as the snow melts, so that by autumn they are only found on

the tops of the highest mountains. It is said the males fight during
the rutting-season. A native told me he saw two fighting on the
brink of a precipice in Kuloo ; one lost its footing, and fell, shattered
to pieces, hundreds of feet below. Many are yearly killed by falling
avalanches ; indeed some of the largest horns are found in snow-
drifts. It appears the female gestates nine months, and has some-
times two kids, although one is the usual number. The Ibex is the
most keen-sighted animal on the Western Himalayas. Native sports-

525

men have frequently assured me they have little sense of smell, and
can be approached down the wind; but unless the hunter manages
to get above the herd, he has not much chance of succeeding in his
stalk, as they never anticipate danger from above, and always look
downwards when disturbed. The panther, wild-dog, and bearded
vulture prey extensively on this species. I killed one of the latter
that had the hoof-of an Ibex in its stomach.

50. CAPRA CAUCASICA.
Scinde Ibex.

The above name is given to a specimen of this species of Ibex
in the British Museum.

It is found in the mountains of Beloochistan, and ranges to the
north and west of Scinde.

51. Hircus MEGACEROS (Hutton).

Markore (Snake-eater) of the natives of the W. Himalayas and
mountains around the Khyber Pass.
Rass of the natives at the sources of the Oxus.

The distribution of this species is somewhat peculiar. It is com-
mon on the ranges around the Valley of Peshawur, in Little Tibet,
and all down the banks of the Indus as far as Torbela, the Suliman
Range, westward of the Punjab as far as Mitenkote, at the junction
of the Indus and Sutledge, on the Southern Pinjal, Cashmere,
Hindoo Coosh, Afghanistan, Persia, sources of the Oxus, &c. I
have not heard of its being found eastward of the river Beas, and
scarcely think it ever frequents the eastern ranges of the Himalayas.

No less interesting are the peculiarities in regard to the shape and
degree of curvature of the horns. All the males observed by me on
the Southern Pinjal, had the horns flattened, with few twists. I
killed probably one of the finest males ever procured ; the horn mea-
sured in length 52 inches (round the curvatures), and had one per-
fect and two imperfect twists, while that of old males from the Pe-
shawur and Suliman Mountains were rounded, straight, and twisted
like a cork-screw. One pair of horns in the Museum at Kurra-
chee, from Herat, resembled, again, the specimens from Cashmere,
only more rounded in their configuration, and had fewer twists.

The Peshawur and Suliman specimens were perfectly straight,
and rose perpendicularly from the head, while the Cashmere and-
Herat ones diverged backwards and outwards from the skull. I
have examined different skins from nearly all the above-mentioned
localities ; and after allowing for the changes produced by seasons, I
could not discover any differences worth mentioning. Mr. Blyth
thinks this species is only a variety of the Capra hircus; but I
cannot agree with him, and am inclined to the opinion, that the
Markore is more likely the original of the domestic species, than
that the latter should be considered its progenitor.

The Markore is usually found in small herds, in habits closely
resembling the Ibex, feeding on steep and rocky mountains, ascend-

526

ing and descending in accordance with the season. Its summer
and winter coat vary a good deal,—the peshmena in winter, as in
the Ibex, causing its colour to appear much lighter, while in mid-
summer, when this wool has disappeared, it becomes a light-greyish
brown. The under parts are white at all seasons. The adult male
has all the under surface of the jaws, neck, and chest, covered with
long black hair, which reaches as far as the knees in old specimens.
The females and young have a short black beard; and the horns of
the former are flat, stumpy, and seldom more than 10 inches in
length. The largest male I killed stood 11} hands at the shoulders ;
however, it is but rarely one has had the good fortune to procure
such a magnificent specimen of this truly noble-looking animal.

On the authority of a native sportsman, long accustomed to the
habits of the species, I was informed that the Ibex is seldom found
on the same ranges with the Markore, and that the two always
fight when they meet,—their mode of attack being similar to that of
the tame varieties, rearing on their hind legs and striking with the
base of the horn on the forehead. It is sometimes seen feeding
with the Tare (Hemitragus jemlaicus). In regard to their eating
serpents (as the name implies), natives, although not able to sub-
stantiate the assertion from personal experience, allege that it is
the commonly received opinion that they do so.

52. Caprovis viGNne! (Blyth).
1. Hauriar of the Punjab.
2. Kuch of the Suliman Mountains.
3. Shapoo of Ladakh and Tibet.

Like the Markore, this species inhabits countries differing much
in appearance and climate. They are plentiful in Ladakh and on
the ranges westward of the Indus, Khyber Pass, and Hindoo Coosh.
Suliman and Salt Mountains of the Punjab. Not found on the
eastern ranges, and probably not eastward of the Beas river. It is
said to abound on the mountains of Persia and Western Afghan-
istan.

There is likewise, as in the last species, considerable diversity in
regard to form and size of the horns of specimens from different
places, as well as in the size of the animal. This latter, however,
may be owing in a great measure to climate. For example, the
specimens killed in Ladakh appeared larger than those from the
Punjab mountains. The horns of the Ladakh animal had their
upper surfaces rounded; and the tips proceeded more inwards than
in any other variety observed.

In the Punjab it frequents bleak and barren mountains com-
posed of low ranges, intersected by ravines and dry river-courses,
where vegetation is scanty at all seasons, and goats or sheep are
seldom driven to pasture. Usually found in small herds. They
are fond of salt, and are generally found most abundant in the
neighbourhood of the salt mines. Shy and watchful, is difficult to
approach, and possesses in an eminent degree the senses of sight
and smell. It is seldom seen in the daytime, being secreted among

927

rocks, from whence it issues at dusk to feed in the fields and valleys,
returning to its retreats at daybreak.

When suddenly alarmed, the males. give a loud shrill whistle like
the Ibex, which is an invariable signal for the departure of the
herd, which keeps moving all the rest of the day until dusk. Their -
bleat is like that of the tame species; and the males fight in the
same way: but the form of the body and infraorbital glands simu-
late the Deer; hence it is often called the “Deer Sheepye It
equals the Deer in speed and activity. ;

The female gestates seven months. The rutting-season is in Sep-
tember. The young are often caught, but are difficult to rear. I
attempted to rear several; and although they became very tame,
and took to a she-goat, all eventually died of a distemper accompanied
by a discharge from the nose and cough. The lungs were found,
after death, in an inflamed state, in fact, well-marked cases of acute
pneumonia; with care, however, they can be domesticated ; and I
have seen them become as docile and tame as any of the domestic
varieties. The males, however, are apt to become pugnacious and
unmanageable.

53. CAPROVIS ARGALI (Pallas).
Nu ang of the Ladakees and Tibetians.

The borders of Ladakh towards the north, and its lakes, may be
said to be the most southern limits of this species, and these only in
winter and spring. A few are met with at the sources of the Ganges.
Large herds wander over the mountains around Yarkund and north
of Nobra. I was told by a friend, who had shot many in the latter
country, that in all his experience of Himalayan shooting, he had
never beheld a more interesting sight than when viewing a herd of
some twenty of these noble-looking animals dashing past him, led b
a fine old male, which he killed, and whose horns measured 3 feet 2
inches round the curve, and 1 foot 6 inches round its greatest cir-
cumference. The horns of the female are flat, narrow, and curve
backwards, the length being seldom more than 18 inches.

54. Ovis aries, Linn.

Var. Hunniah Sheep.

Black-faced Sheep of Ladakh.

Plains of Roopshoo Ladakh, where herds of these animals are
reared by the nomadic races of Tartars. The 4-horned varieties are

not uicommon. Variety Dumba, or Cabool Dumba, is met with in
Peshawur and N.W. frontier districts of the Punjab. Common.

55. Pseupois NanooR, Hodgson.
1. Sné of Tibet.
2. Naboo of Ladakh.
3. Burrel of Europeans and natives.
Ts found in Ladakh, Nobra, and Great Tibet. Seems confined to
those countries on the Western Ranges. Judging from the great

528

numbers of horns I found in the cairns in Roopshoo Ladakh, it
would appear that the animal abounds in that country, although I
seldom saw it during my travels, and was unfortunate in not procuring
a specimen. The horns of individuals from different regions differ
much in size and curvature. This induced Mr. Blyth to consider
the Burrel found in the Borendo Pass as forming a distinct species
(vide P. Z.S. 1840, p. 68; Ann. Nat. Hist. 1841, vol. vii. p. 249).

Generally distributed over the middle and lower regions of the
Western Himalayas, never found on the plains of India. The habits of
this species resemble the Ramoo in some respects; only the former
is much more common. Never seen in herds, and seldom more than
two together. Being in great request on account of its musk, it is
surprising the little creature is not more uncommon. During
autumn, and when rutting, the musk is strong and most eagerly
sought after; but in summer I could not discover, beyond a rank
offensive odour from the dark pigmentary substance which the bag
contains, even the trace of musk when the contents were tested by
smell,

The Custuree frequents mountain-sides, where grassy ridges alter-
nate with little belts of forest or dense jungle. In the latter it
secretes itself by day, and at dusk or in the morning moves silently
across the bare ridges to feed. Its mode of progression is performed
by a series of jerking leaps, now and then stopping to reconnoitre,
or, having advanced a few steps, continues these fantastic-looking
movements. They are by no means shy, and seldom run any
distance when disturbed; if chased into jungle, they seek the
densest part, and secrete themselves. They are never heard to utter
any sort of cry, even in the rutting-season, unless caught, when they
emit a series of loud and harsh screams. Its foot-prints are very
distinctive ; for, in addition, the two long hind toes form impressions
which at once betray its presence: in this way it is seldom difficult
to discover an individual, if the track is fresh; for it is fond of re-
maining in one locality, and, like the Ramoo, dungs daily on the
same spots. There is considerable diversity in regard to the colour
of individuals,—so much so, that a casual observer seeing only skins
would be apt to conclude that there are many species ; but having
observed closely these differences, I conclude they are owing chiefly
to age and the nature of the localities they frequent. Indeed it is
seldom one finds two skins entirely alike. Some are very dark on
the upper parts, with black splashes on the back and hips; under
parts white, or a dirty white. Others are of a yellowish-white all
over the upper parts, with the belly and inner sides of the thighs
white*. A brownish-black variety is common. Not a few had white

* I have not been able to compare this variety with . leucogaster, said to

be found in Ladakh, which is doubtful, as I do not think any species of Musk
Deer is found in Ladakh proper.

earn vars

529

spots arranged longitudinally on the back; the latter, I found, were
young, as all the males marked in this way had short canine teeth.

The canine teeth of the male are from 2 to 3 inches in length
(rudimentary in the female). The use of these organs, unless for
defence, I have not been able to discover. The natives say they are
used to dig up the roots of plants; then why are they so slightly
developed in the female? The males attempt to use them when
caught. I was informed by native sportsmen, that during copulation
the male seizes the female by the ears ; and in many instances I have
found females with the ears slit or part wanting, I fancy, caused by
the sharp teeth of the male. A spotted fawn is born in April, which
remains but a short period with the parent. Bearded Vultures,
Eagles, Chetahs, and Leopards destroy numbers of old and young ;
and they are frequently found buried in avalanches.

57. PoEPHAGUS GRUNNIENS (Linn.).

A few are found during winter on the southern slopes of the Kara
Korum Mountains, Nobra; but they move northwards towards
Chinese Tartary as the snows melt in spring, where they are said to
abound. ‘Two fine males were killed by Lieutenant Peyton, 87th
Fusileers, in March 1854, in the first-mentioned district. One of
his trophies measured, round the curve of the horn, 2 feet 44 inches ;
greatest circumference, | foot; span between the points, 1 foot 8
inches. This may be considered a fair average of the dimensions of
a male’s horns. The tame varieties will not live out of their native
country ; all the specimens brought southward died shortly after
arrival in the Vale of Cashmere.

58. CERVUS CASHMERIENSIS (Falconer, MSS.), Gray, Cat.
Ung. Furc. B. M. p. 199.
Barra Singa and Hauglu of the Cashmerees.

May be identical with C. wallichit (Cuv.) of the Nepal forests ;
however, I have not had an opportunity of instituting a comparison
between the two. The Cashmere forests seem the head quarters of
this species on the Western Ranges ; for it is seldom if ever met
with between Mussouree and the Vale of Cashmere. The dense
forests and fertile valleys of the latter country are particularly in-
viting to this species. In habits and general appearance the Cash-
mere Stag bears a striking resemblance to the Red Deer. Although
it is seldom now-a-days that individuals of the latter species escape
the hunter so long as to attain the size and magnitude of the Barra
Singa, yet I think it will be found that the horns of those killed in
the forests of Scotland in former years are equal in size to any at
- present met with in Cashmere. It is in the dense pine forests on
the Northern Pinjal, and in the many beautiful valleys among these
ranges, that we find the species most abundant. ‘There are very
few on the Southern Ranges. In the secluded depths of these soli-
tudes they lie all day, to issue forth at dusk and feed on the grassy
hill-sides, or descend even into the Vailey of Cashmere when forced

No. CCCLXXX.—PrRocEEDINGS OF THE ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

530

by the snows of winter. An adult stag averages 13 hands im height.
The colour of the coat varies but little in the sexes or with the seasons
of the year: dark liver-colour, with reddish patches on the inner sides
of the hips; belly and lower parts white, or a dirty white. The
male has the hair on the lower surface of the neck long and shaggy
(wanting in the female) ; the horns large, and usually very massive,
with from 10 to 15 or more points, according to age: the largest
pair of horns I have measured were 4 feet round the curves, with 6
and 7 points. They are shed in March; and the new horn is not
completely formed until the end of October, when the rutting-season
commences, and the loud bellowings of the stags are heard all over
the mountains.

During rigorous winters, they are frequently driven to seek for
shelter and food around the villages in the valleys, when many are
destroyed by natives, who hunt them with dogs. The Chetah (Felis
pardus), Wild Dogs, and Bears are said to kill the young. In
winter and until the horns are shed, both sexes are found together,
generally in large herds. Afterwards they separate, the males
roaming about singly, while the females retire to the denser parts
of the forests, where they bring forth their young—a spotted calf,
which retains its markings until the third or fourth year. The
colour of the upper parts of the young specimens is generally more
rufous than in the adult, with the spots arranged longitudinally.
The species is seldom confined to one locality, but roams from
forest to forest, preferring grassy glades alternating with dense
forest, where there is a copious supply of water, It it not often
seen during the day, and moves about so stealthily, that by moon-
light it is difficult to discover its presence when within a few yards
of you. It is only during the rutting-season the sportsman is cer-
tain of success; as the decayed twigs crackle under his feet, the
noble stag, bellowing, approaches towards him in expectation of
meeting a rival or mate. In this way I have known many fine
males killed in the forests near the Shalimar gardens in the Valley
of Cashmere. The contents of the infraorbital cavity are much
prized by the natives as a medicine for the cure of a hundred ills.

59. Axis MACULATA, Brookes.

Deyrah Doon, common; but not found in the Punjab, and never
on the Western Himalayas.

60. HyELapuus porcinus, Sundev.

Para of natives and Europeans.

In the jungles on banks of the Punjab rivers; Scinde. Common.

61. Crrvutus vacrnatts (Bodd.).

Kakur of the natives on the lower ranges of the Western Hi-
malayas.

“ Barking Deer” of Europeans.
Is generally distributed over the lower ranges of the Western

531

Himalayas, at elevations under 9000 feet, and prefers gentle wooded
slopes, oak forests, &c., to bare hill-sides. Although nowhere
abundant, as many as twelve are often met with in one small
Jungle; however, they seldom form societies, and are oftener found
singly than otherwise. Stealthy in its habits, it is often met with
when least expected ; when frightened, like the Musk Deer, it runs
for a short distance, only to turn and gaze at the intruder. Its
bark is loud and harsh, and commonly heard at dusk or in the
morning. When running, I have often heard a clattering sound,
evidently caused by the hind and fore feet striking as in horses when
they ‘‘ over-reach.”

62. AsINUS HEMIONUS (Pallas).

Kiang of Ladakh.

Is common in herds on the plains and mountains around the
fresh and salt lakes of Ladakh. Its favourite food appears to
consist of a species of dent growing abundantly all over the moun-
tains, and a wild Vicia having deep-red flowers, also the scanty
herbage by the sides of springs and around the lakes. It runs at
great speed, and ascends and descends steep mountain-sides with
much agility. Timid and wary, when started, it scampers across
the plam for some distance, then turns round, advancing a few
steps to reconnoitre. A Tartar servant informed me that the young
are sometimes caught by the natives of Yarkund, and used as beasts
of burden.

The Tangum piebald ponies (Nat. Lib. vol. xii. p. 291) are
brought in large numbers to the markets of Leh. Kafilas (droves)
laden with brick tea, cloth, &c., are brought from Yarkund, and ex-
changed for grain with the Cashmere and Kistewar merchants. On
the way to Leh, the caravans are not unfrequently overtaken by
snow storms, when nearly all perish. In many places the route is
only traceable by the bones of horses. This variety is shy and
timid, and at first has a strong dislike for Europeans ; however,
it soon gets accustomed to its new master, and is in great request
in the European stations. I have known from £20 to £30 offered
for a good Yarkund pony.

. 63. Sus scrora (Linn.).

Abundant in the jungles on the banks of the Punjab rivers, and
all over the cultivated districts of the Punjab and lower Himalayan
Ranges. Very common on the banks of the Indus, and in the
Scinde jungles. Very destructive to grain. They feed at night,
and destroy the wheat by always eating the tops.

8. On THE DysIDEA PAPILLOSA OF Dr. JOHNSTON.
By Dr. J. E. Gray, F.R.S., V.P.Z.S., ere.

(Radiata, Pl. X.)

Dr. G. Johnston, in Magazine of Natural History (vu. 494, f. 60),
described and figured an animal which 1s parasitic on old shells,

532

under the name of Spongia suberea. It is quite distinct from the
Sponge described under that name by Montagu; and Dr. Johnston,
in the ‘ History of British Sponges,’ refers the animal to the genus
Dysidea, with doubt, calling it D.? papillosa (Sponges, 109, f. 18,
and t. xvi. f. 67). He at the same time expressed a belief that it
might be the nidus of some invertebrated animal, probably of a
species of Natica, and said that it “is nearly allied to the dleyontum
ocellatum of Ellis and Solander (Zooph. p. 180, t. 1. f. 6) ; and it
is probable that the two productions are of the same nature, what-
ever this may be.”

Mr. Barlee has sent to the Museum some specimens in spirits and
dry, which he collected in 70 fathoms water near Shetland, and which
he, after comparing with Mr. Bean’s specimen that was described
and figured by Dr. Johnston, considers as identical with that spe-
cies. Mr. Barlee observed that the animal was a Polype; and the
examination of these specimens shows that Dr. Johnston’s last ob-
servation is correct, and that the animal is very nearly allied to
Alcyonium ocellatum, and, instead of being the nidus of a Natica or
a Sponge, is a true Zoophyte, in fact, a Zoanthus allied to the
genus Mammillifera of Lesueur, to which the Alcyonium ocellatum
of Ellis is referred.

The Zoanthi have been divided into three genera, according to the
manner in which the animals are united :—1. Zoanthus, where they
are separate, and arise from a cylindrical creeping stem; 2. Mam-
millifera, where they are equally separate, springing from an ex-
panded base ; and, 3. Corticifera, where the animals are united side
by side on an expanded base. Now the specimens described and
figured by Dr. Johnston evidently belong to the second of these
genera; but the animal described by Mr. Barlee as evidently belongs
to quite a different group : they are free ; and the stem often developes
lateral buds, giving it a more or less branched form ; and it is ne-
cessary that a new name should be applied to it: I therefore propose
to give the name of Stdisia, which may be characterized by the
emission of buds on the surface of the cylindrical body.

Sidisia barleet, Mr. Barlee observes, ‘‘ seems to abound on
muddy ground both east and north of Brassey Island, about thirty
miles off, and in about 70 or 80 fathoms water. The polype seems
generally very active; and I saw no shifting of position of the ani-
mals while I had them in the basin, although there might have been
some during the night ; but I often watched them for half an hour
at a time, and perceived no change in position.”

As Mr. Holdsworth informs me that he is about to describe
another British species of the family which he has in a living
state, I have placed some of Mr. Barlee’s specimens in his hands,
and requested him to describe them at the same time.

I may add that some years ago I had the ends of the siphons of
Cardium aculeatum, which had been torn off by a dredge, sent me
by an eminent British zoologist as a new kind of free Zoanthus !

eae

933

9. On a Livine Octopus. By J. P. G. Smiru, Esa..
In a Letrer To Dr. Gray, F.RB.S.

“We found a Sea-spider at Goldthorpe Roads, in St. Bride’s Ba

which I brought home, and have examined with much int ts

C : : erest. Its
habits and attitudes are very different from anything I ever saw
figured. I enclose a sketch of its appearance when at rest. It seems
very well, and shows great objection to be disturbed.

“I noticed that the habit of the Cuttle-fish, when in a large pool
on the sands, was to get into a corner formed by a piece of rock, and
to fix itself by the suckers of the arms, sac downwards, and that
much more flattened and spread out than when lying on the bottom
of the vase ; the eyes made the apex of an irregular obtuse pyramid.
It assumed at times a much darker and richer colour, almost chest-
nut, mottled with lighter shades ; and its skin became more wrinkled ;
and instead of two inspirations and exhalations in succession, it only
made one at about the same intervals, but with a much stronger jet
of water through the siphon. Upon my return, I placed it in a
pitcher of salt water inside the large foot-bath; and while I ran to
the sea to fill a vessel with fresh salt water, it had leaped out upon
the verandah, and then fallen into the road beneath, by which it was
so much injured that it died in the night. After death it became
pallid, with scarcely a trace of colour left, and the eyes wide open,
round, and black. I felt quite sorry to lose the brute: there was
something exceedingly interesting and grotesque about its habits.
While in the pool, it walked about occasionally on its arms, with a
spider-like movement.”

The colour was fawn on the upper side of the body and exterior of
the arms, striated with darker hues, making a sort of wrinkly net-
work ; beneath and inside the arms it is of an opalescent white: when
disturbed or touched, the fawn or reddish-brown colour changes to
a pallid-bluish hue. The eyes are very prominent and frog-like: by
day they remain nearly closed, with the exception of a narrow slit ;
but towards night they open wide, and show deep black orbs, with
the inside of the eye-lids tipped with gold: the lids and the skin
for some little distance beyond are of an intense blood-colour. The
animal has the power of extending the area so coloured, which is

largest at night time and when disturbed ; while at rest it subsides
considerably, and the colour does not extend beyond the lids. The
arms are eight in number, united at their thicker ends by a web of
skin; inside, and to their extremities, are studded with numerous
suckers. The belly or sac has a wide valve-like opening beneath each
eye, through which the creature inhales water, and then, closing them,
drives it out with great force through one or other of the two
siphons, which are situated also below the eyes, and close to the
valves of the stomach.

While at rest, it coils the arms together beneath the sack-like
body, and rests, attached strongly by the suckers in the thick parts
of its arms, to the bottom of the vase, the eyes uppermost; and
the back, gently expanding and contracting, is bent forward over the
arms ; at long intervals it draws two deep inspirations, driving out

534

the water through the siphons with great force. It uses only one
siphon at a time ; and the two inspirations follow in quick succes-

sion. '

I noticed the intervals of these deep inspirations as follows. R
means that the right siphon, and L the left, was used.
; he tia. “ASS
BUS) TSE RE 10 3 15
. STEEP LOY OS eee
10 10 40
Ls AGE TR TO
ert: 20°26
10 25 20
10 30 15

The appearance of the animal when in this position is wonder-

Fig. 2:

fully like a frog with a very large mouth, the marked division between.

535

the fawn and the whitish colour of the upper and under surface sug-
gesting the idea of the line of the aperture of the mouth (see fig. 1).

It seems to use the right- or left-hand siphon indifferently. The
siphons are about 3rd of an inch in diameter. It has the power of
walking or moving about upon its arms. It swims rapidly in a
horizontal attitude, elongating the body, and propelling itself with
a frog-like motion, by opening and contracting its arms.

When I poured off the water, it discharged at two or three jets
through the siphons a small quantity of black fluid, which remained
undissolved for some time, in small cobweb-like clouds, floating
about on the water. It has the power of contracting the skin above
the eyes, so as to make a small horn-like projection ; but this only
rarely appears. The belly gives you more the idea of a snout than
anything else. It is about the size of a full-sized Turkey’s egg.
It walked high, on the tip of its arms (see fig. 2).

10. On Lepiposiren. By Generat PERRONET THOMPSON,
F.R.S. In a Notre To Dr. Gray, F.RB.S.

“ Khiot Vale, Nov. 2, 1858.
“My DEAR Sir,

_ Tn a periodical called the ‘ Leisure Hour,’ No. 357, for Nov. 1,
1858, I find your name in connexion with the Lepidosiren annectens,
as procured from the Gambia in 1837.

«I was acquainted with the creature in 1810 at Sierra Leone, or
more strictly at Banse Island, where the girls used to go and catch it
under the name of ‘ Jumping Fish,’ and then eat it; and in June
or July 1815, I recognized the same creature, or one very like it, on
the mud in or about the fosse of Fort George, Bombay.

“It travels about the wet shiny mud, and appears to be seeking
its food. When it chooses, it can jump, in the way that the shrimp
does when on shore.

“Of its habits in any other respects I have no information. I ap-
prehend the figure in the ‘ Leisure Hour’ to be very exact. I never
saw it larger than the figure.

«Yours very truly,
“J. H. Gray, Esq.” “T. PERRONET THOMPSON.”

11. Descrirrions or New SPECIES OF THE GENUS PALUDOMUS,
FROM- CEYLON, IN THE COLLECTION oF Hucu CUMING,
Ese. By H. Donrn.

1. Patupomus wanueyr. Testa semiovalis, neriteformis, so-
lida, olivacea unicolor vel saturatius longitudinaliter striata,
decussata ; spira exserta; anfractus convent ; apertura ob-
liqua, ampla, labio columellari magno, margine interno vix cur-
vato, externo semicirculart ; alba vel flavescens. Operc.?
Long. 18, lat. 15; apert. long. 15, lat. 13 mill.

536

2. Patupomus pyRiForMis. Testa solidiuscula, pyriformis,
lete olivacea, striis viridibus brunneisque ornata, decussata ;
sutura striis aliquot valde impressis circumdata; anfractus 4
convexiusculi, ultimus 2 spire subequans ; apertura oblonga,
margine columellari arcuato albido, striis pellucentibus.

Long. 21, lat. 15; apert. long. 15, lat. 95 mill.

3. Patupomus (TANALIA) TORRENTICOLA. Testa oblongo-
ovata, nigricanti-olivacea, obscure fulgurata et maculata, spi-
raliter confertim, longitudinaliter rarius striata; spira ex-
serta; anfractus convexi; sutura simplex; apertura ovalis,
violacea, margine columellari albo.

Long. 22, lat. 16; apert. long. 16, lat. 12 mill.

These species are inhabitants of mountain-streams in Ceylon. The
specimens which I have got for description being without opercula,
I cannot bring them with surety into Mr. Layard’s well-established
genera of this family.

Zurich, July 1858.

A communication was also read from Surgeon G. C. Wallich,
M.D., H.M. Indian Army, describing a new preservative process,
the details of which were obtained at Cairo from an Egyptian, by
the late Major Sir George Parker of the Bengal Army, and were
communicated to Dr. Wallich by that officer at Cawnpore, shortly
before the mutinous outbreak, in the course of which the Major’s
life fell a sacrifice.

November 23, 1858.
Dr. Gray, V.P., F.R.S., in the Chair.

The following papers were read :—

1. Noricre OF FIVE SPECIES OF Bats IN THE COLLECTION OF
L. L. Dituwyn, Ese., M.P.; cotuectep 1n LABUAN BY
Mr. James Motztey. By Rosert F. Tomes.

1. PreROPUS HYPOMELANUS, Temm. Esquiss. Zool. 1. p. 61, 1853.

Although the specimen of Péeropus included in the collection for-
warded to me for examination differs very materially in colour from
the ordinary examples of the above species, the distribution of the
colours themselves, and the quality and quantity of the fur, together
with an absolute similarity in all other respects, including that of
size, leave no doubt as to its identity with that species. In colour
it more nearly resembles some of the examples of P. funereus, a

537

species, to which it cannot be referred, as it differs greatly, among
other respects, in the form and size of its ears*.

Instead of the usual light rufous on the nape and shoulders ob-
servable in the ordinary examples of P. hypomelanus, the specimen
from Labuan has these parts of a purplish-brown, strongly tinged
with claret-colour ; the fur of the back is also darker; and the under
parts, instead of being light. reddish-brown, have the same dark-
purplish colour as the back of the neck, but less bright.

I have compared the specimen with others from Ternate and
from Macassar, the latter having been collected by Mr. Wallace.
The comparatively short and rounded ears will at once distinguish
the dark variety of this species from P. funereus, in which they are
longer and more pointed.

2. PACHYSOMA BREVICAUDATUM, Is. Geoff.—Vesp. marginatus,
Hamilton ?.— Pteropus marginatus, Horsf.—Pt. marginatus, Pachy-
soma marginatum, and Pachysoma brevicaudatum, Temm.—Cyno-
pteris marginatus and C. horsfieldii, Gray.

Of this species two specimens appear in the collection, both having
the bright-rufous hair on the sides of the neck which characterizes
the variety which has been called by Dr. Gray Cynopteris Hors-
field. This vivid colouring occurs most frequently in the Ceylon
specimens. After comparing a considerable number from various
localities, with the type specimens of P. drevicaudatum in the Paris
Museum, I have arrived at the conclusion that all the above species,
given as synonyms, are referable to it.

3. PHYLLORRHINA LABUANENSIS, 0. 8.

I have hitherto seen but one specimen of Horse-shoe Bat resem-
bling the one from Labuan; and that was obtained at Sarawak by
Mr. Wallace. Amongst all the descriptions of Asiatic Rhinolophide
which I have been able to examine, I have not hitherto met with
one which applies to this species; and I therefore regard it as new,
and describe it as follows :—

Facial crests, so far as can be ascertained from the inspection of
dried specimens, very much like those of Phyllorrhina speoris.

_ Upper incisors rather broad and almost contiguous; m P. speoris
they are narrow, and have a considerable central opening. Lower
incisors small, very regular, and trilobed ; canines, above and below,
rather long and slender. Ears of medium size, as broad as high,
pointed, and the outer margin very faintly hollowed out towards the
tip.

The wings are rather long and narrow, the fourth finger not ex-
ceeding in length the two basal phalanges of the longest finger.
Thumb short, more than half enveloped in membrane.

* All the examples of P. funereus which I have examined have had the unworn
teeth of young individuals, and moreover exhibited further indications of im-
maturity, in the broad and flattened longitudinal crest of the cranium: in older
examples this becomes prominent and acute. I regard the P. funereus as the
young of P. edulis.

538

Fur of the upper parts tricoloured, dusky-grey at the base, suc-
ceeded by yellowish-brown, and this again by darkish umber-brown,
with the extreme tips a little paler. Beneath, the fur is faintly
bicoloured, lightish brown at the base, with the tips of the hairs
rather paler.

The specimen in my own collection from Sarawak differs in having
the colours much more vivid. Fur of the upper parts bright cinna-
mon-brown for two-thirds of its length, succeeded by bright rufous
of a somewhat darker hue, with the extreme tips of the hairs a little
paler, giving, when viewed in some lights, a slightly hoary appear-
ance. Beneath, the fur is lightish rufous, a little darker at the root
than at the tip. Membranes rather dark and shining.

The following are the dimensions of these specimens :—

Labuan. Sarawak.
Length of the head and body, about .. 2 3 2 2
of theta) 52. Se oe. AI
GE the head \27 a.) kee spa ee Meee 0 94
OFTNB JeaEserite a). rinse gerasaie 0 5 0 53
Breadth of the ears . 205i. 2 «og. sa pO ee 0 6
Length of the forearm ............ 1 10 1 93
of the longest finger ........ 2 10 2a
-of the fourth finger.......... Bie d 141
of the thumb and claw ...... 0 3 0 3
ofthe tibiant ¢ carcass sspears eeha nl 0 8} 0 8
of the foot and claws ........ 0 4 0 4
Expanse of wings......... 2, 1238 11 33

Obs.—The species to which this is most nearly affined is the
Phyllorrhina speoris ; but it may be readily distinguished by the fol-
lowing points of difference:—P. speoris is constantly somewhat
larger than the present species, and has the head, but more espe-
cially the canine teeth, considerably larger. The tibize, tov, are not
only longer in actual measure, but also longer in relation to the size
of the animal, in P. speoris, than in the present species. Again, in
P. speoris the free portion of the thumb is longer than the enclosed
part, whilst in the present species the enclosed portion is the longer.
To these differences may be added, that the membranes are much
less translucent, but more shining, in the Labuan species than in
P. speoris.

4, SCOTOPHILUS NITIDUS, 0. s.

In M. Temminck’s monograph of the genus Vespertilio, several
small Asiatic species are described which are affined to the common
Pipistrelle Bat of Europe, and appertaining to the genus Scotophilus.
They are mostly smaller than that species, but are characterized by
the same subgeneric forms. The following are the species alluded
to :—Vesp. brachypterus, V. pachypus, V.abramus, and V. Akoko-
muli*.

* I do not include the V. tralatitius of the same author, because it has been
shown by Dr. Gray to be quite a distinct species from the original V. tralatitius

939

To these may be added the V. coromandelicus, F. Cuv., one of
the smallest Bats known; and the species I am about to describe
must be placed in the same list.

In size it is one of the smallest, appearing but little larger than
the V. coromandelicus ; but on closer examination, is found to be
considerably the larger of the two, the slenderness of the bones of
the limbs tending to give it an unsubstantial and small appearance.

The head is somewhat more elevated, and the muzzle rather less
obtuse than in S. lobatus or S. coromandelicus ; but the ears and
tragi are shaped precisely as in those species: viz. the ears are small
and ovoid, with the ends rounded, and with scarcely a perceptible
emargination at their outer margin ; and the tragus is short, of nearly
uniform breadth, curved inwards, and round at the end. As in the
other species of this group, the wing membranes spring from the
base of the toes ; and these latter constitute one-half the entire length
of the foot. The free portion of the thumb is somewhat longer than
that which is enclosed in the membrane. The tip of the tail is free.
The bones of the wings and legs are more slender in relation to their
length than those of its congeners; and the tibize are rather longer
relatively.

The fur does not anywhere encroach on the membranes, either
above or beneath, but is strictly confined to the body; it is of me-
dium length, and thick and silky. That of the upper parts is uni-
coloured, dark chestnut-brown, without variation of tint on the dif-
ferent parts of the body; beneath bicoloured, dark brown at the
base, tipped for a third of its length with reddish-brown, a little
paler on the pubes.

Such is the colour of the specimens from Labuan ; but two others
in my own collection, obtained by Mr. Wallace at Sarawak, have all
the upper parts of a dark shining brown, with scarcely a tinge of
chestnut ; and the under parts have the fur tipped with greyish-brown
instead of rufous.

The cranium, in its general conformation, closely resembles that
of the Pipistrelle, but has the facial portion a little broader. As in
that species, there is a rudimentary premolar, immediately behind
the upper canine, and placed in a line with the other teeth, so as to
be visible from the outside. In S. tralatitius the second premolar is
contiguous to the canine, and the first or rudimentary one is placed
in the angle formed by the two, and is only seen from the inside.
But the greatest peculiarity exists in the form and arrangement of

of Dr. Horsfield. It is in fact a true Vespertilio, bearing a great resemblance to
the V. mystacinus of Europe. V. tenuis, according to M. Temminck, is so closely
affined to it, as to be with difficulty distinguished from it ; and we are therefore led
to believe that this is a true Vespertilio also. The so-called V. imbricatus of
Temminck answers well to the true V. fralatitius, and is, I have no doubt, re-
ferable to that species. Of the V. imbricatus of Dr. Horsfield I have as yet seen
but one example, the type specimen in the Museum at the India House. V. bra-
chypterus is most likely the young of V. tralatitius of Horsfield. V. pachypus is
probably a good species; and the same may be said of /. Akokomuli; but M.
Temminck’s description and figures of V. abramus apply so exactly to the Scoto-
philus lobatus of Gray, that it will probably have to be quoted as a synonym of

the latter species.

540

the upper incissors. In the generality of species appertaining to
this group, they are arranged in pairs, with a considerable central
opening, and the two inner ones somewhat longer than the outer,
and more or less in advance of them ; but in the present species, the
outer ones, adjoining the canines, are more in advance than the
inner ones, and are merely rudimentary. The curve which is made
by the row of upper incisors has, by this arrangement, its concave
surface directed forwards instead of backwards, as in other species.
The number of the teeth may be thus given :—

In. : Can. =; Prem. 3 Mol. =.
Labuan. Sarawak.
Length of the head and body ..... Bre lae* 1 6
ot Che fatl 2s ohare wie ne ae Le 2
iE GRE ead (55,0002 Kien ER 0 6 0 62
OF AO BATS Es oni: ced hence oy hs °0 2% 0.3
ASC TIOGA eon Shen: aden Fp 0 1k 0 sce
Of the fore-arMm by: <°.- sya 4 1- 12
of the longest finger........ 2a 2 3
ofthe fourth d0;-.)...4-.+4.8 wath oe Le. x
of the thunih S22.) sis Oto 0 23
ah the tibia) gia 6 2 ocgee hin ky 0 52 <0.6
of the foot and claws ...... 0 3t 0 3
Expanse of WiNgs 6.50.00 55 eerie. or D 8 9

The above are the dimensions of two adult individuals from the
localities mentioned ; younger ones differ in having the fingers con-
siderably shorter, and the fore-arm a little shorter.

5. ScoropHiLus circumpaTus?! Vespertilio circumdatus, Temm.

I refer this species, with some doubt, to the V. circumdatus of M.
Temminck. It agrees with it in most particulars, such as the form
of the head and ears, and in having the wing-membranes extend
only to the extremity of the tibiee ; but it differs in being somewhat
smaller, in having the fur shortish and unicoloured ; whereas that of
circumdatus is, according to M. Temminck, long, and of two colours.

For the present, I ptefer leaving it under the name above given,
until a greater number of specimens can be examined.

I have to thank Mr. Dillwyn for the opportunity of describing the
species mentioned in this paper, and for the great liberality with
which he has allowed me to make any use of his specimens which
might be desirable for the purpose of description.

2, On Two Species oF ANT-BIRDS IN THE COLLECTION OF THE
Dersy Museum, at Liverroou. By Purr LutTiey
SCLATER.

1. MyRMECIZA EXSUL, Sp. nov.
Obscure brunnescenti-castanea, cauda concolore ; capite toto un-

dique et corpore infra ad medium ventrem nigris : ventre imo ”

541

erisso et hypochondriis dorso concoloribus : alarum tectricibus
minoribus nigricantibus ad apicem albo punctatis : campterio
albo: rostro ngro, pedibus obscure brunneis: periophthalmio
denudato.

Long. tota 5:0, ale 2°5, caudee 1°7, rostri a rictu 0°85, tarsi 1:2.

Hab. In isthmo Panama (Delatétre) et in rep. Nicaragua.

Mus. Derbiano, sp. 4939, et Acad. Philadelph.

This species may be placed between M. hemimelena and M. cin-
namomea in my arrangement. In colouring it somewhat resembles
the former, but it is of a much stronger build, and has no white
markings in the interscapularies. The bill is shorter than in M. cin-
namomea, but the torm otherwise nearly similar. The single spe-
cimen in the Derby Museum is marked with one of Delattre’s tickets
*« Male, Panama,” and was acquired by the late Lord Derby in 1846.
Another example of this same bird, of which I have a note, is in the
splendid collection belonging to the Academy of Natural Sciences of
Philadelphia. It is labelled ‘ Mecaragua.’ I took a description of
it in the autumn of 1856, but was loath to publish it without seeing
a second specimen.

2. DysITHAMNUS OLIVACEUS.

Thamnophilus olivaceus, Tsch. Consp. Av. p. 278, et Faun. Per.
p. 174.
Dysithamnus olivaceus, Cab. Orn. Not.i. 223 ; Bp. Consp. p. 199.

(, &. Oliwaceus: pileo cinerascente, capitis lateribus concoloribus :
subtus pallide cinereus; gutture ventre medio et crisso albi-
cantibus: campterio albo: alarum tectricibus albo anguste

_ - marginatis.

| Long. tota 5:0, ale 2°5, caudee 1°7.

| Hab. In Bolivia (Bridges).

~ Mus. Derbiano.

A distinct species of Dysithamnus nearly allied to D. mentalis,
but recognizable by the absence of the black ear-mark, and darker
colour of the sides below. I did not include it in my Synopsis, not

having then met with specimens. The example in the Derby

Museum from which I take my characters, was obtained through Mr.

/ Cuming in 1846, and was doubtless among the Bolivian birds col-
_ lected by Mr. Bridges.

I have to express my acknowledgments of the liberality of the
Trustees of the Derby Museum, in allowing me the use of these and
several other birds for examination. Without actual comparison of
specimens it is nearly hopeless to attempt to determine species of this
and other similarly-complicated groups.

3. Nore on THE GeNus CiCHLOPSIS OF CABANIS.
By Puitie LutTtey SCLATER.

In the second part of the General Report upon the Zoology of
the Pacific Railway routes, the sheets of which Prof. Baird has been

——owd

542

kind enough to send me by post, the term Cichlopsis of Cabanis is
used generically for the Ptilogonys nitens of Swainson. Now I wish
to point out, that if this bird is to be constituted a separate genus
from Ptilogonys cinereus (for which there seem to be sufficient
grounds), Cabanis’ name cannot be employed for it, as it is less
closely allied to the true type of his genus than to Ptilogonys. The
Cichlopsis was one of the many rare birds in the Berlm Museum
which the late Professor Lichtenstein (whose example in this respect
has, I am sorry to say, been followed in several other large collec-
tions) thought he had made sufficiently public, by labelling as
* Turdus leucogonys.”’ Dr. Cabanis, in his ‘‘ Museum Heineanum ”
first shortly indicated the characters of this bird, and rightly assigned
it to the neighbourhood of Myiadestes, proposing for it the new
generic term Cichlopsis. But he made the mistake of writing Lich-
tenstein’s MS. name ‘“‘leucogonys’’ (taken from its white under
mandible) ‘‘lewcogenys,”’ and so caused Prince Bonaparte to fall
into the error of considering it to be identical with Tschudi’s Pétzlo-
gonys leucotis, a very different bird. Prince Bonaparte’s somewhat
curt description* of ‘‘ Myiadestes leucotis,” the third species of his
genus Myiadestes, as given in the ‘ Conspectus’ (p. 336), is doubt-
less intended for this species. I first became acquainted with this
curious type at Berlin, but was delighted at meeting with it again
at Philadelphia in the collection of the Academy of Sciences, as I
have already mentioned in these Proceedings+. Lately I have
picked up a specimen myself, which from its appearance I should
consider to be from Brazil—the locality assigned to it by Lichten-
stem. Prince Bonaparte has also described this bird in another
~ place as Myiocichla ochrata, and states it to be the type of Dr.
Schiffs’ MS. generic term Myiocichla. Mr. G. R. Gray has, how-
ever, given the type of Myiocichla as Turdus flavipes, Vieill.—a
typical Thrush.

The somewhat complicated synonomy of this bird will, therefore,
stand as follows :—

Genus CicHLOPSIS.

Cichlopsis, Cab. Mus. Hein. p. 54 (1850).
Myiocichla, Bp. (ex MS. Schiff) Compt. Rend. xxxviii. p. 6
(1854).

CICHLOPSIS LEUCOGONYSf.

Turdus leucogonys, Licht. in Mus. Berol. .

Cichlopsis leucogonys, Cab. Mus. Hein. p. 54.

Myiadestes leucotis, Bp. Consp. p. 336 (excl. synonym.).
Mytacichla ochrata, Bp. C. R. xxxvii. p. 6, et Notes Orn. p. 30.
“ Turdus brunneus, Freyreiss,” Bp. /. c.

Cinnamomescenti-fusca, gutture medio rufescente ; abdomine cano,

* Fusco-rufa, abdomine canescente. + See P.Z.S. 1857, p. 6.

t Since writing the above, I believe I have discovered a still earlier synonym of
this bird —7’urdampelis lanioides, Less. Echo d. M.S. 1844, p. 156= 7. rufococcyx,
Less. Descr. d. Mamm. et Ois. p. 324.

bs cai
i}

543

crisso flavicante ; rostro superiore nigro, inferiore flavicanti-
albo: pedibus fuscis.

Long. tota 8:0, ale 3°4, caudze 2°5, tarsi 0°85.

The form is easily distinguishable from Myiadestes by its longer,
stronger, and thicker bill, the larger size of the spurious primary,
the relatively longer second primary, and particularly by the shorter,
broader, and more rounded tail.

For the Pétilogonys nitens of Swainson, erroneously referred to
this genus by Baird, I propose the generic name Phainopepla
paevos, nitidus, et wém)os, vestis).

4, Description or A New Cyrena ann Butta. By Syivanus
HWantey, F.L.S., &e.

CYRENA COCHINENSIS. C. testa cordata, crassa, valde ine-
quilate obliqua, ventricosa seu tumida, epidermide nitente,
nigro-fuscescente vestita, sulcis remotiusculis antice exarata,
postice magis minusve levigata : extremitate lateris antici per-
brevis rotundata ; lateris postici attenuati productique, in
adultis obtusa, in gunioribus rotundato-acuminata: margine
ventralt arcuato antice valde, postice parum acclivi: natibus
obliquis, erosis, prominentibus : lunula nulla, loco ejus autem
sulcorum experte : area dorsali postica lata, retusa : superficie
interna alba, margine cardinali violaceo sparso, concavitate
nonnunquam rubescente, sinu palliari vix ullo: dentibus pri-
marus vie emarginatis ; lateralibus haud manifeste striatis,
sub lente autem minutissime corrugato-granosis, antico brevi et
valde approximato, postico elongato et remotiore.

Long. 13; lat. 13 poll. -Hab. Cochin (Ind. Oc.). Mus. Hanley

(M‘Andrew).

A few individuals of this strongly-marked species were sent, in
company with some Velorite, from the Malabar coast, by my
collector, Mr. Winkle. In external aspect the shell somewhat re-
sembles the V. cyprinoides; but probably Balissa would be selected
for its reception by those who differ from me in subdividing the
very natural group Cyrena: the very minute shagreening of its
lateral teeth, however, scarcely answers the definition of that sub-
genus. The primary teeth are somewhat peculiar, and have a
tendency to shelve outwards; the hinder and central ones are not
strictly bifid, but exhibit a kind of shallow sublateral grooving ; the
front one in the right valve is very short, and simply pyramidal.
The beaks are probably acute when young; the surface below the
epidermis is reddish purple.

Buia (CyLIcHNA) CARPENTERI. B. testa minuta, cylindrica,
brevi, medio subretusa, alba superne et inferne rotundata vix-
que attenuata, liris gracilibus confertis longitudinalibus, et
striis confertioribus exilissimis spiralibus, undique sculpta :
umbilico apicali magno, anfractibus spire manifestis ; labio

044

exteriore utrinque rotundato, postice supra apicem prominente,
in medio retuso ; columella recta, longa, angusta.
Long. 3. Hab. Mazatlan. Mus. Hanley.
A single individual of this exquisitely-sculptured shell was found
in washing the large Spondyli and Patelle of that coast.

5. On THE INDIAN PHEASANTS BRED IN THE MENAGERIE.
By D. W. Mircuett, B.A., SecRETARY TO THE SOCIETY.

(Aves, Pl. CXLVII.-CXLIX.)

On the 4th of July in the year 1857, the survivors of a large col-
lection of Himalayan Game Birds, which had been formed for Her
Majesty the Queen and for the Zoological Society, were landed at
Blackwall in Mr. Green’s East Indiaman the “ Prince of Wales.”

This collection was got together by great and liberal exertions on
the part of the Governor-General Viscount Canning, aided by the
zealous co-operation of Lord William Hay, Capt. Hay, Major Ram-
say, Mr. Brian Hodgson, Mr. Keene, Capt. James the acting Re-
sident at Darjeeling, and other officers, to whom the great Silver
Medal of the Society has been presented in commemoration of their
services.

When the vessel left Calcutta, eight pairs of Impeyan Pheasants
and eight pairs of the Horned Pheasant (Ceriornis melanocephala)
were carefully stowed in proper cages ; but after having escaped the
first danger of overpowering heat in the Bay of Bengal, they unex-
pectedly and somewhat unaccountably relapsed into sickness, and
died in the cool weather after crossing the line.

The agent of the Society, Mr. James Thompson, who had been
sent out to take charge of the birds, notwithstanding this serious
loss, succeeded in delivering alive and in perfect health four other
very interesting species, the results obtained from which have fully
equalled my most sanguine expectations as to the reproduction and
final acclimatation in Europe of all the gallinaceous birds which are
found in the temperate and more elevated zones of the Himalaya.

The birds were brought down to Calcutta and shipped in the be-
ginning of March. Their confinement during the voyage necessa-
rily interrupted the natural period of breeding ; but as soon as they
were established in the provisional aviary which had been prepared
for them, two of the species, Gallophasis albocristatus and Gallo-
phasis horsfieldii, paired and began to lay. The eggs of the former
were unproductive ; but out of ten of the latter, nine birds were
hatched, were very skilfully reared by the personal attention of the
Superintendent, Mr. John Thompson, and notwithstanding the ex-
treme lateness of the season, were successfully preserved throughout
the winter of 1857-58, making strong and fully-developed birds in
the following spring.

In the month of April 1858 the whole of the imported birds,
having passed the winter with very slight protection, were in full
health and vigour, and laid freely. The species were as follows :—

--snuededun snioydoydoy
THO UTeM sete) “T

[ana]

dur 4S8\\ A “YR SUsUTIE'P Top TOM 'C

“Upyeysroy <4) °¢
‘SNLeYstMOGTe stsvydoypes T

Z Wy susuMar (Tsp FOV
i@) - z r

SHAY C eel WUE Mp it a ee eee nachna amen

Prog {h), On Aare S) etn

’ W.West amp

i Callophasie horsfieldii.2.G.mslanotus. 3.G. albocristatus.
4 Gatreus wallichn 0 Lophophorus 1mpeyanus.

545

WHITE-CRESTED KALEEGE. Gallophasis albocristatus.

HorsFievp’s Kanerce. G. horsfieldit.
BLACK-BAaCKED KALEEGE. G. melanotus.

CHEER. ~ Catreus wallichii.
ImpeyAN PHEasanrt. Lophophorus impeyanus.

- Of the latter bird, Specimens had been livmg in the Menagerie
for some time, and eggs had been hatched in 1854 and 1856. _

In 1858 the five species above-mentioned produced 184 eges, from
which no less than 126 birds were hatched, and 111 reared. These
were, for the most part, disposed of by sale to various members of
the Society having facilities for continuing the experiment.

The young birds of the species of Gallophasis closely resemble
each other, as will be seen on comparing the figures of G. horsfieldit
and G. albocristatus in Plate CXLVIII.

The young of Lophophorus impeyanus and of Catreus wallichii
are now also figured for the first time in Plate CXLVII.

The Cheer is clearly distinguished from the true Pheasant (Pha-
sianus), with which it was associated by its first describer, both in
form and in the texture and coloration of its plumage. _ Its carriage
when running, its note, and above all the coloration of the ego
(Plate CXLIX. fig. 4) are additional confirmations, if any were
necessary, of its generic difference. The egg which has been figured
is a fair typical example ; but there are varieties in which the
blotches nearly disappear.

The egg of Lophophorus has been frequently sent from India ;
but authenticated specimens of the three species of Kaleege given in
figs. 1, 2, 3 of Plate CXLIX. have not, I believe, been recorded;
that of Gallophasis horsfieldit, fig. 1, is easily distinguishable by the
purplish tint of its ground, which never appears in either of the
others.

The perfect hardiness of these English-bred birds has been satis-
factorily demonstrated at Hawkestone, as far as the temperature of
the past winter would admit of a trial. The Cheer, the Black-backed
Kaleege, and the Horsfield’s or Purple Kaleege, have lived in an en-
closure of two acres without any shelter whatever, except that
afforded by the hollies and other evergreens in which they roost ; and
there is no doubt that, even in the severest weather, that protection
will be sufficient for them, as well as for the White-crested Kaleege
and the Lophophore.

The present breeding-stock reserved by the Society consists of
two pairs of Cheer, two pairs of the Purple Kaleege, two pairs of
the White-crested Kaleege, two pairs of the Black-backed Kaleege,
and three pairs of the Impeyan Pheasant. If the success of last
year is continued, the whole of these species ought to be firmly esta-
blished in England; and as the state of India will now admit of re-
sumed importations, the Ceriornis, Pucrasia, and Tetraogallus ought

soon to follow them.

No. CCCLXXXI.—ProcreEepDINGS or THE ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

546

December 14, 1858.
Dr. Gray, F.R.S., V.P., in the Chair.

The following papers were read :—

1. Nores on A CoLLECTION OF MAMMALIA MADE BY Mr. FRASER
At GuaLaauizA. By Rosert F. Tomes.

1. VESPERTILIO CHILOENSIS, Waterh.
V. nigricans, Pr. Max.?

Of this species—the commonest true Vespertilio in South Ame-
rican Collections, and occurring also in Mexico—Mr. Fraser has sent
home two specimens, one adult and the other young. I entertain
but little doubt that this is the Bat called by Prince Maximilian
Vesp. nigricans. There is no South American species which answers
so well to his description as this one, and it is so common that it
would hardly have escaped his notice. It occurs in New Granada,
Bolivia, Brazil, Chiloe, and Guatemala, to which we must now add
Mr. Fraser’s locality. In Bolivia it must be exceedingly numerous,
Mr. Bridges having sent great numbers thence.

2. V. vexatus, Isid. Geoff. sp.

Plecotus velatus, Isid. Geoff.
Histiotus velatus, P. Gervy.

Although placed in the genus Plecotus by M. Isid. Geoffroy, it
is simply a Vespertilio with large oval ears, entire at their outer
margin, as in V. bechsteinii, and V. pallidus, Le Conte. It appears
to me to have none of the peculiarities of Plecotus, excepting the
size of the ears; and neither do I think it was necessary to establish
a new genus for its reception, as we find done in the volume devoted
to the description of the species of Mammalia collected during the
travels of M. Castelnau.

It is probable that this is the species described by Poepig under
the name of Nycticejus macrotis*.

3. ScoTroPHILUS FURINALIS, P. Gerv. sp.
Vespertilio furinalis, P. Gerv. et D’Orb. Voy. Amer. Mérid.

A greater number of this than of any other species of Bat appears
in the collection. Hitherto it must hare been rare in Museums, as I
have met with but one specimen, and that may have been one of those
from which the original description was taken, as it was contained in
the French National Collection.

4. Mo.ossvus onscurvus, Geoff. Ann. du Mus.vi.; Temm. Mon. i.
Molossus fuliginosus, Gray, Mag. Zool. Bot. ii.

* Reise in Chili, Peru, &c. 1835.

947

5. GLOSSOPHAGA ECAUDATA, Geoff. Mem. du Mus. iv. 418.
Anoura geoffroyti, Gray, Mag. Zool. Bot. ii. 490.
Of this species but one specimen has arrived.

6. PayLtLostoma HAsTATUM, Geoff.

In Mr. Fraser’s letter, published in the ‘ Zoologist,’ the following
paragraph appears :—‘‘I note the following, for fear it should be
forgotten, and it is well Mr. Tomes should know it : amongst my
Gualaquiza specimens will be found one Bat much larger than the
rest ; the Indian who brought it said it attacks the mules, and is
called in their language ‘ Jichimchama.’ ”

This species is by far the largest Cheiroptere sent, and answers to
the above note also in being a solitary specimen; but the form of
the teeth, together with its whole structure, forbids the supposition
that it is a blood-sucking creature. If by attacking the mules it
were meant that it actually devoured any part of their substance, the
statement would have quite as great an appearance of probability,
for it is possessed of jaws and teeth of sufficient strength for a car-

-. nivorous regimen. Doubtless it is to the following species that the

~., accusation more properly applies, while the larger is allowed the
“ credit of it.

7. Desmopws RuFUws, Pr. Max.
Desmodus D’ Orbignyi, Waterh.

One specimen of this species, with the same quantity of cinereous
in the fur, which led to the name given above as a synonym, is con-
tamed in the collection. If any doubt were to arise as to its capa-
bilities of blood-letting, a mere inspection of the front teeth would
alone be quite sufficient to remove it. They are prominent and ex-
ceedingly sharp, admirably adapted to such a purpose. I greatly
doubt there being more than one species of Desmodus: my own col-

lection contains specimens which answer to the specific names, rufus,

Suscus, and murinus. They are all similar, excepting in colour ; in
this they differ very considerably.

8. SACCOPTERYX LEPTURUS, III.

.Vesp. lepturus, Schreb. Saugeth. i. p. 173. pl. 57.
Taphozous lepturus, Temm. Mon. ii. p. 291.

Of this species the collection contains three examples, of which two

are adult, and the other scarcely half-grown. In the older ones the
antibrachial membrane is furnished with a sac; but this is wanting
in the young one.

9. Scrurnus astTuans, Linn.

The specimen sent, although no doubt referable to this species,
are at the same time a little larger than is common, and have the
ears a trifle longer. They are also more strongly tinged with rufous
on the under parts. The differences do not appear to me to be suf-
ficient to admit of specific separation.

548

10. Hesperomys Loneicaupatus, Bennett.
One specimen, differing in no way from the Chilian ones.

11. H. cepHatores, Desm. sp.

The collection contains one specimen only, which, on the authority
of M. Wagner, I here place in the genus Hesperomys. At present
I have not sufficiently examined the species to speak with certainty
as to its generic pretensions, but may observe that it is amongst
those species which Mr. Waterhouse considered as requiring further
examination.

12. H. sauamipss, Licht. sp.; Wagn. Supp. Schrub. i. 540.
Mus squamipes, Brants, Muiz. 138; Fisch. Synop. 323.

A male and female of this species, contained in the collection,
appear to be similar in size and colour: and of the latter Mr. Fraser
has the following note :—‘“‘ Nose and feet flesh colour, ears darker ;
taken in a bag of grain in the house ; Xivaro name, ‘ Catipi.’”’ The
specimen differs only from others from Bolivia in having the tail a
little shorter.

13. ?

A single specimen, in skin, from which the skull has been re-
moved, and appears not to have arrived with it. It is most likely a
species of Hesperomys, of rather large size, approaching that of H.
Cephalotes, and haying very long and soft fur of a deep rufous
colour, and a tail considerably longer than the head and body.

‘

14.
A very young animal, probably of the genus Hesperomys.

15. ECHIMYS CAYENENSIS, Geoff.

A thickly-spined, and rather large example, apparently somewhat
more strongly tinged with rufous than the illustration given by Mr.
Waterhouse, or than either of those given by M. Pictet.

16. DipeLPHys pusILLA, Desm. Mamm. 261.

Four specimens of this diminutive species are contained in the
collection, of which one only is adult.

17. DiIpELPHYS ?

Only one specimen, which agrees with exactness to the description
of a species, given by Mr. Waterhouse, as of doubtful identity with
D. cinerea*. It differs from the latter in having very much longer

* T am fully aware that I am placing a pouched species in that section of the -

genus which is characterized by a merely rudimentary pouch, or by its entire
absence: but the example examined by Mr. Waterhouse was a male, and we
know nothing about the pouch. The existence of this part in the present species,
and its absence in the one which it otherwise most nearly resembles, is sufficient
evidence of the distinctness of the two.

Proc. 4.5. Aves. CXLVL

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549

fur, in having the hairy portion at the base of the tail much shorter,
and in being altogether somewhat smaller. The following is Mr.
Fraser's note on this specimen :—“ Had five young in her pouch,
each 3inches long. Nose, chin, and latter half of the tail flesh-
coloured ; ears black. Stomach contained bones of a small mammal,
and a pulp containing vegetable substance. Eyes black. Xivaro
name, ‘ Tinchna.’ ”’

The young ones have the terminal two-thirds of the tail white ;
but the flesh-coloured “latter half of the tail’? in the mother
is not now very apparent. From the fact of the pouch containing
young ones of considerable size, we may suppose that the animal is
adult, and that the differences above-mentioned are not attributable
to immaturity. This strengthens the idea of its distinctness as a
species, of which I have no doubt, and shall take an early opportu-
nity to say more about it.

2. On THE BIRDS COLLECTED BY Mr. FRASER IN THE VICINITY
or R1oBAMBA, IN THE Repustic oF Ecuapor. By Paririe
LuTLEY SCLATER.

(Aves, Pl. CXLVI.)

Mr. Fraser arrived at Riobamba from Cuenca in the beginning of
June last, and stopped about a month in the neighbourhood, passing
again on his return southwards from Quito in August. Riobamba
is situated at an elevation of about 10,000 feet above the sea-level
on the lofty plateau lying between the bifurcated range of the Andes.
It is on the Atlantic water-slope, being placed on an upper branch
of the Rio Pastassa, one of the confluents of the Amazon, and is
well known as having been the seat of the great earthquake of 1794,
which destroyed 30,000 lives, and was, according to Humboldt. “ one
of the most terrible pheenomena which have occurred in the physical
history of our globe.” Besides collecting at Riobamba itself, Mr.
Fraser made expeditions to several places in its vicinity, namely
Guano, Pinipi, Matos, Titiacun, and Punin. Guano lies 13 league
N.N.E. of Riobamba, Pinipi 4 leagues N.E. by E., and Matos a little
more northwards, a league farther on. ‘Titiacun is a league beyond
Chambo, which lies 3 leagues E.S.E. of Riobamba, and is high up
on the sides of the Volcano “ El Altar.”’ Mr. Fraser says ; that his
shooting-ground here was within one league of-perpetual snow.
Punin is situated nearly due south of Riobamba, and not more than
2 leagues distant from that city, judging by Villavicencio’s map.
On the whole, the places, where the present collection was formed,
lying near together, the sixty species of birds hereafter enumerated
may be taken to give a good idea of the general character of the
ornithology of this elevated plateau, concerning which heretofore
absolutely nothing has been known. : ‘

As in my previous communication upon Mr. Fraser’s collections,
I have made frequent extracts from his notes upon the colours of the
soft parts, food, habits, &c.

1. Turpvus Gr1e@as, Fraser.

Titiacun and Matos. ‘Common, rather a good songster. Irides
red hazel, rim round the eye yellow. Bill red. Legs orange. Con-
tents of stomach dark purple fruit.’”” Mr. Fraser has forwarded the
nest and two eggs of this Thrush, which are now in the British
Museum. The nest is made of stalks and grass, lined with fine hay.
The eggs appear rather small for the bird, measuring 1°3 by 1:0
inch. They are of the usual character of Turdus as regards colour,
being of a bluish green minutely freckled with pale red.

2. Turpus cHiGuANco, Lafr. et D’Orb.

Riobamba. “Common, but very shy. Seen on the ground in
swampy places. The stomach of one contained maggots, insects,
and a small tadpole.”

3. ANTHUS BOGOTENSIS, Sclater, P. Z. S. 1855, p. 109. pl. 101.

One specimen, a female. ‘‘There were two together running on
the ground amongst the grass in the mountain. Irides dark hazel ;
base of lower mandible whitish ; remainder of bill black ; legs, feet,
and nails delicate flesh-colour. Contents of stomach insects.”

Anthus rufescens, Lafr. et D’Orb., is perhaps the same bird ; but
the specific name has been previously used in the genus. To esta-
blish the identity specimens must be compared.

fp
4. TROGLODYTES SOLSTITIALIS, Sp. nov.

Saturate murino-brunneus, alis et cauda intus nigricantibus,
extus dorso concoloribus, fasciis angustis transversis nigris di-
stincte notatis: striga postoculari et lateribus capitis cum
pectore antico dilute fulvis, gula albicantiore, regione auricu-
lari obscura: abdomine albido, hypochondriis et crisso nigro
subobsolete transfasciatis: rostro fusco, subtus albicante: pe-
dibus fuscescenti-carneis.

Long. tota 3:9, alee 1:9, caudze 1°3, rostri a rictu °6, tarsi ‘8.

Matos and Pinipi, 2 ex. Inides dark hazel.

This little Wren is just of the same form as Troglodytes furvus,
T. hornensis, and T. aédon, but is readily distinguishable by the ful-
vous colour of the breast. I can find no described species that
agrees with it.

5. CINNICERTHIA UNIBRUNNEA (Lafr.). — Limnornis unibrun-
nea, Lafr. Rev. Zool. 1853, p. 59.

Matos, 2 ex. “Irides hazel ; bill, legs, and feet black. Contents
of stomach insects. From a flock of four or five, in the high bushes,
running up and down the trees and branches.”’ One specimen has
the lower mandible yellow.

6. SETOPHAGA RUFICORONATA, Kaup, P. Z. S. 1851, p. 49.

Matos, 3 ex. Irides hazel ; legs, bill, and feet black. Contents
of stomach, insects.

551

7. PETROCHELIDON CYANOLEUCUS (Vieill.).
Riobamba, 2 ex.

8. DigLossa personata (Fraser).

Pinipi, Matos, Titiacun, 3 ex. Sexes alike, but female smaller.
Azulejo chico, Spanish. Irides red. Among the trees on the
mountain, feeds on insects.

9. DiGLOSSA ATERRIMA, Lafr.

Titiacun and Matos, 2 ex. Irides dark hazel. «“ On the bushes
and trees on the hill-side, very restless, has a very pretty song.”
Food, insects.

10. EvPHONIA NIGRICOLLIS (Vieill.).

Matos, 1 ex. ¢. Inides hazel ; bill blackish above, bluish beneath;
legs and feet bluish flesh-colour.

11. Pa@ciLoTHRAUPIS LUNULATA (DuBus).

Matos, 3 ex., d et 2 similes. Called “ Grillos,” 7. e. Chains (for
the feet). Irides red hazel; bill, legs, and feet black. ‘These
birds frequent the lowest and thickest bushes, where they hide.
They are shy, and consequently difficult to procure. They appeared
as if flycatching, darting from the bush and returning to it again
near the ground. I presume their name is taken from their note,
which somewhat resembles the clanking of chains on prisoners’ legs.
Their gizzards contained green vegetable matter and minute seeds,
but no insects.”

12. ButHRavupis cHLtoronota, Sclater, P. Z. 8. 1854, p. 97.
pl. 64.

Matos, 2, lex. Irides hazel ; bill black ; legs and feet. blackish.
Stomach contained green vegetable matter.

13. TANAGRA DARWINII, Bp.
Riobamba, 2 ex. ‘‘ Stomach contained green vegetable matter.”

14. BUARREMON PALLIDINUCHUS (Boiss. ).

Matos, 2 ex. “‘Irides light hazel; bill blackish; legs and feet
light brown. Found in the bush-heaps formed for clearing. Giz-
zard contained insects and vegetable matter.”

15. BUARREMON SCHISTACEUS (Boiss.).

Matos, 2ex., get 2? sim. “Irides light hazel ; bill, legs, and
feet black. In low bushes on the sides of the mountain.”

16. PHEUCTICUS AUREIVENTRIS (Lafr. et D’Orb.).

1 ex., ¢. Above Punin and Riobamba. sili iy
Finding this bird here, I begin rather to question its specific di-
stinctness from P. chrysogaster.

552

17. PuryGiLus aLAupinus (Kittlitz), Bp. Consp. p. 476.

Above Punin, 1 ex., ¢ “Trigo. Irides hazel; bill, legs, and feet
yellow. On the small bushes and stones, taking flight like a Fly-
catcher or Humming-bird, although no insects were found in the
stomach.”’

I am somewhat surprised at the appearance of this bird so far
north, but it agrees sufficiently with Chilian specimens.

18. Puryeiius ocuuaris, Sclater, antea, p. 454.
Riobamba, 1 ex. @.

19. ZonoTRICHIA PILEATA (Bodd.).
Riobamba.

20. CATAMENIA ANALOIDES (Lafr.), Bp. Consp. p. 493.
Riobamba and Guano.

21. CATAMENIA HOMOCHROA, sp. Nov.

Saturate cinerea, crisso rufo, rostro pallide flavo : pedibus cory-
linis.
Long. tota 4°8, alze 2°6, caudze 2°0.
Matos, ¢, 1 ex. Inides dark hazel; bill flesh-colour; legs and
feet light brown. In the stomach, comminuted green vegetable
matter.

22. CHRYSOMITRIS ICTERICA (Licht.) ?

Flavo-olivaceus, dorso nigro subobsolete variegato, uropygio flavi-
cantiore: capite toto antico undique cum gula nigerrimo : sub-
tus flavus: alis nigris, fascia lata ad basin remigum flava,
secundariis ultimis albo marginatis : eauda nigua, basi flava :
rostro et pedibus nigris.

Q dilutior, subtus albicantior, colore capitis et gule nigro earens.

Long. tota 4°2, ale 2°6, caudee lore

Riobamba, | ex. Spanish name “ Jilguero.”? Common; con-

tents of stomach small seeds.

23. SruRNELLA BELLICOSA, De Fil.
Matos and Riobamba, 2 ex.

24, CassicULUS LEUCORHAMPHUS, Bp.; Bp. Consp. p. 428.
Matos, 4 ex. “ Cassiquillo.”’ Tides blue; bill blackish ; legs
and feet black. Contents of stomach vegetable matter. “From a

flock of eight or ten in the trees. Very noisy. Said to make a
hanging nest.”’

25. Cyanocirra TurcosA, Bp. Compt. Rend. xxxvili. p. 830.
Notes Orn. p. 8.

Matos, 3ex. ‘‘ Azulejo grande.’ Trides nearly black ; bill, legs

953

and feet black. Solitary on the mountain-side amongst the trees.
Gizzard contained vegetable matter,

26. SYNALLAXIS 2

' Matos, 1 ex. injured.

27. MARGARORNIS SQUAMIGERA (Lafr. et d’Orb.), Sclater,
PEL. Se 1855, p- 142.

Titiacun and Pinipi. Ivides dark hazel; bill brownish above,
whitish beneath ; legs and feet brownish. Gizzard contained coleo-
ptera, &c. This bird runs up and down the trees.

28. GrositTraA ——?
Above Punin, 1 ex. Very much damaged.

29. GRALLARIA SQUAMIGERA, FI. Prevost, antea p- 280.

- Matos, 3 ex. ‘“‘Shumpo.” Irides very dark hazel; bill black
above, nearly so beneath ; legs and feet blue. “On the ground and
in low bushes. The flesh is much prized for eating.”

30. AMPELION ARCUATUS (Lafr.).

Matos, 3 ex. “ Asparagun.” Irides light hazel; bill dark red;
legs and feet very deep orange. ‘‘Stomach contained fruit. In the
trees on the tops of the mountains. A very sweet note.”

The female of this bird wants the black cap of the male, having
these parts green like the back, with the throat yellowish, barred
with black like the belly.

31. AMPELION RUBRO-CRISTATUS (Lafr. et D’Orb.).

Matos and Titiacun, 6 ex. ‘ Cavallero.” “Irides red; bill
white, tipped with black ; legs and feet very dark olive. Stomachs
contain fruit. A very pretty bird, in the trees active and shy. The
moment it alights, it. squats down, or as it were lies across the
branch.”

Mr. Fraser adds—“ sexes said to be alike, though the young
differ.” But the only female, so marked, is olivaceous, flammu-
lated with yellow above and below, and without the red crest. This
is perhaps young.

32. AGRIORNIS SOLITARIA, Sp. nov.

Nigricanti-cinerea, subtus dilutior ; loris, capitis lateribus, gutture
et ventre imo sordide albis: gula obsolete striata : secundariis
alarum albo extus anguste marginatis : tectricibus subalaribus
albis, ochraceo tinctis : caude rectricibus lateribus a basi albis,
duabus intermediis dorso concoloribus : rostro et pedibus nigris.

Long. tota 9°5, alee 5:0, caudze 4:0.

Aff. A. maritime ex Chilia, sed colore obscuriore et rectricibus a

basi albis prorsus notabilis.

554

Titiacun, 2 ex. ¢, called “ El solitario.” Irides grey. Contents
of stomach grasshoppers and other insects.

I have had an example of this bird in my collection for some time.
It was received from Verreaux, and is marked ‘ Quito.’ Mr. Fraser
remarks that it has a “loud distinct single note, which is repeated
several times.”

33. OctHorca FumIGATA (Boiss.).—Tyrannus fumigatus, Boiss.
Rev. Zool. 1840, p. 71.—Tyrannus boissoneauti, Bp. Consp. p. 191.

Matos, 1 ex. ¢. “‘Irides white; bill, legs, and feet black.
Found on the bushes.”

The proper place of this bird is evidently somewhere here among
the Fluvicoline. For the present I am content to place it in the
same genus as the next following species, to which it is closely re-
lated in general structure, though it must perhaps ultimately be
removed into a different section.

34. OcrHoECA FUMICOLOR, Sclater, P.Z.S, 1856, p. 28. pl. 117.

Titiacun, lex.9. Irides dark hazel; bill, legs, and feet black.
Food insects.

35. OcrHorca Lesson}, Sclater, P. Z. S. 1856, p. 28.—Tyran-
nula rufipectus, Less.

Matos, 2 ex. Irides dark hazel; bill, legs, and feet black. Food
insects.

36. SERPOPHAGA PARULUS (Kittlitz.).

Titiacun and Matos, 2 ex. Irides dark hazel. ‘‘ On the bushes,
very restless : food insects.”’

37. Myioprus CINNAMOMEUS (Lafr. et D’Orb.); P.Z.S. 1855,
p- 149.

Pinipi, 1 ex. ¢. ‘rides dark hazel.” Agrees with Bogota
skins.

38. ELAINIA GRISEIGULARIS, sp.nov. (PI. CXLVI. fig. 1.)

Sordide olivacea : crista brevi verticali ad basin alba: alis
caudaque sordide nigris, illis albo bifasciatis, secundariis quoque
eatus albo anguste marginatis: annulo oculari albo: subtus
grisea, abdomine medio albo, hypochondris et crisso flavican-
tibus: rostro superiore nigricante, inferiore corneo: pedibus
nigris. f

Long. tota 5°0, ale 3-0, caudz 2-4.

Riobamba, 1 ex. <“‘Irides very dark hazel.”

39. ELaINra sTIcToPTERA, sp.nov. (Pl. CXLVI. fig. 2.)

Fusco-olivacea, pileo cinerascente, superciliis elongatis albis :
alis nigris albo late bifasciatis ; remigibus secundariis dorso
proximis albo, ceteris omnibus flavo extus anguste marginatis ;

355

subtus alba, tectricibus subalaribus et crisso limonaceo-flavidis :
cauda obscure cinerea, olivaceo limbata.
Long. tota 4°5, alee 2°6, caudze 2°5.
Matos, 1 ex. Spanish name “ Platerito.’”’ Bill black ; legs and
feet blue; stomach contained insects.

40. ANTROSTOMUS ?
Matos, 1 ex. S ___Irides black.

41. Paracona Gieas ( Vieill.).

Riobamba, 5 ex. ‘‘Irides dark hazel ; bill and feet black: killed
while hovering round the tall blossoms of an aloe.’’ In the stomach
of one were noticed “‘ insects and their eggs.”

42. DociMASTES ENSIFER (Boiss.).

Matos, 2 ex. Irides hazel; bill black ; legs and feet flesh-colour.
“On the top of the mountain among the flowers of the guando.
When on the wing, their long bills sticking out give them a very
strange appearance.” =

43. PETASOPHORA IOLATA, Gould.

Riobamba and Guano, 6 ex. Irides dark hazel; legs, bill, and
feet black.

44. LesspiA AMARYLLIS, Gould.

Pinipi, Titiacun and Riobamba, 8 ex. Irides dark hazel; bill,
legs, and feet black, Food insects.

45. METTALLURA TYRIANTHINA (Lodd.).

Matos and Pinipi, 4ex. Ivides dark hazel ; legs, bill, and feet
black.

46. TroGon PERSONATUS, Gonld.

Matos, 3 ex. “ Paleo.” ‘‘Trides dark hazel; rim round the eyes
red or very deep orange; bill, feet, and legs yellow. High up in
the mountain, on the tops of the trees. Stomachs contained fruit,
vegetable matter, and insects.”

47. COLAPTES ELEGANS (Fraser).
Matos and Titiacun. Irides red hazel; bill black ; legs and feet
bluish.

48. CHLORONERPES ?

Matos, 1 ex. ¢. I cannot reconcile this bird with any described
species, and itis very probably new. Before describing it, I intend
to submit it to the examination of M. Malherbe, who is preparing
a Monograph of the family.

49. Minvaco MEGALOPTERUS (Meyen).

Above Punin, 2 ex., g et 2, a pair—‘‘ Churiquinga,’ a name
properly belonging to Polyborus braziliensis. Inides hazel; skin

556

of chin and throat wrinkled, and together with face and cere deep
orange. ‘‘ Found in pairs on the plains. Stomachs contained mag-
gots, wheat, and vegetable matter. Said to be good eating. In
Ambato I saw two on the roof and one at the door of a mud hut.”

These specimens differ from the ordinary adult plumage of M.
megalopterus in having the belly and sides more or less spotted with
black. Perhaps they are not adult ?

50. TINNUNCULUS SPARVERIUS (Linn.).

Matos, 2 ex. ‘‘Irides dark hazel: cere and naked space round
the eyes, legs, and feet yellow. Gizzard contained insects. Very
common on the Pajon of Chimborazo: feeds on the ground.”

51. GLAUCIDIUM .-

Matos, 3, 1 ex., “ Avavavita.” Inrides, bill, legs, and feet yel-
low. In the stomach apparently the remains of a lizard.

52. CHAMHEPELIA GRANATINA, Bp. Consp. ii. p. 77.

Riobamba, 1 ex.

53. ZENAIDA HYPOLEUCA, Bp. Consp. ii. p. 83.
Riobamba, 1 ex. Irides dark hazel.

54. CHLOR@NAS ALBILINEA, Bp. Consp. il. p. 51.

Matos, 1 ex., Torcaza. Inides grey, rim round the eye red; bill,
legs, and feet yellow. In the stomach a large yellow fruit.

55. ORTALIDA MONTAGNU, Bp. Compt. Rend. xlii. p. 875.

Matos, 1 ex., ‘ Pava.’ Irides naked; skin of throat, legs, and
feet red ; bill pale horn-colour ; soles of the feet yellow. Not un-
common.

56. NorHura ——?
Matos, 1 ex.

57. VANELLUS RESPLENDENS (Tsch.).—Charadrius resplendens,
Tsch. Av. Consp. 1843, p. 388; Faun. Per. p. 295.—Vanellus pti-
losceles, Gray & Mitch. Gen. B. pl. 145.

Above Punin, 2 ex., gd et 9. Irides red, base of bill red, tip
black, legs and feet red; ¢ with bill entirely red. Common in
moist swampy places. Thousands seen in May, a month afterwards
in the same spot only the present pair.

58, TRINGA PECTORALIS, Say.
Riobamba, 4 ex.

59. Trinca ——?
Riobamba, 2 ex.

557

3. On Zoantuus Covucutit, JOHNSTON.
By kK. W. H. Houpsworrts, F.L.S., F.Z.S., ere.

(Radiata, Pl. X.)

The existence in our seas of a compound Zoophyte belonging to a
group so essentially tropical as the Zoanthide, was first made known
by Mr. R. Q. Couch, who obtained a small species from deep water
near the Cornish coast. It was subsequently described and figured
in Dr. Johnston’s ‘ British Zoophytes,’ and has been since eagerly
sought for, but apparently without success; or if captured, its cha-
racters have not been positively recognized. There is reason, how-
ever, to believe that the original description was imperfect ; and it is
probable that specimens of a compound Polype, found by Mr. Barlee
and others along our northern coasts, and some lately obtained by
myself in Torbay, may all be- referred to Zoanthus couchit. They
are certainly identical with the animal which Dr. Johnston placed
with some hesitation among the Sponges, and described under the
name of Dysidea papillosa; and this was believed by Prof. Edward
Forbes to be the same as the Cornish Zoanthus. As the specimens
recently found differ in some important particulars from those
described by Mr. Couch, I have thought it desirable to point out
their characters, and to give some details of certain parts of their
structure which are peculiar to the family Zoanthide, leaving their
specific distinctness an open question, until we know more of the
original Zoanthus couchit.

The living polypes now exhibited were dredged on the 12th of
October last, in 10 or 12 fathoms water, at about a mile from the
eastern headland of Torbay, and, although small, agree in other re- .
spects with the probably maturer examples from other parts of the
coast. The special characters of the Zoanthide, which consist in
their increase by budding, and their mode of distribution over the
surfaces to which they are attached, are subject in this species to
considerable variation. One group of six polypes on the inside of a
valve of Cardium rusticum (fig. 4), is arranged in a linear series as in
the typical forms of the restricted genus Zoanthus, and is the result of
budding in one direction only ; others are scattered over the surface
of a flat stone, and have no perceptible connexion with one another,
except in a few instances where two or three of them are united ; the
isolated polypes are perhaps the produce of separate ova, and in time
may develope their compound character by the usual process of
gemmation. Another form of growth is the one under which this
Zoophyte has been most commonly known as Dysidea papillosa, and
may be well seen in a remarkably fine specimen from Shetland, and
now in the collection at the British Museum. In this example the
polypes form a compact group (fig. 3), connected in every direction
by a general expansion of the basal membrane, which is extended over
the whole outer surface of a small univalve shell, and also lines the
interior for a considerable distance. Mr. Alder has observed that a
Natica is the usual support for this form of development ; but in this
instance the shape of the incrusting mass is more like that of a small
Buccinum, or a Purpura. In these varying modes of growth, we

558

find a gradual transition from the linear budding of Zoanthus proper
to the aggregation of the polypes in some species of Palythoa, but
in the typical members of the latter genus, the Polypes are not only
connected at the base, but have their bodies also severally united so
as to form a solid mass ; and a more decidedly compound nature exists
in them than we find in any of the varieties of the present species ;
so that, although partaking of the characters of both genera, Zoanthus
appears to be the one to which this is most nearly allied. An evident
approach to the same intermediate form may be observed in the
reticulate arrangement of the connecting bands of Z. bertholetii from
the Red Sea.

In our British species, the body forms a cylinder from 2 to 4 lines
high, by about half that in breadth, and is clothed with a dense
coating of fine sand, which at the upper extremity is divided into
14 deeply-cut marginal teeth; these cover the top of the column
when the animal is closed, but are turned a little outwards during

expansion. The tentacula are moderate in length, slightly tapering, -

smooth, and not capitate; they are arranged in two rows containing
14 each, of which the inner series are rather the longer, and are
placed opposite the angular prolongations of the column, those of the
outer row alternating with them. Fourteen tentacles in each row
appear to be a character of specific value, as I find that number con-
stant im specimens of various sizes, and they correspond with the
marginal divisions. The disk (fig. 7), which is generally concave, some-
what exceeds the diameter of the body ; and the prominent mouth
opens with a simple linear orifice. The general colour of the disk and
tentacula is a pale transparent brown, becoming opake white around
the mouth and at the tips of the arms; and all the intermediate
parts are finely speckled with the same tint. At first sight, the ten-
tacles appear to be knobbed as in Corynactis and some of the Coral-
ligenous Polypes; but their form is really quite simple, and the
capitate appearance of these organs is due solely to the conspicuous
colour of their extremities.

Among the external characters of this family, the serrated margin
of the column is remarkable, but an examination of the animal shows
that this structure is a simple provision for enabling a polype so
peculiarly coated to close its disk perfectly, and in the contracted
state to be completely protected by its sandy covering. Closure of
the disk in the soft-bodied Actinia is effected by the action of the
muscles surrounding the upper extremity of the body; and as the
skin is soft and yielding, contraction takes place equally on every
side, and is continued until the edges of the column meet in the
centre. In Zoanthus, the case is different ; fine sand being densely
impacted into the epidermis, little or no contraction can take place,
and the polype would be unable to close in the usual manner if this
hard covering were uniformly extended to the margin of the disk.
Under the microscope, the wall of the column is seen to terminate in
a number of triangular processes or teeth (fig. 6), united at the base,
and covered externally with sand like the rest of the body ; these pro-
longations are connected throughout their length by a thin membrane,
which is crossed by the ordinary transverse muscles, whose contraction

6 toe

559

brings the edges of the teeth in contact, at the same time necessarily
inclining them towards the centre, and thus effectually closes the
disk ; the animal being then entirely covered and protected by the
investing sandy coat. It will be observed that the apparently mar-
ginal teeth are in reality only parts of the wall of the column, and
that intervening triangular pieces are as it were excavated from the
integuments, leaving only the internal membrane and muscular bands.
The nature of this adventitious covering also deserves attention, being
the only character in which this polype at all resembles Dysidea
Jragilis—the sponge with which it was formerly associated. It is
almost entirely composed of fine angular particles of siliceous sand,
brought im contact with the body and connecting membrane of the
polype by the action of the sea, and retained by, and incorporated in
the cuticle; its extraneous character is evident from the occasional
presence of other matters mixed with the sand, but the latter sub-
stance is in most cases the only material employed. Similar grains
of sand abound in the sponge; they are not confined, however, to the
exterior, but are scattered throughout the mass, and cover the inter-
lacing fibres in every direction.

Independently of its different composition, this sandy coating in
Zoanthus cannot be regarded as at all analogous to the true corallum
of the Madrepores; here it is the actual polype which is enclosed
in the hard covering, and this, when tested with nitric acid, shows no
trace of calcareous matter ; in the Madrepores, on the contrary, the
polype is as delicate and soft-bodied as any of the Actinize, and when
expanded, rises above and clothes the upper portion of the corallum,
which is entirely secreted by the internal tissues of the animal, and
is composed essentially of carbonate of lime extracted from the sea-
water; in fact, the hard parts constitute an external covering in the
one animal, and an internal skeleton in the other.

In its explanate growth, or increase by budding from the base
only, Zoanthus strongly resembles Oaryophyllacea, and by some
naturalists is associated with that tribe of Coralligenous Polypes ; but
many of its characters point to a nearer relationship to the dctinide,
in which we sometimes find a similar deposition of extraneous matter
on the cuticle, although in a slighter degree and less persistent: the
smooth simple tentacula are also very unlike those of the Coral Po-
lypes, in which their surface is generally studded with little wart-like
prominences enclosing the thread-cells. With our present scanty
knowledge of the Actinide found in different parts of the world, and
the insufficient descriptions that we possess of most of the coral
animals, it is difficult, if not impossible to determine, the true position
of the Zoanthide among the Helianthoid Polypes. An examination
of the tropical seas, in which they abound, and where they attain a
size considerably exceeding that of our British species, may lead to
the discovery of intermediate forms showing the true affinities of this
now isolated group ; but at present I am inclined to regard them as
representing the budding form of growth in the Non-coralligenous
Zoophytes, as the fissiparous mode of increase is exemplified in many
of the true Actinia.

- 560

On the 9th of November last, Dr. Gray brought before this
Society a notice of a curious form of Zoanthus sent to him by Mr.
George Barlee from the Shetland seas, and for the receptien of which
he proposed the new genus Sidisia. He has kindly allowed me to
describe this polype (fig. 8); and it is therefore with some regret that,
after a careful examination of it, I must question its generic or even spe-
cific distinction from Zoanthus couchii, the subject of the previous
part of this paper. The great peculiarity of these polypes consists m
their being entirely free, no parts of the specimens at the British
Museum showing any superficial trace of attachment. Another
remarkable character is their irregular mode of budding, and may be
briefly described as one polype growing out from another without the
intervention of the usual connecting bands; this budding takes place
from the base of the parent polype in an opposite direction, or at
various angles with the original line of growth, the branches again
sometimes throwing out buds from near their own bases. Mr. Barlee
states that some of the specimens were attached, but most of them
came up in the dredge free, and that they abounded on muddy ground.
This situation is I think very significant, and sufficient to explain the
peculiarities of the animal. As I have before mentioned, it is the
habit of Zoanthus to be attached to some stone or shell, and the
first sign of its increase is in the expansion of the basal membrane
either on one or all sides of the polype; from this expansion the
young bud forth at various distances from the parent, and they in
time develope similar offshoots. Such is the case when the ova fall
on places suited to their natural growth ; but if by chance they are
deposited on a muddy bottom, or where the stones are only large
enough to afford attachment to a.single polype, I think an irregular
mode of growth may be reasonably anticipated, and a variation ex-
pected in the character which, above all others, is likely to be affected
by the change of circumstances. By the motion of the sea, the
position of these free polypes must be continually shifting, conse-
quently no part of their surface can be permanently uppermost ; and
under these circumstances, with a natural tendency to grow upwards,
regularity of budding would seem to be impossible. As might be
expected, scarcely two of the specimens I have seen, are precisely
alike, which adds to the probability of the suggested explanation of
their irregular growth. The fact of the characters of the disk, and
the number of the tentacula and marginal divisions being identical
with those of the animals first described, is a strong argument also
in favour of their all being only different forms of the same species.

Mr. Salmon exhibited at the Meeting a female bird of Baillon’s
Crake (Crea Baillonii) with seven eggs; they were taken by a fen-
man in Cambridgeshire, the bird having been ensnared during the
first week in August upon the nest, which was placed upon the
ground. This is the first authenticated instance of this species
having bred in the British Islands. The bird and eggs belong to
Mr. William Farren, of Cambridge.

INDEX.

The names of New Species, and of Species newly characterized, are printed in
Roman Characters ; those of Species previously known, but respecting which novel
information is given, in Italics; those of Species respecting which Anatomical Ob-

servations are made, in CAPriras.

Abastor, 385
Ablabes, 376
collaris, 382
Aburria carunculata, Temm. 76
Acanthophis, 384
antarctica, 3884.
Acanthylis albicollis, Vieill., 60
Acca, Hubner, 3, 11
aceris, Hiibner, 9
columena, Hubner, 7
—— heliodora, Hubner, 8
—— matuta, Hibner, 9
—— sulpitia, Hiibner, 18
Accipiter dussumiert, Sykes, 473
—— fuscus, Gm., 295
— nisus, Linn., 473
— poliocephalus, Gray, n.sp., 170
Achatinella (Newcombia) cinnamomea,
Pfr., 0. sp., 22
— gemma, Pfr. n.sp.,22 ,
—— —— minuscula, Pfr., n. sp., 22
sulcata, Pfr., n. sp., 22
Acmocera ferruginosa, White, n.sp., 400
triangularis, White, n. sp., 400
Acontias elegans, Hallowell, 156
— punetata, Leach, 157
Acontistes, Sund., 243
Acridotheres ginginianus, Lath., 480
tristis, Linn., 480
Acris, 394
Acrocephalus arundinaceus, Linn., 493
Acrochordus, 381, 382
Actinia, Linn., 148
bells, 145, 146, 149
biserialis, 148
clavata, 146, 148
coriacea, 146, 148
dianthus, 145, 146, 149
—— equina, 146
—— gemmacea, 146
—— mesembryanthemum, 148
parasitica, 145, 146, 149
—— viduata, 146, 148

Actiniadee, 147

Actiniade, 559

Actinie, 145, 558

Actiniloba, Blainv., 149
dianthus, 149

Actitis hypoleucus, Linn., 506
ochropus, Linn., 506
Adamsia, Forbes, 149

palliata, Forbes, 149
Aigithalus flammiceps, Burton, 480
Aithopyga miles, Hodgson, 496
Agama colonorum, Daud., 157
occipitalis, Gray, 157
Agaronia, Gray, 40, 51

cincta, Gray, 51

—— contortuplicata, Gray, 52
hiatula, Gray, 52
indusica, Gray, 51

—— nitelina, Gray, 52
testacea, Gray, 51
Agathopus, Sc/., n. g., 69
micropterus, Se/., n.sp., 69
Aglaia striata, Darwin, 453
Aglosse, 339

Agriornis solitaria, Sc/., n.sp., 553
Ahetulla, 379, 382, 386, 387
wrregularis, Ginther, 161
lateralis, 380

smaragdina, Giuther, 161
Alauda arvensis, Linn., 484
Alcedinide, 171

Alcedo bengalensis, Gmel., 474.
collaris, Scop., 171
gaudichaudi, Quoy, 171
Alcippe monacha, Gray, n.sp., 175
Alcis, 416

Alcyone azurea, Gould, 172
pulchra, Gould, 172
Aleyonium ocellatwm, 532
Alopecion, 379

fasciatum, Gunther, 159.
Alsodes, 395

monticola, 343

No. CCCLXXXII.—Procerpines OF THE ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

562

Alytes, 345, 390

obstetricans, 374

Alytide, 347

Amathella, Gray, 320

biserialis, Krauss, 320

uniserialis, Gray, 320

Amathia, Lamk., 320

cornuta, Lamk., 319

-— lendigera, Gray, 320

Amazilius arsinoé, Less., 297

corallirestris, Boure., 358

Amblycephalus, 381

Ambystoma, 394

opacum, Dum., 144

Ammoperdix bonhami, Gray, 503

Ampelide, 178

Ampelion arcuatus, Lafr., 553

rubrocristatus, Lafr., 553

Ampelis cedrorum, Vieill., 302

Amphiuma, 344, 394

Amphiumide, 143

Ampullaria tischbeini, Dohrn, n. sp.,
134

woodwardi, Dohrn, n. sp., 134

Anabates amazonus, Lafr., 61

erythrophthalmus, 62

erythropterus, Scl., 61

guianensis, 62

gutturatus, Lafr., 62

infuscatus, Sel., 61

lineaticeps, Scl., 61

—— melanopezus, Sc/., n. sp., 61

melanorhynchus, Tsch., 61

ochraceus, Lafr., 62

ochrolemus, Tsch., 61

—— pulvericolor, Sc/., n. sp., 62

—— pyrrhodes, Cab., 62

ruficaudatus, Lafr., 61

ruficaudus, Lafr., 456

Anas acuta, Linn., 510

boschas, Linn., 510

clypeata, Linn., 510

énornata, 290

—— pecilorhyncha, Penn., 510

Anazola, Gray, nu. g., 40, 50

—— acuminata, Gray, 50

—— gibbosa, Gray, 50

leucozonalis, Gray, 50

paniculata, Gray, 51

—— pulchella, Gray, 51

subulata, Gray, 50

undatella, Gray, 51

Ancilla maculata, Schum., 52

Andigena nigrirostris, Waterh., 75, 149

spilorhynchus, Gou/d, n.sp., 149

Andropadus erythropterus, G. 2. Gray,
n. sp., 292

Anellum, Carp., 416, 423

Anoplostheta jardinei, White, n. sp., 405

Anoura geoffroyii, Gray, 547

Anser albifrons, Linn., 509

INDEX.

Antechinus, 112

Anthea, Johnston, 147

Anthea cereus, 148

Anthozoa, Owen, 147

Anthus agilis, Sykes, 485

bogotensis, Scl., 550

rufescens, Lafr., 550

rufulus, Vieill., 485

trivialis, Linn., 485

Antilope bezoartica, Aldroy., 522

Antrostomus, 555

macromystax, Wagl., 296

Anura, 342, 345, 394

Aphrocallistes, Gray, n.g., 114

beatrix, Gray, n.sp., 115

Aphroceras, Gray, n. g., 113

- albicornis, Gray, n.sp., 114

Aplocnemia bispecularis, White, n. sp.,
401

Aquila bifasciata, Gray, 470 .
chrysaétos, Linn., 470
malayensis, Temm., 471

—— nevia, Gmel., 470

Ara militaris, Linn., 76

Arachnothera nove guinee, Gray, 173
Arboricola torqueola, Valenc., 503
Arca semitorta, 91

tortuosa, 91

Arctomys bobae, Schreb., 521

tibetanus, Hodgson, 521

Ardea aruensis, G. R. Gray, n.sp., 188
cinerea, Linn., 508

comata, Pallas, 508 /
virgo, 507

Ardetta minuta, Linn., 508

Arremon spectabilis, Scl., 72

Arrhyton, 386 ;

Arses chrysomelas, Less., 177
telescophthalmus, Less., 177
Artamus papuensis, G. R. Gray, 179
Arthroleptis, 392

Artibeus, Leach, 25 ae

Arytene, Gray, 0. £.,

ee iheno cane} Gray, 313

Ascaris leptocephala, Rudolphi, 224 .
Asinus hemionus, Pallas, 531 r
Asio brachyotus, Gmel., 473

Aspergillide, Gray, 308 ‘
Aspergillum, Lamk., 308, 311 P
agglutinans, Lamk., 313 @

—— annulus, Desh., 312

— australe, Chenu, 310
clavatum, Chenu, 313
—— cumingianum, Chenu, 310
delessertianum, Chenu, 309
dichotomus, Chenu, 312
gracilis, Desh., 313
encertum, Chenu, 310
incrassatum, Chenu, 313
javanum, Lamk., 308, 311
listeri, Gray, 308, 311

Aspergillum nove hollandie, Chenu, 313

nove zelandie, Gray, 313
—— ornatum, Chenu, 313
—— philippense, Chenu, 313
—— pulchellum, Desh., 311
—— pulchrum, Desh., 312
radix, Desh., 312
recluzianum, Chenu, 313
semifimbriatum, Chenu, 312
—— sparsum, Sow., 312
strangei, Adams, 317
strangulatum, Chenu, 313
—— tuberculatwm, Chenu, 313
—— vaginiferum, Lamk., 308, 309
zeluensis, Chenu, 313
Aspidura, 381, 383

Aster, 146

Asterophrydide, 347
Asterophrys, 392

Astur atricapillus, Wilson, 1
palumbarius, Linn., 473
Asturina magnirostris, Gmel., 451
schistacea, Sund., 128
Atelopus, 395

Athene brahma, Temm., 474.
brodiez, Burton, 474

— cuculoides, Vigors, 474
—— humeralis, Homb., 170
—— theomacha, Bp., 170
Athyma, Westw., 11

—— abiasa, Moore, n. sp., 16
asita, Moore, n. sp., 13
—— asura, Moore, n. sp., 17
—— bahula, Moore, n. sp., 12
—— cama, Moore, n.sp., 14
dama, Moore, u.sp., 19 —
eurynome, Westw., 10
—— gutama, Moore, n. sp., 20
—— helicopis, Westw., 8

—— idita, Moore, n. sp., 16
illigera, Escholtz, 19
—— inara, Doubleday, 13
jina, Moore, n.sp., 18
—— kanwa, Moore, nu. sp., 17
—— kasa, Moore, n.sp., 19
kresna, Moore, nu. sp., 12
larymna, Doubleday, 12
—— leucothoé, Zznn., 11
mahesa, Moore, n. sp., 15
—— nefte, Cramer, 13

—— opalina, Kollar, 11
pravara, Moore, n. sp., 19
—— ranga, Moore, n.sp., 15
—— reta, Moore, n. sp., 12
sankara, Moore, 18

—— selenophora, Moore, 14
strophia, Westw., 18
subrata, Moore, n.sp., 13
—— sulpitia, Moore, 18

—— venilhia, Linn., 20

—— wvikasi, Westw., 7

INDEX.

Atlapetes pileatus, Wagl., 304
Atractaspis, 379, 380

Atractaspis corpulentus, Hallow., 163

Atropos, 381

Atticora pileata, Gould, n. sp., 355

ere albivittatus, Boiss.,
7

Axis maculata, Brookes, 530
Axolotes, 394.

Balantia orientalis, Tl., 104.
Barbastellus, 26, 27, 28

Barita quoyi, Less., 180
Basileuterus rufifrons, Sw., 299
Batara, Less., 207

cinerea, Scl., 207

othello, Less., 208

striata, Less., 207

Batocera hercules, Bd., 399
rubus, 399

una, White, n. sp., 399
Batrachia Anura, 341
Batrachoseps, 394.

Baza stenozona, Gray, nu. sp., 169
Belideus ariel, Gould, 109
Bernicla indica, Gmel., 509
énornata, 290

Bernieria viridis, Bp., 288
Biblis, Fabr., 11

Boa, 386

hieroglyphica, Schn., 164:
— liberiensis, Hallow., 164
regia, Shaw, 164.

Boedon geometricus, Ginther, 159
lineatus, Dum., 158

niger, Gray, 158

—— quadrivirgatus, Hallow., 158
quadrivittatus, Hallow., 158
unicolor, Dum., 159

Boide, 154, 384, 385

Boina, 378, 379, 386

Bolitoglossa mexicana, Dum., 144
ruora, 144

Bolyeria, 384.

Bombinator, 390

igneus, 342, 343, 395
Bombinatoride, 347

‘“Bombinatorina, 347

Boodon, 379

Botaurus stellaris, Linn., 508
Bothriophis distinctus, Hichw., 160
Brachycephalide, 347 -
Brachycephalina, 347
Brachycephalus, 395, 396

-—— ephippium, 343

Brachycranion corpulentum, Hallow., 163

Brachymeride, 347
Brachymerus, 341, 392
fasciatus, 374:
Brachyorrhos, 381
Brachypternus aurantius, Linn., 475
Brachysoma, 384

564

Brachyurus mackloti, Bp., 175

nove guinee, Bp., 175

Bradybates, 390

: ventricosus, Tsch., 138

Breviceps, 392

Brochina, Gray, 435

glabra, Mont., 435, 437

—— glabriformis, Carp., n.sp., 437

Brochus, Brown, 419

annulatus, Brown, 414, 423

arcuatus, Brown, 414, 486

—— glaber, Brown, 436

—— glabrus, Brown, 414

—— levis, Brown, 414, 486

reticulatus, Brown, 414, 423

striatus, Brown, 414, 425

trachiformis, Brown, 414, 416,
425

Bryopa, Gray, 314

aperta, Gray, 314

lata, Gray, 315

Buarremon brunneinuchus, Lafr., 72, 303

latinuchus, 293

pallidinuchus, Boiss., 551

rufinuchus, Lafr., 293

schistaceus, Boiss., 551

Bubo bengalensis, Frankl., 473

crassirostris, Vieill., 451

nudipes, Vieill., 133

Bucco hyperrhynchus, Scl., 60

macrodactylus, Spix, 60

Bucephalus, 379

capensis, Smith, 162

Bucerotide, 95

Budytes citreola, Linn., 486

melanocephala, Sykes, 486

viridis, Scop., 486

Bufo, 345, 390

arabicus, Riipp., 166

calamita, 345

chilensis, 395

—— cinereus, Hallow., 165

granulosus, 395

guineensis, Giinther, 166

kelaartii, 393

— levis, Daud., 166

lentiginosus, 395

maculatus, Hallow., 165

— melanostictus, 393

—— pantherinus, Boie, 166

—— tuberosus, Ginther, 165

vulgaris, 390, 391, 395

Bufonide, 347

Bufonina, 347

Bulimus aureus, 91

Bulimus binneyanus, Pfr., n. sp., 257

cerwlescens, Pfr., n.sp.,257 *

catamarcanus, Pfr., n. sp., 256

clathratus, Pfr., n. sp., 258

farrisi, Pfr., n. sp., 258

mari, Albers., n. sp., 23

INDEX.

Bulimus patasensis, Pfr., n. sp., 257
platystomus, Pfr., n. sp., 256
—— ptychostylus, Pfr., n.sp., 256 *
—— vespertinus, Pfr., n. sp., 257
williamsi, Pfr., n. sp., 257
Bulla carpenteri, Hanley, n.sp., 543
Bungarus, 381

fasciatus, 383

Bunodes, Gosse, 145

Buteo abbreviatus, Cab., 131
albonotatus, 131

—— fuliginosus, Sce/., n. sp., 356
—— pennsylvanicus, Wils., 451
zonocercus, Scl., n. sp., 130
Buteogallus equinoctialis, 130
nigricollis, 130

Buthraupis chloronota, Scl., 551
Cacatua triton, Temm., 184

Caccabis chukar, Gray, 502

Cacia antennata, White, n. sp., 401
erisella, White, n. sp., 401
latifasciata, Whete, n. sp., 401
Cacicus cristatus, Gm., 72

—— icteronotus, Vieill., 455
montezuma, Less., 358
yuracarium, D’Orb., 72
Cecalium, Macgil., 419

Cecide, Gray, 419

Cecilia, 391

rostrata, Hallow., 164

Cecilie, 344

Ceecum, Flem., 419

abnormale, Carp., 420
annulatum, Brown, 423
antillarum, Carp., n.sp., 493
—— bimarginatum, Carp., n.sp., 431
— clarkii, Carp., 452

—— clathratum, Carp., 428
corrugulatum, Carp., n.sp., 433
—— dextroversum, Carp., n. sp., 433
— diminutum, Adams, 427

—— eburneum, Adams, 427

—— elegantissimum, Carp., 429 -
— elongatum, Carp., 424
farcimen, Carp., 451

—— firmatum, Adams, 427.

—— floridanum, Stimps., 428
glabrum, Flem., 436

— gracile, Carp., n. sp., 429
—— gurgulio, Carp., n. sp., 426
—— heptagonum, Carp., 422

—— imbricatum, Carp., 422

— imperforatum, Flem., 413, 425
incurvatum, Wood, 434
insculptum, Carp., 420

— leve, Adams, 431

laqueatum, Adams, 420

—— liratocinctum, Carp., 421

—— liratum, Carp., n.sp,, 421
—— mamillatum, Wood, 434-
monstrosum, Adams, 427

INDEX.

Cxeum nitidum, Stimps., 439
—— obsoletum, Carp., 426
—— obtusum, Carp., 421
—— plicatum, Carp., n.sp., 421
pollicare, Carp., n.sp., 452
—— pulchellum, Stimps., 424
— pygmeum, Adams, 427
—— quadratum, Carp., 428
repulare, Carp., n.sp., 428
reversum, Carp., n. sp., 434
—— searles-woodii, Carp., 430
— subimpressum, Carp., 424
—— subquadratum, Carp., 433
-—— subspirale, Carp., 419
—— subulatum, Wood, 434
teres, Carp., n.sp., 404
trachea, Mont., 424
—— tumidum, Carp., n.sp., 426
—— undatum, Carp., n.sp., 430
vitreum, Carp., 432
Caica barrabandi, Kuhl, 76
melanocephala, Gin., 76.
Calabaria, Gray, n.g., 154, 379
—— fusca, Gray, n.sp., 155, 164
Calabariina, Gray, 154
Calamaria, 377, 381, 382
meleagris, Reinh., 163
Calamaride, 382, 385
Calliope cyana, Hodgson, 492
pectoralis, Gould, 492
Callipepla picta, Douglas, 2
Calliste cyaneicollis, Lafr. 452
—— cyanotis, Sc/., n.sp., 294
frugilegus, Bp., 453
—— gyroloides, Lafr., 74, 453
—— labradorides, 294.
—— pulchra, Tsch., 74
schranki, Spix, 74, 453
—— venusta, Scl. 74, 294
santhocephala, Tsch., 294
yeni, Lafr., 453
Calocitta bullockii, Wagl., 358
Calornis viridescens, G. 2. Gray, n. sp.,
181
Calothorax Fannie, 450, 459
Calotriton, Gray, u.g., 189
punetulatus, Gray, 139
Calyptocephalus, 395, 396
Camaroptera, 291
Campephaga ceruleogrisea, G. R. Gray,
n.sp., L
— Tevilenea, G. R. Gray, n. sp., 179
melanops, G. R. Gray, 179
— polygrammica, G. fh. Gray, u.sp.,
9

Campylorhynchus megalopterus, Lafr.,
298

Canis aureus, Linn., 515
familiaris, Linn., 515
lupus, Linn., 515
Capito perurvianus, Cuv., 75

565

Capra caucasica, 525

—— himalayana, Hodgs., 523

Capricornis bubalina, Hodgs., 522

Caprimulgide, 170

Caprimulgus, 476

macromystax, Wagl., 296

macrurus, Horsf., 170

Caprovis argali, Pallas, 527

vigne?, Blyth, 526 -

Cardellina amicta, Bp., 299

rubra, Sw., 299

rubrifrons, Giraud, 299

Cardita variegata, 269, 270

Cardium aculeatum, 532

rusticum, 557

Carduelis caniceps, Vigors, 483

magellanica, Aud., 303

Carinina, 154.

Carmione, Gray, n.g., 39, 47

ventricosa, Gray, 47

Carpenteria, Gray, n.g., 269

balaniformis, Gray, n.sp., 269

Carphophis, 384.

Carpodacus erythrinus, Pallas, 482

hemorrhous, Licht., 303

rhodochrous, Gould, 482

Carpophaga chalybura, Bp., 187

luctuosa, Gould, 186

— miilleri, Temm., 186

—— pinon, Quoy, 186

: spilorrhoa, G. &. Gray, u.sp., 186

zoee, G. R. Gray, 186

Caryophyllacea, 559

Casarca rutila, Pallas, 509

Casarea, 379

Cassiculus leucorhamphus, Bp., 552

Cassidix oryzivora, Cab., 98

Casuarius bennettii, Gould, 271

emu, Lath., 187

galeatus, Vieill., 187

Catamenia analoides, Lafr., 450, 455, 552

homochroa, Se/., n.sp., 552

Catharus aurantiirostris, Scl., 97

—— maculatus, Verr., 64

melpomene, Cab., 97

Catreus wallichit, Hardw., 499, 545

Causus, 379

rhombeatus, Wagl., 163

Ceblephyris plumbea, Miller, 179

Celeopicus verreauxii, Malh., n.sp., 74

Celeus badioides, Scl., 359

eastaneus, Wagl., 359

grammicus, Malh., 74

—— jumana, Spix, 74

verreauxii, Madh., nu. sp., 74

Cenchris, 385

Centropus menebiki, Garn., 184

rufipennis, Illiger, 470

spilopterus, G. R. Gray, n. sp.,
184

Centurus santacruzt, Bp., 359

566

Cephalopterus ornatus, Geoffr., 71

Cerambyces, 92

Cerastes, 377, 378

nasicornis, Wagn., 163

Ceratites piperita, White, n. sp., 403

Ceratophryne, 392

Ceratophrys, 340, 395, 396

Cerberus, 381, 383, 384

Cercaspis, 381, 383

Cercomacra, Sc/., n. g., 244

atrothorax, Bodd., 245, 288

—— cerulescens, Viezll., 244

cinerascens, Sc/., 245

—— nigricans, Se/., n.sp., 245

tyrannina, Se/., 245

Cereopsius helena, White, n.sp., 412

Cereus, M.-Edw., 148

gemmaceus, 148

Certornis melanocephala, Gray, 498, 544

Cerosterna imitator, White, n.sp., 404

javana, White, n.sp., 403

—— plagiata, White, n.sp., 403

tessellata, White, n.sp., 404

Certhia mexicana, Reich., 297

Certhiola luteola, Cab., 452

Cervulus vaginalis, Bodd., 530

Cervus cashmeriensis, Falconer, 529

wallichit, Cuv., 529

Ceryle americana, Gm., 358

Ceyx azurea, Less., 172

— lessonii, Cassin, 172

—— meninting, Less., 172

—— pusilla, Temm., 172

solitaria, Temm., 172

Chena, Gray, 315

annulata, Gray, 316

—— tessellata, Gray, 315

Chenaina, Gray, 315

Chetusia gregaria, Pallas, 505

Chalcopsitta rubrifrons, G. R. Gray, n.
sp., 182

Chameleo, 340

bibronii, Martin, 158

— burchellii, Hallow., 158

cristatus, Stutch., 157

— dilepis, Leach, 157

gracilis, Hallow., 158

—— granulosus, Hallow., 158

owenti, Gray, 158

—— planiceps, Merr., 157

—— senegalensis, Daud., 157

tricornis, Gray, 158

vulgaris, Daud., 157

Chameospiza, Scl., n. g., 304

torquata, DuBus, 304

Chamepelia granatina, Bp., 556

rufipennis, Bp., 359

Chameza, Vigors, 278

brevicauda, Se/., 278

meruloides, Vig., 278

—— mollissima, Se/., 279

INDEX.

Chamezza monticola, Bp., 281

nana, Bp., 284

—— nobilis, Gould, 68, 279

—— olivacea, Tsch., 279

Chamezosa, Cab., 278

brevicauda, Cab., 278

—— marginata, Burm., 278

olivacea, Cab., 279

Charadella, Gray, n. g., 320, 321

trifida, Gray, 320, 321

Charadriade, 187

Charadrius inornatus, G. R. Gray, 187

leschenaultiz, Less., 505

magnirostris, Lath., 187

resplendens, Tsch., 556

xanthocheilus, Wagl., 187 *

Charina, 384, 385

Chaucalcyon gaudichaudi, Less., 171

Chaus libycus, Gray, 514

Cheiroptera, 115

Chelidon cashmeriensis, Gould, nu. sp.,
356, 494

Chelydobatrachus, 393

Chemnitzia, 416

Chersydrus, 381, 382

Chilabothrius, 386

Chionis alba, 99

Chiradota, Esch., 365

discolor, Esch., 366

— levis, 366

lumbricus, Esch., 366

—— purpurea, Less., 366

verrucosa, 360

violacea, 366

Chiroleptes, 393

Chiromantis, 392

Chloephaga magellanica, 289

poliocephala, 289

Chlorisodon, 377

Chlorochrysa calliparea, Tsch., 74

Chlorenas albilinea, Bp., 556

fasciata, Say, 305

speciosa, Gm., 76

Chloronerpes, 555

selyst, Malh., 74

Chlorophanes atricapilla, Vieill., 61,
452

Chlorophis heterodermus, Hallow., 158

Chloropsis malabaricus, Jard., 475

Chlorospingus, 72

albitemporalis, Lafr., 293

—— castaneicollis, Sc/., n. sp., 293

melanotis, 294

rubrirostris, 294

Chrysomitris, 450, 454

Chrysomitris icterica, Licht., 552

—— mexicana, Sw., 303

notata, DuBus, 303

Chrysopelea, 379, 381

ornata, 382

preornata, Giinther, 158

INDEX. 567

Chrysothraupis frugilegus, Bp., 453
Chrysotis albifrons, Sparm., 359
amazonica, Gin., 75
farinosa, Bodd., 75
mercenaria, Tsch., 75
Chrysuronia enone, Less., 460
Ciccaba huhula, Daud., 96
Cichlopsis, Cab., 541-2
leucogonys, Cad., 542
Cicinnurus spinturniz, Less., 181
* Ciconia alba, Belon, 508
leucocephala, Gra., 508
nigra, Linn., 508

Cinclodes bifasciatus, Sc/., n.sp., 448
Cinclosoma setifer, Hodgs., 488
Cinclus americanus, Sw., 3
Cinnicerthia unibrunnea, Lafr., 550
Cinnyris aspasia, Less., 173
clementie, Less., 173

nove guinee, Less., 173
sericea, Less., 173

zenobia, Less., 173

Cinyxis denticulata, Hallow., 166
homeana, Hallow., 166
Circaétus gallicus, Gmel., 472
Circe latirostris, Sw., 297

Circus eruginosus, Linn., 472
montagut, Vieill., 472
swainsoni, Smith, 472
Cirrhipipra filicauda, Spix, 71
Cissopis minor, Tsch., 454
Claneophila, Gray, n.g., 39, 47
auricularia, Gray, 48.

—— brasiliana, Gray, 48
gibbosa, Gray, 48
Clavagella, Gray, 259, 314
aperta, Sow., 314

australis, Stutchb., 315
—— cuaillate, Desh., 314

—— coronata, Desh., 314.

—— cristata, Lamk., 314
echinata, Lamk., 314
elongata, Brod., 315

—— lagenalis, Desh., 314

lata, Brod., 315

mammot, 815

melitensis, Brod., 314

rape, Rang, 315

wivens, Aud., 315
Cleodoride, 416 x6
Clepsydra, Gray, n.g.,

a ee ealate: Gray, 313
Cliftia, 381

Clotho, 379

lateristriga, Gray, 163
—— nasicornis, Gray, 163
Clothonia, 381

Coccoborus chrysopeplus, Bp., 454
Coccothraustes chrysopeplus, Vig., 454
olivaceus, Fraser, 291 ~
Ceeligena fulgens, Sw., 297

Celopeltis, 377, 378

—— lacertina, Wagl., 160
virgata, Hallow., 158
Colaptes elegans, Fraser, 555
meaxicanus, Sw., 305
Collocalia arborea, Gould, 171
hypoleuca, Gray, n.sp., 170
nidifica, Gray, 170
Colobathris, Cab., 279 -
macularia, Cab., 282
rex, Cab., 280

tinniens, Cab., 281
Colopterus cristatus, Cab., 70
Coluber, 376, 381, 385
celiffordit, Schl., 162
eonspicillatus, 383
crucifer, Merr., 160
elegans, Shaw, 160
irregularis, Leach, 161
trrorata, Leach, 159
—— levis, Hallow., 161
—— nasicornis, Shaw, 163
— palmarum, Leach, 161
—— philippsi, Hallow., 160
quadrilineatus, 378

— rufescens, Gmel., 161
—— scaver, Linn., 161

sebe, Gmel., 164
sibilans, Linn., 160
Colubrina, 377, 379, 385, 386
Columba enea, Temm., 187
alba, Muller, 186
leuconota, Vigors, 497
livia, Briss., 497
millertz, Temm., 186
perlata, Temm., 185
—— phasianella, Temm., 187
pinon, Quoy, 186

—— superba, Temm., 184
zoe@, Less., 186
Columbide, 184-

Columbula eruziana, 450, 461
Compsothlypis mexicana, Cab., 299
Conchoderma virgata, Spengler, 372
Conirostrum fraseri, Sc/., n. sp., 452
superciliosum, Hartl., 299
Conocephalus, 384
Conopophaga, Vieiil., 284
angustirostris, Cab., 252
ardesiaca, D’ Orb., 286
—— aurita, Gm., 285
castaneiceps, Sc/., 286
cucullata, Scl., 287
dorsalis, Mén., 287
leucotis, Vieill., 285
—— lineata, Maz., 68, 285
melanogastra, Mén., 285
— melanops, Vieill., 286
—— nevia, D’Orb., 253
—— nevioides, Lafr., 254
—— nana, Sel., 284

568

Conopophaga nigrogenys, Less., 287
aay Ae Cabs, 286
—— peruviana, DesMurs, 68, 286
ruficeps, Sw., 287

—— therese, DesM., 253

——- torrida, Sc/., n.sp., 68, 285
vulgaris, Mén., 285
Conopsis, 384

Contia, 385

Contopus bogotensis, Bp., 459
borealis, Sw., 301

Conurus jugularis, Dev., 76
weddelli, Dev., 76
Copsychus saularis, Linn., 491
Copurus leuconotus, Lafr., 71
Coraciade, 171

Coracias indica, Linn., 474
pacifica, Lath., 171
varians, Gmel., 180
Corallus, 386

Coriphilus placentis, G. R. Gray, 182
Cornalia, Gray, n. g., 321
australasix, Gray, 321
Corniculina, Miinst., 419
Cornufer, 392, 393

unicolor, 396

Cornuoides, Brown, 419

major, Brown, 414, 416, 425
minor, Brown, 414, 486
Coronella, 376, 377

australis, 384

—— austriaca, 378

cucullata, 378

— fuliginoides, Ginther, 162
girundica, 378
triangularis, Hallow., 161
Corticifera, 5382

Corvus corax, Linn., 477

cornix, Linn., 477

corone, Linn., 478

—— culminatus, Sykes, 477
Srugilegus, Linn., 477
macrorhynchus, Wagl., 180
—— melanops, Lath., 179
monedula, Linn., 478

orru, Miller, 180

—— splendens, Vieill., 477
thibetanus, Hodgs., 477
Corynactis, 558

Coryphodon, 376, 381, 385, 386, 387
blumenbachii, 382
Corythopis, Sundeval, 287
anthoides, Cuv., 288
calcarata, Max, 287
nigricincta, D’Orb., 288
torquata, Tsch., 288
Cotinga maynana, Linn., 71
Coturniculus peruanus, Bp., 455
Coturnix communis, Bonn., 504
coromandelica, Gin., 504
pentah, Sykes, 504

INDEX.

Cotyle riparia, Linn., 495

sinensis, Gray, 495

Cracticus personatus, Temm., 180

guoyt, G. R. Gray, 180

Craspedocephalus, 386

Creseis, 419

rugulosa, Cantr., 425

Creurgops, Scl., n. g., 73

verticalis, Sc/., n.sp., 73

Crex bailloniz, 560

Cribrillina, Gray, 270

Cribrina, Ehrend., 148

coriacea, 148

Crocodilus acutus, 319

cataphractus, Cuv., 167

leptorhynchus, Benn., 167

Crossodactylus, 395

Crotalophorus, 385

Crotalus, 385

horridus, 386

Crotophaga rugirostris, Sw., 359

Cryptopodus aubryii, Dum., 167

Cryptopus senegalensis, Dum., 167

Cuculide, 184

Cuculus assimilis, G. R. Gray, n. sp., 184

; canorus, Linn., 476

—— megarhynchus, G. R. Gray, n.sp.,
184

Cuncuma leucogaster, Gray, 169
Cuon primevus, Hodgs., 514
Cursorius coromandelicus, Gim., 504
Cuscus albus, Less., 104

ambotnensis, Lacép., 104
brevicaudatus, Gray, n.sp., 102
—— celebensis, Gray, n.sp., 105
macrourus, Less., 101, 108
— maculatus, Zess., 101, 108

— orientalis, Gray, 104, 109

—— quoyii, Less., 104, 109

ursinus, Zemm., 103

Cusoria, 381

Cyanecula suecica, Linn., 492
Cyanocitta californica, Vig., 302
coronata, Sw., 802, 359

turcosa, Bp., 552

Cyanocorax incas, Bodd., 72
melanocyaneus, Hartl., 359
violaceus, DuBus, 72, 456
Cyclanosteus frenatus, Peters, 167
—— petersti, Gray, 167

Cyclocorus, 381

Cyclophis, 376, 382, 385

calamaria, 383

Cyclopsitta diophthalmia, Hs et J., 183 j
Cyclorhamphus, 395

Cyclorhis flavipectus, Se/., n.sp., 448
flaviventris, Lafr., 448

—— guianensis, Gin., 448 &
nigrirostris, Lafr., 448 |
ochrocephalus, Tsch., 448
viridis, Vieill., 448

~ lee We

INDEX.

ee enynebus eequinoctialis, Se/., n. sp.,

olivaceus, 70

Cylichna carpenteri, Hanley, n. sp., 548

_ Cylindrella eximia, Pfr., n.sp., 23

- Cylindrophina, 154

Cylindrophis, 381

maculata, 383

Cylindrosoma, 394

Cylindrus erythrostoma, Menschen, 42

— nigellus, Menschen, 42

Cymbilanius, G. &. Gray, 206

—— lineatus, G. R. Gray, 65, 206

Cynophis helena, 383

Cynops, Gray, n.g., 138

pyrrhogaster, Gray, 138

Cynopteris marginatus, Gray, 35, 537
-— horsfieldii, Gray, 537

Cyphorinus leucostictus, Cab., 63, 96

—— modulator, D’Orb., 63

prostheleucus, Scl., 64, 96

Cypselus afinis, Gray, 477

apus, Linn., 477

- meloa, Linn., 477

—— mystaceus, Less., 170

Cyrena cochinensis, Hanley, u.sp., 543

tennentii, Hanley, n. sp., 23

Cyrtactis, Thomps., n.g., 148

clavata, Thomps., 148

Cyrtonyx massena, Less., 305

Cyrtophis, 379

Cystignathide, 347, 396

Cystignathus, 340, 392-6

senegalensis, Dum., 165

Daboia, 381

elegans, 383

Dacelo chlorocephatus, Less., 172

—— gaudichaudi, Gray, 171

tyro, Gray, n.sp., 171

Dacnis angelica, De Fil., 452

cayana, Linn., 61, 452

Dacosta, Gray, n.g., 315

australis, Gray, 315

Dactylethra, 347, 391, 393

capensis, Cuy., 166

—— /evis, Ginther, 166

—— miilleri, Peters, 166

Dactylethride, 348

Dactylopsila, Gray, n.g., 109

trivirgata, Gray, n.sp., 111

Dasycephala albifrons, Gray, 273

Dasypeltis, 379

inornata, Smith, 161

—— palmarum, Gimther, 161

scabra, Wagl., 161, 379

Dasypus gigas, 340

as enone. Less., 297

henrici, Less., 297

rhami, Less., 297

Dendraspis, 379, 380

angusticeps, Gray, 160

569

Dendraspis jamesonii, Gray, 160

Dendrocitta rufa, Levaill., 479

sinensis, Lath., 479

Dendrocolaptes atrirostris, Lafr., 63

sanctt thome, Lafr., 96

Dendrocygna autumnalis, Linn., 360

Dendroica auduboni, Towns., 298

nigrescens, Towns., 298

olivacea, Giraud, 298

Dendrolagus inustus, Miller, 106

ursinus, Muller, 106

Dendrophis, 381, 382, 383, 384

albovariata, Smith, 161

chenont2, Reinh., 161

colubrina, Schl., 162

—— flavigularis, Hallow., 162

nigrolineatus, Schl., 160

picta, 382

—— preornatus, Schl., 158

—— punctulata, 382, 384.

smaragdina, Schl., 158, 161

Dendrornis, 456

brevirostris, Lafr., 63

pallidirostris, Latr., 63

Dentaliopsis, Clark, 415, 419

Dentalium, 413, 419

glabrum, Mont., 414, 435

—— imperforatum, Mont., 414, 425

imeurvum, Renier, 425

minutum, Linn., 413, 435

trachea, Mont., 414, 425

Desmodactylus, 394

Desmodus rufus, Pr. Max., 547

@orbignyi, Waterh., 547

Desmognathus, 394-

uscus, Gray, 144

Diadema deois, Hewitson, n. sp., 464

pandarus, Linn., 4

Diallactes, Reich., 207

Diastocera catherina, White, n. sp., 402

Diczeum ignicolle, Gray, n.sp., 173

nigrum, Less., 173

rushi@, Cassin, 291

Dicrurus assimilis, G. &. Gray, nu. sp.,
179

bracteatus, Gould, 179

—— cerulescens, Linn., 495

—— longicaudatus, A. Hay, 495

—— megalornis, G. R. Gray, u. sp.,
179

Didelphis asiaticus, Pallas, 106

orientalis, Pallas, 104

Didelphys cinerea, 548

pusilla, Desm., 548

Diemansia, 384

Diglossa aterrima, Lafr., 551

personata, Fraser, 551

Dimades, 384 :

Dinophis angusticeps, Dum., 160

hammond, Hallow., 160

Diplopelma, 392

570

Dipsadide, 386

Dipsadoboa, 379, 386, 387
unicolor, Ginther, 162
Dipsadomorphus, 381, 386, 387
—— ceylonensis, 383

—— nigromarginatus, 383
Dipsas, 376, 379, 381, 384

—— blandingti, Hallow., 159
—— carinatus, Hallow., 161
— cenchoa, 386

—— fasciatus, Fischer, 162
—— fusca, 384

globiceps, Fischer, 161
hippocrepis, Reinh., 161
—— pulverulenta, Fischer, 162
regalis, Gray, 162

—— valida, Fischer, 162
Discoglosside, 347

Discoglossus, 390

Dispholides lalandii, Duver., 162
Distichurus maculatus, Hallow., 163
Ditrupa gadus, 413

Docimastes ensifer, Boiss., 555
Dolichonyx oryzivorus, Linn., 72
Dorcopsis asiaticus, Gray, 106
Dromicus, 386

DS 382 a

Dr ila, Sw.,

A Sw., 246

—— cinnamomea, Bp., 249

—— leucopus, Sw., 248

—— longipes, Sw., 249

loricata, Bp., 248

—— myiotherina, Bp., 251
ruficauda, Less., 289
trifasciata, Sw., 246
variegata, Such, 239
Dryocopus albirostris, Spix, 75

, Vieill., 460
guatimalensis, Hartl., 359
—— hematogaster, Tsch., 75
—— leucorhamphus, Reichb., 359
—— pileatus, Linn., 2
scapularis, Wagl., 359
Dryophis, 376, 379, 381-3, 386-7
kirtlandit, Hallow., 159, 382
Dujardinia, Gray, n.g., 270
mediterranea, Gray, n.sp., 270
Dysactis, M.-Hdw., 148
biserialis, 148

Dysidea fragilis, 559

papillosa, Johnston, 531, 557
Dysithamuus, Cad., 221
guttulatus, Licht., 221

—— leucostictus, Sc/., n.sp., 66, 223
—— mentalis, Temm., 221

— oliyaceus, Cab., 541

—— plumbeus, Max., 222

—— plumbeus, Max., 457

—— schistaceus, D’ Orb., 66, 222
—— semicinereus, Scl., 66, 222

INDEX.

oe xanthopterus, Burm.,
Echidna atricauda, 378

—— gaboonica, Dum., 163
mauritanica, 378
nasicornis, Merr., 163
Echimypera kalulu, Less., 113
Echimys cayenensis, Geoffr., 548
Echinodermata, 362

Echis, 377, 378, 381, 383
carinata, 375, 378

—— squamigera, Hallow., 163
Eclectus aruensis, G. R. Gray, 182
— linnei, Wagl., 182
polychloros, 182

—— puniceus, Bp., 182

Elenia, 450

—— albiceps, Lafr., 71
eayennensis, Linn., 458
—— luteiventris, Sc/., n.sp., 71
—— pagana, 71

Elainia griseigularis, Sc/., n.sp., 554
stictoptera, Sc/., n.sp., 554
Elanus melanopterus, Daud., 472
Elaphis, 381

quadrivirgatus, 383
subradiatus, 383

virgatus, 383
Elapocephalus, 386

Elapoidis, 381

Elapomorphus, 386

alvensis, Dum., 163
Elaps, 379, 381, 382, 385, 386
jamesonit, Traill, 160
subradiatus, 383

Electra verticillata, E7is, 306
Elephantulum, 416, 419
Ellipsoglossa, 390, 391

Ellipura, Cab., 238

cerulescens, Cab., 244
Serruginea, Cab., 239
grisea, Cab., 238
maculata, D’Orb., 242
—— malura, Cab., 241

rufa, Cab., 240

sguamata, Cab., 241
Elosia, 395, 396

Emberiza caniceps, Gould, 483
cyanopis, Gm..,

—— quadricolor, Gm., 461
stewarti, Blyth, 483
Embernagra rufivirgata, 304
Empidonax, 459

bairdi, Sc/., n.sp., 301
— fulvifrons, Giraud, 301
Emyda aubryii, Gray, 167
senegalensis, Gray, 167
Emys laticeps, Gray, 166
Engystoma, 394, 395

guttatum, Rapp., 343
Engystomide, 347

INDEX. 571

Enicognathus rhodogaster, 380

Eniconetta, G. R. Gray, 78

Enicurus maculatus, Vig., 489

scoulert, Vig., 489

Ensatina, 394

eschscholtzia, Esch., 144

Enygrus, 384.

Ephiaites flammeola, Licht., 96

nudipes, Cass., 133

Epicrates, 386

Erinaceus collaris, Gray, 520

Erythrolamprus, 386

Erythrosterna leucura, Gm., 492

Erythrura cyanovirens, Peale, 462

pealu, Hartl., 462

—— phaéton, Homb., 462

prasina, Sparm., 461

—— psittacea, Gm., 462

—— pucheranii, Bp., 462

trichroa, K7z¢l., 461

—— tricolor, Vieill., 462

viridis, Sw., 461

Eryx, 377

—— jaculus, 278

reinhardtii, Schl., 164

Esacus magnirostris, G. R. Gray, 187

Estrelda amandava, Linn., 481

Hubucco hartlaubi, 75

Euchetes, Verr., n.g., 73

— coccineus, Verr., n.sp., 73

Euchlornis frontalis, Sc/., n. sp., 446

Eucometis albicollis, Lafr., '72

Eudipsas, 381, 386, 387

Eulabeornis castaneoventris, Gould, 188

Eunectes, 386

Euophrys, 381

Euphonia elegantissima, Bp., 303

—— nigricollis, Vieill., 551

—— rufiventris, Vieill., 74

xanthogastra, Sund., 74, 452

Euplectella, Owen, 115°

Euplocamus albocristatus, Vig., 499

melanotus, Blyth, 499

Eupodotis edwardii, Gray, 504

Euprepis albilabris, Hallow., 156

blandingii, Hallow., 156

frenatus, Hallow., 156

. —— harlani, Hallow., 156

—— perrotetiz, Dum., 156 .

—— quinqueteniatus, Wagl., 156
raddont, Gray, 156 ~

stangeri, Gray, 156

striata, Hallow., 156

Euproctus, Gray, n.g., 139, 391

potreti, 391

rusconii, Gray, 139

Eurystomus australis, Sw., 171 -

orientalis, Linn., 171

Euscarthmus cinereus, Strick., 458 —

Euspiza lathami, Gray, 483

—— liteola, Lath., 483

Euspiza simillima, Blyth, 483

| Ezocetus volitans, 372

Falcinellus igneus, Gm., 507
Falco esalon, Gm., 473
anthracinus, Licht., 129
—— ardesiacus, Licht., 128
—— chiquera, Daud., 473
—— guianensis, Daud., 130
leucogaster, Gm., 169
—— meridionalis, Lath., 180
—— peregrinator, Sundey., 473
peregrinus, Linn., 472
—— unicinctus, Temm., 130
urubitinga, 129

zonurus, Shaw, 129
Farancia, 384.

Fartulum, Carp., 416, 431
Felis chaus, Gildst., 514-
pardus, Linn., 513

tigris, Linn., 513
Ferania, 381

Feylenia currort, Gray, 156
Ficimia, 386

Fistulana clava, Lamk., 315
Fistulane, 316

Fistularia, Forsk., 365

Flustra verticillata, Ellis, 306 ~
Foegia, Gray, u.g., 313
agelutinans, Gray, 313
Foraminifera, 270

Fordonia, Gray, 381
Formicariidz, Sc/., 206
Formicarius, Bodd., 276

analis, D’ Orb., 277

—— analis, Lafr., 68
brevicauda, Bodd., 281
cayanensis, Bodd., 277
erythropterus, Gould, 276
lineatus, Gray, 247

—— moniliger, Sc/., 278
nigrifrons, Gould, 68, 277
nigromaculatus, Lafr., 68, 276
torquatus, Bodd., 275
trivittatus, Scl., 278
varius, Bodd., 280
Formicivora, Swains., 238
alapi, D’Orb., 245

atra, Mén., 246, Tsch,, 288
—— axillaris, Cab., 236

—— boucardi, Sc/., n.sp., 300
brevicauda, Sw., 237
cerulescens, Mén., 244
callinota, Scl., 242
caudata, Scl., 67, 240
—— cinerascens, Scl., 67, 245
— cinnamomea, Gray, 249
deluz@, Mén., 238
domicella, Mén., 246
—— erythrocera, Sc/., n.sp., 240
—— erythronota, Hartl., 236
—— ferruginea, Licht., 239

572

Formicivora genexi, De Filippi, 239

grisea, Bodd., 238
guttata, Less., 289

—— hematonota, Scl., 285
hauxwelli, Scl., 67, 237
hemimelena, Scl., 249
intermedia, Cab., 238
lafresnayana, D’Orb., 289
leucophrys, Bp., 238
loricata, Mén., 248

—— maculata, Sw., 241, 242
—— malura, Temm., 241
—— maura, Mén., 246

—— melena, Scl., 237
melanaria, Mén., 245
melanura, Mén., 245
—— menetriesi, D’Orb., 67, 237
nigricollis, Sw., 238
ornata, Scl., 67, 235
—— pileata, Mén., 233

—— pygmea, Gm., 67, 234
—— quadrivittata, Cab., 234
—— quixensis, Corn., 241
rufa, Maz., 2

rufatra, Cab., 239
rufimarginata, Mén., 233
squamata, Licht., 241
strigilata, Max., 242
urosticta, Scl., 238
Formicivorinez, Sc/., 232, 272
Francolinus vulgaris, Steph., 502
Fregata aquila, 318

Fregilus graculus, Linn., 478
Fringilla psittacea, Gin., 462
pulchella, Forster, 462
rubrifrons, Gould, 484
—— sphenura, Temm., 461
trichroa, Kittl., 461
tricolor, Vieill., 462
Fulica atra, Linn., 508
Fuligula nyroca, Gild., 510
rufina, Pallas, 510
Furcella, 258

Furipterus, 118

Fusus fasciolanus, 144

— turbinella, 144

Galbula chalcothorazx, Scl., 61.
leucogaster, Vieill., 61
—— melanogenia, Scl., 357
Galeola, Gray, n. g., 39, 48
—— avellana, Gray, 49

—— carniola, Gray, 49

—— dactyola, Gray, 49
irisans, Gray,

—— lepida, Gray, 49

picta, Gray, 50

—— pygmea, Gray, 50

—— tigrina, Gray, 49
volvarioides, Gray, 50
Galerida chendoola, Frankl., 485
Gallinago gallinula, Linn., 506

INDEX.

Gallinago nemoricola, Hodgs., 506
scolopacinus, Bonap., 506
Gallinula chloropus, Temm., 508
Gallophasis albocristatus, 544, 545
—- horsfieldii, 544, 545
melanotus, 545

Gallus bankiva, Temm., 498
Serrugineus, Gmn., 498
Garrulus californicus, Vig., 302
coronatus, Sw., 302

gularis, Gray, 479
Gastrocheena, Gray, 259, 316
cunetformis, Lamk., 316

—— hians, Gray, 316

—— modiolina, Zamk., 316
sprenylex, 316
Gastrocheenaina, Gray, 316
Gastrochenide, Gray, 315

Gecinus sguamatus, Vigors, 475
Gecko recvesit, 92

Gelochelidon anglicus, Mont., 509
Geococcyx affinis, Hartl., 305
Geositta, 553

Geospiza cyanovirens, Peale, 462
prasina, Peale, 462
Geospizopsis melanotis, Bp., 98
typus, 98

Geothlypis speciosa, Sc/., n.sp., 447
Geotriton, 391

fuscus, Dum., 144, 391
Geotrygon albifacies, G. R. Gray, 98
—— caniceps, Cab., 99

chiriquensis, Bp., 98

Gerarda, Gray, 386

Gerbillus indicus, Hardw., 520
Gerrhosaurus nigrolineatus, Hallow., 156
ie chrysogaster, Gray, n. sp.,

Glareola pratincola, 100
Glaucidiwn, 556

Glossoliga, Gray, n.g., 138

poireti, Gray, 138
Glossophaga ecaudata, Geoftr., 547
Glottis melanoleuca, 450, 461
Glycimeris margaritaceus, Lamk., 314
Glyciphila modesta, Gray, n.sp., 174
ocularis, Gould, 174
Glyphodon, 384

Glyphorhynchus cuneatus, Bp., 63
Gnathodon cuneatus, 23
Gongylophis, 381

Gonyosoma, 381, 382

Gracula dumontii, Wagl., 182
Graculus carbo, Linn., 509
pygmeus, Pallas, 509

sinensis, Shaw, 509

Grallaria, Vieill., 279

brevicauda, Bodd., 281
brevicauda, Lafr., 278

—— ferrugineipectus, Scl., 284
—— flavirostris, Sel., n. sp., 68, 283

INDEX.

Grallaria flaviventris, Sc/., n. sp., 68, 282
—— fusca, Vieill., 280
guatimalensis, Prev., 280
—— hypoleuca, Scel., 281

—— imperator, Lafr., 280
loricata, Scl., 68, 284
macularia, Zemm., 282
marginata, Gray, 278
—— modesta, Scl., 281

—— monticola, Lafr., 281

—— nana, Lafr., 284
ochroleuca, Max, 282
olivacea, Gray, 279
quitensis, Less., 281

rex, Latr., 280

ruficapilla, Lafr., 282
rufula, Lafr., 283
squamigera, Prev., 280, 553
tinniens, Bp., 2

varia, Bodd., 280
Grallaricula, Sc/., n. g., 283
ferrugineipectus, Se/., 284
—— flayvirostris, Se/., 283
loricata, Sc/., 284

nana, Lafr., 284
Granatellus sall@i, Scl., 97
venustus, 97

Grantia botryoides, 114
Graucalus hypoleucus, Gould, 179
melanotis, Gould, 179
Grayia silurophaga, Ginther, 162
Grus antigone, 507

cinerea, Bechst., 507
Gymnocichla, Se/., n.g., 274
—— nudiceps, Scl., 274
Gymnopithys, Bp., 273
Gypaétus barbatus, Linn., 467
Gyps bengalensis, Gmel., 469
indicus, Scop., 468
Hematopus longirostris, Vieill., 188
— ostralegus, Mill., 188 -
Hemophila rufescens, Sw., 98
superciliosa, 98

Haleyon collaris, Sw., 171
sancta, Vig. et Horsf., 172
smyrnensis, Linn., 474
sordida, Gould, 172 —~
Halcyonide, 95 ;
Haliaétus girrenera, Vieill., 169
leucogaster, Gould, 169
leucosternus, Gould, 169
macei,Temm.,471
Haliastur indus, Bodd., 471
Halicore australis, Owen, 107
Halmaturus brunnit, I1., 106
Hamadryas, 381

Haplocercus, 381, 383
Hapsidophrys, 379

—— ceruleus, Fischer, 161
lineatus, Fischer, 160
Harpiprion cayennensis, Gm., 77

573

Hedruris, Nitzsch, 224
androphora, Nitzsch., 224
siredonis, Baird, u.sp., 225
Hedymeles melanocephalus, Sw., 303
Helarctos tibetanus, F. Cuy., 518
Heleioporus, 345, 393

Heliactis, Thomps., n.g., 148 —
bellis, ZThomps., 149
Helicops, 384.

Helix albizonata, Dohrn, n.sp., 133
congrua, Pfr., n.sp., 21
fricki, Pfr., n.sp., 21
lamellosa, Fér., 22

—— purchasi, Pfr., n.sp., 21
testudo, Pfr., n.sp., 21
wallacei, Pfr., n.sp., 20
Helminthophaga celata, Say, 298
Hemichelidon fuliginosa, Hodgs., 493
Hemidactylus angulatus, Hallow., 157
formosus, Hallow., 157
Hemisalamandra, Dugés, 140
cristata, Dugés, 143
marmorata, Dugés, 140
Hemisus, 392

guttatum, 343

Hemitragus jemlaicus, H. Smith, 523
Hemitriton, Dugés, 142

alpestris, Dugés, 142

asper, Dugés, 139

bibronii, 139

cinereus, Dugés, 139

—— punctulatus, Dugés, 139
rugosus, 139

Hepoona, 111

Herodias alba, Linn., 508
bubuleus, Sav., 508

picata, Gould, 188
Herpestes griseus, Geoff., 516
nyula, Hodgs., 516
Herpetodryas, 385, 386, 387
bernierti, 380
quadrilineatus, 380
Herpsilochmus, Cab., 233
argentatus, DesM., 250
—— pectoralis, Sel., 233

pileatus, Licht., 233
rufimarginatus, Zemm., 283
Hesperiphona icteriotdes, Vig., 483
Hesperomys cephalotes, Desmi., 548
longicaudatus, Bennett, 548
squamipes, Licht., 548
Heterocnemis, Scl., 247
albigularis, Sc/., n.sp., 67
neevia, Strichl., 247
Heterodon, 385, 386, 387
Heteroglossa, 391

— africana, Hallow., 165
Heterolepis bicarinatus, Schl., 162
poensis, Smith, 162
Heteronotus, 379

triangularis, Hallow., 161

574 INDEX.

Heterurus atrifasciatus, 380
gaimardzi, 380

rufescens, Dum., 161
Hiaticula inornata, Gould, 187
philippina, Scop., 505
rufinella, Blyth, 505
Hiatula lamarckii, Swains., 52
Himantopus candidus, Bonn., 505
Hipistes, 386

Hipposideros aruensis, Gray, n.sp., 107
insignis, Gray, 108
speoris, Sch., 108

Hircus megaceros, Hutton, 525
Hirundinide, 170

Hirundo brevirostris, M‘Clell., 171
daurica, Linn., 494

—— filifera, Steph., 494

—— fuciphaga, Thunb., 171
—— melanogaster, Sw., 296
nidifica, Gray, 171
nigricans, Vieill., 171
rustica, Linn., 494
Histiotus velatus, P. Gerv., 546
Holocnemis, Strickl., 247
cinnamomea, Strickl., 249
—— flammatus, Strickl., 247
lineata, Cab., 247

nevia, Strickl., 247
Hologerrhum, 381

Holothuria digitata, Mont., 361
flava, Rathke, 366
inherens, Miller, 360, 363
Holuropholis, 379

olivaceus, Dum., 159
Homalocranion, 386
Homalopsis, 381

Homalosoma, 379

Homonotus audax, Hallow., 159
Hoplocephalus, 384

Hortulia, 379

regia, Gray, 164

—— sebe, Gray, 164
Humphreyia, Gray, 316
strangel, Gray, 317
Humphreyiade, Gray, 316
Hyena striata, Zimm., 514
Hydride, 381

Hydrobata asiatica, Swains., 489
cinclus, Linn., 489
Hydrophasianus chirurgus, Seop., 507
Hydrops, 386

Hyelaphus porcinus, Sundey., 530
Hygina, 386

Hyla, 390

arborea, 390, 391, 395
aubryi, Hallow., 165, 392
—— euphorbiacea, 395

—— punctata, Hallow., 165
versicolor, 395
Hyledactylide, 347
Hyledactylus, 341

Hylaplesia, 341, 395
Hylapleside, 347

Hylaplesina, 347

Hylarana, 392, 393

erythrea, 393

Hylide, 340, 347, 396

Hylina, 347, 396

Hylodes, 341, 395, 396
Hylodide, 347

Hylorhina, 395

Hyperolius, 392

marmoratus, Rapp, 165
—— ocellatus, Ginther, 165
—— plicatus, Giimther, 165
— viridiflavus, Dum., 165
Hypocnemis, Cab., 250
cantator, Bodd., 67, 250
—— elegans, Scl., 252
erythrophrys, Sc/., 252
—— leucophrys, Tsch., 252
—— melanolema, Scl., 251
melanopogon, Scl., 253
—— melanosticta, Scl., 67, 251
—— myiotherina, Spix, 67, 251-2
—— neevia, Gm., 253

—— nevioides, Lafr., 254
ornata, Scl., 67

—— pecilonota, Cuv., 67, 251
—— schistacea, Scl., n.sp., 252
—— theres, DesM., 67, 253
tintinnabulata, Cab., 250
Hypomorphnus, Cab., 129
Hypotriorchis columbarius, Linn., 450
Hypsibemon, Cab., 279
ruficapillus, Cab., 282
rufulus, Cab., 283
Hypsipetes psaroides, Vig., 495
Hypsiprymnus brunnit, Muller, 106
ursinus, Temm., 106
Hypsirhina, 381

maura, Gray, 159
Hypsirhynchus, 386

Hyria, 91

Hystrix leucurus, Sykes, 520
Ibidorhynchus struthersii, Vig., 505
Ibycter americanus, Bodd., 451
Icterus gularis, Wagl., 358
melanocephalus, Wagl., 97
—— parisiorum, Bp., 303

—— pustulatus, Wagl., 303
scottiz, Couch, 303
Inflatulum, Carp., 438

Lora zeylanica, Gmel., 496 ~
Ischnognathus, 384

dekayi, 387
Ispidula, Gray, n. g., 39, 46
variabilis, Gray, 47
Txalus, 392

—— aurifasciatus, 393
concolor, Hallow., 165
leucorhinus, 393

INDEX.

Ixalus pecilopleurus, 393
wariabilis, 393

Ixos obscurus, 292

| Jemania henslowana, Leach, 364.
_ Junco cinereus, Sw., 304
Kalophrynus, 345, 392

Kaloula, 392

pulchra, 393

Kangeroide, 108

Kerivoula, Gray, 324

zrosa, Tomes, n.sp., 333
brasiliensis, 336

formosa, Gray, 82, 336
—— grisea, 336

—— hardwickii, Horsf., 329
—— lanosa, Smith, 331, 337
papillosa, Zemm., 327
picta, Gray, 78, 120, 325, 337
poensis, 336

—— rufopicta, Gray, 85

—— sykesii, 336

trilatoides, 336

Ketupa ceylonensis, Gmel., 473
Kinyxis belliana, Gray, 166
castanea, Bell, 166

erosa, Gray, 166

—— homeana, Gray, 166
shoensis, Ripp., 166
Lacerta ocellata, Daud., 155
Lachesis, 386

Lagomys roylei, Ogilby, 520
Lagopus hemileucurus, Gov/d, n. sp., 354
Lalage rufwentris, Sach, 179
Lamprophis, 379

modestus, Dum., 163
Lamprotornis cantor, Miller, 181
Lamprotreron superba, Bp., 184
Langaha, 379, 380

Lantide, 179

Lanio atricapillus, Gm., 72, 454
Lanius atricapillus, Gm., 215
cesius, Cuy., 212, 223
canadensis, Linn., 215
—— caniceps, Blyth, 488
doliatus, Linn., 217
domicella, Licht., 246
—— funebris, Licht., 66, 207, 258
guttulatus, Licht., 221
hardwickit, Vig., 488
—— keroula, Gray, 489
lahtora, Sykes, 488
lineatus, Leach, 206

—— Juctuosus, Licht., 211
—— lunulatus, Cuy., 208
maculatus, Cuv., 208
meleager, Licht., 208

—— nevius, Gm., 213

—— notodelos, Cuv., 246
palliatus, Licht., 219
—— pileatus, Lath., 215
pocilurus, Cuy., 215

575

Lanius punctatus, Shaw, 213
rubiginosus, Lath., 217
scalaris, Licht., 220

—— severus, Licht., 208
stagurus, Licht., 209
superciliosus, Linn., 488
tephronotus, Vig., 489
variolosus, Licht., 207
vestitus, Cuv., 220 —
Larus brunnicephalus, erdon, 509
ridibundus, Linn., 509
Lasiurus pearsoni, Horsf., 87
Letuperus, 395

Leiurus ornata, Gray, 157
Leoneopenna blainvillii, Lesueur, 372
Leopardus bengalensis, Desm., 514
horsfieldi, Gray, 514
torquatus, BF. Cuy., 514
—— unecia, 514.

varius, Gray, 513
Lepidosiren, 391

annectens, 5385

Lepralia, 270

Lepratiade, 270
Leptobranchium, 392

Leptodeira, 379, 386, 387 °
hippocrepis, Gimther, 161
rufescens, Gimther, 161
Leptodera elongata, Baird, n.sp., 225
flexilis, Dujardin, 225
Leptognathus, 386

indicus, 381

Leptopelis, 392

Leptophis chenontt, Dum., 161
gracilis, Hallow., 158, 161
—— kirtlandi, Hallow., 159
smaragdina, Boie, 158, 161
viridis, Hallow., 160
Leptopogon superciliaris, Cab., 71
Leptoptila albifrons, 99

dubusi, Bp., 76

—— jamaicensis, 99

rufaxilla, 99
Leptorhynchus, Mén., 243

—— guttatus, Mén., 243
striolatus, Mén., 242
Leptorhyton, 381

Lepus macrotus, Hodgs., 520
nigricollis, ¥. Cuy., 520
oiostolus, Hodgs., 520
Lerva nivicola, Hodgs., 501
Lesbia amarillus, 450, 460
amaryllis, Gould, 555
gracilis, Gould, 450, 460
Leucocerca albofrontata, Frankl., 495
fuscoventris, Frankl., 495
Leuconerpes albolarvatus, Cassin, 3
Tnasis, 384-

Lichenella, Gray, n.g., 322
brentii, Gray, n.sp., 322
Limasx cinereus, 225

576

Limenitis, Boisd., 3

aceris, Boisd., 9

—— columella, Doubleday, 7

—— eurynome, Westw., 10

heliodore, Doubleday, 4

hordonia, Doubleday, 4

illigera, Escholtz, 19

—— inara, Doubleday, 13

larymna, Doubleday, 12

nefte, Boisd., 13

sankara, Kollar, 18

—— selenophora, Kollar, 14

— vikasi, Horsf., 7

zaida, Doubleday, 6

Limnza pinguis, Dohrn, n.sp., 134

tigrina, Dohrn, n.sp., 184

Limnocharis, 395

Limnodynastes, 393, 396

dorsalis, 345.

Limnornis unibrunnea, Lafr., 550

Limosa egocephala, Linn., 506

Lineus longissimus, 307

Linota brevirostris, Gould, 483

montium, Linn., 483

Liophis, 386

Lipaugus fuscocinereus, Lafr., 71

Lissotriton palmatus, Bell, 139, 141

palmipes, 140, 141

punctatus, 224

Litoria, 393

Litorina, 415

Litorinide, 416

Littorina, 93

Lobivanellus goensis, Gm., 505

Lodia, 384

Lophinus, Gray, n.g., 139

palmatus, Bel/, 139

Lophophanes galeatus, Cab., 299

wollweberi, Bp., 299

Lophophorus impeyanus, 545

, Lath., 500

Lophornis regina, Gould, 460

Loxia prasina, Sparm., 461

Incina childrent, 91

Luscinide, 174

Lycodon, 381

aulicus, 382

geometricus, Schl., 159

horstockii, Schl., 159

unicolor, Schl., 159

Lycodontide, 379, 382, 386

Lycophidion, 379

horstockii, Fitz., 159

laterale, Hallow., 159

Lymnodytes albilabris, Gray, 165

Macacus rhesus, Aud., 512

Macherirhynchus xanthogenys, Gray,
n. sp., 176

Macropteryx mystaceus, Gray, 170

Macropygia phasianella, Gould, 187

Macrosoma elegans, Leach, 160

INDEX.

Madateus, Leach, 25
Malacocercus caudatus, Dum., 486
malcolmi, Sykes, 486
Malacocichla dryas, Gould, 64
maculata, Sc/., n.sp., 64
mexicana, Bp., 64
Malacoptila fusca, 60

nigrifusca, 60

unitorques, DuBus, 60
Malurus, 95

Mammillifera, Lesueur, 532
Manis, 340

Maracana weddellii, Deville, '76
Margarornis squamigera, Lafr.; 553
Marites abietum, Ray, 517
Jlavigula, Bodd., 516
gwatkinsi, 516

Mastophora lamourouxit, Dec., 322
Maudia, Gray, n.g., 261
Mecistops bennettii, Gray, 167
cataphractus, Gray, 167
Megaderma, 25.

Megera, 381

trigonocephala, 383
Megalaima indica, Lath., 475
virens, Bodd., 475
Megalophrys, 392

Megapodide, 187

Megapodius duperreyit, Less., 187
reinwardtii, Wagl., 187
Meioceras, Carp., n.g., 417, 438
cornubovis, Carp., n.sp., 439
cornucopiz, Camp., 439

—— nitidum, Carp., nu. sp., 438

Meizodon, 379

regularis, Fischer, 162
Melanerpes albolarvatus, 2, 3
erythrocephalus, 2
formicivorus, Sw., 2, 805
hirundinaceus, Gm., 460
— ruber, 2

rubrigularis, Sc/., n. sp., 2.
—— thyroideus, Cassin, 2
torquatus, Wilson, 2
Melania aculeus, Lea, 135
confusa, Dohrn, n.sp., 135
—— datura, Dohrn, n.sp., 135
layardi, Dohrn, n.sp., 135
Melaniade, 416

Melanitis melane, Hewitson, n. sp., 465
Melanocorypha tartarica, Pallas, 484
torquata, Blyth, 484
Meliphagide, 95, 173
Membranipora, 306
Menobranchus, 394, 395
Menopoma, 344, 391, 395
Merganetta, 78

Mergellus, 78 ~

—— albellus, Linn., 510

Merops apiaster, Linn., 474

—— viridis, Linn., 475

INDEX. 577

Merula vulgaris, Ray, 490

Merulaxis atra, 69

Metallura tyrianthina, Lodd., 555

Metoponia pusilla, Pallas, 484.

Metoporhina, 379

wrrorata, Gimther, 159

Metridium, M.-Edw., 146

Micana, Gray, 56

Micrastur concentricus, 96

gilvicollis, Vieill., 96

guerilla, Cassin, 96

Micrhyla, 392

achatina, 343

Micrhylide, 347

Mierhylina, 347

Micreeca flavovirescens, G. R. Gray, n.
sp., 178

Microglossum aterrimum, Wagl., 184

Micronisus badius, Gmel., 473

Milvago megalopterus, Meyen, 555

Milwulus tyrannus, Linn., 358

Milvus ater, Gmel., 471

govinda, Sykes, 471

Mimeta miillert, Bp., 175

Miniopteris, Bonap., 117

australis, Tomes, n. sp., 125

—— blepotis, Temm., 121

dasythriz, Smith, 118

—— schreibersii, Natt., 117

tristis, Waterh., 124.

ursinizt, Bonap., 117

Mino dumontii, Less., 182

Mionectes oleagineus, Lafr., 71

Miralia, 381

Mitylia, Gray, n.g., 57

gerrardi, Gray, u.sp., 58

Mniotilia varia, Linn., 298

Mocoa africana, Gray, 156

Molge striata, Gray, 144

Molgide, Gray, 144

Molossus australis, Gray, 372

fuliginosus, Gray, 546

obscurus, Geoftr., 546

Momotus equatorialis, Gould, 61

semirufus, Scl., 61

Monarcha chrysomela, Sw., 177

griseogularis, Gray, n.sp., 177

— guttula, Gray, 177

—— znornata, Garn., 177

leucotis, Gould, 178

leucura, G. R. Gray, n.sp., 178

melanoptera, Gray, n.sp., 178

telescophthalma, Sw., 177

Monasa nigrifrons, Spix, 60,

peruana, Scl., 60

Monitor niloticus, Gray, 155

Monohammus armatus, White, n.sp., 405

asperulus, White, n. sp., 411

—— hbowringii, White, n. sp., 398

—— brianus, White, un. sp., 409

—— championi, White, n.sp., 398 .

Monohammus fredericus, White, n. sp.,
408

georgius, White, n.sp., 407
—— larvatus, White, n.sp., 406
luridus, 398

melanosticticus, White, n. sp., 407
—— nivosus, White, n.sp., 409
obfuscatus, White, n.sp., 411
officinator, White, n.sp., 409
ruber, Hope, 399

sierricola, White, n.sp., 410
stephanus, White, n.sp., 406
subcruciatus, White, n. sp., 410
—— sublineatus, White, n. sp., 410
tesserula, White, n.sp., 408
Monophyllus, Leach, 25
pices adamsi, Moore, n. sp.,
—— hematopygia, Gould, 482
nemoricola, Hodgs., 482
Morelia, 384

Mormoops, Leach, 25

Morphnus mexicanus, DuBus, 129
schistaceus, Scl., 128

Moschus leucogaster, 528
moschiferus, Linn., 528
Motacilla boarula, Linn., 486
dukhunensis, Sykes, 486

—— flava, Ray, 77

grisea, Grn., 238

luzoniensis, Scop., 486
maderaspatana, Briss., 486
Munia malabarica, Linn., 481
undulata, Lath., 481

Murina suillus, Gray, 370

_ Mus bandicota, Bechst., 520

squamipes, Brants, 548
Muscicapa anthoides, Cuy., 288
cesia, Max., 223
chrysomela, Garn., 177

— delalandii, Less., 287
—— enado, Less., 177

— fulvifrons, Giraud, 301
guttula, Garn., 177
inornata, Garn., 177

—— pygmea, Giel., 234
rubrifrons, Giraud, 299
telescophthalma, Garn., 177
Muscicapide, 175

Muscivora mexicana, Scl., 301
regia, 301

Mustela erminea, Linn., 517
subhimalayana, Hodgs., 517
Mutelade, 91

Myiadestes leucotis, 542
townsendi, 97

unicolor, Scl., 97

Myiagra flavirostris, Gould, 176
lucida, Gray, n.sp., 176
Myiagrus, Boie, 284

lineatus, Max., 285

No. CCCLXXXIII.—ProceepinGs OF THE ZOOLOGICAL SOcIETy.

578

Myiidioctes mitratus, Gm., 358
pusillus, Wilson, 299
Myiobius cinnamomeus, Lafr., 554
erythrurus, Cab., 70
phenicurus, Scl., 70
Myiocichla, Bonap., 542
ochrata, Bonap., 542
Myiocincla, Swains., 276
Myiodioctes canadensis, Linn., 64, 451
Myiolestes aruensis, G. R. Gray, n. sp.,
180
— gouldii, G. R. Gray, n.sp., 180
griseatus, G. R. Gray, n.sp., 180
Myiophonus Temminckti, Vig., 489
Myiothera, Ill., 276
albifrons, Licht., 273
analis, D’Orb., 277
ardesiaca, Max., 288
——calearata, Max., 287
campanisona, Licht., 278
castanea, Licht., 249
cinerea, Spix, 235
colma, Schomb., 277
domicella, Max., 246
ferruginea, Licht., 239
Suliginosa, Licht., 236
grallaria, Licht., 280
leucophrys, Licht., 238
longirostris, Licht., 245
—— loricata, Licht., 248
maculata, Max., 242
malura, Temm., 241
margaritacea, Licht., 250
mentalis, Temm., 221
nigromaculata, Lafr., 276
nudiceps, Cass., 274
pileata, Licht., 233
—— plumbea, Max., 222
—— pecilonota, Cuy., 251
—— peciloptera, Cuv., 235
poliocephala, Max., 221
perspicillata, Licht., 286
rufa, Max., 240
ruficeps, Spix, 277
rufimarginata, Temm., 233
scapularis, Max., 233
squamata, Licht., 241
strictothorax, Temm., 221
strigilata, Max., 242, 278
superciliaris, Licht., 239
tetema, Burm., 277
—— thamnophiloides, Voigt, 251
variegata, Licht., 233
yarrelli, Leadb., 289
Myiotrichas, Boie, 279
Myioturdus, Boie, 279
fuscater, Lafr., 64, 289
lineatus, Mén., 247
—— marginatus, Max., 278
ochroleucus, Max., 282
palikour, Mén., 275

INDEX.

Myioturdus perspicillatus, Max., 286
rex, Max., 280
tetema, Max., 277
tinniens, Mén., 281
Myobatrachide, 348
Myobatrachus, 347, 393
Myobius, 458
Myoictis, Gray, n. g., 111
wallacei, Gray, n.sp., 112 o
Myriotrochus, Steenst., 367
rinkit, Steenst., 366
Myrmeciza, G. R. Gray, 248
argentata, Des Murs., 250
—— cinnamomea, Gim., 249
—— exsul, Sclater, n.sp., 540
— hemimelena, Sce/., 249
leucaspis, Scl., 274
—— longipes, Vierill., 249
— loricata, Licht., 248
—— margaritata, Scl., 221
—— melanura, Strickl., 246
ruficauda, Max., 248, 289
Myrmecophaga, Lacép., 276, 340
Myrmelastes, Sc/., n. g., 274
nigerrimus, Sc/., n.sp., 275
plumbeus, Sc/., n.sp., 274
Myrmonax, Cab., 248
cinnamomeus, Cab., 249
—— leucophrys, Cab., 252
longtpes, Cab., 249
— loricatus, Cab., 248
lugubris, Cab., 288
mytotherinus, Oab., 251
Myrmornis, Herm., 276
Myrmothera, Vieill., 276
atricapilla, Vieill., 288
—— awillaris, Vieill., 286
cerulescens, Vieill., 244
campanella, Vieill., 250
colma, Vieill., 277
formicivora, Vieill., 275
—— fuscicapilla, Vieill., 277
—— gularis, Ménétr., 235
—— guttata, Vieill., 255
leucophrys, Vieill., 288
longtpes, Vieill., 249
melanoleuca, Vieill., 288
—— menetriesi, D’Orb., 237
minuta, D’ Orb., 284
rufa, Vieill., 288
—— tessellata, Vieill., 289
tetema, Vieill., 277
unicolor, Mén., 288

_— vittata, Vieill., 288
Myrmotherula, Se/., n. g., 234
axillaris, Viedll., 236
brevicauda, Sw., 237
erythronota, Hartl., 236
—— gularis, Spix, 235
—— puttata, Viedll., 235
—— hematonota, Se/., 235

(AE ite Hint sis pok

Myrmotherula hauxwelli, Scl., 236
—— melena, Scl., 237
menetriesi, D’ Orb., 237
— multistriata, Scl., n.sp., 234
—— ornata, Scl., 235
—— pyemea, Gm., 234
surinamensis, Gm., 234
urosticta, Sc/., 238
Myron, 384
richardsonii, 384
Mytilia, Gray, 261, 263
gerrardi, Gray, 263
—— melanogaster, Gray, n.sp., 264
—— templetonii, Gray, n.sp., 263
unimaculata, Gray, n.sp., 264
Mytilide, 90
Mytilus horridus, Dunker, 90
tortus, Dunker, 90
Myzomela erythrocephala, Gould, 173
; nigrita, Gray, n.sp., 173
Naga rhombeatus, Schl., 163

Naja angusticeps, Smith, 160
haje, 163, 375, 378, 379, 380
tripudiens, 380, 381, 382
Nardoa, 384.
Natalus, 117
Natere, Gray, 94
Natica, 532
Natricide, 385 .
Natrix lacertina, Wagi., 160
Navicella livesayi, Dohrn, n.sp., 135
squamata, Dohrn, n.sp., 135
Nectarinia asiatica, Linn., 497
aspasia, Mull., 173

australis, Gould, 173
frenata, Mull., 173
goalpariensis, Jerdon, 496
zenobia, Gray, 173
zeylonica, Linn., 497
Nemertes borlassit, 307
Nemophide, Kaup, 169
Nemophis, Kaup, n.g., 168
lessoni, Kaup, u.sp., 168
Nemorhedus goral, Hardw., 523
Neophron percnopterus, Linn., 469
Neptis, Fabr., 3
aceris, Habr., 9
amba, Moore, n.sp., 7

—— ananta, Moore, u.sp., 5

—— antara, Moore, n.sp., 4
— columella, Cramer, 7

—— duryodana, Moore, n.sp., 10 .
heliodora, Cramer, 8

—— heliodore, Westw., 4
_—— hordona, Stoll, 4
ida, Moore, u.sp., 10
—— jumba, Moore, u.sp., 7
—— manasa, Moore, n.sp., 5
matuta, Hubner, 9
—— miah, Moore, n.sp., 4
—— nandina, Moore, n.sp., 9

INDEX.

Neptis narayana, Moore, n.sp., 6
nata, Moore, u.sp., 10
pata, Moore, n.sp., 4
radha, Moore, n.sp., 6
shepherdi, Moore, n. sp., 8
soma, Moore, n.sp., 9
tiga, Moore, n.sp., 4
— vikasi, Horsfield, 7 -
zaida, Moore, 6
Nerita, 93

albicilla, 94

atra, 94

chameleon, 94.

exuvia, 94.
inconspicud, 94
lineolata, 93
malaccensis, 94
ornata, 94

peloronta, 93

—— plicata, 93

polita, 93
senegalensis, 94.
signata, 94

tessellata, 94
variabilis, 94
versicolor, 94

Nerite, 93

Neritide, 93

Neritina, 94.

Neritine, 93

279

Newcombia cinnamomea, Pfr., nu. sp., 22

gemma, Pfr., u.sp., 22
—— wminuscula, Pfr., n.sp., 22
sulcata, Pfr., n.sp., 22
WNiltava sundara, Hodgs., 492
Ninia, 384

Nisius, Reich., 207

Noctula leuctppe, 31

Noctulinia escholtzwi, Gray, 121
lasyura, Hodgs., 370
Nonnula frontalis, Scl., 60
Nothura, 556

Notophthalma, Gray, n.g., 138
—— miniata, Gray, 138
viridescens, Gray, 138
Notophthalmus, 394.

Nototrema, 395

Nucifraga hemispila, Vig., 478
Numenius arquata, Linn., 506
—— minor, Mill., see

—— pheopus, Linn.,

mare S wll., 188
uropygialis, Gould, 188
Nyctale acadica, Gm., 295
Nycteris, 25 ‘
Nycticejus macrotis, Poepig, 546
Nycticorax gardeni, Gm., 77
Nyctidromus, 357

Nyctophilus, Leach, 26
geoffroyi, Leach, 29, 34
—— gouldi, Tomes, n.sp., 31, 34

580

Nyctophilus timoriensis, Geoffr., 30, 34,
36

unicolor, Tomes, n.sp., 33, 34
Nymphalis aceris, Godt., 9 °
helicopis, Godt., 8
heliodore, Godt., 4
hordonia, Godt., 4
nefte, Godart, 13
strophia, Godt., 18
venilia, Godt., 20
Ochthoeca fumicolor, Scl., 554
—— fumigata, Boiss., 554
lessoni, Scl., 554
Octopus, 533

Ocypetes suilla, Less., 370

Ocypterus leucorhynchus, Miller, 179

papuensis, Temm., 179
Odontidium, Phil., 419
levissimum, Canty., 436
rugulosum, Phil., 415, 425
Odontina, Zborz., 415, 419
Odura, Meves, n. g., 201
(Edicnemus crepitans, Temm., 504
magnirostris, Temm., 187
CEdipus, 394

variegatus, Gray, 144
Oligodon, 381

sublineatus, 383

Oliva, Lamk., 38

acuminata, Lamk., 50
alba, Lamk., 44

alectona, Duclos, 53
—— anazora, Reeve, 53
ancillarioides, Reeve, 52
angulata, Lamk., 41
anomina, Duclos, 45
aquatilis, Reeve, 48
araneosa, Lamk., 44
—— atalina, Duclos, 44
athenia, Duclos, 49
attenuata, Reeve, 55
—— quricularia, Lamk., 39, 48, 56
aurora, Sol., 49

australis, Duclos, 45
avellana, Lamk., 49
azemula, Duclos, 41, 43
—— bicincta, Lamk., 47
bicingulata, Lamk., 47
biplicata, Sow., 56
brasiliana, Lamk., 48
—— bulbiformis, Reeve, 46, 47, 49
— bullata, Reeve, 53

—— cerulea, Gray, 47, 54
caldania, Duclos, 52
calosoma, Duclos, 49
candida, Lamk., 47
carneola, Lamk., 49
caroliniana, Duclos, 46
cincta, Reeve, 51
eingulata, Chemn., 50
‘ —— elaneophila, Duclos, 48

INDEX.

Oliva columba, Duclos, 53
coluwmellaris, Sow., 55
conoidalis, Lamk., 54
contortuplicata, Reeve, 52
cumingit, Reeve, 45
dactyliola, Duclos, 49
dama, Goodall, 55
dealbata, Reeve, 54
—— duclosii, Reeve, 45
eburnea, Lamk., 54
elegans, Lamk., 42

—— episcopalis, Lamk., 42
erythrostoma, Lamk., 42
esther, Duclos, 53
evania, Duclos, 42
fabigina, Lamk., 47
—— fimbriata, Reeve, 55
flammulata, Lamk., 45
—— flaveola, Duclos, 45
Sfulgida, Reeve, 54

—— fulminans, Lamk., 42
Sunebralis, Lamk., 42
—— fura, Reeve, 55

—— fusiformis, Lamk., 43
galeola, Duclos, 49
gibbosa, Reeve, 50

—— glandiformis, Lamk., 42
gracilis, Sow., 52, 55
granitella, Lamk., 43
—— guildingti, Reeve, 55
—— guttata, Lamk., 41
harpularia, Lamk., 44
hepatica, Lamk., 43, 44:
— hemiltona, Duclos, 46
—— hiatula, Duclos, 51, 52
hieroglyphica, Reeve, 51
indusica, Reeve, 51
inflata, Lamk., 47
irisans, Lamk., 43, 49
ispidula, Lamk., 47
—— jaspidea, Duclos, 45, 54
julieta, Duclos, 44
kaleontina, Duclos, 45
lanceolata, Reeve, 53
lentiginosa, Reeve, 45
—— lepida, Duclos, 49
lepta, Duclos, 55

—— leucophea, Lamk., 41
— leucostoma, Duclos, 49
leucozonalis, Gray, 50
—— ligneola, Reeve, 46
lineolata, Gray, 55
—— litterata, Lamk., 43 |
lugubris, Lamk., 46
— luteola, Lamk., 50 comer

macleaya, Duclos, 42
maculata, Duclos, 41

— mandarina, Duclos, 54 i
—— mantichora, Duclos, 41 8
maura, Lamk., 42
—— mica, Duclos, 54

INDEX. 581

‘Oliva micans, Desh., 57 ~ Oliva tessellata, Lamk., 49
millepunctata, Duclos, 57 testacea, Lamk., 51
—— mirtadina, Duclos, 53 textilina, Lamk., 43
—— monilifera, Reeve, 53 tagridella, Duclos, 45
—— multiplicata, Reeve, 46 tagrina, Lamk., 42, 47
—— mustelina, Lamk., 43 timoria, Duclos, 44

—— mutica, Duclos, 54. —— todosina, Duclos, 49
nana, Lamk., 57 tremulina, Lamk., 43
: nebulosa, Lamk., 50 —— tricolor, Lamk., 42-

neoslina, Duclos, 46 tringa, Duclos, 45
nitelind, Duclos, 52 triticea, Duclos, 50
nitidula, Duclos, 44 —— tunquina, Duclos, 53
—— niveda, Desh., 54 —— undata, Lamk., 47
nobilis, Reeve, 43. undatella, Lamk., 51
nodulina, Duclos, 51 ustulata, Lamk., 44-
—— nux, Goodall, 56 —— utricula, Lamk., 50
obesina, Duclos, 44 - —— venulata, Lamk., 44
obtusaria, Lamk., 43 vermiculata, Lamk., 44
olorinella, Duclos, 45 volutella, Lamk., 47
olympiadina, Duclos, 43 volvartoides, Duclos, 50
oriola, Lamk., zanoéta, Duclos, 56
oryed, Lamk., 53, 57 —— zebra, Kuster, 42
ozodina, Duclos, 51 —— zeilanica, Lamk., 43
—— paniculata, Duclos, 51, 53 zenopira, Duclos, 54
patula, Sow., 48 zigzag, Duclos, 54-

—— paxilla, Reeve, 44 —— zonalis, Lamk., 51, 55
pellucida, Reeve, 53 Olivancillaria, D’Orb., 38
peruviana, Lamk., 43 —— auricularia, D’Orb., 48, 56

—— philantha, Duclos, 42 Olivella, Gray, 39

lineolata, Adams, 55

pica, Lamk., 43
volutella, Gray, 47

picta, Reeve, 50

pindarina, Duclos, 44 Olivina, D’ Orb., 38

pintamella, Duclos, 44 Olivina, D’ Ord., 40, 52
‘polpasta, Duclos, 44- —— alectona, Gray, 53
ponderosa, Duclos, 42 anazora, Gray, 53

porphyria, Lamk., 41 —— bullata, Gray, 53
—— puelchana, D’Orb., 53 cerulea, Gray, 54
—— pulchella, Duclos, 51, 53 caldania, Gray, 52
—— purpurata, Swains., 55 columba, Gray, 53.
—— pygmed, Reeve, 50 columellaris, Gray, 55
—— quersolina, Duclos, 44 dealbata, Gray, 54
razomola, Duclos, 47, 52 esther, Gray, 53

reticulata, Lamk., 44 —— fimbriata, Gray, 55
rosalina, Duclos, 56 —— fulgida, Gray, 54
rufifasciata, Reeve, 57 —— fura, Gray, 55
rufula, Duclos, 46 gracilis, Gray, 52

—— sanguinolenta, Lamk., 42 —— guildingii, Gray, 55
—— schumacheriana, Beck., 46 jaspidea, Gray, 54
—— seripta, Lamk., 43 lanceolata, Gray, 53
—— selasia, Duclos, 54 lepta, Gray, 59

—— semisulcata, Gray, 55 —— lineolata, Gray, 55
senegalensis, Lamk., 43 —— mandarina, Gray, 54
sidelia, Duclos, 46 —— mica, Gray, 54
splendidula, Sow., 44 —— miriadina, Gray, 53
stainforthii, Reeve, 44 —— mutica, Gray, 54

—— steerie, Reeve, 51 paniculata, Gray, 53

—— stellata, Duclos, 45 —— puelchana, Gray, 53

—— strigata, Reeve, 54 —— pulchella, Gray, 53

razamola, Gray, 52
selasia, Gray, O4
semisulcata, Gray, 50

—— subulata, Lamk., 50
—— tehuelchana, D’Orb., 53
—— tergina, Duclos, 54

582

Olivina strigata, Gray, 54

—— tehuelchana, Gray, 53

tergina, Gray, 54

—— tunquina, Gray, 53

zanoéta, Gray, 56

zenopira, Gray, 54

zigzag, Gray, 54

zonalis, Gray, 55

Ommatotriton, Gray, n.g., 140

vittatus, Gray, 140

Oniscia ponderosa, Hanley, n. sp., 255

Onychocephalus liberiensis, Hallow., 157

nigrolineatus, Hallow., 157

Onychodactylus, 391

japonicus, Gray, 144

Onychognathus hartlaubii, G. R. Gray,
n.sp., 291

Onychophis liberiensis, Gray, 157

nigrolineatus, Gray, 157

punctata, Gray, 157

Ophidii, 379

Ophites, 381

Opisthodelphys, 395, 396

Opisthoglossa, 341, 392

oxydactyla, 341, 344, 347

platydactyla, 341, 544, 347

Oriolus kundoo, Sykes, 496

milleri, Bp., 175

Orites erythrocephalus, Vig., 480

Ornismya lessoni, Delattre, 297

Ornithion, 458

Ortalida guttata, Spix, 76

montagnii, Bp., 76, 556

Orthocera, 419

—— glabra, Flem., 436

imperforata, Flem., 425

trachea, 414, 423

Orthotomus longicaudatus, Gm., 488

Oryzoborus torridus, Gin., 455

Osceola, 384

Ostinops cristata, Grn., 455

Othello, Reich., 207

Otilophus, 345, 395, 396

Otis macqueentt, Hardw., 504

nigriceps, Vig., 504

Otogyps calvus, Scop., 469

Otus crassirostris, 450

Ovis aries, Linn., 527

Oxybelis kirtlandi, Hallow., 159

lecomptet, Dum., 159

Oxydactyla, 392

Oxyglossus, 392 ,

Oxylophus melanoleucus, Gan., 476

Oxyrhopus, 586

preornatus, Dum., 158

Pachycephala griseiceps, G. R. Gray,
n.sp., 178

—— monacha, G. R. Gray, n.sp., 179

rufipennis, G. Rk. Gray, n.sp., 178

Pachydactylus tristis, Hallow., 157

Pachyrhamphus major, Cab., 97

INDEX.

Pachyrhamphus marginatus, Max., 71, 97

versicolor, Hartl., 71

em brevicaudatum, Is. Geoffr.,
537

marginatum, Temm., 537

Pagurus, 144

Paleornis alexandri, Linn., 490

cyanocephalus, Linn., 491

schisticeps, Hodgs., 491

torquatus, Briss., 490

Paludomus hanleyi, Dohrn, n. sp., 585

pyriformis, Dohrn, n. sp., 536

torrenticola, Dohrn, n. sp., 536

Palumbus torquatus, Leach, 497

Pantholops hodgsont, Abel., 521

Pantoporia ie Hibn., 13

Papilio aceris, Esper, 9

calisto, Cramer, 464

columella, Cramer, 7

heliodora, Cramer, 8

heliodore, Fabr., 4

hordonia, Stoll, 4

leucothoé, Cramer, 10

nefte, Cramer, 13

—— pandarus, Linn., 464

pipleis, Cramer, 464

—— plautilla, Hiibn., 9

sulpitia, Cramer, 18

venilia, Linn., 20

Paractis, M-Hdw., 148

viduata, 148

Paradisea apoda, 95, 181

regia, Linn., 95, 181

wallaciana, G. R. Gray, 18)

Paradiseade, 181

Paradoxurus hermaphrodita, 13

Pareas, 381

Parias, 381

Parra gymnostoma, Wagl., 360

Parula americana, 299

mexicana, Bp., 299

superciliosa, Hartl., 299

Parus annexus, Cass., 299

cinereus, Vieill., 479

—— dichrous, Hodgs., 480

erythropis, Licht., 299

—— melanolophos, Vig., 479

— melanotis, Sandb., 299

meridionalis, Scl., 299

xanthogenys, Vig., 479

Passer cinnamomeus, Gould, 481

indicus, Jard., 481

Passerculus alaudinus, Bp., 303

lincolni, Aud., 303

zonarius, Bp., 803

Passerita, 381

mycterizans, 383

Pastor roseus, Linn., 481

Patagona gigas, Vieill., 555

Pavo cristatus, Linn., 498

Pecten, 266

INDEX.

Pelecanus fiber, Linn., 188

Pelias, 377, 378 ;

berus, 378, 385

Pelicanus javanicus, Horsf., 509

Pelobates, 390

cultripes, 342, 343, 391

fuscus, 343

Pelodryadide, 347

Pelodryas, 345, 393

Pelodytes, 390

punctatus, 391

Pelophilus, 379, 380 -

Penellus blainwilliz, M.-Kdw., 372

Penelope guttata, Spix, 76

pipile, Gm., 76

Penicillina, Gray, 308

Penicillus, Gray, n.g., 312

ambiguus, Desh., 311

—— aquaria, Gray, 312

javanus, Brug., 311

radix, Gray, 312

Pentonyx gambonensis, Aug., 166

Perameles (Hchimipera) doreyanus,
Gray, 113

Perdicula asiatica, Lath., 504.

Perdix hodgsoni, Gould, 503

Pericrocotus flammeus, Korst., 494

peregrinus, Linn., 494.

Periops parallelus, Dum., 162

Peristera albifactes, G. R. Gray, 98

brachyptera, 99

mexicana, Gray, 98, 99

Persona tuberosa, 145

Petasophora iolata, Gould, 450, 459, 555

thalassina, Sw., 297

Petaurus sciureus, Miller, 109

Petrochelidon cyanoleuca, 450, 459

cyanoleucus, Vieill., 551

—— fulva, 296

—— lunifrons, 296

swainsoni, Sc/., n.sp., 296

Petrocincla cyanea, Linn., 491

Pezites brevirostris, Cab., 455

Phainopepla, Sc/., n.g., 543

nitens, Scl., 543

Phalangista, 111

alba, Geoffr., 104

cavifrons, Temm., 104

chrysorrhos, Temm., 101

maculata, Desm., 101.

— nudicaudata, Gould, 103

orientalis, Waterh., 104

papuensis, Desm., 104, 109

—— quoyi, Temm., 104, 109

rufa, Geottr., 104

ursina, Temm., 103

Phalaropus hyperboreus, Cuy., 188

Phalus testaceus, Lister, 311

Phaneroglosse, Wagl., 339

Pharomacrus antisiensis, D’Orb., 60

auriceps, Gould, 60

583
Pha (Antechinus) melas, Miiller,
0

Pheucticus aureiventris, Lafr., 551

chrysogaster, Less., 450, 454, 551

Philentoma cyanocephala, Pucher., 177

Philodryas, 376, 379, 386, 387

goudoti, 380

muniatus, 380

Philomachus pugnax, Linn., 506

Phlogopsis, Reich., 276

erythropterus, Gould, 276

nigromaculata, Sc/., 276

Phenicopterus roseus, Pallas, 509

Pholadide, 316

Pholidornis, Hartl., 291

Phractogonus galeatus, Hallow., 167

Phrygilus, 98

alaudinus, Kittl., 552

ocularis, Sc/., n. sp., 450, 454

ocularis, Scl., 552

Phryniscide, 347

Phryniscus, 395

cruciger, 343

— levis, 343

nigricans, 343

Phrynoglosse, Bibr., 339

Phyllobates, 395

Phyllomedusa, 345, 393, 395

Phyllomeduside, 347

Phyllorhina, Bp., 107

bifer, 108

labuanensis, Tomes, nu. sp., 537

speoris, 537

Phylloscopus nitidus, Blyth, 493

tristis, Blyth, 493

trochilus, Linn., 493

Phyllostoma hastatum, Geoftr., 547

Phyllostomide, 25°

Phymasterna leucostictica, White, n. sp.,
402

senilis, White, n. sp., 402

Phytolopsis, 381

Piaya mehleri, Bp., 75, 460

mexicana, Sw., 359

Pica bottanensis, Deless., 479

erythrorhyncha, Vig., 479

megaloptera, Blyth, 479

tibetana, Hodgs., 479

Picide, 95

Picolaptes albolineatus, Lafr., 63

leucogaster, Sw., 297

Picumnus, 75

Picus, 340 .

castaneus, Wagl., 359

harrisi, Aud., 3

—— himalayanus, Jard. et Selby, 475

—— jardinit, Malh., 359

—— mahrattensis, Lath., 475

natalie, Malh., 2

—— nuttalli, Gambel, 3

varius, Linn., 305

584

Piezorhynchus rufolateralis, Gray, n. sp.,

176
Pinna assimilis, Hanley, n.sp., 255
carolinensis, Hanley, n.sp., 225
chemnitzii, Hanley, n.sp., 136
cumingii, Hanley, n.sp., 254
—— d’orbignyi, Hanley, n.sp., 228
—— euglypta, Hanley, n. sp., 228
—— fumata, Hanley, n.sp., 227
—— gouldii, Hanley, n.sp., 255
—— hystrix, Hanley, n.sp., 226
—— kraussii, Hanley, n.sp., 226
menkei, Hanley, u.sp., 228
—— minax, Hanley, n.sp., 227
pectinata, Linn., 156
regia, Hanley, n.sp., 227
rostellum, Hanley, n.sp., 227
rumphii, Hanley, n. sp., 1386
strangei, Hanley, n.sp., 254
Pionus menstruus, Linn., 460
Pipa, 347, 395, 396
Pipide, 348
Pipilo albicollis, Sc/., n. sp., 304
maculatus, Sw., 304
Pipistrellus alcythoé, 81
blepotis, Less., 121
—— noctula, 81
pictus, Less., 325
savit, 81
Pipra albifrons, Gin., 273
auricapilla, Licht., 457
coracina, Scl., 71
cornuta, Spix, 71
leucotis, Gm., 285
—— nevia, Gm., 253
striolata, Bp., 72
Piprites chlorion, Bp., 72
Pithecopsis, 395
Pithys, Vieill., 273
albifrons, Gm., 67, 273
erythrophrys, Scl., 252
leucaspis, Sc/., 274
leucophrys, Tsch., 252
leucops, Vieill., 275
pectoralis, Cab., 273
rufigularis, Sc/., 273
Pitta atricapilla, Quoy, 175
mackloti, Temm., 175
— macularia, Temm., 282
nove-gquinee, Schl., 175
triostegus, Sparm., 489
Pituophis, 385
Pitylus chrysogaster, Less., 454
Planorbis elegantulus, Dohrn, n.sp.,
134
stelzneri, Dohrn, n.sp., 134
Platalea leucorodia, Linn., 507
Platydactyla, 592
Platymantis, 392, 393
Platyrhynchus cancroma, 71
coronatus, Verr.,n.sp., 71

INDEX.

Platyrhynchus melanops, Vieill., 286

rostratus, 71

Plecotus, 26, 27

auritus, 26, 81

timoriensis, Less., 30

velatus, Is. Geoffr., 546

Plectrurus, Dum. & Bib., 265

perrotettii, Dum., 265

Plestriodon harlani, Hallow., 156

Plethodon fuscum, Dum., 144

glutinosum, Tsch., 144

Plethodontide, Gray, 144

Pleurodeles, Gray, n. g., 137

walti, Gray, 138

Pleurodelide, Gray, 137

Pleurodema, 345, 395, 396

Pleurodes, 390

waltlii, 391

Ploceus baya, Blyth, 481

Podargus ocellatus, Quoy, 170

Podiceps philippensis, Gm., 510

Pecilothraupis lunulata, DuBus, 551

Poétphagus grunniens, Linn., 529

Poéphila paddoni, Macgill., 462

Poliornis teesa, Frankl., 472

Polypedates, 391, 3892

eques, 393

-—— maculatus, 393

—— microtympanum, 393

schlegelti, 391

Polypedatide, 347, 396

Polytrema miniaceum, 270

Pomatorhinus ruficeps, Hartl., 352

Porifera, 270

Portax tragocamelus, Pallas, 523

Potamocherus africanus, Gray, 58

penicillatus, Gray, 58

Pratincola indica, Blyth, 492

Prinia hodgsonii, Blyth, 487

socialis, Sykes, 487

Prionichilus niger, Gray, 173

Prionirhynchus carinatus, DuBus,
357

Procapra picticauda, Hodgs., 523

Procnias occidentalis, Scl., 74, 452

Promeropide, 173

Prosymna, 379

meleagris, Gray, 163

Proteroglossa, 339, 348, 395

Proteus, 344, 391, 395

Protonopside, 143

Protonopsis, 394

Psaltriparus melanotis, Sandb., 299

personatus, Bp., 300

Psammodynastes, 381

Psammophis, 379

crucifer, Boie, 160

elegans, Gray, 160

trregularis, Fischer, 160

lineatus, 386

—— moniliger, Boie, 160

INDEX.

Psammophis philippsii, Hallow., 160

—— sibilans, Gray, 160, 380

Psammophylax, 379

Psaroglossa spiloptera, Vig., 481

Pseudacris, 394

Pseudechis, 384.

Pseudis, 395

Pseudobranchus, 394.

Pseudocheirus nudicaudata, Gould, 103

Pseudois nahoor, Hodgs., 527

Pseudonaja, 384.

Pseudophryne, 393

Pseudoscops, Kaup, 133

Pseudotyphlops, Schl., 260

oxyrhynchus, Schl., 264

philippinus, Schl., 263

Psilorhamphus Scl., 243

puttatus, Mén., 243

maculatus, 288

Psilorhinus flavirostris, Blyth, 479

occipitalis, Blyth, 479

Psittacide, 182

Psitiacula diophthalma, Homb. et Jacq.,
183 -

Psittacus amazonicus, Wagl., 75
-aruensis, G. R. Gray, n.sp., 183
aterrimus, Gmel., 184

ees G. R. Gray, u. sp.,
g .

galeritus, Less., 184

goliath, Kuhl, 184 _

magnus, Wagl., 182

—— mercenarius, Tsch., '75

—— placentis, Temm., 182

pulverulentus, Wagl., 75

Psitteuteles placens, Bp., 182

Psophia, 76

Pterocles arenarius, Pallas, 501

exustus, Temm., 502

fasciatus, Scop., 502

Pterocyclus lineatus, Vig., 488

Pteroglossus flavirostris, Fraser, 75

pluricinctus, Gould, 75

torquatus, Wagl., 359

Pteropoda, 416

Pteroptochide, Scl., 63, 69

Péteroptochus, 69

Pteropus argentatus, Gray, n.sp., 107

edulis, 537

edwardsi, Geoff., 512

—— funereus, 536-7

—— hypomelanus, Temm., 536

marginatus, Horsf., 537

Ptilogonys cinereus, Sw., 302, 542

leucotis, Tsch., 542

nitens, Sw., 542-3

Ptilonopus aurantiifrons, G. Rk. Gray, n.
sp., 185

—— coronulatus, G. Rh. Gray, n. sp.,
185

iozonus, G. R. Gray, n.sp., 186

585

Ptilonopus perlatus, G. R. Gray, 185

eee G. R. Gray, n. sp.

—— superbus, Steph., 184

wallacii, G. R. Gray, n.sp., 185

Ptilonorhynchus melanotis, G. R. Gray,

n.sp., 181

Ptilotis filigera, Gould, 1'74
megarhynchus, Gray, n.sp., 174

similis, Homb., 1'74-

Ptychodes hondure, White, n.sp., 412

Pucrasia macrolopha, Less., 500

Puperita pupa, 94

’ Pustularia, Gray, n.g., 271

rosea, Gray, n.sp., 271
Pycnonotus barbatus, Desf., 496
bengalensis, Blyth., 495
—— hemorrhous, Linn., 495
Jjocosus, Linn., 496
leucogenys, Gray, 496
leucotis, Gould, 496
Pyctorhis sinensis, Gmel., 488
Pygiptila, Sc/., n. g., 220

—— maculipennis, Sce/., 220
margaritata, Sc/., 221
Pyranga estiva, Linn., 73, 358
hepatica, Sw., 303

rubra, Linn., 73
Pyriglena, Cad., 246

atra, Sw., 66, 246
domicella, Cab., 66, 246
ellisiana, Sc/., 246
leucoptera, Vedll., 246
—— maculicaudis, Sc/., n.sp., 247
—— nudiceps, Scl., 274

—— guixensis, Scl., 66, 241
rujfwentris, Corn., 67, 241
serva, Se/., n.sp., 66, 247
—— tyrannina, Scel., 245
Pyronicia, Gray, n.g., 140
—— marmorata, Dugés, 140
punctata, Dugés, 141
Pyrrhocorax alpinus, Vieill., 478
Pyrrhula aurantia, Gould, 484
erythrocephala, Vig., 483
Pyrrhulauda grisea, Scop., 483
Python, 381

bellii, Gray, 164
bivittatus, Smith, 164
liberiensis, Hallow., 164
sebe, Dum., 164
Pyxicephalus, 395

Querquedula circia, Linn., 510
erecca, Linn., 510
Quiscalus macrurus, Sw., 358
Ractitia, 381

Rallina tricolor, G. R. Gray, nu. sp., 188
Rallus indicus, Blyth, 508
striatus, Linn., 508
Ramola, Gray, n.g., 39, 47
yolutella, Gray, 47

586
Ramphastos culminatus, Gould, 75,
460

Ramphocenus, Vieill., 243
guttatus, Burm., 243
—— maculatus, Burm., 242
trinitatis, Less., 288
viridis, Less., 288

Rana, 390

albilabris, Hallow., 165
bibronii, Hallow., 164
esculenta, 390, 391, 394
—— galamensis, Dum., 164
halecina, 394

—— hexadactyla, 393

— kuhilii, 393

—— lecontii, Girard, 395
—— malabarica, 393

oxyrhina, 394

rugosa, 391

subsigillata, Hallow., 164
superciliaris, Gimther, 165
—— sylvatica, 394

temporaria, 374, 390, 391, 394
—— tigrina, 393

—— vittigera, 393

Ranide, 339, 347

Raniina, 347

Rectes dichrous, Bp., 179
Serrugineus, Bp., 180
strepitans, Jacq. et Puch., 180
Regenia ocellata, Gray, 155
Regulus calendulus, 290, 300
cristatus, Ray, 493
Rhabdion, 381

Rhabdodon fuscus, Heisch., 160
Rhabdosoma, 376, 381, 383, 386, 387
Rhacophorus, 392
Rhamphocenus, Sc/., 243
cinereiventris, Scl., 244
— melanurus, Vie7il., 243
rufiventris, Bp., 244
Rhamphocelus dimidiatus, Lafr., '73
unicolor, Sel., 453
Rhimamphus blackburnie, 64
ceruleus, Linn., 64
Rhinechis, 377

Rhinobothryum, 386
Rhinochilus, 384

Rhinoderma, 395
Rhinodermatide, 347
Rhinolophide, 26

Rhinolophus, 25

crumeniferus, Péron, 108
ferrum-equinum, 81
insignis, Horsf., 108
marsupialis, Geofftr., 108
speoris, Geoffr., 108
Rhinomydee, Lafr., 63, 69
Rhinophis, 260

oxyrhynchus, Hemp., 264
—— philippinus, Boie, 263

INDEX.

Rhinophis punctatus, Miller, 264
Rhinophrynide, 348
Rhinophrynus, 345, 395

dorsalis, 339, 343, 348
Rhinostoma, 376, 386, 387
cupreum, 387

occipitale, 387
Rhipidura assimilis, Gray, n.sp., 176
atripennis, Gray, n.sp., 175
—— hyperythra, Gray, n. sp., 176
—— isura, Gould, 176

—— maculipectus, Gray, nu. sp., 176
—— mimoides, Mill., 175
Rhopoterpe, Cad., 275

—— gularis, Cab., 235

—— guttata, Cab., 235

——- torquata, Cab., 275
Rhopothera punctulata, DesM., 253
Rhynchea bengalensis, Linn., 507
Rhynchops nigra, Linn., 77.
Riama, Gray, n. g., 445 |

unicolor, Gray, n.sp., 446
Riamide, Gray, 445

Rissoide, 416

Ritena, Gray, 93

Rosthramus sociabilis, Vieill., 60
Rotalia, 267

Rupicola, 95

peruviana, Lath., 71

Ruticilla erythrogastra, Gildst., 492
fuliginosa, Vigors., 492
indica, Blyth, 492
leucocephala, Vig., 492
vigorst, Moore, 492
Saccopteryx lepturus, Il., 547
Salamandra, 344, 390

atra, 142

corsica, 142

maculosa, 142, 391
Salamandride, Gray, 142 “¢
Salpinctes mexicanus, Sw., 297
Saltator atriceps, Less., 358

azare, D’Orb., 72

magnus, Gm., 72

Sanzinia, 379, 380

Sapphironia lucida, Shaw, 297
Sarochalinus rufigularis, DesMurs, 63
Saxicola atrogularis, Blyth, 491
picata, Blyth, 491

Sayornis cineracea, 450, 457
Scalariade, 416

Scaphiopus, 345, 394.
Scaphorhynchus mexicanus, Lafr., 358
Scaphula, Gray, n. g., 40, 56
biplicata, Gray, 56

rosalina, Gray, 56

Scaphura, Gray, 39

Schismaderma, 392

Sciurus estuans, Linn., 547
palmarum, Linn., 520
vulgaris, 521

Sclerurus brunneus, Scl., 62
Scolopacinus, Bp., 243
rufiventris, Bp., 244
Scolopax capensis, 200

frenata, Ill., 201
gallinago, Linn., 199, 200
gallinula, Linn., 201
major, Linn., 201
rusticola, Linn., 201, 506
Scops, 60

asio, Linn., 133
atricapilla, Temm., 133
choliba, Vieill., 133
flammeola, Kaup, 96, 133
grammicus, Gosse, 133
lophotes, Less., 133

—— maccalli, Cass., 133, 296
—— nudipes, Cass., 133
portoricensis, Less., 133
trichopsis, Wagl., 357
usta, Sce/., n.sp., 132
watsont, Cass., 133
Scotophilus, 27, 120
carolinensis, 277, 28

—-- circumdatus, Tomes, 540
coromandelicus, 35, 336, 539
—— furinalis, P. Gerv., 546
gouldi, 122

—— lobatus, 539

morio, Gray, 121

—— nitidus, Tomes, n.sp., 538
noctula, 28

—— serotinus, 28

tralatitius, 539

—— tuberculatus, 122

Scytale, 386

Scytalopodes, 69

Scytalopus grisetcollis, Lafy., 64
prostheleucus, Sel., 63, 96
Scythrops nove hollandie, 462
Seiranota, Gray, n.g., 137, 390
—— perspicillata, Gray, 137
Seiranotide, Gray, 137
Seiranotina, Gray, 137
Selasphorus platycercus, Sw., 297
ruber, Linn., 297
Selenidera reinwardti, Wagl., 75
Semnopithecus entellus, Dutr., 512
schistaceus, Hodgs., 512
Sepedon, 379

Serialia, Gray, n. g., 321
convoluta, Gray, 321
Serpophaga cinerea, 450
parulus, Kittl., 554
Serpula, 413

aquaria, Burr., 312
incurvata, Walk., 436
penes, Linn., 312
perforata, Shaw, 311
—— recta, Walker, 425, 436
Setophaga cinerea, Strickl., 458

INDEX. 587

Setophaga miniata, Sw., 299
picta, Sw., 299
ruficoronata, Kaup, 550
Sialia wilsoni, Sw., 299
Sidisia, Gray, nu. g.; 5382
barleei, Gray, n. sp., 532
Sieboldia, 391, 395
Siloboura, Gray, 261, 262
ceylonica, Cuy., 262
—— elliotti, Gray, 261, 262
Stmocephalus, 379

poensis, Gray, 162
Simotes, 376, 377, 381
coccineus, 384.

—— purpurascens, 382
russellit, 382
Siphonaria, 151

acuta, Quoy, 151
adansoni, Bl., 151

—— equilorata, Reeve, 151
albicans, Quoy, 151
algesire, Quoy, 151
alternata, Say, 151
—— alternicostata, Pot., 151
— amara, Nutt., 151°
—— antarctica, Gould, 151

aspera, Krauss, 151

atra, Quoy, 151

australis, Quoy, 151
baconi, Reeve, 151

belcheri, Hanley, n.sp., 153
—— bifurcata, Reeve, 151

—— blainvillei, Hanley, n. sp., 153
brasiliana, Reeve, 151
brunnea, Hanley, n.sp., 24, 151
cancer, Reeve, 151

capensis, Quoy, 151

carbo, Hanley, n.sp., 24, 151
characteristica, Reeve, 151
cochleariformis, Reeve, 151
concinna, Sow., 151

conica, Blainy., 151
coreensis, Adams, 151
cornuta, Gould, 151
corrugata, Reeve, 151
costata, Sow., 151

crenata, Bl., 151
denticulata, Quoy, 151
diemenensis, Quoy, 151
exigua, Sow., 151

—— exulorwm, Hanley, 152
exulum, Hanley, n.sp., 25
Serruginea, Reeve, 152
Suliginata, Reeve, 152

—— funiculata, Reeve, 152
gigas, Sow., 152

grisea, Gm., 152

—— guamensis, Quoy, 152
incuita, Gould, 152
japonica, Don., 152
javanica, Lamk., 152

588

Siphonaria jonasi?, Dunk., 152
kurracheensis, Reeve, 152
—— levis, Phil., 152
—— leviuscula, Sow., 152
lateralis, Gould, 152
lecanium, Phil., 152
lepida, Gould, 152
lessoni, Bl., 152
leucopleura, Bl., 152
lineolata, Sow., 152
lirata, Reeve, 152
luzonica, Reeve, 152
macgillivrayt, Reeve, 152
magellanica, Phil., 152
maura, Sow., 152
—— natalensis, Krauss, 152
—— nuttallii, Hanley, nu. sp., 153
obliquata, Sow., 152

— oculus, Krauss, 152
—— palpebra, Reeve, 152
parma, Hanley, n.sp., 24, 152
pectinata, Linn., 152
pica, Sow., 152
picta, D’Orb., 152
placentula,*Menke, 152
plana, Quoy, 152
—— plicata, Quoy, 152
punctata, Quoy, 152
radiata, Bl., 152
redimiculum, Hanley, 25, 152
savignyt, Phil., 152
scabra, Reeve, 152
scutellum, Desh., 152
sipho, Sow., 152
—— siquijorensis, Reeve, 152
sowerbyt, Mich., 152
spinosa, Reeve, 152
—— stellata, Bl., 153
striatocostata, Dunk., 153
— subrugosa, Sow., 153
tristensis, Sow., 153
—— umbonata, Menke, 153
—— variabilis, Krauss, 153
venosa, Reeve, 153
viridis, Quoy, 153
zebra, Reeve, 153
zelandica, Quoy, 153
Siphonariacea, 416
Siredon, 344, 394
mexicanus, 224
Sitta aculeata, Cass., 300
carolinensis, Linn., 300
—— himalayana, J. et 8., 494
—— surinamensis, Gm., 234
Sittace militaris, Wagl., 76
Skenea rota, 426
Sonora, 384
Spelerpes, 394
rubra, Gray, 137, 144
Spermophila luctuosa, Lafr., 72, 455
torqueola, Bp., 303

INDEX.

Sphenorhina elegans, Hallow., 156
Spilotes, 376, 381, 386, 387
Spiralia, Gray, 321

spiralis, Gray, 321
unispiralis, Holdsw., 321
Spiza ciris, Linn., 358
Spizaétus tyrannus, Max, 357
Spizella socialis, Wilson, 304
Spizigeranus, Kaup, 130
Spongia suberea, Johnston, 532
Stavelia, Gray, n. g., 90

torta, Gray, 90
Stenorhina, 386
Stenorhynchus, 392
Stenotherus derbianus, Gray, 167
Sterna hirundo, Linn., 509
javanica, Horsf., 509
torresit, Gould, 188
Stoparola melanops, Vig., 493
Strebloceras, Carp., n.g., 440
cornuoides, Carp., n.sp., 441
solutum, Carp., n.sp., 441
Strephona, Gray, n. g., 39, 40
angulata, Gray, 41
anomina, Duclos, 45
—— atalina, Gray, 44

—— australis, Duclos, 45
caroliniana, Gray, 46
cruenta, Gray, 41
cumingit, Gray, 45
—— episcopalis, Gray, 42
erythrostoma, Gray, 42
—— flammulata, Gray, 45
—— flaveola, Gray, 45
hemiltona, Gray, 46
—— jaspidea, Gray, 45
kaleontina, Gray, 45
— lentiginosa, Gray, 45
ligneola, Gray, 46

—— litterata, Gray, 43

— lugubris, Gray, 46

—— maura, Gray, 42

—— multiplicata, Gray, 46
neoslina, Gray, 46
nitidula, Gray, 44
olorinella, Gray, 45
ortola, Gray, 44

—— pasxillus, Gray, 44
peruviana, Gray, 43°
pintamella, Gray, 44
polpasta, Gray, 44

—— porphyria, Gray, 41
quersolina, Gray, 44
—— reticularis, Gray, 43
rufula, Gray, 46

—— schumacheriana, Gray, 46
scripta, Gray, 43

—— sidelia, Gray, 46

—— splendidula,.Gray, 44
stainforthii, Gray, 44
stellata, Gray, 45

ey A

INDEX. 589

Strephona textilina, Gray, 43
tigridella, Gray, 45
tricolor, Gray, 42
tringa, Gray, 45
Streptophorus, 386
Strigide, 170
Strix crucigera, Spix, 133
flammeola, Lieht., 96, 133
undulata, Spix, 133
Strongylide, 225
Struthio casuarius, Linn., 187
Struthus caniceps, Woodh., 304
Sturnella bellicosa, De Fil., 450, 455,
552,
—— Judoviciana, Linn., 358
Sturnia pagodarum, Gin., 480
Sturnide, 181
Sturnus unicolor, Blyth, 480
vulgaris, Linn., 480
Sula fiber, G. R. Gray, 188
fusca, Gould, 188
Sus papuensis, Less., 107
scrofa, Linn., 531
~ Sycalis, 450, 454
Sylphitreron perlatus, Verr., 185
Sylvia curruca, Gm., 493
halsewt, Giraud, 298
—— melanocausta, Licht., 298
—— mexicana, Licht., 299
Sylvicola swperciliosa, Fraser, 291
Syma flavirostris, Gould, 172
torotoro, Less., 172
Synallaxis, 553
albigularis, Sc/., n. sp., 63, 456
antisiensis, Sc/., n.sp., 457
brunneicaudalis, Sc/., n.sp., 62,
457
pulvericolor, Lafr., 62
Synapta beseliz, Jeger, 360, 366
bidentata, W. e¢ B., n. sp., 365
digitata, Mont., 361, 366
—— duverned, Quatr., 366
inherens, Miller, 363, 366
lappa, Miller, 366
maculata, Cham., 366.
mamillosa, Esch., 366
radiosa, Reyn., 366
reciprocans, Forsk., 364, 366
serpentina, Miller, 361, 366
verrucosa, Esch., 366
vittata; 364, 366
Synapte, 360
‘Syrnium albigulare, Cass., 132
albipunctatum, Gray, 132
albitarse, G. R. Gray, n.sp., 131
—— hylophilum, Temm., 132
macabrum, Bp., 132
nebulosum, Forst., 295
polygrammicum, Gray, 132
rufipes, King, 132
sguamulatum, Bp., 132

Syrnium virgatum, Cass., 132
zonocercum, Gray, 132
Syrraptes tibetanus, Gould, 502
Tachydromus fordii, Hallow., 155
Tachymenis, 386, 387

vivak, 377, 3878

Tachytriorchis, 131

Talegallus cuviert, Less., 187
Talpacotia rufipennis, Bp., 359
Tanagra abbas, Licht., 358

darwin, Bp., 450, 453, 551
frugilegus, Tsch., 453

—— melanoptera, Hartl., 74, 453
striata, Sel., 453

Tanalia torrenticola, Dohrn, u.sp., 536
Tantilla, 384

Tanysiptera hydrocharis, Gray, n.sp.,

Taphozous, 26

lepturus, Temm., 547
Taraba, Less., 207

Taricha, Gray, n.g., 138, 394
torsa, Gray, 138
Tchitrea paradist, Linn., 495
Telephonus cucullatus, 292
minutus, Hartl., n.sp., 292
Telmatobius peruvianus, 343
Tenare, Gray, 93
Tephrodornis pondiceriana, Gm., 489
Teredo, 259

arenaria, 258

Testudo denticulata, Shaw, 166
erosa, Schw., 166

radiata, Gray, 166

schoepfit, Ripp., 166
senegalensis, Gray, 166

sulcata, Miller, 166

Tetracerus quadricornis, Blainy., 522
Tetragonosoma, 381

Tetrao coturniz, Linn., 504:
francolinus, Linn., 502
obscurus, Say, 1

Tetraogallus himalayensis, Hardw., 501
Tetraonide, 354

Thalasseus torresit, Gould, 188
Thalurania tschudi, Gould, 460
Thamnobia fulicata, Linn., 491
Thamnodynastes, 386
Thamnomanes, Caé., 223

ceesius, Licht., 223

glaucus, Cab,, 27, 223
Thamnophilinz, Se/., 206
Thamnophilus, Se/., 207

eethiops, Sc/., n.sp., 65, 212, 457
—— affinis, Lafr., 288

—— albicollis, Vieill., 249
—— albinuchalis, Sc/., 216
—— albiventer, Spix, 208

—— amazonicus, Scl., 214 ~

ambiguus, Sw., 213 =
aspersiventris, Lafr., 217

590

Thamnophilus atricapillus, Se/., 215
atropileus, Lafr., 220
axillaris, Tsch., 288

— badius, Sw., 220

bicolor, Sw., 209

bridgesi, Sc/., 212
cerulescens, Lafr., 213
ceesius, Scl., 212
capistratus, Less., 218
—— capitalis, Sc/., n.sp., 65, 214
cinereus, Vieill., 207

—— cinnamomeus, Vieill., 209, 249
cirrhatus, Sch., 215

—— corvinus, Gould, 65, 210
cristatellus, Vieill., 207
cristatus, Mawx., 215
doliatus, Linn., 217, 457
—— fasciatus, Sw., 220
ferrugineus, Sw., 213

—— fuliginosus, Gould, 208, 222
gigas, Sw., 207

griseus, Spix, 238, 239, 288
—— gularis, Spix, 235

—— guttatus, Viedll., 208, 249
—— hyperythrus, Gould, 211
—— immaculatus, Lafr., 65, 211
jani, De Fil., 288

leachi, Scl., 207

— leucauchen, Sce/., 216

—— leuconotus, Spix, 246
lineatus, Vieill., 206, 208
—— luctuosus, Tsch., 211

— lunulatus, Scl., 208
maculatus, Lafr., 208, 213
maculipennis, Scl., 65, 220
—— magnus, Wied., 209

—— major, Vieill., 209

—— melanoceps, Spir, 65, 210
melanonotus, Sc/., 216
— melanothorax, Se/., 210
melanurus, Gould, 65, 209
—— meleager, Gray, 208

— mentalis, D’Orb., 221

—— multistriatus, Lafr., 219
—— myiotherinus, Spix, 251
— neevius, Gm., 65, 213
niger, Such, 208

nigricans, Max., 213

—— nigrocinereus, Sc/., 212
olivaceus, Tsch., 288, 541
othello, Less., 208

palliatus, Licht., 219
pectoralis, Sw., 220

—— pileatus, Sw., 213, 233
—— quixensis, Cornalia, 66, 241
—— radiatus, Viedll., 218

—— rufater, Lafr., 239
ruficapillus, Vieill., 220
ruficeps, Such, 207
ruficollis, Spix, 214
rufwentris, Corn., 67, 241

INDEX.

Thamnophilus rufus, Vieill., 207

scalaris, Max., 220.

—— schistaceus, D’Orb., 223

—— severus, Licht., 208

stagurus, Max., 209

stellaris, Spix, 220, 222

striatothorax, D’Orb., 221

striatus, Spix, 250

—— strigilatus, Spixr, 65, 215

—— swainsont, Such, 2

tenuipunctatus, Lafr., 219

torquatus, Sw., 220

transandeanus, Sc/., 210

undulatus, Burm., 207

—— ventralis, Sc/., 213

—— vigorsti, Such, 207

viridis, Vieill., 208

Thaumantias candidus, Boure., 358

Linnei, 460

Therosa solitaris, Miller, 172

Thinochorus, 100

Thrasaétus, 130

Thrasops flavigularis, Hallow., 162

Thryothorus coraya, Gm., 64

modulator, D’Orb., 63

Tichodroma muraria, Linn., 494

Tigris regalis, Gray, 513

Tigrisoma tigrinum, Linn., 359, 461

Timalia hypoleuca, Frankl., 488

Tinamus julius, Bp., 76

Tinnunculus alaudarius, Briss., 473

cenchris, Frisch, 473

sparverius, Linn., 295, 357, 554

Todirostrum capitale, Scl., 70

cinereum, Linn., 458

galeatum, 'T0

picatum, Sc/., n.sp., 70

spiciferum, Lafr., 70

squamicristatum, Lafr., 70

Todopsis cyanocephala, Gray, 177

Todus cyanocephalus, Quoy, 177

Tomodon, 386, 387

Tomopterna, 347, 391

Tortricina, 154

Tortrix, 386

Totanus calidris, Linn., 506

glottis, Linn., 505

solitarius, Wls., 461

Toxicodryas blandingit, Hallow., 159

Trachicephalus, 395, 396

Trachischium, 381

Tragopan hastingsit, Vigors, 498

Tragops bennetti, Sykes, 522

Treron phenicoptera, Lath., 497

Trichoglossus capistratus, Miller, 183

Z coccineifrons, G. R. Gray, n.sp.,

183

nigrogularis, G. R. Gray, n.sp., 183

TahoRneNE cinerascens, Hartl., n.sp.,
29

—— flavicollis, Sw., 293

a a

Trichosurus, Waterh., 111

Triglyphodon fuscum, Dum., 162, 164

Trigonocephalus, 377, 378, 381
blomhoffiz, 378, 383
halys, 378

hypnalis, 383

Trilatitius, Gray, 117

blepotis, Gray, 121
Trimesurus, 381

Tringa, 450, 461

hyperborea, Linn., 188
—— minuta, Leisler, 506
pectoralis, Say, 556
Tringoides macularius, 450, 461
Trionyx egyptiacus, Geoffr., 167
labiatus, Bell, 167
mortont, Hallow., 167
Triquetra contorta, Lea, 91
lanceolata, Lea, 91

_ Triton, Gray, 148, 344, 391
asper, 141

bibronii, Bell, 143
cristatus, Gray, 143, 224
— levis, Higginb., 141
—— marmoratus, Bibr., 143
—— minor, Higginb., 139
—— punctatus, Dugés, 141
—— puneticulatus, 139
subcristatus, 391

vittatus, 140
Trochalopteron, 486
rujigulare, Hodgs., 488
Trochilus furcatus, Tsch., 460
latirostris, Sw., 297
Troglodytes aedon, 298
brunneicollis, Se/., n.sp., 297
—— gladiator, Max., 243
nipalensis, Hodgs., 489
rectirostris, Sw., 243
solstitialis, Se/., n.sp., 550
Troglodytine, 63

Trogon, 459

elegans, Gould, 357
—— massen@, Gould, 96
—— melanocephalus, Gould, 357
—— personatus, Gould, 555
viridis, Linn., 60
Tropidodipsas, 386
Tropidonotus, 375
cerasogaster, 375
chrysargos, 383

—— fasciatus, 375

—— hydrus, 375, 378

—— natriz, 375, 378
ordinatus, 375

—— picturatus, 384

—— quincunciatus, 375, 383
stolatus, 382

tigrinus, 383

wbakari, 375, 383
viperinus, 378

INDEX.

Tropidophis, 381

Tropidorhynchus nove guinee, Mill.,
174

plumigenis, Gray, n. sp., 174

Truncatellide, 416

Tryphena heloise, Less., 297

Turbo, 93

Turdampelis lanioides, Less., 542

rufococcyx, Less., 542

Turdide, 175

Turdus albiventris, Spix, 451

alapt, Grn., 245

atrogularis, Natt., 490

atrothorax, Bodd., 245

auritus, Gm., 285

—— brevicaudus, Vieill., 278

brunneus, Erey., 542

—— cantator, Bodd., 250

chiguanco, Lafr., 450, 451, 550

cinnamomeus, Gm., 249

cirrhatus, Gmm., 215

colma, Gm., 277

flavipes, Vieill., 542

formicivorus, Gm., 275

gigas, Fraser, 450, 451, 550

grallarius, Lath., 280

griseus, Bodd., 238

leucauchen, Sc/., n. sp., 447

leucogonys, Licht., 542

leucopterus, Vieill., 246

lineatus, Gim., 246

—— melpomene, Cab., 97

—— migratorius, Linn., 300

—— minimus, Lafr., 64.

—— nevius, Gm., 3

pallast, 300

pectoralis, Lath., 273

—— pheopygos, Cab., 64:

rex, Gm.,

rufifrons, Gm., 212

rujigula, Bodd., 273

—— rufus, Bodd., 212

schistaceus, Moore, 490

silens, Sw., 800

— swainsoni, 300, 450, 451

tinniens, Gm., 281

tintinnabulatus, Gm., 250

unicolor, Gould, 490

viscivorus, Linn., 489

Turritella, 415, 416

Turritellide, 415, 419

Turtur humilis, Temm., 497

orientalis, Lath., 498

senegalensis, Linn., 498

suratensis, Lath., 498

Typhlops, 260

oo sealants Schn., 264

philippinus, Cuy., 263

Tyrannula cineracea, Lafr., 457

phenicura, Scl., 70

Tyrannulus chrysops, Sc/., n. sp., 458

591

592

Tyrannus atricapillus, Vieill., 215
boissoneauit, Bp., 554
borealis, Sw., 301
cesius, D’Orb., 223
—— canadensis, Vieill., 215
cooperi, Nutt., 301

—— fumigatus, Boiss., 554
—— intrepidus, Linn., 302
melancholicus, Vieill., 70, 457
Tyrsee argus, Gray, 167
niloticus, Gray, 167
Uaranus niloticus, Dum., 155
ocellatus, Riipp., 155
Ulula fasciata, DesMurs, 132
Ungalia, 386

Unio grayii, Lea, 91

Uniones, 91

Uperodon, 392

Uperoleia, 345, 393
Uperolitde, 347

Upupa epops, Linn., 474
Uranops, 386

Urodela, 391, 394, 395
Urodele, 344

“Uropeltina, Gray, 262

Uropeltis, Gray, 261, 262
ceylonicus, Cuv., 262

—— grandis, Kelaart, 262
pardalis, Kelaart, 263
philippinus, Cuv., 263
Uropsophus, 385

Ursus isabellinus, Horsf., 517
labiatus, 520

Urubitinga anthracina, Licht., 129, 295
schistacea, Sund., 128, 129
unicincta, 150

zonura, Shaw, 129
Urubitornis solitaria, 1380
Vampyrus, 25

Vanellus cristatus, Meyer, 505
ptiloscelis, Gray, 556
resplendens, Tsch., 556
Vanga striata, Q. et G., 207
Vermetacea, 416

Vermetide, 415, 419

Vermetus, 415

Vermicella, 384.

Vermiculum incurvatum, Mont., 436
Vespertilio, 27, 120

—— abramus, 538-9
akokomuli, 538-9
aristippe, 81

bechsteinii, 546

blepotis, Temm., 121
brachypterus, 538, 539
cappacini, 81

chiloensis, Waterh., 89, 546
circumdatus, Temm., 540
coromandelicus, Cuy., 539
cyclope, Desch., 108
dasythrix, Temm., 117

INDEX.

Vespertilio daubentonii, 89

—— emarginatus, Geoffr., 80, 336, 368
escholtzii, Waterh., 121

formosus, Hodgs., 82, 368

—— furinalis, P. Gerv., 546
hardwickii, Horsf., 329

— hilairii, 89

imbricatus, Temm., 539

isidori, 89

kerivoula, Bodd., 78

lanosus, Smith, 331

lepturus, Schreb., 547

—— madagascariensis, Tomes, n. sp.,

—— marginatus, Hamilton, 537
—— minopteris, 81

mystacinus, 89, 539

natalensis, Smith, 118
nattereri, 27, 81

nigricans, Pr. Max., 546
pachypus, 5388-9

pallidus, Le Conte, 546
papillosus, Temm., 35, 327
parvulus, 89

—— pearsoni, Horsf., 87, 368, 371
pellucidus, Waterh., 329
pictus, Pallas, 78, 325
polythrix, 89

ruber, 89

rufoniger, Tomes, 82, 83
rufopictus, Waterh., 79, 85, 368
schreibersii, Natt., 117
scotinus, 127

speorts, Sch., 108 ;
suillus, Temm., 367, 370

— tasmaniensis, 27

tenuis, 539

— tibialis, 126

timoriensis, Geoffr., 30
tralatitius, Temm., 538-9
trilatitius, Temm., 89

tristis, Waterh., 124

ursinit, Temm., 81, 117
velatus, Is. Geoffr., 27, 28, 546
vispistrellus, 81
Vespertilionide, 26, 324

Vipera, 377, 378

berus, 374

— hexacera, Dum., 163

—— nasicornis, Daud., 163 |
v. nigrum, Cuy., 163 d
Viperina, 378, 379, 384, 385, 386
Vireo gilvus, Vieill., 302
huttont, Cass., 302
Vireosylvia gilva, Cass., 302
Virginia, 385

Voluta annulata, Gmel., 41
balleata, Solander, 41
carneola, Gin., 49

cruenta, Solander, 41
erythrostoma, Dillw., 42

Voluta gibbosa, Born, 50
hiatula, Gmel., 52
incrassata, Solander, 41
ispidula, 38, 41, 50, 57
—— jaspidea, Gm., 54

—— maculata, Sol., 49

—— micans, Sol., 57
nitidula, Sol., 57

nivea, Gm., 54

oliva, Dillw., 38, 42, 47, 49
oryza, Dillw., BT
pinguis, Solander, 48
porphyria, Linn., 38, 41
ringens, Sol., 52
tenebrosa, Goodall, 51
tigrina, Dillwyn, 49
utriculus, Gmel., 50, 57
ventricosa, Solander, 47
Vulpes bengalensis, Shaw, 515
—— flavescens, Gray, 516
leucopus, Blyth, 516
montanus, Pearson, 516
—— pusillus, Blyth, 516
Vultur pondicerianus, Lath., 469
Warnea, Gray, n. g., 309
australis, Gray, 310
vaginifera, Gray, 309
Wenona, 384, 385
Xenodernus, 381, 382

INDEX. 593

Xenodon, 381, 386

Xenops genibarbis, Temm., 63, 457
Xenospongia, Gray, n. g., 229
patelliformis, Gray, n.sp., 230
Atphonura, 394.

Xiphorhynchus grenadensis, Lafr., 63
Aiphosoma, 386

Aylotrya, 260

Zamenis, 377, 378

atrovirens, 378

caudolineatus, 378

cliffordii, Gray, 162, 378
dahlit, 378

hippocrepis, 378
ventrimaculatus, 375, 37, 8
Zenuida hypoleuca, Bp., 450, 460, 556
leucoptera, Linn., 305
Zenaidura carolinensis, Linn., 305
Zoanthide, 557-9

Zoanthus, 532

bertholetit, 558

couchii, 557

Zonenas miilleri, Reich., 186

pinon, Bp., 186

zoe@, Reich., 186

Zonotrichia pileata, Bodd., 450, 454, 552
Zosterops citrinella, Mull., 175
griseotincta, Gray, n.sp., 175
—— palpebrosus, Temm., 496 -

PRINTED BY TAYLOR AND FRANCIS, RED LION COURT, FLEET STREET.

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